Phrases and Clauses

...the basic components of writing

Phrases and clausesalong with parts of speech and parts of sentencesare the basic
components of sentences. We fit these things together in infinite ways to create an infinite
variety of sentencesrather like parts of a highly complicated home entertainment system.

All about Phrases

A phrase is two or more words that lack some semblance of both a subject and verb. This rather
vague definition will be clearer when you see the definition of clauses and examples of them.

Noun phrase. A noun and all its modifiers (articles, adjectives, adverbs modifying those
adjectives). Some grammarians include prepositions that modify the noun.

Noun phrase: An entirely new culture emerges when people can work together to build a wiki.

Verb phrase. The parts of the verb that function as the grammatical verb of an independent or
dependent clause.

Verb phrases: People have said that creating a standard for wikis would be a good idea, and
many proposals have been made for standardizing various aspects of wikis, but none have taken
hold.

Anybody can recognize a one-word verb. The verb phrases in this compound sentence (yes, three
independent clauses) show you a nice range of examples.

Prepositional phrase. A phrase made up of a preposition, and the phrase or clause that acts as
its object.

Prepositional phrase: One of the best ways to understand wikis is to see how wikis are different
from many other tools for Internet-based communication such as e-mail, blogs, bulletin boards,
forums, content management systems, and Web publishing systems.

Three prepositional phrases here. (The dictionary doesn't want to commit whether such as is a
preposition; it certainly functions like one). Notice that the phrase to see how wikis are
different... is not a preposition; it is an infinitive because it contains the verb see.

Infinitive and infinitive phrase. An infinitive is a phrase in its own right: to plus a verb, for
example, to read. However, an infinitive phrase can also be the infinitive plus any phrase or
clause associated with it.
Infinitive phrase: One of the fastest ways to get an understanding of wikis is to see how wikis are
different from many other tools for Internet-based communication such as e-mail, blogs, bulletin
boards, forums, content management systems, and Web publishing systems.

The second infinitive phrase contains an adverb clause: how...systems. Gerund and gerund
phrase. A gerund is an -ing form of a verb functioning as a noun in a sentence. A gerund phrase
is the gerund plus any phrase or clause associated with it.

Gerund: Between 2004 to 2006, entrepreneurs noticed the market opportunity for providing
hosted wikis (also known as wiki farms) that that would allow people to create wikis without
needing their own server or special skills.

Both these gerund function as objects of the prepositions for and without.

Appositive. An appositive is a noun phrase along with any phraes or clauses associated with it,
the composite of which "renames" a noun or pronoun. In the sentence Joan Doe, our mayor,
dedicated the new school, the appositive is our mayor.

Appositive: United States federal intelligence agenciesthe CIA, the NSA, the Defense
Department, and othersuse a wiki to help gather, share, and analyze information.

Particularly complex appositivesfor example, ones with their own internal punctuation, often
use dashes as in this examples. Parentheses can also be used to set off appositives.

Participial phrase. A participial is an -ing or -ed form of a verbnot functioning as a noun.

Instead, it and the phrases or clauses associated with it function as a modifier in a sentence.

Participial phrase: Instead of physical objects, pages in a wiki are electronic virtual objects
created by the wiki engine.

Sentence predicate. It's hard to know where to put the predicate. It is simply everything after the
subject and its modifiers.

Predicate:
Before 2006, the only way that you could use a wiki was to first set up a wiki engine on a server.
also
Thus, to use a wiki, you had to have access to a server that was available through the Internet as
well as the skills to set up and run a wiki engine.

Sentence "subjecticate." This is made up! If the predicate is everything after the subject, why
isn't there a term for everything before the predicate? In other words, the subject and all its
modifiers. This includes introductory elements.
Before 2006, the only way that you could use a wiki was to first set up a wiki engine on a server.

If you are confident that you can identify the different types of phrases, use these two sets of
exercises to test yourself:
 Identify different types of phrases

All about Clauses

A clause is a group of words that contains the elements of a complete sentencespecifically,

something acting as a subject and something acting as a verb. The two basic categories of clauses
are independent clauses and dependent clauses.

Independent clause. A complete sentenceno matter how brief. It works is a complete

sentence!

Dependent clause. Almost a complete sentencesomething about the subject or the verb is not
complete. Dependent clauses cannot stand on their own as complete sentences.

Dependent clauses: A sandbox is a practice page on a wiki where you can become familiar with
how wikis work.

The highlighted dependent clause contains still another dependent clause within it: how wikis
work.

Adjective clause. A dependent clause that functions as an adjective and modifies a noun or
pronoun. In other words, it adds extra information about that noun or pronoun.

Two independent clauses: Ward Cunningham was interested in solving problems and sharing his
ideas using his wiki creation, but he generously did not patent his creation.

Adjective clause: A wiki is a collection of Web pages that anyone can edit.

Adverb clause. A dependent clause that functions as an adverb and modifies a verb (or possibly
an adjective or adverb). Adverbsincluding adverb clausesprovide how, when, where, why
information to a sentence.

Adverb clause: When Ward Cunningham created the first wiki engine in 1994 and then released
it on the Internet in 1995, he set forth a major revolution.

Noun clause. A dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence. Noun clauses can act as
subjects, direct objects, and objects of prepositions.

Noun clause: People get involved with this technology when they learn how to solve their
problems with wikis.

This noun clause functions as the direct object of the verb learn. It doesn't matter that this noun
clause is located within an adverb clause.

If you are confident that you can identify the different types of clauses, use these two sets of
exercises to test yourself:
 Identify different types of clauses

Exercises

Links to these exercises are provided at the end of the sections where they are relevant. But here
they all are in case you read the text straight through:

Identify different types of phrases

Identify different types of clauses

Additional Resources

Definitions of Basic Sentence Parts: Word Functions & Usage Notes. From the Guide to
Grammar and Writing made available by Capital Community College (Norfolk,
Connecticut). Followed by quizzes!
Garden of Phrases. Absolute phrases, appositive phrases, gerund phrases, infinitive
phrases, noun phrases, participial phrases, prepositional phrases. From the Guide to
Grammar and Writing made available by Capital Community College (Norfolk,
Connecticut).

Coordination and subordination. Use this resource to practice determining whether

phrases and clauses are coordinate or subordinate.
Word, phrase, clause transformations. This related chapter focuses on getting more verbal
room to express ideas or using fewer words to achieve more succinct writing. Both are
achieved by transformations between words, phrases, and clauses.

Daftar pustaka

https://www.prismnet.com/~hcexres/style/phrases_clauses.html
Derivative words
PERUBAHASA DARI KATA KERJA MENJADI KATA BENDA

Kecuali dengan bentuk GERUND (infinitive + ing) yang mengandung arti hal perbuatan/cara
perbuatan itu dilakukan, misalnya : swimming is good for our health, collecting stamps is
my hobby, reading French is difficult, parking here is forbidden dsb. kata kerja yang
dijadikan kata benda bisa dibuat dengan memberi berbagai akhiran selain ing.

a. Infinitive + TION
to inform information artinya: penerangan
to reform reformation pembaharuan
to solve solution larutan, pemecahan
to repeat repetition ulangan
to produce production hasil/produksi
to attend attention perhatian
to pronounce pronunciation pengucapan suara
to administer administration pengelolaan
to educate education pendidikan
to elect election pemilihan
to invite invitation undangan
to intend intention niat
to invent invention penemuan (baru)
to demonstrate demonstration demonstrasi
to alter alteration pengubahan (ganti)
to altercate altercation pertengkaran
to fabricate fabrication pembuatan
to act action perbuatan
to appreciate appreciation penghargaan
to assume assumption sangkaan/dugaan
to corrupt corruption (korupsi)
to classify classification (jenis/klasifikasi)
to circulate circulation (peredaran)
to combine combination (gabungan/kombinasi)
to mwounicate communication (perhubungan)
to confirm confirmation (penetapan/pengesahan)
to decorate decoration (dekorasi ruangan)
to declare declaration (pernyataan)
to devote devotion (ketaman/kepamhan)
to expose exposition (pertunjuka/pameran)
to except exception (bantahan/kekecualian
to frustrate frustration (kekecewaan dan bingung;frustasi)
to hesitate hesitation (kebimbangan)
to inject injection (suntikan)
to interrupt interruption (pemulusan/penentangan)
to interpret interpretation (penafsiran)
to intervere intervention (campur tangan)
to narrate narration (penceramah)
to observe observation (pengamatan)
to operate operation (pembedahan ;kedokteran ;gerakan ;militer pengerjaan)
to present -presentation (presentasi)
to register registration (pendaftaran)
to relate relation (perhubungan)
to restore restoration (perbaikan/pemugaran)
to satisfy satisfaction (kepuasan)
to translate translation (penerjemahan)

b. Berakhiran SION
to permit permission (izin)
to omit omission (penghilangan/penanggalan)
to secede secession (pemisahan)
to succeed succession (pewarisan)
to apprehend apprehension (pemahamam, keprihatinan,pengertian, kecemasan)
to decide decision (keputusan)
to discuss discussion (perundingan)
to suspect suspicion (kesangsian, kecurigaan)
to explode explosion (ledakan, letusan)

c. Berakiran URE
to please pleasure (kesenangan)
to press pressure (tekanan)
to depart departure (keberangkatan)
to sign signature (tandatangan)
to seize seizure (perampasan)

d. Berakhiran AL
to arrive arrival (kedatangan)
to try trial (percobaan)
to approve approval (pernyataan setuju)
to remove removal (perpindahan)
to rehearse rehearsal (pengulangan)
to acquit acquittal (pelunasan/kelepasan)
to dispose disposal (pengaturan/kecondongan)
to edit editorial (tajuk rencana)
to continue continual (kesinambungan)

e. Berakhiran MENT
to govern government (pemerintahan)
to equip equipment (perlengkapan)
to agree agreement (persetujuan)
to improve improvement (perbaikan)
to enlarge enlargement (perluasan)
to pay payment (pembayaran)
to invest investment (penanaman modal)
to punish punishment (hukuman)
to arrange arrangement (tatanan, susunan)
to settle settlement (penyelesaian, perkampungan)
to entertain entertainment (hiburan)
to manage management (pengelolaan)
to develop development (perkembangan)

f. Berakhiran CB/ANCE
to perform performance (pertunjukan)
to resist resistance (perlawanan)
to assist assistance (bantuan)
to appear appearance (kemunculan, penampilan)
to enter entrance (jalanmasuk)
to guide guidance (tuntunan, panduan)
to serve service (pelayanan)
to accord accordance (persesuaian/persetujuan)
to maintain maintenance (pemeliharaan)
to defend defense (pertahanan)

g. Berakhlran ESS
to succeed success (keberhasilan)
to proceed process (perkembangan/kemajuan)
to exceed excess (kelebihan)

h. Berakhiran TH
to grow growth (perturnbuhan)
to die death (kematian)
to deepen (memperdalam) depth (kedalaman)

t. Ada pula kata-kata yang diberi bentuk tersendiri dan berubah suara/bunyi
to see sight (penglihatan)
to fly flight (penerbangan)
to receive receipt (tanda penerimaan)
to draw drawing (gambar)
to drink draught (tegukan/minum (obat))
to give gift (pemberian)
to speak speech (pidato)
to loose loss (kehilangan/rugi)
to choose choice (pilihan)
to live life (kehidupan)
to conquer conquest (penaklukan)
to pray prayer (persembahan/doa)
to sing song (nyanyian)
to know knowledge (pengetahuan)

J. Ada pula kata-kata kerja yang tidak berubah sama sekali bentuknya
to walk walk (perjalanan/jalannya)
to ride ride (pengendaraan)
to dance dance (tarian)
to play play (permainan)
to visit visit (kunjungan)
to escape escape (kelepasan/kelolosan)
to laugh laugh (tertawa)
smile smile (senyuman)
to sleep sleep (tidurnya)
to plant plant (tanaman)
to change change (perubahan)
to look look (pandangan)
to show show (pertunjukkan)
to drink drink (minuman)
to love love (cinta)
to aid aid (bantuan)
to help help (pertolongan)

Daftar Pustaka

https://bahanajar.wordpress.com/grammar/derivative-words/
Types of Phrases

A phrase is a group of related words (within a sentence) without both subject and verb. For
example, He is laughing at the joker.

A phrase functions as a noun, verb, adverb, adjective or preposition in a sentence. The function
of a phrase depends on its construction (words it contains). On the basis of their functions and
constructions, phrases are divided into various types i.e. noun phrase, verb phrase, adverb
phrase, adjective phrase, appositive phrase, infinite phrase, participle phrase and gerund
phrase.

Noun Phrase
A noun phrase consists of a noun and other related words (usually modifiers and determiners)
which modify the noun. It functions like a noun in a sentence.

A noun phrase consists of a noun as the head word and other words (usually modifiers and
determiners) which come after or before the noun. The whole phrase works as a noun in a
sentence.
Noun Phrase = noun + modifiers (the modifiers can be after or before noun)

Examples.
He is wearing a nice red shirt. (as noun/object)
She brought a glass full of water. (as noun/object)
The boy with brown hair is laughing. (as noun/subject)
A man on the roof was shouting. (as noun/subject)

A sentence can also contain more noun phrases.

For example. The girl with blue eyes bought a beautiful chair.

Prepositional phrase.
A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, object of preposition(noun or pronoun) and
may also consist of other modifiers.
e.g. on a table, near a wall, in the room, at the door, under a tree

A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition and mostly ends with a noun or pronoun.
Whatever prepositional phrase ends with is called object of preposition. A prepositional phrase
functions as an adjective or adverb in a sentence.

Examples.
A boy on the roof is singing a song. (As adjective)
The man in the room is our teacher. (As adjective)
She is shouting in a loud voice. (As adverb)
He always behaves in a good manner. (As adverb)

Adjective Phrase.
An adjective phrase is a group of words that functions like an adjective in a sentence. It
consists of adjectives, modifier and any word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
An adjective phrase functions like an adjective to modify (or tell about) a noun or a pronoun in a
sentence.

Examples.
He is wearing a nice red shirt. (modifies shirt)
The girl with brown hair is singing a song. (modifies girl)
He gave me a glass full of water. (modifies glass)
A boy from America won the race. (modifies boy)

Prepositional phrases and participle phrases also function as adjectives so we can also call them
adjective phrases when they function as adjective. In the above sentence The girl with brown
hair is singing a song, the phrase with brown hair is a prepositional phrase but it functions as
an adjective.

Adverb Phrase
An adverb phrase is a group of words that functions as an adverb in a sentence. It consists of
adverbs or other words (preposition, noun, verb, modifiers) that make a group with works like an
adverb in a sentence.
An adverb phrase functions like an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

Examples
He always behaves in a good manner. (modifies verb behave)
They were shouting in a loud voice. (modifies verb shout)
She always drives with care. (modifies verb drive)
He sat in a corner of the room. (modifies verb sit)
He returned in a short while. (modifies verb return)
A prepositional phrase can also act as an adverb phrase. For example in above sentence He
always behaves in a good manner, the phrase in a good manner is a prepositional phrase but it
acts as adverb phrase here.

Verb Phrase
A verb phrase is a combination of main verb and its auxiliaries (helping verbs) in a sentence.

Examples.
He is eating an apple.
She has finished her work.
You should study for the exam.
She has been sleeping for two hours.

According to generative grammar, a verb phrase can consist of main verb, its auxiliaries, its
complements and other modifiers. Hence it can refer to the whole predicate of a sentence.
Example. You should study for the exam.

Infinitive Phrase
An infinitive phrase consist of an infinitive(to + simple form of verb) and modifiers or other
words associated to the infinitive. An infinitive phrase always functions as an adjective, adverb
or a noun in a sentence.

Examples.
He likes to read books.
To earn money is a desire of everyone.
He shouted to inform people about fire.
He made a plan to buy a car.
(As noun/object)
(As noun/subject)
(As adverb, modifies verb shout)
(As adjective, modifies noun plan)

Gerund Phrase
A gerund phrase consists of a gerund(verb + ing) and modifiers or other words associated with
the gerund. A gerund phrase acts as a noun in a sentence.

Examples
I like writing good essays. (As noun/object)
 She started thinking about the problem. (As noun/object)
Sleeping late in night is not a good habit. (As noun/subject)
Weeping of a baby woke him up. (As noun/subject)

Participle Phrase
A participle phrase consists of a present participle (verb + ing), a past participle (verb
ending in -ed or other form in case of irregular verbs) and modifiers or other associate words. A
participle phrase is separated by commas. It always acts as an adjective in a sentence.

Examples
The kids, making a noise, need food. (modifies kids)
I received a letter, mentioning about my exam. (modifies letter)
The table, made of steel, is too expensive. (modifies table)
We saw a car, damaged in an accident. (modifies car)

Absolute Phrase
Absolute phrase (also called nominative phrase) is a group of words including a noun or pronoun
and a participle as well as any associated modifiers. Absolute phrase modifies (give information
about) the entire sentence. It resembles a clause but it lack a true finite verb. It is separated by a
comma or pairs of commas from the rest sentence.

Examples
He looks sad, his face expressing worry.
She was waiting for her friend, her eyes on the clock.
John is painting a wall, his shirt dirty with paint.

Sumber

http://www.studyandexam.com/types-of-phrase.html
Types of Clauses

There are two major types of clauses main (or independent) clause and subordinate (or
dependant) clause.

Main Clause and Subordinate Clause Comparison

He is buying a shirt which looks very nice.

The above sentence has two clauses He is buying a shirt and which looks very nice. The
clause He is buying a shirt expresses a complete thought and can alone stand as a sentence.
Such a clause is called main or independent clause.

While the clause which looks very nice does not express a complete thought and cant stand as
a sentence. It depends on another clause (main clause) to express complete idea. Such a clause is
called subordinate or dependent clause.

Main or Independent Clause

Main (or independent) clause is a clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand as a
sentence.

Examples
I met the boy who had helped me.
She is wearing a shirt which looks nice.
The teacher asked a question but no one answered.
He takes medicine because he suffers from fever.
He became angry and smashed the vase into peaces.

In the above sentences each underlined part shows main clause. It expresses complete though
and can stand as a sentence that is why a main or an independent clause is normally referred as a
simple sentence.
Subordinate or dependent Clause
Subordinate (or independent) clause is a clause which does not express complete thought and
depends on another clause (main clause) to express complete thought. Subordinate clause does
not express complete idea and cant stand as a sentence. A sentence having a subordinate clause
must have a main clause.

Example
He likes Chinese rice which tastes good.

The clause which tastes good in above sentence is a subordinate clause because it does not
express complete thought and cant stand as a sentence. It depends on main clause (he likes
Chinese rise) to express complete thought.

Examples.
I met the boy who had helped me.
I bought a table that costs $ 100.
He takes medicine because he suffers from fever.
The teacher asked a question but no one answered.

Subordinate (or dependent) clauses are further divided into tree types,
1. Noun Phrase, 2. Adjective Phrase, 3. Adverb Phrase

Sumber

http://www.studyandexam.com/types-of-clause.html
Different Phrase and Clause

Comparison

Definitions
A clause is defined as a group of related words that contains a subject and predicate (verb).
e.g. he came.

A phrase is defined as a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb.
e.g. on the table.

Consider the following example.

He is laughing at a joker.

The above sentence has two parts he is laughing and at a joker.

The first part of the sentence he is laughing is a clause because it has a subject (he) and a
predicate (is laughing).

The second part of the sentence at a joker is a phrase because it does not contain subject and
verb.

The difference between a clause and a phrase is that a clause consists of both subject and verb,
but a phrase lacks a subject and verb.

Examples.
The underlined part of each of following sentences shows a clause, while the rest part (non-
underlined) of each sentence shows a phrase.
 He reached school in time.
I was standing near a wall.
They are singing in a loud voice.
She made tea for the guests.
He a bought a book for his friend.
I will meet him in my office.
You look handsome in this picture.

Sumber

http://www.studyandexam.com/clause-phrase.html
Clauses and Phrases
Clauses and Phrases

Both clauses and phrases are basic components of writing sentences. When combined with other
parts of speech and other parts of sentences, clauses and phrases help build an intricate system
through which your words convey meaning. Understanding the difference between the two is
vital to write grammatically correct and properly constructed sentences.

What are clauses?

A clause is a group of words that can act as a sentence, but is not necessarily a complete sentence
on its own. All clauses contain both a subject and a predicate, which always contains a verb. A
predicate tells something about what the subject is doing. Some clauses can stand alone as a
complete sentence; others cannot. Below are a few examples of clauses:

Example 1: She danced. (She is the subject. Danced is both the verb and the predicate. Even
though the clause is only two words, it functions as an independent clause because it can stand
alone as a sentence.)

Example 2: While she is dancing, the audience cannot tear its eyes off her.

In Example 2, there are actually two clauses. The first while she is dancing contains a subject
(she) and a predicate (is dancing), but it cannot stand alone as a sentence, making it a dependent
clause. The second clause, the audience cannot tear its eyes off her, contains a subject (the
audience) and a predicate (tear its eyes off her), and because it can function as a sentence on its
own, it is an independent clause.

What are phrases?

A phrase is a group of two or more words that does not have the subject and verb combination
and does not form a predicate. It can contain a noun or a verb, but does not have a subject or
predicate. Essentially, a phrase provides some sort of additional information or provides more
context to the sentences you write. A phrase can never stand alone as a sentence; however, a
phrase can nestle itself inside clauses that are either complete sentences on their own or ones that
are dependent on the rest of the sentence. When a phrase is within a clause, it functions as a part
of speech. Below are a few examples of a phrase:

Example 3: The dance was held at the reception hall. (At the reception hall is a prepositional
phrase. It does not have a subject or predicate, and it cannot stand alone as a sentence.)

Example 2 revisited: While she is dancing, the audience cannot tear its eyes off her.
In Example 2 revisited, off her is a prepositional phrase that is nestled within the independent
clause identified earlier. It does not contain a subject/predicate, nor can it stand alone as a
sentence.

Understanding the difference

It is vital to understand the main differences between clauses and phrases to ensure your writing
is clear in both construction and context. If you are unsure whether a group of words is a clause
or phrase, break down the words into the parts of speech to help you decide. If there is a subject
and a verb with a predicate, it is a clause. If there is a noun but no verb or a verb but no noun and
does not have a predicate, it is a phrase. Always keep in mind that sometimes phrases are built
into clauses.

Types of clauses

The two main types of clauses are independent and dependent. These are covered in a separate
article on Write.com if you feel you need more help in distinguishing between the two. In
addition, the following types of clauses are used in constructing sentences:

Adverbial clauses
Defining and non-defining clauses (also called adjective or relative clauses)
Independent and dependent clauses
Noun clauses

Types of phrases

Phrases can take many forms and different constructions. They cannot however, ever function as
a sentence on their own. The different types of phrases include the following:

Gerund phrases
Infinitive phrases
Noun phrases
Participle phrases
Prepositional phrases
Verb phrases

Sumber

http://www.write.com/writing-guides/general-writing/grammar/clauses-and-phrases/