ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Lab Task: 05

M.Bassim
150649- IV (B)
Submitted to:
Engr. Salman Bari

Dated: 9th April, 2017

DEPARTMENT OF
MECHATRONICS
 EXPERIMENT NO.5
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the active , reactive and apparent power in AC circuits and calculate the power .
Verify the concepts associated with phasors ,impedance and AC power through circuit
measurements and waveform observations

THEORY:
Active Reactive and apparent Power in Ac circuits:

We know that reactive loads such as inductors and capacitors dissipate zero power, yet the
fact that they drop voltage and draw current gives the deceptive impression that they
actually do dissipate power. This phantom power is called reactive power, and it is
measured in a unit called Volt-Amps-Reactive (VAR), rather than watts. The mathematical
symbol for reactive power is (unfortunately) the capital letter Q. The actual amount of power
being used, or dissipated, in a circuit is called true power, and it is measured in watts
(symbolized by the capital letter P, as always). The combination of reactive power and true
power is called apparent power, and it is the product of a circuits voltage and current,
without reference to phase angle. Apparent power is measured in the unit of Volt-Amps (VA)
and is symbolized by the capital letter S.
As a rule, true power is a function of a circuits dissipative elements, usually resistances (R).
Reactive power is a function of a circuits reactance (X). Apparent power is a function of a
circuits total impedance (Z). Since were dealing with scalar quantities for power calculation,
any complex starting quantities such as voltage, current, and impedance must be
represented by their polar magnitudes, not by real or imaginary rectangular components. For
instance, if Im calculating true power from current and resistance, I must use the polar
magnitude for current, and not merely the real or imaginary portion of the current. If Im
calculating apparent power from voltage and impedance, both of these formerly complex
quantities must be reduced to their polar magnitudes for the scalar arithmetic.
Power in Ac circuits:

AC Waveform and AC Circuit Theory. Direct Current or D.C. as it is more commonly called, is a
form of electrical current or voltage that flows around an electrical circuit in one direction only,
making it a Uni-directional supply.

Waveform of Ac circuit
Phasors:

In physics and engineering, a phasor (a portmanteau of phase vector, is a complex

number representing a sinusoidal function whose amplitude (A), angular frequency (),
and initial phasor() are time-invariant. It is related to a more general concept called analytic
representation,
which decomposes a sinusoid into the product of a complex constant and a factor that
encapsulates the frequency and time dependence. The complex constant, which encapsulates
amplitude and phase dependence, is known as phasor, complex amplitude.
A common situation in electrical networks is the existence of multiple sinusoids all with the
same frequency, but different amplitudes and phases. The only difference in their analytic
representations is the complex amplitude (phasor). A linear combination of such functions can
be factored into the product of a linear combination of phasors (known as phasor arithmetic)
and the time/frequency dependent factor that they all have in common.

Impedance:

Electrical impedance is the measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when
a voltage is applied. In quantitative terms, it is the complex ratio of the voltage to the current in
an alternating current (AC) circuit. Electrical impedance is the measure of the opposition that
a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied.
In quantitative terms, it is the complex ratio of the voltage to the current in an alternating
current (AC) circuit. Impedance extends the concept of resistance to AC circuits, and possesses
both magnitude and phase, unlike resistance, which has only magnitude. When a circuit is
driven with direct current (DC), there is no distinction between impedance and resistance; the
latter can be thought of as impedance with zero phase angle.
It is necessary to introduce the concept of impedance in AC circuits because there are two
additional impeding mechanisms to be taken into account besides the normal resistance of DC
circuits: the induction of voltages in conductors self-induced by the magnetic fields of currents
(inductance), and the electrostatic storage of charge induced by voltages between conductors
(capacitance). The impedance caused by these two effects is collectively referred to
as reactance and forms the imaginary part of complex impedance whereas resistance forms
the real part.

RESULTS:
CIRCUIT 1:RL LOAD TO STIMULATE MOTOR
CIRCUIT 2: Voltage Phasors in Series AC circuit
CIRCUIT 3:Voltage Phasors in an RLC series circuit
CIRCUIT 4: Voltage Phasors in a series Resonant Circuit
CIRCUIT 5:Current Phasors in a Parallel AC circuit
CIRCUIT 6:Current Phasors in RLC parallel circuit
CIRCUIT 7:Determining Impedance in Ac circuit
CIRCUIT 7:Determining Impedance in Ac circuit
CONCLUSION: We Learned about Phasors and Impedance, also got to know about the active ,
reactive and apparent power in AC circuits and calculate the power .