SETTLEMENT STUDY

KOLKATA..

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Sneha Lata..

 Introduction

CALCUTTA, BENGALI, KALIKATA

KOLKATA

THE CAPITAL CITY OF WEST BENGAL, IN INDIA.

WAS THE FORMER CAPITAL (1772 -1912) OF BRITISH INDIA. THE CITY IS
THE NATION'S LARGEST METROPOLITAN IN AREA. Eastward From The
IT IS LOCATED ON THE EASTERN BANK OF THE HOOGHLY RIVER, AN ARM River, Land Slopes
OF THE GANGES, ABOUT 96 MILES (154 KM) UPSTREAM FROM ITS Away To Marshes
MOUTH AT THE HEAD OF THE BAY OF BENGAL. And Swamplands
THIS RIVER PORT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT URBAN CENTER OF EASTERN
INDIA
ALTHOUGH CALCUTTA IS FAVOURABLY LOCATED FOR TRADE, ITS LOW,
SWAMPY, HOT, AND HUMID RIVERBANK LOCATION IS NOT IDEAL FOR
HUMAN HABITATION.

SIMILAR TOPOGRAPHY ON THE WESTERN BANK HAS CONFINED

THE METROPOLITAN AREA TO A STRIP 3 TO 5 MILES (5-8 KM)
WIDE ON EITHER BANK, ALTHOUGH RECLAMATION PROJECTS
HAVE EXPANDED THE LIMITS OF USABLE LAND TO THE EAST,
SOUTH, AND WEST OF THE CENTRAL CITY.

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..

 Town Planning
It seems the pattern of Calcutta's
development was chaotic from the inception
of the city. Planned settlement was not a
priority for either the foreign traders or their
native associates and beneficiaries: they
viewed the city solely as a place for
commercial gain by the quickest means. In
June 1766, Mrs. Kindersley wrote about the
city she had come to live in :
KOLKATA

It does not appear much worthy describing,

for although it is large, with a great many
good houses in it, it is as awkward a place as
can be conceived; and so irregular that it
looks as if all the houses had been thrown up
in the air, and fallen down again by an
accident as they now stand. Besides, the
appearance of the best houses is spoiled by
the little straw huts, and such sort of in
cumbrances, which are built up by the
servants for themselves to sleep in; so that all
the English part of the town, which is the
largest, is a confusion of very superb and very
shoddy houses, dead walls, straw huts,
warehouses, and I know not what.

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..

 Comparison of Calcutta with other major cities of the world

Calcutta possesses an abnormally low proportion of real roads and streets

per square mile.

Instead of being served by main roads, the city is served by streets, used as
main roads; and instead of the property masses being each served by their
own lot of streets, they are provided only with highly irregular lanes and
passages that have to serve as streets.

If Constantinople, also Cairo and some of the Chinese cities be excluded it

would be found that Calcutta contains a greater mileage of lanes and
passages per square mile, than any other city in the world.
KOLKATA

Comparison Of The Street Mesh In London (Left) And

Calcutta (Right)
Map Of Calcutta Showing The
Development Projected

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..

 Population Growth in Kolkata

Settlement Typology
KOLKATA

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..

 Evolution Stages of Kolkata
KOLKATA
1690: Job Charnock, A Company Agent And Chief Of English Factory
Established The Important Centre For Trade And Commerce In Sutanuti
Village On The Eastern Banks Of The River Hooghly.
This Was The Origin 0f The City Of Calcutta.
During This Time The Villages Were Connected By A Route From
Chitpur In The North To The Kalighat Temple, That Was Built In The 15"
Century, In The South. The English Bought Gobindapur, Kalikata And
Sutanuti Villages To Establish Their Settlement.
Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..
Major Step: To Shift The Bengalis From The
Area Around The Present Dalhousie Square To Further
North Because Of The Strategic Location To Build The Fort
For Their Security.
The Battle Of Plassey In 1757 Was In A Way A Turning
Point For The Growth Of Calcutta.
The Supremacy Of English In Bengal Was Established.
It Was Transforming Itself From Purely Garrison Town To
An Administrative Cum Culture Centre.
 Cont..

THE GREAT TANK OF

DALHOUSIE SQUARE WAS THE BRITISH DECIDED TO
DEVELOPED AS AN SHIFT THE CAPITAL FROM
ADMINISTRAATIVE CENTRE. CALCUTTA TO DELHI IN
ORDER TO CONTROL THEIR
TERRITORY MORE FROM A
CENTRAL POSITION OF THE
THE MARATHA DITCH EMPIRE.
GOT CONVERTED TO BE.
THE CIRCURLAR ROAD ALL
ALONG THE CITY AS A CITY
KOLKATA

BOUNDARY TILL THE MID

19" CENTURY. THE CAPITAL GOT SHIFTED
IN 1912 AD, AND SOON
THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT
SET UP THE
THE AREA, WHICH IS IMPROVEMENT TRUST FOR
SOUTH 0F THE MARATHA THE SETTLEMENT OF LIVING
DITCH, WAS FULL OF CONDITION IN THE CITY.
PONDS AND DITCHES AND
SPREADS OF JUNGLES OR
HOGLA' TREES.

IN THE SOUTHERN PART IT THE ONLY DIRECTIONS FOR

WAS MOSTLY THE CALCUTTA'S GROWTH WERE EAST
ENGLISHMEN AND THE AND SOUTH.
RICH BUSINESSMEN WHO NORTH WAS ALREADY ,
STARTED BUILDING UP CONGESTED AND
HOUSES. WEST WAS THE RIVER.

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..

 Colonial Kolkata (Calcutta)

A Major change was marked by abandoning the old

front on the river and taking up a new front facing
the land: the south of the Esplanade. (The most
important public buildings and private house were
located on the northern side of the Esplanade facing
the Maiden on the south "all looking remarkable Neo-
classical. The eastward thrusts along Dharamtala and
Bou Bazaar streets were overshadowed by two
parallel south ward axes - one along present day
Chauranghi and Jawahar Lal Nehru road; the other
KOLKATA

across the Maiden and Alipur.

The eastward spread was inevitable, as the need to
drain, the swamps was solved by making east-bound
canals and a road along the canal. Later, these
canals:-covered up to make wide roads, as they
became very unsanitary. Tanks were also made to
solve the drainage problem. All squares in Calcutta
had a tank, for example college square, wellington
square etc. Some tanks were later filled up to create
more usable space. The urban space was created by
other elements also, namely, street type, the avenue
type, the circus type, the esplanade type, the garden
THE FORT WILLIAM type and the square type.

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..

 URBAN SETTLEMENT OF KOLKATA
THE URBAN SETTLEMENT OF KOLKATA CAN BE DEFINED IN TO THREE DEFINITE REGIONS, DISTINGUISHED
ACCORDING TO HISTORY, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CULTURE, AND ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER.
NORTH KOLKATA :
NEIGHBOURHOODS OF ELITE
BENGALIS, CRAFTS MEN,
ARTISIANS AND TRADERS.
LOCATION
LIES TO THE NORTH OF
ESPLANADE ON THE EASTERN
KOLKATA
BANKS THE RIVER.
BUILT IN THE AREA WHERE
THERE EXISTED THE VILLAGE OF
SUTANUTI.
URBAN STRUCTURE
LOW HEIGHT BUILDINGS WITH
MAXIMUM OF GROUND COVERAGE.
THE BUILDINGS ARE ALL ATTACHED TO
EACH OTHER AND HAVE PRACTICALLY
NO SIDE SETBACKS.
TYPICAL ROADSIDE BUILDINGS HAVE
CAR PORTICOS ('GARIBARANDA")
HIGHLIGHTING THE BUILDING
ENTRANCE.
OPEN SPACE IS LESS IN THIS PART.
Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..
CENTRAL KOLKATA : THE BUSINESS SOUTH KOLKATA :
DISTRICT DEVELOPED BY THE BRITISH NEIGHBOURHOODS OF UPPER
WITH PALATIAL STRUCTURES USED AS MIDDLE CLASS BENGALIS
RESIDENCES FOR BRITISH OFFICERS..
LOCATION LOCATION
IT IS ESTABLISHED ON THE SITE OF EXTENDS TO THE
THE GOBINDAPUR VILLAGE. EASTERN WETLANDS AND TO THE
MOSTLY COVERED BETWEEN RIVER IN THE WEST.
ESPLANADE AND THE PARK STREET DEFINED BY THE
AND IS STRETCHED TILL THE LOWER REGION, WHICH LIES TO THE SOUTH
CIRCULAR ROAD AS ITS LIMITS. OF THELOWER CIRCULARROAD.
URBAN STRUCTURE
URBAN STRUCTURE
ADMINISTRATIVE AND THE COMMERCIAL
PREPLANNED AND HAVE A DEFINITE
DISTRICT OF THE CITY.
CONTROL OVER THE URBAN FORM.
MONUMENTALS SCALE IN PROPORTION.
THE BUILDINGS HAVE PROPER
THE ADMINISTRATLVE DISTRICT ALONG THE
SETBACKSON ALL THE FOUR SIDES.
FOUR IDES OF THE GREAT TANK, HAS A
MIX OF OLD KOLKATA AND SOME
RESEMBLANCE OF LONDON.
NEW TYPE OF ARCHITECTURAL STYLE.
THE BRITISH HAVE NOT DONE ANY
MOSLLY RESIDENTIAL EXCEPT SOME
COMPROMISE IN THEIR CITY ROAD LAYOUTS.
LARGE MARKETS,WHICH HAS BEEN
VISITING PLANNER. DREW ON WHAT THEY
PLANNED TO CATER THE NEEDS 0F THE
KNEW OF THE WEST AND THEIR WORK
PEOPLE LIVING HERE.
INEVITABLY REFLECTED THE PLANNING
THEORIES AND DESIGN GUIDELINES THAT HAD
ARISEN IN TNE WESTERN CONTEXT.
 URBAN SETTLEMENT OF KOLKATA
THE URBAN SETTLEMENT OF KOLKATA CAN BE DEFINED IN TO THREE DEFINITE REGIONS, DISTINGUISHED
ACCORDING TO HISTORY, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CULTURE, AND ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER.

NORTH KOLKATA : CENTRAL KOLKATA : THE BUSINESS SOUTH KOLKATA :

NEIGHBOURHOODS OF ELITE DISTRICT DEVELOPED BY THE BRITISH NEIGHBOURHOODS OF UPPER
BENGALIS, CRAFTS MEN, WITH PALATIAL STRUCTURES USED AS MIDDLE CLASS BENGALIS
ARTISIANS AND TRADERS. RESIDENCES FOR BRITISH OFFICERS..
KOLKATA

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..

 URBAN SETTLEMENT OF KOLKATA
STREET PATTERN PUBLIC SPACE
STREETS CAN BE LEAST NUMBER OF
NORTH CATEGORISED INTO THREE PUBLIC OPEN 'SPACES.
KOLKATA TYPES: ROADS, LANES AND PARKS ARE USED FOR
BY-LANES. RECREATIONAL PURPOSES
DIVISION ON THE BASIS BY THE LOCALS.
OF THE ROAD WIDTH STREET CORNERS AND
AND ALSO ON THE KIND ROADSIDE TEA STALLS ARE
OF ACTIVITIES MOSTLY USED AS PUBLIC
HAPPENING. SPACES.
STREET PATTERN PUBLIC SPACE
MAIN ROADS ARE
KOLKATA

DESIGNED PUBLIC OPEN SPACES.

CENTRAL WIDE CARRIAGE THE OPEN SPACE OF THE GREAT
KOLKATA WAYS AND ARE LAID TANK CREATES AN AMBIENCS OF
STRAIGHT, WHICH THE AREA.
ACT AS VISTAS. BIGGEST OPEN SPACE OF THE CITY,
EVEN THA LANES IN THESE AREAS THE MAIDAN.
WHERE MOSTLY THE EUROPEANS
HAVE SETTLED ARE WIDE ENOUGH
FOR VEHICULAR MOVEMENTS.
STREET PATTERN PUBLIC SPACE
STREETS ARE FEW NUMBER OF OPEN
SOUTH
PLANNED, ARE WIDE SPACES.
KOLKATA
ENOUGH FOR A HUGE OPEN SPACE IN
VEHLCULR RABLNDRA SAROBAR .
MOVEMENTS. ROADSIDE TEA STALLS
AND STREET COMERS ARE
ACTIVELY ORIENTED.

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..

 Evolution of South Kolkata (1900-1920)
THE ONLY DIRECTIONS CALCUTTA COULD GROW
WERE EAST AND SOUTH. NORTH WAS ALREADYC
ONGESTED AND WEST WAS THE RIVER. AS FAR AS
EAST IS CONCERNED THE SCOPE TO EXPAND WAS
AGAIN LIMITED DUE TO THE WETLANDS. THE ONLY
DIRECTION OPEN FOR GROWTH WAS SOUTH.

SPATLAL FORM
ARCHITECTURE THE MAIN ROAD TO SOUTH IS LEADING TO
MOST OF THE BUILT STRUCTURES TOLLYGUNJ PASSING THROUGH KALIGHAT AND
OF THE EUROPEANS AND THE PARSIS MANOHARPUR THAT HAD VERY SPARSE
KOLKATA

WERE THREE TO FOUR STORE HIGH SETTLEMENTS.

PALATIAL MANSIONS NEAR THE
LOWER CIRCULAR ROAD.
BENGALI RESIDENCES WERE SINGLE FOCUS WITHIN THE AREA AND VISITED BY
I DOUBLE STOREY STRUCTURES
HAVING VERANDAHS FACING THE
ROADS WITH LONG CORRIDOR.
AND INNER COURTYARDS AT THE
BACK.
PHYSICAL FEATURE
THE SOULH SUBURB WAS A
SWAMP FILLED WITH DITCHES
AND JUNGLES
TOLLY'S NALA WAS CLEARED
AND MADE NAVIGABLE BY THE
EFFORTS OF A BRITISH OFFICER
THE KALI TEMPLE AT KALIGHAT BUILT IN THE
EARTY SIXTEEN HUNDREDS WAS THE PRIME
PEOPLE FROM ALL OVER FOR RELIGIOUS
PURPOSE.
MILITARY CAMP IN BALLYGUNJ AND A WEEKLY
MARKET IN GARIAHAT.
PEOPLE
MOSTLY COMPRISED OF EUROPEANS AND
PARSIS NEAR THE SOUTHERN EDGE OF THE PLANNING PROPOSALS
SHIFT OF THE CAPITAL FROM CALCUTTA TO DELHI
LOWER CIRCULAR ROAD.
IN 1911.
THE BHOWANIPORE AREA HOUSED
UPPER MIDDLE CLASS BENGALIS, WHOSE FORMATION OF CALCUTTA IMPROVEMENT TRUST
LIFESTYLE WAS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TO PREPARE SCHEMES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF
THE EUROPEANS. EXISTING AREAS AND FOR PLANNED FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS.

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..

 Evolution of South Kolkata (1920-1940)
SPATIAL FORM
GARIAHAT, KALIGHAT AND JADU BABUS"
BAZAAR LED TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FULL-
FLEDGED MARKETS IN THESE AREAS.
DEVELOPMENT MAINLY OCCURRED IN THE
AREAS OF BHOWANIPORE. MANOHARPUR. ON
EITHER SIDE OF RASHBEHARI AVENUE AND
BALLYGUNJ.
NEW ROAD LAYOUTS WERE ALSO LAID OUT
DURING THIS PERIOD.
ARCHITECTURE
PLAN FORM OF THE BUILDINGS
KOLKATA

PHYSICAL FEATURE
WERE MOSTLY SYMMETRICAL.
THE RECEDING WETLANDS IN THE
RESIDENCES IN SOUTH CALCUTTA
SOUTH AND IN THE EAST WERE
HAD LARGE SETBACKS ON ALL
RECLAIMED.
SIDES.
THE SWAMPS AND LAYOUTS OF
BUILDING MATERIALS MAINLY
AREAS AND ROADS EARMARKED FOR
USED WAS BRICK AND LIME-SURKL
DEVELOPMENT.
WOODEN BEAMS WERE USED
CIT STARTED DIGGING UP OF THE
FOR STRUCTURAL SUPPORT.
LAKE RABINDRA SAROBAR.
DECORATED WROUGHT IRON
RAILINGS WE'RE USED IN
PEOPLE
VERANDAHS FOR RESIDENTIAL
UPPER MIDDLE CLASS BENGALIS
BUILDINGS.
STARTED MOVING INTO THE NEW PLANNING PROPOSALS
AREAS. WIDER IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CIT
A MIXED LIFESTYIE THAT WAS SOHEMES PREPARED IN 1913.
INNUENCED BY BRITISH EDUCATION NORTH EDGE OF RABINDRA SAROBAR
WAS REFLECTED IN THE COURTYARD WAS THE LAST CITY MUNICIPALITY
HOUSES OF SOUTH CALCUTTA. PROPOSED.

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..

 Evolution of South Kolkata (1940-1960)

SPATIAL FORM
DENSIFICATION ALONG THE MAJOR
ROADS LIKE, RASHBEHARL AVENUE.
LANSDOWNE ROAD, HAZRA ROAD,
GARIAHAT ROAD AND ASUTOSH
MUKHERJEE ROAD.

PHYSLCAL FEATURE
RABINDRA SAROBAR AND OTHER TANKS
KOLKATA

ARCHITECTURE
WERE DEVELOPED.
THERE WAS LESSER ELABORATION
MORE OF LAND RECLAIMATION LAID TO
AND ORNAMENTATION OF
FURTHER RECEDING OF THE WET LANDS
BUILDINGS.
TOWARDS THE SOUTH.
DECREASING PLOT SIZES DUE TO
FALL IN ECONOMIC CONDITION
OF PEOPLE LED TO VERY LESS
SETBACKS
PEOPLE
COURTYARD HOUSES WITH
EVOLUTION OF NEIGHBOURHOODS
LONG CORRIDORS GAVE WAY TO
THROUGH ACTIVITIES LIKE 'BAROAN' DURGA
SMALLER HOUSES WITH LESSER
PUJA, INVOLVED GREATER COMMUNITY
SETBACKS
PARTICIPATION. PLANNING PROPOSALS
THE CALCUTTA ROWING CLUB, FOOTBALL NO NEW PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES
STADIUM AND PARKS FOR RECREATION THAT WERE FORMULATED FOR SOUTH CALCUTTA.
CAME UP DURING THIS PERIOD SHOWED AN GREATER PART OF PLANNING ACTIVITIES WAS
INCREASING INFTUENCE OF EUROPAAN CONFINED TO THE CENTRAL CALCUTTA.
LIFESTYFE.

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..

 Evolution of South Kolkata (1960 onwards)
ARCHITECTURE
THE CONCEPT OF INDIVIDUAL
OWNERSHIP CHANGED TO FLAT
KOLKATA
OWNERSHIP KIND.
COMMENCEMENT OF
ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION IN THE
TECHNICAL INSTITUTES LIKE THE
BENGAL
ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND JADAVPUR
UNIVERSITY STRENGTHENED
PROPAGATION OF
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL
CONCEPTS OF THE WEST.
CEMENT REPLACED EARLIER USED
LIME SURKI AS BUILDING MATERIALS .
THUS LOAD-BEARING STRUCTURES
ARE REPLACED BY FRAME STRUCTURES.
Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..
SPATIAL FORM
CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH-RISE
APARTMENTS ALONG SOUTHEN
AVENUE AND OTHER MAJOR
ROADS LED TO DENSIFICATION
.
PHYSICAL FEATURES
PREVIOUSLY LAID MAJOR ROAD
LAYOUTS WERE PLANTED WITH TREES
ALONG THE EDGES.
DEVELOPMENT OF PARKS &
PLAYGROUNDS TOOK PLACE FOR
RECREATIONAL PURPOSES
SOCIAL
POST PARTITION INFLUX OF REFUGIES
LAID TO MUSHROOMING UP OF SLUMS.
THESE LABOUR CLASS PEOPLE IN THE
SLUMS EARNED DAILY WAGES
THROUGH GRUELING HARDWORK.
MULTI-STORIED APARTMENTS CAUSE PLANNING PROPOSALS
LESSER INTERACTION AMONG THE CALCUTTA WAS AISO AFFECTED BY THE
PEOPLE. COUNTRYWIDE INTERVENTIONS IN PLANNING.
NEIGHBOURHOODS GOT LIMITED TO IN 1961, THE CALCUTTA METROPOLITAN
ONE MULTI-STORIED BUILDING ONLY. PLANNING ORGANISATION (CMPO) WAS
FORMED.
 KOLKATA GROWTH
THE TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ILLS OF CALCUTTA THE LARGE
GROWTH THAT HAS OCCURRED IN CALCUTTA HAS MADE IT INCREASINGLY
MORE DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN ACCEPTABLE LEVELS IN URBAN SERVICES,
AND IN RECENT YEARS MOST URBAN SERVICES HAVE ACTUALLY
DETERIORATED. TRANSPORTATION SERVICES ARE AMONG THE MOST
SEVERELY AFFECTED. THE IMPACT DUE TO POPULATION GROWTH ALONE
HAS BEEN COMPOUNDED BY INCREASED RATES OF USAGE FOR BOTH
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE EFFECT
OF IMPROVED PERSONAL INCOME LEVELS IN INCREASING DESIRES FOR
PERSONAL MOBILITY

FOR THE PURPOSE OF SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION,THREE GENERAL CATEGORIES

OF ROADWAYS WERE ESTABLISHED,BASED UPON TRAFFIC FUNCTION.
KOLKATA

THE FIRST GROUP,REFERRED TO AS LOCAL STREETS,SERVES THE MOST BASIC

FUNCTION-PROPERTY ACCESS-AND AS SUCH IS EXPECTED TO SERVE ONLY
TRAFFIC DESTNED TO LOCATIONS ALONG THE ALLIGNMENT OF SUCH
ROADS.

AT THE OPPOSITE EXTREME IN TERMS OF FUNCTION ARE FACILITIES

WHEN FOOTPATHS BECOME FOOD AND
DESIGNED TO SERVE ONLY TRAFFIC MOVEMENT. IN ORDER TO ENSURE
CLOTHING MARKETS AND CUSTOMERS
THAT THIS FUNCTION IS PROPERLY SERVED,THESE FACILITIES,KNOWN AS
OCCUPY A SECOND LINE OF SPACE-
EXPRESSWAYS,HAVE NO PROVISION FOR DIRECT ACCESS TO ABUTTING
THEN PEDESTRIANS ARE FORCED TO
PROPERTY AND ARE DEVELOPED TO VERY HIGH STANDARDS OF DESIGN.
TAKE TO THE STREETS. PERIODICALLY
THE FOOTPATHS MAY BE CLEARED OF
STREETS MAKING UP THE THIRD AND FINAL CATEGORY ARE KNOWN AS HAWKERS- BUT THEY RETURN BECAUSE
ARTERIALS.THESE HAVE DUAL FUNCTION : THEY SERVE THROUGH-TRAFFIC THERE IS NO ORGANISED EFFORT TO
MOVEMENT AS WELL AS PROVIDE ACCESS TO ABUTTING LAND. PROVIDE THEM WITH OTHER LOW
IN CENTRAL CALCUTTA A GRID PATTERN OF ARTERIAL STREETS IS COST SPACE. MANY OF THE HAWKERS
RECOGNISABLE BUT IN OTHER PARTS OF THE AREA, ROADWAY ARE MIGRANTS WHO WOULD
DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN HAPHAZARD.

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..

 KOLKATA GROWTH

SLOW MOVING TRAFFIC THAT CONTRIBUTES TO

STREETS CONGESTION: HANDCARTS WITH
HEAVY LOADS PUSHED AND PULLED;HORSE
DRAWN GHARRIES-POOR MANS TAXI; THE
HEAD- LOAD CARRIERS BEARING VEGETABLES
FROM THE RAILWAY STATIONS ; ANIMAL
TRAFFIC LIKE BULLOCK- CARTS AND A TROOP OF
GOATS ON THE WAY TO GRAZING ON THE
MAIDAN. BESIDES THESE, MAN-PULLED
RICKSAW, OF WHICH THERE ARE THOUSANDS IN
THE CITY AND WHICH PERFORM THEIR
KOLKATA

GREATEST SERVICE DURING THE RAINS, WHEN

STREETS ARE FLOODED BECAUSE OF POOR
DRAINAGE.
SURFACE TRANSPORT IS THE ONLY PUBLIC
TRANSIT IN CALCUTTA. THE 400-ODD TRAMS
THAT DALY PLY ON 42 MILES OF TRACK IN THE
CITY ARE GREATLY OVERLOADED IN RUSH
HOURS.THEY OFTEN CARRY AS MANY AS 200
PASSENGERS, WHEN THEIR SEATING CAPACITY
DOES NOT EXCEED 80.

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..

 Informal Settlements (Kolkata)
KOLKATA

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..

 Thank you for listening
KOLKATA

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata
www.studio-basel.com/assets/files/files/16_atlas_web.pdf
http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/2079/settlement-
and-transportation-of-calcutta
http://www.bangalinet.com/calcutta1.htm
KOLKATA

Anushri Kumar..... Bhavana Hansji.. Shivram Maurya Sneha Lata..