List of English monarchs

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with
Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, one of the petty kingdoms to rule
a portion of modern England. While Alfred was not the first king to
lay claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the first
unbroken line of Kings to rule the whole of England, the House of
Wessex.[1] The last monarch of a distinct kingdom of England was
Queen Anne, who became Queen of Great Britain when England
merged with Scotland to form a union in 1707. For monarchs after
Queen Anne, see List of British monarchs.

Arguments are made for a few different kings deemed to control

enough of the ancient kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons to be deemed
the first King of England. For example, Offa, king of Mercia, and
Egbert, king of Wessex, are sometimes described as kings of England
by popular writers, but not by all historians. In the late eighth century
Coat of arms of the Kings of England, 1558
Offa achieved a dominance over southern England that did not
1603
survive his death in 796. In 829 Egbert conquered Mercia, but he
soon lost control of it. By the late ninth century Wessex was the
dominant Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Its king, Alfred the Great, was overlord of western
Mercia and used the title King of the Angles and Saxons, but he never ruled eastern
and northern England, which was then the Danelaw. His son Edward the Elder
conquered the eastern Danelaw, but Edward's son thelstan became the first king to
rule the whole of England when he conquered Northumbria in 927, and he is regarded
by some modern historians as the first king of England.[2][3]

The Principality of Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England under the
Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, and in 1301 King Edward I invested his eldest son, the
future King Edward II, as Prince of Wales. Since that time, except for King Edward
III, the eldest sons of all English monarchs have borne this title. After the death of
Queen Elizabeth I without issue, in 1603, the crowns of England and Scotland were
joined in personal union under King James VI of Scotland, who became James I of
England. By royal proclamation, James styled himself "King of Great Britain", but no
such kingdom was created until 1707, when England underwent legislative union with
Scotland to form the new Kingdom of Great Britain, during the reign of Queen Family tree of monarchs
of England and Great
Anne.[4]
Britain since the Norman
Conquest

Contents
1 House of Wessex
2 House of Denmark
3 House of Wessex (restored, first time)
4 House of Denmark (restored)
5 House of Wessex (restored, second time)
6 House of Normandy
7 House of Blois
 8 House of Anjou
9 House of Plantagenet
9.1 House of Lancaster
9.2 House of York
9.3 House of Lancaster (restored)
9.4 House of York (restored)
10 House of Tudor
11 House of Stuart
11.1 Interregnum
11.2 House of Stuart (restored)
12 Acts of Union
13 Timeline of English monarchs
14 Titles
15 See also
16 Notes
17 External links

House of Wessex
Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim
849
Son of
Alfred the Great Son of thelwulf
Ealhswith
871[5] thelwulf 26 October 899 (king of
868
(king of Aged about 50 Wessex) /
five children
26 October 899[6] Wessex) Treaty of
and Wedmore
Osburh
c. 874 (1) Ecgwynn
Edward the Elder two children
Son of
26 October 899 Son of (2) lffld 17 July 924
Alfred the
Alfred eight children Aged about 50
Great
17 July 924 and (3) Eadgifu
Ealhswith four children

Disputed claimant

There is some evidence that lfweard of Wessex may have been king for up to four weeks in 924 (timing itself is
unclear, as he died 16 days, not 28 days, after his father), between his father Edward the Elder and his brother
thelstan, although he was not crowned.[7] However, this is not accepted by all historians. Also, it is unclear
whether lfweard was declared king of the whole kingdom or of Wessex only: there is evidence that when Edward
died, lfweard was declared king in Wessex and thelstan in Mercia.[8]
 Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim
c. 901[10]
lfweard 3 August 924[8] Son of
July 924 Son of
Unmarried? Aged about 23 Edward
Edward the
No children Buried at the
Elder
3 August 924[9] and Winchester[11] Elder
lffld[10]
 Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim

thelstan
924
894
Son of
27 October 939[12] 27 October 939 Edward
Son of Edward Unmarried[12]
King of the Anglo-Saxons
the Elder Aged about 45[12] the
924927 Elder
and Ecgwynn
King of the English 927
939

c. 921 (1) lfgifu of

26 May 946
Edmund I Shaftesbury Son of
Pucklechurch
28 October 939 Son of Edward two children Edward
Aged about 25
the Elder (2) thelfld of the
(Killed in a
26 May 946[13] and Eadgifu of Damerham Elder
brawl)[13]
Kent[13] No children[14]
c. 923
Eadred Son of
23 November 955
27 May 946 Son of Edward Edward
Unmarried Frome
the Elder the
Aged about 32[16]
23 November 955[15] and Eadgifu of Elder
Kent
c. 940
Eadwig
Son of
24 November 955 Son of 1 October 959
lfgifu[17] Edmund
Edmund I Aged about 19[17] I
1 October 959[17] and lfgifu of
Shaftesbury[18]
7 August 943
(1) thelfld
Wessex
Edgar the Peaceful c. 960 8 July 975 Son of
2 October 959 1 son
Son of Winchester Edmund
(2) lfthryth
Edmund I Aged 31[20] I
8 July 975[19] and lfgifu of
c. 964
2 sons
Shaftesbury

Edward the Martyr c. 962 18 March 978 Son of

9 July 975 Corfe Castle Edgar
Son of Edgar Unmarried Aged about 16 the
the Peaceful
18 March 978[21] (Assassinated)[21] Peaceful
and thelfld
(1) lfgifu of York
thelred the c. 968 991 Son of
Unready 23 April 1016
nine children Edgar
19 March 978 Son of Edgar London
(2) Emma of Normandy the
the Peaceful
1002 Aged about 48[22] Peaceful
1013 (first reign)[22] and lfthryth
three children[23]

House of Denmark
England came under the control of Sweyn Forkbeard, a Danish king, after an invasion in 1013, during which
thelred abandoned the throne and went into exile in Normandy.

Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim

c. 960
Denmark (1) Gunhild of Wenden
Sweyn Forkbeard c. 990
3 February 1014
25 December[24] 1013 Son of seven children Right of
Gainsborough
Harald (2) Sigrid the Haughty conquest
Aged about 54
3 February 1014 [25] Bluetooth c. 1000
and Gyrid 1 daughter
Olafsdottir

House of Wessex (restored, first time)

Following the death of Sweyn Forkbeard, thelred the Unready returned from exile and was again proclaimed
king on 3 February 1014. His son succeeded him after being chosen king by the citizens of London and a part of
the Witan,[26] despite ongoing Danish efforts in wresting the crown from the West Saxons.

Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim

c. 968 (1) lfgifu of York
thelred the Unready
991
3 February 1014 Son of 23 April 1016 Son of
nine children
Edgar the London Edgar the
(2) Emma of Normandy
23 April 1016 Peaceful 1002 Aged about 48[22] Peaceful
(second reign)[22] and
three children[23]
lfthryth
c. 990

Son of
Edmund Ironside thelred Son of
30 November 1016
24 April 1016 the Edith of East Anglia thelred
Glastonbury
Unready two children[27] the
Aged 26[26][27]
30 November 1016[26] and Unready
lfgifu
of
York[26]

House of Denmark (restored)

Following the decisive Battle of Assandun on 18 October 1016, King Edmund signed a treaty with Cnut in which
all of England except for Wessex would be controlled by Cnut.[28] Upon Edmund's death on 30 November, Cnut
ruled the whole kingdom as its sole king.
 Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim

c. 995 (1) Aelfgifu of

Cnut the Great Son of
Northampton
18 October 1016 12 November 1035 Sweyn
Son of Sweyn two children
Shaftesbury Forkbeard
Forkbeard (2) Emma of Normandy [29] (Treaty of
12 November Aged about 40
and Gunhilda of 1017[29]
1035[29] [29] Deerhurst)
Poland two children

c. 1016
Harold Harefoot
13 November 1035 lfgifu? 17 March 1040 Son of
Son of Cnut Oxford Cnut the

and lfgifu of 1 son?[31]
Aged about 24 Great
17 March 1040[30]
Northampton[30]
8 June 1042
1018
Harthacnut Lambeth
Son of
17 March 1040
Son of Cnut Unmarried Aged about 24[33] Cnut the
(Stroke caused by
and Emma of Great
8 June 1042[32] excessive alcohol
Normandy[33]
consumption)

House of Wessex (restored, second time)

After Harthacnut, there was a brief Saxon Restoration between 1042 and 1066.

Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim

c. 1003
Islip,
Edward the Oxfordshire
5 January 1066 Son of
Confessor Edith of Wessex
Westminster thelred
9 June 1042 Son of 23 January 1045
Palace the
thelred the No children
Aged about 63 Unready
5 January 1066 Unready
and Emma of
Normandy
c. 1022 Supposedly
(1) Edith Swannesha named heir
Harold Godwinson 14 October 1066
Son of five children by Edward
6 January 1066 Hastings
Godwin, Earl (2) Ealdgyth the
Aged 44
of Wessex c. 1064 Confessor
14 October 1066 (Died in battle)
and Gytha two children Elected by
Thorkelsdttir the Witan
Edgar the theling c. 1051
15 October 1066 Hungary
c. 1126 Grandson
Son of Unmarried of Edmund
17 December 1066
Edward the Aged about 75[34] Ironside
Proclaimed, but never
Exile
crowned[34]
and Agatha
House of Normandy
In 1066, several rival claimants to the English throne emerged. Among them were Harold Godwinson, elected king
by the Witenagemot after the death of Edward the Confessor, as well as Harald Hardrada, King of Norway who
claimed to be the rightful heir of Harthacnut, and Duke William II of Normandy, descendant of Rollo, founder of
the royal House of Normandy, vassal to the King of France, and first cousin once-removed of Edward the
Confessor. Harald and William both invaded separately in 1066. Godwinson successfully repelled the invasion by
Hardrada, but ultimately lost the throne of England in the Norman conquest of England. After the Battle of
Hastings, William the Conqueror made permanent the recent removal of the capital from Winchester to London.
Following the death of Harold Godwinson on 14 October, the Anglo-Saxon Witenagemot elected as king Edgar the
theling, the son of Edward the Exile and grandson of Edmund Ironside, but the young monarch was unable to
resist the invaders and was never crowned. William was crowned King William I of England on Christmas Day
1066, in Westminster Abbey, and is today known as William the Conqueror, William the Bastard or William I.

Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue
William I 9 September 1087
William the Rouen
Supposedly
Bastard c. 1028 Matilda of Flanders After wounding
named heir
William the Falaise Castle Chapel Notre Dame himself on the
by Edward
Conqueror of the castle in Eu, saddle when his
the Confessor
25 December Son of Robert I, Normandy horse stumbled.
in 1052
1066 Duke of Normandy 1053 Buried at Saint
right of
and Herleva nine children Etienne Abbey
conquest
9 September (Abbaye aux
1087 Hommes) of Caen

c. 1056
William II
Normandy 2 August 1100
William Rufus
New Forest Son of
9 September
Son of William the Unmarried Aged 44 when shot William I
1087
Conqueror with an arrow, (appointment)

and Matilda of events still unclear.
2 August 1100
Flanders

(1) Matilda of
1 December 1135
Scotland
September 1068 Castle of Lyons-la-
Henry I Westminster Abbey
Selby Fort (Saint-Denis-
Henry Beauclerc 11 November 1100 Son of
en-Lyons)
2 August 1100 two children William I
Son of William the Aged 67 apparently
(2) Adeliza of (seizure of
Conqueror from eating a
1 December Louvain the crown)
and Matilda of surfeit of lampreys.
1135 Windsor Castle
Flanders Buried at Reading
29 January 1121
Abbey
No children

House of Blois
Henry I left no legitimate male heirs, his son William Adelin having died in the White Ship disaster. This ended the
direct Norman line of kings in England. Henry named his eldest daughter, the dowager Empress Matilda as his
heir. Before naming Matilda as heir, however, he had been in negotiations to name his nephew Stephen of Blois as
his heir. When Henry died, Stephen invaded England, and in a coup d'etat had himself crowned instead of Matilda.
The period which followed is known as The Anarchy, as parties supporting each side fought in open warfare on
both Britain and on the continent for the better part of two decades.

Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue

Stephen c. 1096
Stephen of Blois Blois
22 December Matilda of Boulogne Grandson of
25 October 1154
1135 Westminster William I
Son of Stephen, Dover Castle
1125 (appointment/
Count of Blois Aged about 58
25 October six children usurpation)
and Adela of
1154[35] Normandy

Disputed claimants

Empress Matilda was declared heir presumptive by her father, Henry I, after the death of her brother on the White
Ship, and acknowledged as such by the barons. However, upon Henry I's death, the throne was seized by Matilda's
cousin, Stephen of Blois. During the ensuing Anarchy, Matilda controlled England for a few months in 1141 the
first woman so to be but was never crowned and is rarely listed as a monarch of England.[36]

Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue
(1) Henry V, Holy
Roman Emperor
Matilda 7 February 1102 Mainz
Empress Matilda
Sutton Courtenay 6 January 1114 10 September 1167 Daughter
7 April 1141
No children Notre Dame du Pr of Henry I
Daughter of Henry I (2) Geoffrey V, in Rouen (seizure of
1 November and Edith of Count of Anjou Aged 65 the crown)
1141
Scotland[37] Le Mans Cathedral
Title disputed
22 May 1128
three children

Count Eustace IV of Boulogne (c. 1130 17 August 1153) was appointed co-king of England by his father, King
Stephen, on 6 April 1152, in order to guarantee his succession to the throne (as was the custom in France, but not
in England). However, the Pope and the Church would not agree to this, and Eustace was not crowned. Eustace
died the next year aged 23, during his father's lifetime, and so never became king in his own right.[38]

House of Anjou
Stephen came to an agreement with Matilda in November 1153 with the signing of the Treaty of Wallingford,
where Stephen recognised Prince Henry, son of Matilda and her second husband Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of
Anjou, as the heir-apparent to the throne in lieu of his own son, who had died that August. The royal house
descended from Matilda and Geoffrey is widely known by two names, the House of Anjou (after Geoffrey's title as
Count of Anjou) or the House of Plantagenet, after his sobriquet. Some historians prefer to group the subsequent
kings into two groups, before and after the loss of the Angevin Empire, although they are not different royal
houses.

The Angevins ruled over the Angevin Empire during the 12th and 13th centuries, an area stretching from the
Pyrenees to Ireland. They did not regard England as their primary home until most of their continental domains
were lost by John. Though the Angevin Dynasty was short-lived, their male line descendants included the House of
Plantagenet, the House of Lancaster and the House of York.

The Angevins formulated England's royal coat of arms, which usually showed other kingdoms held or claimed by
them or their successors, although without representation of Ireland for quite some time. Dieu et mon droit has
generally been used as the motto of English monarchs since being adopted by Edward III,[39] but it was first used
as a battle cry by Richard I in 1198 at the Battle of Gisors, when he defeated the forces of Philip II of France, after
which, he made it his motto.[39][40]
 Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Arms Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue
5 March 1133
Henry II Le Mans
Eleanor of 6 July 1189
Henry
Aquitaine Chinon Grandson of
Curtmantle Son of
Bordeaux Aged 56. Henry I
25 October Geoffrey V of
Cathedral Buried at (Treaty of
1154 Anjou
18 May 1152 Fontevraud Wallingford)
and Matilda,
eight children Abbey
6 July 1189 daughter of
Henry I
6 April 1199
Chlus
Aged 41 from
8 September
an arrow
1157
Richard I wound in the
Beaumont Berengaria of
Richard the shoulder that
Palace Navarre
Lionheart became Son of Henry II
Limassol
6 July 1189 infected. (primogeniture)
Son of Henry 12 May 1191
Buried: Heart
II No children
6 April 1199 at Rouen
and Eleanor of
Cathedral.
Aquitaine
Body at
Fontevraud
Abbey
(1) Isabel of
Gloucester
Marlborough
24 December Castle 19 October
1166 29 August 1189
John 1216
Beaumont No children
Lackland Newark-on- brother of
Palace
6 April 1199 Trent Richard I
(2) Isabella of Aged 49. (proximity of
Son of Henry Angoulme
19 October Buried at blood)
II
1216 Bordeaux Worcester
and Eleanor of
Cathedral Cathedral
Aquitaine
24 August 1200
five children

Henry II named his son, another Henry (11551183), as co-ruler with him. But this was a Norman custom of
designating an heir, and Prince Henry did not outlive his father and rule in his own right, so he is not counted as a
monarch on lists of kings.

Disputed claimant

Louis VIII of France briefly ruled about half of England from 1216 to 1217 at the conclusion of the First Barons'
War against King John. On marching into London he was openly received by the rebel barons and citizens of
London and proclaimed (though not crowned) king at St Paul's cathedral. Many nobles, including Alexander II of
Scotland for his English possessions, gathered to give homage to him. However, in signing the Treaty of Lambeth
in 1217, Louis conceded that he had never been the legitimate king of England.
 Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Arms Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue
5 September
Louis 1187
Blanche of
The Lion Paris 8 November
Castile
1216 1226 Right of
Portmont
22 September Son of Philip II Montpensier conquest
23 May 1200
1217 of France Aged 39
13 children
Title disputed and Isabella of
Hainault

House of Plantagenet
The House of Plantagenet takes its name from Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, husband of the Empress
Matilda and father of Henry II. The name Plantagenet itself was unknown as a family name per se until Richard of
York adopted it as his family name in the 15th century. It has since been retroactively applied to English monarchs
from Henry II onward. It is common among modern historians to refer to Henry II and his sons as the "Angevins"
due to their vast continental Empire, and most of the Angevin kings before John spent more time in their
continental possessions than in England. It is from the time of Henry III, after the loss of most of the family's
continental possessions, that the Plantagenet kings became more English in nature. The Houses of Lancaster and
York are cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet.
 Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Arms Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue
Henry III 1 October
Henry of 1207 Eleanor of
Winchester Winchester Provence 16 November
19 October Castle Canterbury 1272 Son of King
1216 Cathedral Westminster John
Son of King 14 January Palace (primogeniture)
16 John 1236 Aged 65
November and Isabella of five children
1272 Angoulme
(1) Eleanor of
Castile
Abbey of Santa
Maria la Real
Edward I 17 June 1239 de Huelgas
Longshanks Westminster 18 October
16 Palace 1254 7 July 1307 Son of Henry
November 16 children Burgh by Sands III
1272 Son of Henry Aged 68 (primogeniture)
III and Eleanor (2) Margaret of
7 July 1307 of Provence France
10 September
1299
three children

25 April 1284
Edward II Isabella of
Caernarfon 21 September
Edward of France
Castle 1327
Caernarfon Boulogne Son of Edward
7 July 1307 Cathedral Berkeley Castle I
Son of Edward Aged 43
25 January (primogeniture)
I
25 January
and Eleanor of
1308 (murdered)[41]
1327 four children
Castile
13 November
Edward III 1312 Philippa of
25 January Windsor Castle Hainault
21 June 1377 Son of Edward
1327 York Minster
Sheen Palace II
Son of Edward 24 January
Aged 64 (primogeniture)
21 June II 1328
1377 and Isabella of 14 children
France
Richard II 6 January 1367 (1) Anne of 14 February Grandson of
21 June Bordeaux Bohemia 1400 Edward III
1377 14 January Pontefract (primogeniture)
Son of 1382 Castle
29 Edward, the No children Aged 33
September Black Prince probably from
1399 and Joan of (2) Isabella of starvation
Kent Valois
Calais
 4 November
1396
No children

House of Lancaster

This house descended from Edward III's third surviving son, John of Gaunt. Henry IV seized power from Richard
II (and also displaced the next in line to the throne, Edmund Mortimer (then aged 7), a descendant of Edward III's
second son, Lionel of Antwerp).

Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Arms Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue
(1) Mary de
Bohun
Arundel Castle
Henry IV 3 April 1367[42] 27 July 1380
Bolingbroke Bolingbroke seven children Grandson and
30 Castle 20 March 1413 heir male of
September (2) Joanna of Westminster Edward III
1399 Son of John of Navarre Abbey (usurpation/
Gaunt Winchester Aged 45[42] agnatic
20 March and Blanche of Cathedral primogeniture)
1413 Lancaster 7 February
1403
No children

16 September
Henry V 1386[43] Catherine of
Monmouth 31 August
20 March Valois Son of Henry
Castle 1422
1413 Troyes IV
Chteau de
Cathedral (agnatic
Son of Henry Vincennes
31 August 2 June 1420 primogeniture)
IV Aged 36
1422 one son
and Mary de
Bohun
6 December
Henry VI Margaret of
1421
31 August Anjou 21 May 1471 Son of Henry
Windsor Castle
1422 Titchfield Tower of V
Abbey London (agnatic
Son of Henry V
4 March 22 April 1445 Aged 49 primogeniture)
and Catherine
1461 one son
of Valois

House of York

The House of York inherited its name from the fourth surviving son of Edward III, Edmund, 1st Duke of York, but
claimed the right to the throne through Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel of Antwerp.

The Wars of the Roses (14551485) saw the throne pass back and forth between the rival houses of Lancaster and
York.
 Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Arms Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue
28 April 1442
Edward Great-great-
Rouen
IV Elizabeth grandson and
9 April 1483
4 March Woodville heir general of
Son of Richard Westminster
1461 Grafton Regis Edward III
Plantagenet, 3rd Palace
1 May 1464 (seizure of the
Duke of York Aged 40
3 October ten children crown/cognatic
and Cecily
1470 primogeniture)
Neville

House of Lancaster (restored)

Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Arms Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue
21 May 1471
Henry VI 6 December 1421 Son of
Tower of London
3 October Windsor Castle Margaret of Anjou Henry
Aged 49
1470 Titchfield Abbey V
(reportedly
Son of Henry V 22 April 1445 (seizure
murdered on
11 April and Catherine of one son of the
orders of Edward
1471 Valois crown)
IV).

House of York (restored)

 Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Arms Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue
Edward
28 April 1442
IV Great-great-
Rouen
(second Elizabeth grandson and
9 April 1483
reign) Woodville heir general of
Son of Richard Westminster
11 April Grafton Regis Edward III
Plantagenet, 3rd Palace
1471 1 May 1464 (seizure of the
Duke of York Aged 40
ten children crown/cognatic
and Cecily
9 April primogeniture)
Neville
1483
2 November
Edward V 1470 Disappeared in
9 April Westminster mid-1483 Son of Edward
1483 London IV
Unmarried
Son of Edward Aged 12 (cognatic
25 June IV (probably primogeniture)
1483[44] and Elizabeth murdered)
Woodville[44]
2 October 1452 22 August
Richard Fotheringhay 1485 Great-great-
III Castle Anne Neville Bosworth Field grandson of
26 June Westminster Aged 32 (killed Edward III
1483 Son of Richard Abbey in battle). Re- (Titulus
Plantagenet, 3rd 12 July 1472 interred Regius);
22 August Duke of York one son Leicester brother of
1485[45] and Cecily Cathedral, 26 Edward IV
Neville March 2015

House of Tudor
The Tudors descended matrilineally from John Beaufort, one of the illegitimate children of John of Gaunt (third
surviving son of Edward III), by Gaunt's long-term mistress Katherine Swynford. Those descended from English
monarchs only through an illegitimate child would normally have no claim on the throne, but the situation was
complicated when Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396 (25 years after John Beaufort's birth). In view
of the marriage, the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a papal bull the same year (also
enshrined in an Act of Parliament in 1397). A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's legitimate son, King
Henry IV, also recognised the Beauforts' legitimacy, but declared them ineligible ever to inherit the throne.
Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's other descendants, the Royal House of Lancaster.

John Beaufort's granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort was married to Edmund Tudor. Tudor was the son of
Welsh courtier Owain Tudur (anglicised to Owen Tudor) and Catherine of Valois, the widowed queen consort of
the Lancastrian King Henry V. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret
marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother King Henry VI. When the House
of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed. By the late 15th century, the Tudors were the last hope for the
Lancaster supporters. Edmund Tudor's son became king as Henry VII after defeating Richard III at the Battle of
Bosworth Field in 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses. King Henry married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward
IV, thereby uniting the Lancastrian and York lineages.
With Henry VIII's break from the Roman Catholic Church, the monarch became the Supreme Head of the Church
of England and of the Church of Ireland. Elizabeth I's title became the Supreme Governor of the Church of
England.
 Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Arms Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue
28 January
1457
Henry VII Pembroke Elizabeth of
Great-great-
22 August Castle York 21 April 1509
great-grandson
1485 Westminster Richmond
of Edward III
Son of Edmund Abbey Palace
(right of
21 April Tudor 18 January 1486 Aged 52
conquest)
1509 and Lady eight children
Margaret
Beaufort
Catherine of
Aragon
Greenwich
11 June 1509
one daughter
Anne Boleyn
Westminster
Palace
25 January
1533[46]
one daughter
28 June 1491 Jane Seymour
Henry
Greenwich Whitehall
VIII 28 January
Palace Palace
21 April 1547 Son of Henry
1509 30 May 1536 Whitehall VII
Son of Henry one son
Palace (primogeniture)
VII
28 January Anne of Cleves Aged 55
and Elizabeth
1547 Greenwich
of York
Palace
6 January 1540
Catherine
Howard
Hampton Court
Palace
28 July 1540
Catherine Parr
Hampton Court
Palace
12 July 1543
12 October
1537
Edward VI Hampton Court
6 July 1553
28 January Palace Son of Henry
Greenwich
1547 Unmarried VIII
Palace
Son of Henry (primogeniture)
Aged 15
6 July 1553 VIII
and Jane
Seymour
Disputed claimant

Edward VI named Lady Jane Grey as his heir presumptive, overruling the order of succession laid down by
Parliament in the Third Succession Act. Four days after his death on 6 July 1553, Jane was proclaimed queenthe
first of three Tudor women to be proclaimed queen regnant. Nine days after the proclamation, on 19 July, the Privy
Council switched allegiance and proclaimed Edward VI's Catholic half-sister Mary. Jane was executed in 1554,
aged 16. Many historians do not consider her to have been a legitimate monarch.

Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Arms Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue
October 1537
Bradgate Park
Jane
Lord Guildford 12 February Great-
10 July
Daughter of Dudley 1554 granddaughter
1553
Henry Grey, 1st The Strand Tower of of Henry VII

Duke of 21 May 1553 London (Devise for
19 July
Suffolk Aged 16 the
1553
and Lady No children[47] (beheaded) succession)
Title disputed
Frances
Brandon

Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Arms Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue
18 February
1516
Mary I Daughter
Greenwich Philip II of Spain 17 November
19 July 1553 of Henry
Palace Winchester 1558
VIII
Cathedral St James's
17 (Third
Daughter of 25 July 1554 Palace
November Succession
Henry VIII No children Aged 42
1558 Act)
and Catherine of
Aragon

(2) Mary I of
21 May 1527 Husband
England
Philip[48] Valladolid,
Winchester
of Mary I
25 July 1554 Spain 13 September (Act for
Cathedral
1598 the
25 July 1554
17 Son of Charles El Escorial, Marriage
No children
November V, Holy Roman Spain of Queen
three other
1558 Emperor Aged 71 Mary to
marriages
(jure uxoris) and Isabella of Philip of
and seven
Portugal Spain)
children

Under the terms of the marriage treaty between Philip I of Naples (Philip II of Spain from 15 January 1556) and
Queen Mary I, Philip was to enjoy Mary's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official
documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called
under the joint authority of the couple. An Act of Parliament gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid
her Highness in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions"[49] (although elsewhere the Act
stated that Mary was to be "sole queen"). Nonetheless, Philip was to co-reign with his
wife.[50] As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a
note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.[50][51][52] Coins were
minted showing the heads of both Mary and Philip, and the coat of arms of England
(right) was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign.[53][54] Acts which made it
high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed in England[55] and
Ireland.[56] In 1555, Pope Paul IV issued a papal bull recognising Philip and Mary as
rightful King and Queen of Ireland.

Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Arms Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue
7 September
Elizabeth I 1533
Daughter
17 Greenwich
24 March 1603 of Henry
November Palace
Richmond VIII
1558 Unmarried
Palace (Third
Daughter of
Aged 69 Succession
24 March Henry VIII
Act)
1603 and Anne
Boleyn

House of Stuart
Following the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 without issue, her cousin, James VI, King of Scots, succeeded to the
English throne as James I in the Union of the Crowns. James was descended from the Tudors through his great-
grandmother, Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of Henry VII. In 1604, he adopted the title King of Great
Britain. However, the two parliaments remained separate until the Acts of Union 1707.[57]

Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Arms Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue
19 June 1566
Edinburgh
James I Anne of
Castle
24 March Denmark 27 March 1625 Great-great-
1603 Oslo Theobalds grandson and
Son of Henry
23 November House heir general of
Stuart, Lord
27 March 1589 Aged 58 Henry VII
Darnley
1625 seven children
and Mary I,
Queen of Scots

19 November
Charles I 1600 Henrietta Maria 30 January
27 March Dunfermline of France 1649
Son of James I
1625 Palace St Augustine's Whitehall
(cognatic
Abbey Palace
primogeniture)
30 January Son of James I 13 June 1625 Aged 48
1649 and Anne of nine children (beheaded)
Denmark
Interregnum

No monarch reigned between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the Restoration of Charles II in 1660.
Between 1649 and 1653, there was no single English head of state, as England was ruled directly by the Rump
Parliament during a period known as the Commonwealth of England. After a coup d'etat in 1653, Oliver Cromwell
forcibly took control of England from Parliament. He dissolved the Rump Parliament at the head of a military
force and England entered a period known as The Protectorate, under the direct control of a single individual
known as the Lord Protector. While not officially monarchs, the holder of the office of Lord was passed from
Oliver Cromwell to his son Richard. Richard lacked both the ability to rule and confidence of the Army, and he
was forcibly removed by the English Committee of Safety under the leadership of Charles Fleetwood in May 1659.
England again lacked any single head of state during several months of conflict between Fleetwood's party and that
of George Monck. Monck took control of the country in December 1659, and after almost a year of anarchy, the
monarchy was formally restored when Charles II returned from France to accept the throne of England following
the Declaration of Breda and an invitation to reclaim the throne from the Convention Parliament of 1660.

Lords Protector

Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Arms Birth Death
Reign Issue
Oliver 25 April 1599
Cromwell
Old Ironsides
Huntingdon[58] Elizabeth Bourchier
3 September 1658
16 December in St Giles[60]
Son of Robert Whitehall
1653 22 August 1620

Cromwell and Aged 59[58]
Elizabeth nine children[58]
3 September
1658[58] Steward[59]

Richard
4 October 1626
Cromwell
Huntingdon
Tumbledown
Dorothy Maijor 12 July 1712
Dick
Son of Oliver May 1649 Cheshunt
3 September
1658
Cromwell and nine children[61] Aged 85[62]
Elizabeth

Bourchier[61]
7 May 1659[61]

House of Stuart (restored)

After the Monarchy was restored, England came under the rule of Charles II, whose reign was relatively peaceful
domestically, given the tumultuous time of the Interregnum years. Tensions still existed between Catholics and
Protestants, however, and with the ascension of Charles's brother, the openly Catholic James II, England was again
sent into a period of political turmoil. James II was ousted by Parliament less than three years after ascending to
the throne, and the throne was offered jointly to his daughter Mary and her husband (also his first cousin once
removed) William during the Glorious Revolution. While James and his descendants would continue to claim the
throne, all Catholics (such as James and his son Charles) were barred from the throne by the Act of Settlement
1701, enacted by Queen Anne, another of James's Protestant daughters. After the Acts of Union 1707, England as a
sovereign state ceased to exist, replaced by the new Kingdom of Great Britain.
 Name Marriage(s)
Portrait Arms Birth Death Claim
Reign Issue
Charles II 29 May 1630
29 May St James's
1660 Palace Catherine of 6 February Son of Charles
Braganza 1685 I (cognatic
6 February Son of Charles Portsmouth Whitehall primogeniture;
1685[63] I 21 May 1662 Palace English
Recognised by and Henrietta No children Aged 54 Restoration)
Royalists in Maria of
1649 France
(1) Anne Hyde
The Strand
14 October 3 September
James II 1633
1660
6 February St James's 16 September
eight children
1685 Palace 1701
Son of Charles
(2) Mary of Chteau de
I (cognatic
23 Son of Charles Modena Saint-Germain-
primogeniture)
December I en-Laye
Dover
1688 and Henrietta Aged 67
(deposed) Maria of 21 November
France 1673
seven children

Mary II 30 April 1662

13 February St James's 28 December
1689 Palace 1694
Kensington
28 Daughter of Palace
December James II Aged 32
1694 and Anne Hyde St James's Grandchildren
Palace of Charles I
4 November (offered the
4 November 1677 crown by
William III 1650 8 March 1702
William of No children Kensington Parliament)
The Hague
Orange Palace
13 February Aged 51 after
Son of William
1689 II, Prince of breaking his
Orange, and collarbone
8 March from falling off
Mary, Princess
1702 his horse
Royal[64]
Anne 6 February George of 1 August 1714 Daughter of
8 March 1665 Denmark Kensington James II
1702 St James's St James's Palace (cognatic
Palace Palace Aged 49 primogeniture;
1 May 28 July 1683 Bill of Rights
1707[65] Daughter of 5 children 1689)
James II
Queen of and Anne Hyde
Great Britain
 and Ireland
(1 May 1707
1 August
1714)

Monarchs after 1707 See List of British monarchs

Acts of Union
The Acts of Union 1707 were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of
England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into effect the Treaty of Union agreed on 22 July 1706. The Acts
joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate sovereign states, with separate
legislatures but with the same monarch) into the Kingdom of Great Britain.[66]

England, Scotland, and Ireland had shared a monarch for more than a hundred years, since the Union of the
Crowns in 1603, when King James VI of Scotland inherited the English and Irish thrones from his first cousin
twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I. Although described as a Union of Crowns, until 1707 there were in fact two
separate Crowns resting on the same head. There had been attempts in 1606, 1667, and 1689, to unite England and
Scotland by Acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early eighteenth century that the idea had the support of
both political establishments behind it, albeit for rather different reasons.

For monarchs after 1707, see List of British monarchs.

Timeline of English monarchs

Titles
The standard title for all monarchs from thelstan until the time of King John was Rex Anglorum ("King of the
English"). In addition, many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles, as follows:

thelstan: Rex totius Britanniae ("King of the Whole of Britain")

Edmund the Magnificent: Rex Britanni ("King of Britain") and Rex Anglorum cterarumque gentium
gobernator et rector ("King of the English and of other peoples governor and director")
Eadred: Regis qui regimina regnorum Angulsaxna, Norhymbra, Paganorum, Brettonumque ("Reigning
over the governments of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons, Northumbrians, Pagans, and British")
Eadwig the Fair: Rex nutu Dei Angulsxna et Northanhumbrorum imperator paganorum gubernator
Breotonumque propugnator ("King by the will of God, Emperor of the Anglo-Saxons and Northumbrians,
governor of the pagans, commander of the British")
Edgar the Peaceful: Totius Albionis finitimorumque regum basileus ("Autocrat of all Albion and its
neighbouring realms")
Canute: Rex Anglorum totiusque Brittannice orbis gubernator et rector ("King of the English and of all the
British sphere governor and director") and Brytannie totius Anglorum monarchus ("Monarch of all the
English of Britain")
In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard, with occasional use of Rex Anglie ("King of England").
The Empress Matilda styled herself Domina Anglorum ("Lady of the English").

From the time of King John onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex or Regina Anglie.

In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in
English rather than Latin) King of Great Britain. The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise
this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 under Queen Anne (who was of course Queen of Great Britain rather than
king).[67]

See also
Alternative successions of the List of monarchs of the List of Scottish monarchs
English crown British Isles by cause of death Line of succession to the
Bretwalda List of monarchs of Wessex, British throne (a list of
Demise of the Crown 519 to 927 people)
English monarchs' family tree Lists of monarchs in the Mnemonic verse of monarchs
Heptarchy British Isles in England
List of English consorts List of rulers of the United Succession to the British
List of British monarchs Kingdom and predecessor throne (historical overview
List of Irish monarchs states and current rules)
List of rulers of Wales
List of monarchs of the List of Scottish monarchs
Notes
1. A Brief History of British Kings and Queens: British Royal History from Alfred the Great to the Present, Mike Ashley,
Running Press, 2003
2. E. B. Fryde et al, eds. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Royal Historical Society. p. 25. ISBN 0-521-
56350-X.
3. Keynes, Simon (2001). "Rulers of the English, c.4501066". In Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes and Donald
Scragg. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell Publishing. p. 514. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
4. In 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland, which had been under English rule since King Henry II, became part of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland following the Act of Union, which lasted until the secession of Ireland in 1922 and
the subsequent renaming of the state to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
5. "Kings and Queens of England" (http://www.britroyals.com/rulers.htm).
6. Pratt, David (2007). "The political thought of King Alfred the Great". Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought:
Fourth Series 67. Cambridge University Press, p. 106. ISBN 978-0-521-80350-2.
7. Yorke, Barbara. Bishop thelwold: His Career and Influence. Woodbridge, 1988. p. 71
8. Simon Keynes, 'Rulers of the English, c 4501066', in Michael Lapidge et al ed., The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-
Saxon England, 2001, p. 514
9. Sean Miller, thelstan, in Michael Lapidge et al ed., The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, 2001, p. 16
10. Simon Keynes, 'Edward, King of the Anglo-Saxons', in N. J. Higham & D. H. Hill eds., Edward the Elder, Routledge,
2001, pp. 5051
11. Alan Thacker, 'Dynastic Monasteries and Family Cults', in N. J. Higham & D. H. Hill eds., Edward the Elder, Routledge,
2001, p. 253
12. Aethelstan @ Archontology.org (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/aethelstan.php). Retrieved 15
March 2007.
13. EADMUND (Edmund) @ Archontology.org (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edmund1.php).
Retrieved 17 March 2007.
14. English Monarchs Kings and Queens of England Edmund the Elder (http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/saxon_9.ht
m). Retrieved 17 March 2007.
15. EADRED (Edred) @ Archontology.org (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/eadred.php).
Retrieved 17 March 2007.
16. BritRoyals King Edred (http://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=edred). Retrieved 17 March 2007.
17. EADWIG (Edwy) @ Archontology.org (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/eadwig.php).
Retrieved 17 March 2007.
18. Catholic Encyclopedia: Edwy (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05324a.htm). Retrieved 17 March 2007.
19. EADGAR (Edgar the Peacemaker) @ Archontology.org (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edgar
1.php). Retrieved 17 March 2007.
20. Family of Edgar +* and Aelfthryth +* of DEVON (http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~dearbornboutwel
l/fam2156.html). Retrieved 21 January 2016.
21. EADWEARD (Edward the Martyr) @ Archontology.org (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edwr
d_martyr.php). Retrieved 17 March 2007.
22. thelred the Unready was forced to go into exile in the summer of 1013, following Danish attacks, but was invited back
following Sweyn Forkbeard's death. AETHELRED (the Unready) @ Archontology.org (http://www.archontology.org/nat
ions/england/anglosaxon/aethelred.php). Retrieved 17 March 2007.
23. English Monarchs Kings and Queens of England Ethelred II, the Redeless (http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/saxon
_14.htm). Retrieved 17 March 2007.
24. "English Monarchs" (http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/vikings.htm). Retrieved 27 October 2007.
25. "Sweyn (Forkbeard) - Archontology.org" (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/swen.php).
Retrieved 27 October 2007.
26. EADMUND (Edmund the Ironside) @ Archontology.org (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edm
und2.php). Retrieved 17 March 2007.
27. English Monarchs Kings and Queens of England Edmund Ironside (http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/saxon_15.ht
m). Retrieved 17 March 2007.
28. Edmund II (king of England) @ Britannica.com (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179341/Edmund-II).
Retrieved 25 March 2010.
29. CNUT (Canute) @ Archontology.org (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/canut.php). Retrieved
21 March 2007.
30. Harold was only recognised as regent until 1037, when was recognised as king. "Harold (Harefoot) - Archontology.org"
(http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/harold1.php). Retrieved 27 October 2007.
31. "Harold I" (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12359?docPos=1). Oxford Online Dictionary of National Biography.
Retrieved 20 February 2012.
32. "Harthacnut - Archontology.org" (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/harthacnut.php). Retrieved
28 October 2007.
33. "Harthacnut" (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12252?docPos=1). Oxford Online Dictionary of National
Biography. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
34. After reigning for approximately 9 weeks, Edgar the Atheling submitted to William the Conqueror, who had gained
control of the area to the south and immediate west of London ("Eadgar (the theling) - Archontology.org" (http://www.
archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edgar2.php). Retrieved 26 October 2007.).
35. "STEPHEN (of Blois) - Archontology.org" (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/stephen.php).
Retrieved 25 October 2007.
36. Matilda is not listed as a monarch of England in many genealogies within texts, including David Carpenter's A Struggle
for Mastery (2003), p. 533, W.L. Warren's Henry II (1973) pg. 176, and John Gillingham's The Angevin Empire (1984),
p. x.
37. "MATILDA (the Empress) - Archontology.org" (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/matilda.ph
p). Retrieved 27 October 2007.
38. Ashley, Mike (1999). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens, London: Robinson Publishing Ltd. p. 516. ISBN
1-84119-096-9
39. Pine, Leslie Gilbert (1983). A Dictionary of mottoes. Routledge. p. 53 (https://books.google.com/books?id=dHE9AAAA
IAAJ&lpg=PR5&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false). ISBN 978-0-7100-9339-4.
40. Norris, Herbert (1999). Medieval Costume and Fashion (illustrated, reprint ed.). Courier Dover Publications. p. 312 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=xiqahsJPHSgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA312#v=onepage&q&f=false). ISBN 0-486-40486-2.
41. The date of Edward II's death is disputed by Ian Mortimer in his book "The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father
of the English Nation," which argues that he may not have been murdered, but held imprisoned in Europe for several
more years: ISBN 0-09-952709-X
42. Mortimer, Ian (2007). "Henry IV's date of birth and the royal Maundy". Historical Research. University of London. 80
(210): 567576. ISSN 0950-3471 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0950-3471). doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00403.x (ht
tps://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.2006.00403.x).
 43. Allmand, Christopher (September 2010). "Henry V (13861422)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford,
England, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12952 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F1295
2).
44. Edward V was deposed by Richard III, who usurped the throne on the grounds that Edward was illegitimate. "EDWARD
V - Archontology.org" (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/edward5.php). Retrieved 25 October
2007.
45. "RICHARD III - Archontology.org" (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/richard3b.php).
Retrieved 25 October 2007.
46. Edward Hall and Raphael Holinshed both record an earlier secret wedding between Henry and Anne, which was
conducted in Dover on 15 November 1532.
47. "Lady Jane Grey: Marriage" (http://www.britannia.com/history/ladyjane/marriage.html). Retrieved 25 October 2007.
48. Philip was not meant to be a mere consort; rather, the status of Mary I's husband was envisioned as that of a co-monarch
during her reign. See Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain. However the extent of his authority and his
status are ambiguous. The Act says that Philip shall have the title of king and "shall aid her Highness in the happy
administration of her Grace's realms and dominions," but elsewhere says that Mary shall be the sole Queen.
49. "Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain (1554)" (http://rbsche.people.wm.edu/H111_doc_marriageofque
enmary.html).
50. Louis Adrian Montrose, The subject of Elizabeth: authority, gender, and representation, University of Chicago Press,
2006
51. A. F. Pollard, The History of England From the Accession of Edward VI. to the Death of Elizabeth (15471603),
READ BOOKS, 2007
52. Wim de Groot, The Seventh Window: The King's Window Donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in
Gouda (1557), Uitgeverij Verloren, 2005
53. Richard Marks, Ann Payne, British Museum, British Library; British heraldry from its origins to c. 1800; British
Museum Publications Ltd., 1978
54. American Numismatic Association, The Numismatist, American Numismatic Association, 1971
55. Treason Act 1554
56. Robert Dudley Edwards, Ireland in the age of the Tudors: the destruction of Hiberno-Norman civilisation, Taylor &
Francis, 1977
57. Article 3 of the Act of Union 1707
58. "Oliver Cromwell 15991658" (http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/oliver-cromwell.htm). Retrieved 25 October
2007.
59. "Oliver Cromwell Faq 1" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100618072613/http://www.olivercromwell.org/faqs1.htm).
Archived from the original (http://www.olivercromwell.org/faqs1.htm) on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
60. "New Page 1" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070929223348/http://www.stgilescripplegate.org.uk/frhistory.htm).
Archived from the original (http://www.stgilescripplegate.org.uk/frhistory.htm) on 29 September 2007. Retrieved
25 October 2007.
61. "Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector, 16261712" (http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/richard-cromwell.htm).
Retrieved 25 October 2007.
62. "CROMWELL, Richard - Archontology.org" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071016193800/http://www.archontology.or
g/nations/england/commonwealth/cromwell2.php). Archived from the original (http://www.archontology.org/nations/eng
land/commonwealth/cromwell2.php) on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
63. "Oliver Cromwell (16491658 AD)" (http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon49.html).
64. "WILLIAM III - Archontology.org" (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_grbritain/william3.php).
Retrieved 25 October 2007.
65. "Anne (England) - Archontology.org" (http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_grbritain/anne.php). Retrieved
25 October 2007.
66. "Welcome" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081015044930/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/). parliament.uk.
Archived from the original (http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/) on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
67. After the personal union of the crowns, James was the first to style himself King of Great Britain, but the title was
rejected by the English Parliament and had no basis in law. The Parliament of Scotland also opposed it. Croft, p67;
Wilson, pp249252. See also the early history of the Union Flag.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has

 English Monarchs A complete history of the Kings and Queens of media related to Monarchs
England (http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/) of England.
Britannia: Monarchs of Britain (http://www.britannia.com/history/h6
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