A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and

creates credit.[1] Lending activities can be performed either directly or indirectly through capital
markets. Due to their importance in the financial stability of a country, banks are highly
regulated in most countries. Most nations have institutionalized a system known as fractional
reserve banking under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current
liabilities. In addition to other regulations intended to ensure liquidity, banks are generally subject
to minimum capital requirements based on an international set of capital standards, known as
the Basel Accords.
Banking in its modern sense evolved in the 14th century in the prosperous cities of Renaissance
Italy but in many ways was a continuation of ideas and concepts of credit and lending that had
their roots in the ancient world. In the history of banking, a number of banking dynasties
notably, the Medicis, the Fuggers, the Welsers, the Berenbergs and the Rothschilds have
played a central role over many centuries. The oldest existing retail bank is Banca Monte dei
Paschi di Siena, while the oldest existing merchant bank is Berenberg Bank.
Banking began with the first prototype banks of merchants of the ancient world, which
made grain loans to farmers and traders who carried goods between cities. This began around
2000 BC in Assyria and Babylonia. Later, in ancient Greece and during the Roman Empire,
lenders based in temples made loans and added two important innovations: they
accepted deposits and changed money. Archaeology from this period in ancient
China and India also shows evidence of money lending activity.
The origins of modern banking can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy, to the rich
cities in the centre and north like Florence, Lucca, Siena, Venice and Genoa.
The Bardi and Peruzzi families dominated banking in 14th-century Florence, establishing
branches in many other parts of Europe.[2] One of the most famous Italian banks was the Medici
Bank, set up by Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici in 1397.[3] The earliest known state deposit
bank, Banco di San Giorgio (Bank of St. George), was founded in 1407 at Genoa, Italy.[4]
Modern banking practices, including fractional reserve banking and the issue of banknotes,
emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries. Merchants started to store their gold with
the goldsmiths of London, who possessed private vaults, and charged a fee for that service. In
exchange for each deposit of precious metal, the goldsmiths issued receipts certifying the
quantity and purity of the metal they held as a bailee; these receipts could not be assigned, only
the original depositor could collect the stored goods.

The sealing of the Bank of EnglandCharter (1694).

Gradually the goldsmiths began to lend the money out on behalf of the depositor, which led to
the development of modern banking practices; promissory notes (which evolved into banknotes)
were issued for money deposited as a loan to the goldsmith.[5] The goldsmith paid interest on
these deposits. Since the promissory notes were payable on demand, and the advances (loans)
to the goldsmith's customers were repayable over a longer time period, this was an early form
of fractional reserve banking. The promissory notes developed into an assignable instrument
which could circulate as a safe and convenient form of money backed by the goldsmith's promise
to pay,[6] allowing goldsmiths to advance loans with little risk of default.[7] Thus, the goldsmiths of
London became the forerunners of banking by creating new money based on credit.
The Bank of England was the first to begin the permanent issue of banknotes, in
1695.[8] The Royal Bank of Scotland established the first overdraft facility in 1728.[9] By the
beginning of the 19th century a bankers' clearing house was established in London to allow
multiple banks to clear transactions. The Rothschilds pioneered international finance on a large
scale, financing the purchase of the Suez canal for the British government.

A 640 BC one-third stater electrumcoin from Lydia, where gold and silver coins were used for the first time

Etymology[edit]
The word bank was borrowed in Middle English from Middle French banque, from
Old Italian banca, meaning "table", from Old High German banc, bank "bench, counter". Benches
were used as makeshift desks or exchange counters during
the Renaissance by Jewish[10] Florentine bankers, who used to make their transactions atop
desks covered by green tablecloths.[11][12]

Definition[edit]
The definition of a bank varies from country to country. See the relevant country pages under for
more information.
Under English common law, a banker is defined as a person who carries on the business of
banking, which is specified as:[13]

conducting current accounts for his customers,

paying cheques drawn on him/her and
collecting cheques for his/her customers.

Banco de Venezuela in Coro.

Branch of Nepal Bank in Pokhara, Western Nepal.

In most common law jurisdictions there is a Bills of Exchange Act that codifies the law in relation
to negotiable instruments, including cheques, and this Act contains a statutory definition of the
term banker: banker includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or not, who carry on the
business of banking' (Section 2, Interpretation). Although this definition seems circular, it is
actually functional, because it ensures that the legal basis for bank transactions such as cheques
does not depend on how the bank is structured or regulated.
The business of banking is in many English common law countries not defined by statute but by
common law, the definition above. In other English common law jurisdictions there are statutory
definitions of the business of banking or banking business. When looking at these definitions it is
important to keep in mind that they are defining the business of banking for the purposes of the
legislation, and not necessarily in general. In particular, most of the definitions are from
legislation that has the purpose of regulating and supervising banks rather than regulating the
actual business of banking. However, in many cases the statutory definition closely mirrors the
common law one. Examples of statutory definitions:

"banking business" means the business of receiving money on current or deposit account,
paying and collecting cheques drawn by or paid in by customers, the making of advances to
customers, and includes such other business as the Authority may prescribe for the
purposes of this Act; (Banking Act (Singapore), Section 2, Interpretation).
"banking business" means the business of either or both of the following:

1. receiving from the general public money on current, deposit, savings or other similar
account repayable on demand or within less than [3 months] ... or with a period of call or
notice of less than that period;
2. paying or collecting cheques drawn by or paid in by customers.[14]
Since the advent of EFTPOS (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point Of Sale), direct credit, direct
debit and internet banking, the cheque has lost its primacy in most banking systems as a
payment instrument. This has led legal theorists to suggest that the cheque based definition
should be broadened to include financial institutions that conduct current accounts for customers
and enable customers to pay and be paid by third parties, even if they do not pay and collect
cheques .[15]

Standard business[edit]

Large door to an old bank vault.

Banks act as payment agents by conducting checking or current accounts for customers,
paying cheques drawn by customers in the bank, and collecting cheques deposited to customers'
current accounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such
as Automated Clearing House (ACH), Wire transfers or telegraphic transfer, EFTPOS,
and automated teller machines (ATMs).
Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current accounts, by accepting term
deposits, and by issuing debt securities such as banknotes and bonds. Banks lend money by
making advances to customers on current accounts, by making installment loans, and by
investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of money lending.
Banks provide different payment services, and a bank account is considered indispensable by
most businesses and individuals. Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance
companies are normally not considered as an adequate substitute for a bank account.
Banks can create new money when they make a loan. New loans throughout the banking system
generate new deposits elsewhere in the system. The money supply is usually increased by the
act of lending, and reduced when loans are repaid faster than new ones are generated. In the
United Kingdom between 1997 and 2007, there was an increase in the money supply, largely
caused by much more bank lending, which served to push up property prices and increase
private debt. The amount of money in the economy as measured by M4 in the UK went from
750 billion to 1700 billion between 1997 and 2007, much of the increase caused by bank
lending.[16] If all the banks increase their lending together, then they can expect new deposits to
return to them and the amount of money in the economy will increase. Excessive or risky lending
can cause borrowers to default, the banks then become more cautious, so there is less lending
and therefore less money so that the economy can go from boom to bust as happened in the UK
and many other Western economies after 2007.