STUDY MATERIAL For IIT / NEET / AIIMS / JIPMER / UPTU (Newton's Laws of Motion)

A NAME IN CONCEPTS OF PHYSICS XI & XII (CBSE & ICSE BOARD)
IIT (MAINS & ADVANCED) /NEET/AIIMS/JIPMER/uptU

Newtons Law of Motion
Point Mass
(1) An object can be considered as a point object if
during motion in a given time, it covers distance
much greater than its own size.
(2) Object with zero dimension considered as a point
mass.
(3) Point mass is a mathematical concept to simplify
the problems.
Inertia
(1) Inherent property of all the bodies by virtue of
which they cannot change their state of rest or uniform
motion along a straight line by their own is called
inertia.
(2) Inertia is not a physical quantity, it is only a
property of the body which depends on mass of the
body.
(3) Inertia has no units and no dimensions
(4) Two bodies of equal mass, one in motion and
another is at rest, possess same inertia because it is a
factor of mass only and does not depend upon the
velocity.
Linear Momentum
(1) Linear momentum of a body is the quantity of
motion contained in the body.
(2) It is measured in terms of the force required to stop
the body in unit time.
(3) It is also measured as the product of the mass of

the body and its velocity i.e., Momentum = mass
velocity.
If a body of mass m is moving with velocity v then its
linear momentum p is given by p m v
(4) It is a vector quantity and its direction is the same

as the direction of velocity of the body.
(5) Units: kg-m/sec [S.I.], g-cm/sec [C.G.S.]
(6) Dimension: [MLT 1 ]
STUDY MATERIAL (NEET/AIIMS) NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION
R. D. CAMPUS FIROZABAD OPENING SHORTLY @ FIROZABAD

Page 1
(7) If two objects of different masses have same (3) Inertia of rest : It is the inability of a body to
momentum, the lighter body change by itself, its state of rest. This means a body at
v
possesses greater velocity. rest remains at rest and cannot start moving by its
p m1v1 m2v2 = constant p = constant
own.
v1 m2
Example: (i) A person who is standing freely in
v2 m1
bus, thrown backward, when bus starts suddenly.
1
i.e. v m
m
[As p is constant]
(8) For a given body p v
(9) For different bodies moving with same velocities
p m
P P
m = constant v = constant
When a bus suddenly starts, the force responsible

v m
for bringing bus in motion is also transmitted to lower
part of body, so this part of the body comes in motion
Newtons First Law
along with the bus. While the upper half of body (say
above the waist) receives no force to overcome inertia
of rest and so it stays in its original position. Thus there
is a relative displacement between the two parts of the
body and it appears as if the upper part of the body
has been thrown backward.
Note : (i) When a horse starts suddenly, the rider tends

to fall backward on account of inertia of rest of upper
part of the body as explained above.
(ii) A bullet fired on a window pane makes a clean

A body continue to be in its state of rest or of hole through it, while a ball breaks the whole window.
uniform motion along a straight line, unless it is acted The bullet has a speed much greater than the ball. So
upon by some external force to change the state. its time of contact with glass is small.
(1) If no net force acts on a body, then the velocity of
the body cannot change i.e. the body cannot
accelerate.
(2) Newtons first law defines inertia and is rightly
called the law of inertia. Inertia is of three types:
1. Inertia of rest,
2. Inertia of motion Cracks by the ball Hole by the bullet
3. Inertia of direction.

Page 2
(4) Inertia of motion: It is the inability of a body to Force :
change by itself its state of uniform motion i.e., a body (1) Force is an external effect in the form of a push or
in uniform motion can neither accelerate nor retard by pull which
its own. (i) Produces or tries to produce motion in a body at
Example: (i) When a bus or train stops suddenly, a rest.
passenger sitting inside tends to fall forward. (ii) Stops or tries to stop a moving body.
(ii) The tank in a tanker lorry is divided into smaller (iii) Changes or tries to change the direction of motion
tanks. This may reduce the motion of the liquid inside of the body.
the tank and hence reduces the effect of inertia.
(5) Inertia of direction: It is the inability of a body

to change by itself it's direction of motion.
Various condition of force application
Objects in motion remain in motion in a straight line
(unless acted upon by an outside force). A lot of F
Body remains at rest. Here force
inertia! is trying to change the state of
u=0 v=0 rest.
F
Body starts moving. Here force
changes the state of rest.
u=0 v>0
In a small interval of time, force

F increases the magnitude of speed
u0 v>u and direction of motion remains
Newtons Second Law same.
(1) The rate of change of linear momentum of a In a small interval of time, force
body is directly proportional to the external force F u decreases the magnitude of
v<u speed and direction of motion
applied on the body and this change takes place
remains same.
always in the direction of the applied force.
v In uniform circular motion only
(2) If a body of mass m, moves with velocity v then its F
direction of velocity changes,
linear momentum can be given by p mv and if force F speed remains constant. Force is
dp
dp v always perpendicular to velocity.
F is applied on a body, then F FK
dt dt
In non-uniform circular motion,
dp v
elliptical, parabolic or hyperbolic
or F (K = 1 in C.G.S. and S.I. units)
dt motion force acts at an angle to
d the direction of motion. In all
dv F = mg
or F (mv) m ma these motions. Both magnitude
dt dt and direction of velocity
changes.
dv
(As a acceleration produced in the body)
dt
(2) Dimension: Force = mass acceleration
F ma Force = mass acceleration
[F ] [M][LT 2 ] [MLT 2 ]
(3) Units: Absolute units: (i) Newton (S.I.)


Page 3
(ii) Dyne (C.G.S) (11) Constant force: If the direction and magnitude
Gravitational units: (i) Kilogram-force (M.K.S.) of a force is constant. It is said to be a constant force.
(ii) Gram-force (C.G.S)
(12) Variable or dependent force:
(i)Newton: One Newton is that force which (i) Time dependent force: In case of impulse or
produces an acceleration of 1 m / s 2 in a body of motion of a charged particle in an alternating electric
mass 1 Kilogram. 1 Newton 1kg m / s 2 field force is time dependent.
(ii)Dyne: One dyne is that force which produces
(ii) Position dependent force : Gravitational force
an acceleration of 1cm / s 2 in a body of mass 1
Gm1m2
gram. 1 Dyne 1gm cm / sec 2 between two bodies
r2
Relation between absolute units of force q1q2
or Force between two charged particles .
1 Newton 10 5 Dyne 4 0r 2
(iii)Kilogram-force: It is that force which (iii) Velocity dependent force: Viscous force (6 rv)
produces an acceleration of 9.8m / s 2 in a body of Force on charged particle in a magnetic field (qvB sin )
mass 1 kg.
1 kg-f = 9.80 Newton (13) Central force: If a position dependent force is
(iv)Gram-force: It is that force which produces directed towards or away from a fixed point it is said to
an acceleration of 980cm / s 2 in a body of mass be central otherwise non-central.
1gm. 1 gm-f = 980 Dyne Example: Motion of Earth around the Sun. Motion of
electron in an atom. Scattering of -particles from a

(4) F ma formula is valid only if force is changing the nucleus.
state of rest or motion and the mass of the body is Electron
F
constant and finite. +
Sun F -particle
d F + +
dv dm
(5) If m is not constant F (mv) m v Nucleus
dt dt dt Nucleus
Earth
(6) If force and acceleration have three component
along x, y and z axis, then

F Fxi Fy j Fz k and a a xi ay j az k
(14) Conservative or non-conservative force: If
From above it is clear that Fx ma x , Fy ma y , Fz ma z under the action of a force the work done in a round
(7) No force is required to move a body uniformly trip is zero or the work is path independent, the force is
along a straight line with constant speed. said to be conservative otherwise non-conservative.

F ma F 0 (As a 0 ) Example :
(8) When force is written without direction then Conservative force :
positive force means repulsive while negative force (1) Gravitational force
means attractive. (2) electric force
Positive force Force between two similar charges (3) elastic force.
Negative force Force between two opposite charges
Non conservative force :
(9) Out of so many natural forces, for distance 10 15
(1) Frictional force,
metre, nuclear force is strongest while gravitational (2) viscous force.
force weakest. Fnuclear Felectromagnetic Fgravitational
(10) Ratio of electric force and gravitational force
between two electrons Fe / Fg 1043 Fe Fg

Page 4
(15) Common forces in mechanics: (3) The necessary condition for the equilibrium of a
(i) Weight: Weight of an object is the force with which body under the action of concurrent forces is that the
earth attracts it. It is also called the force of gravity or the vector sum of all the forces acting on the body must be
gravitational force. zero.

(ii) Reaction or Normal force: When a body is (4) Mathematically for equilibrium F net 0 or
placed on a rigid surface, the body experiences a force Fx 0 ; Fy 0 ; , Fz 0
which is perpendicular to the surfaces in contact. Then
(5) Three concurrent forces will be in equilibrium, if
force is called Normal force or Reaction.
they can be represented completely by three sides of a
R
R triangle taken in order.

mg cos C
mg mg B

(iii) Tension: The force exerted by the end of taut

string, rope or chain against pulling (applied) force is A
called the tension. The direction of tension is so as to (6) Lamis Theorem : For three concurrent forces in
pull the body. equilibrium
F1 F
2 3
F
sin sin sin
T=F
Newtons Third Law
(iv) Spring force: Every spring resists any attempt to To every action, there is always an equal (in
change its length. This resistive force increases with magnitude) and opposite (in direction) reaction.
change in length. Spring force is given by F Kx ;
where x is the change in length and K is the spring
constant (unit N/m).
F = Kx
x
(1) When a body exerts a force on any other body, the
second body also exerts an equal and opposite force
on the first.
Equilibrium of Concurrent Force
(1) If all the forces working on a body are acting on

the same point, then they are said to be concurrent.
(2) A body, under the action of concurrent forces, is
said to be in equilibrium, when there is no change in
the state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight
line.

Page 5
(2) Action and reaction never act on the same body. If Frame of Reference
it were so, the total force on a body would have (1) A frame in which an observer is situated and
always been zero i.e. the body will always remain in makes his observations is known as his Frame of
equilibrium. reference.
(3) If F AB = force exerted on body A by body B (Action) (2) The reference frame is associated with a co-
and F BA = force exerted on body B by body A ordinate system We can describe all the physical
(Reaction) quantities like position, velocity, and acceleration etc.
of an object in this coordinate system.
Then according to Newtons third law of motion
(3) Frame of reference are of two types :
F AB F BA
(i) Inertial frame of reference
(4) Example : (i) A book lying on a table exerts a
(ii) Non-inertial frame of reference.
force on the table which is equal to the weight of the
(i) Inertial frame of reference:
book. This is the force of action.
(a) A frame of reference which is at rest or which is
R moving with a uniform velocity along a straight line is
called an inertial frame of reference.
mg (b) In inertial frame of reference Newtons laws of
motion holds good.
(c) Inertial frame of reference is also called non-
accelerated frame of reference or Newtonian or
(ii) Swimming is possible due to third law of motion.
Galilean frame of reference.
(iii) When a gun is fired, the bullet moves forward
Example: The lift at rest, lift moving (up or down)
(action). The gun recoils backward (reaction) as shown
with constant velocity, car moving with constant
in above fig.
velocity on a straight road.
(iv) Rebounding of rubber ball takes place due to third
(ii) Non-inertial frame of reference
law of motion.
(a) Accelerated frame of references are called non-
inertial frame of reference.
R sin (b) Newtons laws of motion are not applicable in non-
R

inertial frame of reference.
R cos Example: Car moving in uniform circular motion, lift
which is moving upward or downward with some
acceleration,
(v) While walking a person presses the ground in the
backward direction (action) by his feet. The ground Impulse
pushes the person in forward direction with an equal
(1) When a large force works on a body for very small
force (reaction). The component of reaction in time interval, it is called impulsive force.
horizontal direction makes the person move forward. An impulsive force does not remain constant, but
(vi) It is difficult to walk on sand or ice. changes first from zero to maximum and then from
(vii) Driving a nail into a wooden block without maximum to zero. In such case we measure the total
holding the block is difficult. effect of force.

Page 6
(2) Impulse of a force is a measure of total effect of (iii) In jumping on sand (or water) the time of contact
force. is increased due to yielding of sand or water so force is
t decreased and we are not injured. However if we jump
I t 2 F dt . on cemented floor the motion stops in a very short
1
(3) Impulse is a vector quantity and its direction is interval of time resulting in a large force due to which
same as that of force. we are seriously injured.
(5) Dimension : [ MLT 1 ]
(6) Units : Newton-second or Kg-m- s 1 (S.I.)
Dyne-second or gm-cm- s 1 (C.G.S.)
(7) Force-time graph : Impulse is equal to the area
under F-t curve.
If we plot a graph between force and time, the area
under the curve and time axis gives the value of
impulse.
I Area between curve and time axis Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum
1
Base Height If no external force acts on a system (called isolated) of
2
Force
1 F constant mass, the total momentum of the system

Ft
2 remains constant with time.
t Time (1) According to this law for a system of particles
(8) If Fav is the average magnitude of the force then F
dp
t2 t2 dt
I t F dt Fav t dt Fav t
1 1
In the absence of external force F 0 then p
dp
(9) From Newtons second law F constant i.e., p p 1 p 2 p 3 .... constant.
dt

F or m1 v1 m2 v2 m3 v3 .... constant
or tt12 F dt pp12 d p (2) Law of conservation of linear momentum is
Fav

I p 2 p 1 p Impulse independent of frame of reference, though linear
t
t1 t t2
momentum depends on frame of reference.
i.e. The impulse of a force is equal to the change in (3) Conservation of linear momentum is equivalent to
momentum. Newtons third law of motion.
This statement is known as Impulse momentum For a system of two particles in absence of external
theorem. force, by law of conservation of linear momentum.
Examples : Hitting, kicking, catching, jumping, p1 p 2 constant.
diving, collision etc.
In all these cases an impulse acts. m1v1 m2v2 constant.
I F dt Fav . t p constant Differentiating above with respect to time

So if time of contact t is increased, average force is m1
dv1
m2
dv2
0

m1a1 m2a2 0
dt dt
decreased.
(i) In catching a ball a player by drawing his hands F1 F 2 0 F 2 F1
backwards increases the time of contact and so, lesser i.e. for every action there is an equal and opposite
force acts on his hands and his hands are saved from reaction which is Newtons third law of motion.
getting hurt.

Page 7
(4) Practical applications of the law of conservation of (iv) Rocket propulsion : The initial momentum of
linear momentum the rocket on its launching pad is zero. When it is fired
from the launching pad, the exhaust gases rush
(i) When a man jumps out of a boat on the shore, the downward at a high speed and to conserve
boat is pushed slightly away from the shore. momentum, the rocket moves upwards.
(ii) A person left on a frictionless surface can get away Let m0 initial mass of rocket, v
from it by blowing air out of his mouth or by throwing
m = mass of rocket at any instant t m
some object in a direction opposite to the direction in
which he wants to move. (instantaneous mass)
mr residual mass of empty container
(iii) Recoiling of a gun: For bullet and gun system,
the force exerted by trigger will be internal so the of the rocket
momentum of the system remains unaffected. u = velocity of exhaust gases,
v = velocity of rocket at any instant t
u u
(instantaneous velocity)
dm
rate of change of mass of rocket
dt
= rate of fuel consumption = rate of ejection of the fuel.

Let mG mass of gun,
mB mass of bullet, dm
(a) Thrust on the rocket : F u mg
dt
vG velocity of gun,
Here negative sign indicates that direction of thrust is
vB velocity of bullet
opposite to the direction of escaping gases.
Initial momentum of system = 0 dm
F u (if effect of gravity is neglected)
Final momentum of system mGvG mBvB dt
By the law of conservation of linear momentum

u dm

mGvG mBvB 0
(b) Acceleration of the rocket : a g
m dt
mB u dm
So recoil velocity vG v and if effect of gravity is neglected a
mG B m dt
(a) Here negative sign indicates that the velocity of

(c) Instantaneous velocity of the rocket :
recoil vG is opposite to the velocity of the bullet.
m
1 v u log e 0 gt , and if effect of gravity is neglected
(b) vG i.e. higher the mass of gun, lesser the m
mG
m m
velocity of recoil of gun. v u log e 0 2.303u log 10 0
m m
(c) While firing the gun must be held tightly to the
shoulder, this would save hurting the shoulder because (d) Burnt out speed of the rocket :
in this condition the body of the shooter and the gun behave m
vb vmax u log e 0
as one body. Total mass become large and recoil velocity becomes mr
too small.
The speed attained by the rocket when the complete
1
vG fuel gets burnt is called burnt out speed of the rocket. It
mG mman
is the maximum speed acquired by the rocket.

Page 8
Apparent Weight of a Body in a Lift Acceleration of Block on
When a body of mass m is placed on a weighing Smooth Inclined Plane

machine which is placed in a lift, then actual weight of
the body is mg. (1) When inclined plane is at rest
R Normal reaction R = mg cos
Force along a inclined plane
F = mg sin ;
ma = mg sin
mg a = g sin
(2) When a inclined plane given a horizontal

This acts on a weighing machine which offers a acceleration b
reaction R given by the reading of weighing machine.
This reaction exerted by the surface of contact Since the body lies in an accelerating frame, an
on the body is the apparent weight of the body. inertial force (mb) acts on it in the opposite direction.
Acceleration of Block on
R
Horizontal Smooth Surface a

mb
(1) When a pull is horizontal R b

R = mg m a
F mg mg cos +mb sin

and F = ma
mg
a = F/m
Normal reaction R = mg cos + mb sin
and ma = mg sin mb cos
(2) When a pull is acting at an angle () to the a = g sin b cos
horizontal (upward)
R + F sin = mg F sin R Note : The condition for the body to be at rest relative
F
R = mg F sin m to the inclined plane : a = g sin b cos = 0
F cos
and F cos = ma b = g tan
F cos mg
a
m
(3) When a push is acting at an angle () to the

horizontal (downward)
R a
F
R = mg + F sin m F cos
and F cos = ma mg
F cos F sin
a
m

Page 9
Apparent weight in a lift
Condition Figure Velocity Acceleration Reaction Conclusion
LIFT
R
R mg = 0 Apparent weight
Lift is at rest v=0 a=0
R = mg = Actual weight
Spring Balance
mg
LIFT
R
Lift moving upward
v = constant R mg = 0 Apparent weight
or downward with a=0
constant velocity R = mg = Actual weight
Spring Balance
mg
LIFT
R
Lift accelerating a v = variable R mg = ma Apparent weight
upward at the rate a<g
of 'a R = m(g + a) > Actual weight
Spring Balance
mg
LIFT
Lift accelerating R
g v = variable R mg = mg Apparent weight
upward at the rate a=g
R = 2mg = 2 Actual weight
of g
Spring Balance
mg
LIFT
R
Lift accelerating a mg R = ma
v = variable Apparent weight <
downward at the a<g
R = m(g a) Actual weight
rate of a
Spring Balance
mg
LIFT
R
Lift accelerating Apparent weight
g v = variable mg R = mg
downward at the a=g = Zero
R=0
rate of g (weightlessness)
Spring Balance
mg
LIFT
Apparent weight
R mg R = ma
Lift accelerating negative means the
a>g v = variable
downward at the a>g R = mg ma body will rise from the
rate of a(>g) R = ve floor of the lift and stick
Spring Balance to the ceiling of the lift.
mg

Page 10
Motion of Blocks in Contact
Condition Free body diagram Equation Force and acceleration
a
F f F
B
m1 F f m1a a
m1 m2
A
F m2
m1
a
f m2 F
m2 f
f m2a m1 m2
a
f F
B
m1 f m1a a
m1 m2
A
m2 F
m1
a
m1F
F f m2a f
f m2 F m1 m2
F f1 F
m1 F f1 m1a a
B
C m1 m2 m3
A
F m3
m1 m2
a
(m2 m3 )F
f1 f2 m2a f1
f1 f2 m1 m2 m3
m2
a
m3 F
f2
m3 f2 m3a f2
m1 m2 m3
a F
f1 m1a a
m1
f1 m1 m2 m3
C
A B
a
m3 F m1F
m1 m2 f2 f1 m2a f1
f1 f2 m1 m2 m3
m2
a
(m1 m2 )F
F f2 m3a f2
f2 F m1 m2 m3
m3

Page 11
Motion of Blocks Connected by Mass Less String
Condition Free body diagram Equation Tension and acceleration

a
T F
B m1 T m1a a
m1 m2
A
T m2 F
m1
a
m1F
T F F T m2a T
m2 m1 m2
F T F
m1 F T m1a a
B m1 m2
A
F T m2
m1
a
m2 F
T T m2a T
m2 m1 m2
a
T1 F
m1 T1 m1a a
m1 m2 m3
C
A B a
T1 T2 m3 F m1F
m1 m2 T1 T2 T2 T1 m2a T1
m2 m1 m2 m3
a
(m1 m2 )F
T2 F F T2 m3a T2
m3 m1 m2 m3
a
F T1 F
m1 F T1 m1a a
m1 m2 m3
C
A B a
F T1 T2 m3
(m2 m3 )F
m1 m2 T1 T2 m2a T1
T1 T2 m1 m2 m3
m2
a
m3 F
T2 T2 m3a T2
m3 m1 m2 m3

Page 12
Motion of Connected Block over a Pulley
T1
T2 2m1m2
m1 a m1a T1 m1g T1 g
P m1 m2
m1g
T1
T1
a m1
T1
A m2 a m2 a 4m1m2
m2a m2 g T1 T2 g
B m1 m2
m2g
T2
m m1
T2 2T1 a 2 g
m1 m2
T1 T1
T1
m1 a 2m1[m2 m3 ]
m1a T1 m1g T1 g
m1 m2 m3
m1g
T3
p
T1
m1 T1 T1
a 2m1m3
A m2 a m2a m2 g T2 T1 T2 g
m2 m1 m2 m3
m2g + T2
B T
2
m3 a
C
T2
4m1[m2 m3 ]
m3 a m3a m3 g T2 T3 g
m1 m2 m3
m3g
T3
[(m2 m3 ) m1 ]g
T3 2T1 a
m1 m2 m3
T1 T1

Page 13

When pulley have a finite
T1 m1 m2
mass M and radius R then a a
m1 m1a m1g T1 M
tension in two segments of m1 m2
string are different m1g 2
T2 M
m1 2m2
m2 a m2a T2 m2g 2
T2 T1 g
M
m2g m1 m2
M R
2
T2 Torque (T1 T2)R I
m2 T1 a
a (T1 T2 )R I M
R
R m2 2m1
B 2
m1 a
T2 g
1 a
(T1 T2 )R MR 2 M
A 2 R m1 m2
2
T2 T1 Ma
T1 T2
2
a m1a m2
a g
A m1
T P m1 m2
m1 T
T T m1a
m2 a
B
T
a m1m2
m2 m2a m2g T T g
m1 m2
m2g
T
a
P
m1 m m1 sin
T m1g sin m1a T m1g sin a 2 g
a T m1 m2

m1
A m2 a
B
T
m1m2 (1 sin )
m2 a m2a m2g T T g
m1 m2
m2g
T
a
m1 (m2 sin m1 sin )
T m1g sin a g
a T T m1g sin m1a m1 m2
a

m1 m2
A
B

T a
m1m2 (sin sin )
m2 m2a m2g sin T T g
m1 m2
m2g sin


Page 14
T
a
m1 m1g sin
m1g sin m1g sin T m1a a
m1 m2

P
T
a
m1
A
a
m2
T
B m2 T m2a 2m1m2
T g
4m1 m2
a1
A
P a
m1
T
m1 T
T m1a 2m2 g
T a1 a
4m1 m2
d 2 (x 2 ) m2 a2 m2 g
As a2
dt 2 4m1 m2
B
2
1 d (x 1 ) 2T

2 dt 2 2m1m2 g
a T
m2 m2 g 2T 4m1 m2
a1 m2 (a/2) 2
a2
2
m2g
a1 acceleration of block A
a 2 acceleration of block B
T1
(m1 m2 )
a m1 a m1a m1g T1 a g
[m1 m2 M ]
C
T2 T1 m1g
M
T1 T2
T2
m1(2m2 M )
a m2 m1 a m2 a m2a T2 m2g T1 g
[m1 m2 M ]
B A m2g
Ma
m2 (2m2 M )
T2 M T1 T1 T2 Ma T2 g
[m1 m2 M ]

Page 15
Motion of massive string
a
F (M m)a F
a
M m
M T1
T1 Ma
F
T1 M
T1 force applied by the string on (M m)
a
the block
m
M F
m/2
M T2 (2M m)
T2 F
2(M m)
m
T2 M a
2
T2 Tension at midpoint of the
rope
L m F ma a F /m
T F F
x a
m = Mass of string
m [(L x)/L] L x
T = Tension in string at a L x T F
T T m a L
distance x from the end where L
the force is applied a
A (M/L)x B Mxa F1 F2
F2 L F1 T F1 F1 T a
L M
A x B a
F2 M F1
M = Mass of uniform string x x

a F1 F2 Ma T F1 1 F2
L = Length of string L L
A
A
Lx
L T B
B T T
x T
B
C
F x
C
Mass of segment BC
M
x F
L

Page 16
SIMPLE MACHINES
A machine is device by which the magnitude, direction or method of application of a force is changed in order to
achieve some advantage. Examples of simple machines are the lever, inclined plane, pulley, crane and axle, and
jackscrew.
force exerted by machine on load
Mechanical advantage of machine =
force used to operate machine
Mechanical machines: Let W = Load, P = Effort
Effort Minimum force required to lift the body or to set the body is motion.
L W
(1) Mechanical Advantage/force ratio MA
E P
VP
(2) Velocity Ratio/Ideal Advantage VR
VM
Displacement traversed by Effort / unit time
= VR 1
Displacement traversed by load / time 2
M . A.
(C) Efficiency of system % 100
V .R.
LEVER SYSTEM : A lever is a rigid, straight or bent bar which is capable of turning about a fixed axis.
Effort arm AF
Mechanical advantage of lever M . A.
Load arm BF
This relation is known as the law of levers.

Kinds of levers: (1) Class I levers: In this type of lever, The fulcrum F is in between the effort E and load L as
shown in figure.
Effort Arm F Load Arm

A B
E L
Ex. A seesaw, a pair of scissors, crowbar, handle of water pump, claw hammer, pair of pliers, the beam of a
common balance, a spade used for turning the soil, the bottle opener. For class I levers, the mechanical
advantage and velocity ratio can have any value greater than I, equal to I or less than I.
(2) Class II levers: In this type of lever, the load L is in between the effort E and the fulcrum F as shown in
figure.
Effort Arm
E
Load Arm
F B
A
L

Page 17
Ex. A nut cracker, wheel barrow, a lemon crusher, a paper cutter, a mango cutter, an oar user for rowing a
boat, a bar used to lift a load. The mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of these levers are always more
than I.
(3) Class III levers: In this type of lever, the effort E is in between the fulcrum F and the load shown in figure.
E
Effort Arm
F
A B
L
Load Arm
Ex. Sugar tongs, the fore-arm used for lifting a load or action or the bicep muscle, fire tongs, foot treadle, knife.
The mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of these levers are always less than I.
FALSE BALANCE
(i) Arms of balance are equal : An object weighs W1 when placed in one pan and W2 when placed in the
other pan.
a
a
II
I
Y
X
When object is placed in second pan then (X + W1) a = (Y + W)a X Y = W W1

When object is placed in first pan then
W1 W2
(W + X) a = (W2 + Y)a X Y = W2 W therefore W W1 = W2 W W
2
W1 W2
Then the weight (actual) of the object is W
2
2. Arms of balance are unequal:
An object weights W1 when placed in one pan and W2 when placed in the other pan.
By torque balance Xa = Yb
When object is placed in second pan then (W1 + X)a = (W + Y)b W1a = Wb
When object is placed in first pan then (W + X) a = (W2 + Y)b Wa = W2b
therefore W2= W1W2 W W1W2 Then the weight (actual) of the object is W W1W2
a b
I II
X Y

Page 18
If the person climbs up along the rope with acceleration a,
then tension in the rope will be m(g+a)
If the person climbs down along the rope with acceleration,
then tension in the rope will be m(g a)
Inertia is proportional to mass of the body. When the person climbs up or down with uniform speed,
Force cause acceleration. tension in the string will be mg.
In the absence of the force, a body moves along a straight A body starting from rest moves along a smooth inclined
line path. plane of length l, height h and having angle of inclination .
A system or a body is said to be in equilibrium, when the (i) Its acceleration down the plane is g sin .
net force acting on it is zero.

If a number of forces F1, F2 , F3 , ......... act on the body, (ii) Its velocity at the bottom of the inclined plane will be
2gh 2gl sin .
then it is in equilibrium when F1 F2 F3 ......... 0
(iii) Time taken to reach the bottom will be
A body in equilibrium cannot change the direction of motion.
Four types of forces exist in nature. They are gravitation (Fg ) , 2l 1 2h
t
g sin sin g
electromagnetic (Fem ) , weak force (Fw ) and nuclear force (Fn ) .
(iv) If the angle of inclination is changed keeping the height
(Fg ) : (Fw ) : (Fem ) : (Fn ) : : 1 : 1025 : 1036 : 1038
t1 sin 2
constant then
If a body moves along a curved path, then it is certainly t 2 sin 1
acted upon by a force.
For an isolated system (on which no external force acts),
A single isolated force cannot exist.
the total momentum remains conserved (Law of conservation of
Forces in nature always occur in pairs. momentum).
Newton's first law of the motion defines the force. The change in momentum of a body depends on the
Absolute units of force remain the same throughout the magnitude and direction of the applied force and the
universe while gravitational units of force vary from place to period of time over which it is applied i.e. it depends on its
place as they depend upon the value of g. impulse.
Newton's second law of motion gives the measure of force Guns recoil when fired, because of the law of
i.e. F = ma. conservation of momentum. The positive momentum
Force is a vector quantity. gained by the bullet is equal to negative recoil momentum
of the gun and so the total momentum before and after the
Absolute units of force are dyne in CGS system and newton
firing of the gun is zero.
(N) in SI.
m
1 N = 105 dyne. Recoil velocity of the gun is V v
M
Gravitational units of force are gf (or gwt) in CGS system
and kgf (or kgwt) in SI.
where m = mass of bullet, M = mass of gun and v =
muzzle velocity of bullet.
1 gf = 980 dyne and 1 kgf = 9.8 N
The rocket pushes itself forwards by pushing the jet of
The beam balance compares masses.
exhaust gases backwards.
HF
Acceleration of a horse-cart system is a dm
M m Upthrust on the rocket = u . where u = velocity of
dt
where H = Horizontal component of reaction; F = force of
dm
friction; M = mass of horse; m = mass of cart. escaping gases relative to rocket and rate of consumption
dt
The weight of the body measured by the spring balance in
of fuel.
a lift is equal to the apparent weight.
Apparent weight of a freely falling body = ZERO, (state of

weightlessness).

Page 19

STUDY MATERIAL For IIT / NEET / AIIMS / JIPMER / UPTU (Newton's Laws of Motion)

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A NAME IN CONCEPTS OF PHYSICS XI & XII (CBSE & ICSE BOARD)

IIT (MAINS & ADVANCED) /NEET/AIIMS/JIPMER/uptU

(3) It is also measured as the product of the mass of

linear momentum p is given by p m v

(4) It is a vector quantity and its direction is the same

STUDY MATERIAL (NEET/AIIMS) NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION

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When a bus suddenly starts, the force responsible

Note : (i) When a horse starts suddenly, the rider tends

(ii) A bullet fired on a window pane makes a clean

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(5) Inertia of direction: It is the inability of a body

In a small interval of time, force

(3) Units: Absolute units: (i) Newton (S.I.)

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(iii) Tension: The force exerted by the end of taut

Newtons Third Law

(1) If all the forces working on a body are acting on

STUDY MATERIAL (NEET/AIIMS) NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION

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STUDY MATERIAL (NEET/AIIMS) NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION

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1 F constant mass, the total momentum of the system

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= rate of fuel consumption = rate of ejection of the fuel.

By the law of conservation of linear momentum

(a) Here negative sign indicates that the velocity of

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When a body of mass m is placed on a weighing Smooth Inclined Plane

(2) When a inclined plane given a horizontal

(3) When a push is acting at an angle () to the

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Condition Figure Velocity Acceleration Reaction Conclusion

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Condition Free body diagram Equation Tension and acceleration

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Condition Free body diagram Equation Tension and acceleration

STUDY MATERIAL (NEET/AIIMS) NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION

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Condition Free body diagram Equation Tension and acceleration

STUDY MATERIAL (NEET/AIIMS) NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION

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M = Mass of uniform string x x

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This relation is known as the law of levers.

Effort Arm F Load Arm

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When object is placed in second pan then (X + W1) a = (Y + W)a X Y = W W1

STUDY MATERIAL (NEET/AIIMS) NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION