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19. K. Misawa, N. Nakamura, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 26. W. Hsu, G. Crozaz, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 33. J. N. Grossman, C. M. OD. Alexander, A. Brearley,
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Protostars and Planets IV, V. Mannings, A. P. Boss, S. S. and Planets IV, V. Mannings, A. P. Boss, S. S. Russell, Gani 369 and Dar al Gani 378, C. M. Allen for her help
Russell, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 2000), pp. and fruitful discussions concerning LA-ICPMS data
2000), pp. 927962. 1019 1054. reduction, and H. St. ONeill and D. Kelly for their
21. N. Nakamura, in Primitive Solar Nebula and Origin of 28. H. Nakano, A. Kouchi, S. Tachibana, A. Tsuchiyama, support during the stay of A.P. at Australian National
Planets, H. Oya, Ed. ( Terra Scientic, Tokyo, 1993), Astrophys. J. 592, 1252 (2003). University. Supported by Deutsche Forschungsge-
pp. 409 425. 29. Y. Guan, G. R. Huss, G. J. MacPherson, G. J. Wasser- meinschaft grants PA 346/24 1 (H.P.) and PA-909/
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3451 (1994). 30. T. J. Fagan, A. N. Krot, K. Keil, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. Supporting Online Material
23. See supporting data on Science Online. 35, 771 (2000). www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/303/5660/997/DC1
24. A. Pack, H. Yurimoto, H. Palme, Geochim. Cosmo- 31. G. Kurat, E. Pernicka, I. Herrwerth, Earth Planet. Sci. Materials and Methods
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Lowland Forest Loss in Protected determined the distribution and condition of re-
maining lowlands [500 m above sea level
(a.s.l.) rather than 1000 m], because such for-
Areas of Indonesian Borneo ests contain distinctive dipterocarp habitats, the
majority of vertebrates, the greatest canopy tree
L. M. Curran,1* S. N. Trigg,2 A. K. McDonald,2 D. Astiani,3 diversity, and the majority of land used by hu-
Y. M. Hardiono,4 P. Siregar,4 I. Caniago,4 E. Kasischke2 mans. Major drivers of deforestation were iden-
tified from West Kalimantan field studies (13)
The ecology of Bornean rainforests is driven by El Ninoinduced droughts that and contrasted with those reported for
trigger synchronous fruiting among trees and bursts of faunal reproduction that PAs elsewhere.
sustain vertebrate populations. However, many of these species- and carbon- GPNP was selected for our detailed case
rich ecosystems have been destroyed by logging and conversion, which in- study because of its biological importance
creasingly threaten protected areas. Our satellite, Geographic Information Sys- (12) and our field-based research within
tem, and eld-based analyses show that from 1985 to 2001, Kalimantans GPNP and surrounds from 1985 to 2003.
protected lowland forests declined by more than 56% (29,000 square kilo- Because West Kalimantan contains the larg-
meters). Even uninhabited frontier parks are logged to supply international est PA network of lowland dipterocarp forest
markets. Protected forests have become increasingly isolated and deforested in Kalimantan, this province served as our
and their buffer zones degraded. Preserving the ecological integrity of Kali- focal region. For the GPNP time-series and
mantans rainforests requires immediate transnational management. West Kalimantan analyses, we mapped forest
and nonforest using 30-m spatial resolution
Conversion, degradation, and fragmentation fruit (810). However, forest fragmentation satellite images. The Kalimantan-wide anal-
threaten the integrity of forested ecosystems and land cover change have transformed El ysis used satellite images at a coarser spatial
worldwide (13). In Indonesian Borneo Nino from a regenerative to a highly destruc- resolution (250 m). Images were classified
(Kalimantan), concession-based timber ex- tive phenomenon, one that triggers droughts into forest or nonforest classes with super-
traction, plantation establishment, and weak and wildfires with increasing frequency and vised classification and visual interpretation;
institutions have resulted in highly fragment- intensity, disrupts dipterocarp fruiting, inter- results were validated with field and aerial
ed and degraded forests (4, 5). In such dy- rupts wildlife reproductive cycles, and erodes surveys (from 1999 to 2003) and with refer-
namic tropical rainforest frontiers with high the basis for rural livelihoods (8, 11). ence satellite images with fine spatial resolu-
biodiversity (6), investigations are required at Protected areas [PAs, including IUCN tion (1 m and 4 m) (13).
local to regional scales to understand how (World Conservation Union) Categories I to Our 14-year GPNP time-series analysis
changes in land use and land cover alter VI] of sufficient extent and connectivity are (Fig. 2) documents expansive and accelerat-
ecological interactions (7, 8). required to sustain ecological integrity. Al- ing deforestation. Within the parks 10-km-
Kalimantans rainforests are driven by El though 64% of Kalimantans land area
Nino Southern Oscillation events, which trig- (344,000 km2) was allocated to industrial
ger synchronous fruiting among the regional- federal forest uses from 1967 to 1972, PAs
ly dominant timber trees, the Dipterocar- were delineated or redrawn in 1984 and 1985
paceae, and bursts of faunal reproduction (8 to maintain representative ecosystems and to
10). Dipterocarp reproductive cycles are be managed by the government (12). Since
linked to rural livelihoods; communities both then, however, PAs have experienced con-
trade dipterocarp seeds and hunt wild game comitant threats from logging, wildfires, and
(primarily bearded pigs) that eat dipterocarp conversion. Conserving Kalimantans PAs
requires current information on their condi-
1
Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, tion and the nature of the threats they face.
205 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. Within PAs, we mapped lowland deforesta-
2
Department of Geography, University of Mary- tion and measured deforestation rates within a
land, College Park, MD 20742, USA. 3Department of nested design. We assessed Gunung Palung Na- Fig. 1. Our case study area, GPNP and its
Forestry, University of Tanjungpura, Pontianak, surrounding 10-km buffer (black), is located on
West Kalimantan, 780011, Indonesia. 4Jalan Abdur-
tional Park (GPNP) in West Kalimantan and its
the southwest coast of the island of Borneo, in
rachman Saleh, 1A, Pontianak, West Kalimantan, 10-km buffer zone (2736 km2 spatial extent) the province of West Kalimantan (light gray).
78124, Indonesia. from 1988 to 2002, the West Kalimantan prov- Other areas of Borneo, surrounding Indonesian
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E- ince (146,092 km2) in 2001, and Kalimantan as islands, and East Timor are depicted in dark
mail: lisa.curran@yale.edu a whole (537,040 km2) in 2001 (Fig. 1) (13). We gray.
Fig. 2. Cumulative forest loss within the GPNP boundary (yellow) and its surrounding 10-km buffer.
Forest and nonforest classications (13) are based on a Landsat Thematic Mapper time series
(1988, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2002). Classications are shown for (A) 1988, (B) 1994, and
(C) 2002. (The full time series is given in g. S1.) Lowland (green) and peat (olive) forests were
converted to nonforest (red), rst predominantly in the buffer and later within the park. Gray areas
are montane forest (66 km2 more than 500 m a.s.l.) and were excluded from analyses. The
well-dened nonforest area that appears northeast of GPNP in (B) has been clear-felled for an oil
palm plantation. (D) Industrial land usesareas formerly allocated to timber concessions (green)
and current plantation allocations (dotted red)account for most of the deforestation within the
buffer. The coastal road, paved in 1998, is shown in black (62 km); unpaved primary logging
transport roads are shown in purple (96 km). The GPNP area is shown in tan.