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INSTRUCTION DIVISION
FIRST SEMESTER 2012-2013
Course Handout Part II
Date: 03/08/2012
In addition to part -I (General Handout for all courses appended to the time table) this
portion gives further specific details regarding the course.
Reference Books
(i) N. Subramanian, Steel Structures: Design and Practice, Oxford
University Press, New Delhi, 2011.
(v) IS 875 : 1987 (parts I IV) Code of practice for design Loads, Bureau
of Indian Standards.
Lectur Learning Topics to be covered Reference
e Nos. Objectives Chap. No. of
TB
3 General Introduction, Advantages & Chapter 1
considerations Disadvantages of steel as structural
material, properties of structural steel,
rolled steel sections, Loads
considered for structural design, basis
for design, design philosophies
3 Introduction to Bending of beams, Re-distribution of Chapter 2
Plastic Design moments and Reserve of Strength,
Shape factor, Load factor,
Mechanisms, Plastic Analysis and
Design of simple beams and frames
3 Introduction to Limit States (LS) design method for Chapter 3
Limit State Steel: LS of strength, LS of
Design Serviceability, probabilistic basis for
design, design criterion
3 Design of Types of connections, Introduction to Chapter 4
bolted and Riveted joints, Design of bolted
Pined connections, Design of pin
connections connections
Lecture Learning Topics to be covered Ref.Chap
Nos. Objectives No. of TB
3 Welded Types of welds and their symbols, Design of Chapter 5
Connections Groove welds, Design of Fillet welds: Fillet
weld specifications, Design strength, Design of
welds
3 Design of Types of tension members, Net sectional area, Chapter 6
Tension net effective area, design strength of tension
Members members, slenderness area, design of tension
members, lug angles, splices, gusset plate
4 Design of Effective length, Slenderness ratio, types of Chapter 7
Compressio compression members, Design strength of
n Members compression members, design of axially loaded
compression members, Design of built-up
columns, design of Lacings and Battens
4 Design of Types of beam sections, behavior of beams in Chapter 8
Beams flexure, lateral stability of beams, bending
strength of (i) laterally supported and (ii)
laterally unsupported beams, shear strength of
beams, web buckling, web crippling, deflection,
design of rolled beams, design of built-up
beams, beam bearing plates
Lecture Learning Topics to be covered Ref.Chap
Nos. Objectives No. of TB
3 Members Design of crane members, behavior of beam Chapter 9
subjected columns, design of beam columns
to axial
load and
moment
3 Column Types of column bases, design of slab bases, Chapter 10
bases and design of gusset bases, design of bases of
caps columns subjected to axial load and moment
4 Design of Elements of plate girders, general design Chapter 11
plate considerations, proportioning of web,
girders proportioning of flange, flexural strength and
shear strength, design of plate girder, design of
stiffeners, flange curtailment, design steps
2 Gantry Loads, fatigue effects, design of Crane girders Chapter 12
Girders
5. Make-up Policy
No Make-up will be given for Tutorials.
Make-up for Mid-Sem Test will be given only for genuine
cases if applied in advance.
7. Notice:
Notice if any, concerning this course will be displayed on the
Civil Engg. Dept. Notice Board.
5. Make-up Policy
No Make-up will be given for Tutorials.
Make-up for Mid-Sem Test will be given only for genuine
cases if applied in advance.
7. Notice:
Notice if any, concerning this course will be displayed on the
Civil Engg. Dept. Notice Board.
Instructor-in-charge
CE C381
steel structure an assemblage of a group of members (elements)
Members- sustain their share of applied forces and transfer them
safely to the ground.
Depending on the orientation of the member in the structure and its structural use,
the member is subjected to forces either
(i) axial, (ii) bending, or (iii) torsion, or a combination thereof.
Axial load tensileTension Members (tie), Compressive Compressive
Members (Strut)
Flexural Force Beams and girders
Torsion Shafts (Not discussed here)
Steel members are connected using the rivets, welds, bolts, pins
The connection between steel members Joints
Joints Rigid can transfer moments)
Flexible can transfer axial loads (shears);
Semi-rigid that fall in between rigid and flexible
Steel structures are used in:
Roof trusses for factories, railway station platforms, cinema halls, auditoriums
Bridges for railways
Crane girders in industry
Water tanks
Telephone Towers
Steel Sections:
Steel sections are rolled in industry in the standard shapes
called rolled sections
The shapes of rolled sections are:
Steel I-Sections; Channel Sections; Angle Sections; Tee Sections;
Steel Bars; Steel Tubes; Steel Plates;
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
high strength per unit weight
small section little self-weight
members resists heavy loads smaller column sections
lesser columns in buildings
easy to transport prefabricated members can be used
Steel ductile material No sudden failure
Steel may be bent, hammered, sheared or even the bolt holes may be punched
without any visible damage.
Steel Properly maintained steel structures have a long life.
Steel properties mostly do not change with time
Additions and alterations can be made easily
Can be erected at a faster rate.
Highest scrap value amongst all building materials and can be reused and recycled
DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
When placed in exposed conditions corrosion
require frequent painting and maintenance
Strength reduces drastically in fire Needs fire-proof treatment
Needs additional Cost
Excellent heat conductor
may transmit enough heat from a burning location to adjoining room.
Fatigue one of the major drawbacks
At stress concentration locations steel may lose its ductility (tearing of steel)
Fatigue at very low temperatures aggravate the situation
Stress-Strain Curve for Steel
Stress-Strain Curve for Steel
Point A Limit of Proportionality; B elastic limit;
CD plastic yielding;
strain at D = approx 10 times of strain at yield, provided ductility
E Ultimate stress, after this point, section area reduced locally necking
EF Strain softening,
stresses reduces in this zone and finally specimen breaks at point F
If fractured section makes cup-and-cone arrangement Ductile failure
Notes:
Same curve for tension as well as in compression.
Actual behavior is different and indicates an apparently reduced yield stress in
compression.
Divergence from the ideal path is called the Bauchinger effect.
The actual stress-strain curve may be idealized into bilinear or tri-linear form
At High Temperature, curve will be more rounded with no clear yield point
Since area of cross-section varies with load, it becomes difficult to measure area at
different load stage
Characteristic Ultimate Strength:
The strength below which not more than 5% of samples falls.
fk f m ean 1.64
2
f m ean f
where , s tan dard deviation
n 1
Design Strength: In order to incorporate the reduction in strength due to corrosion
and accidental damage, the partial safety factor of 1.1 is used. Thus
Design strength of steel = Characteristic strength/partial safety factor (1.1)
% Elongation
elongated length gauge length
% elongation 100;
gauge length
gauge length 5.65 A0 ; A0 area of cross sec tion
Toughness: Capacity to absorb energy, measure of fracture resistance under
impact. Area under the stress-strain curve is a measure of toughness
Properties of Structural Steel
Two types of steel in India: (i) Standard Structural steel ,
(ii) Micro-alloyed medium /High strength steel
Standard Structural Steel Designated as Fe 410 (IS 2062)
Characteristic yield strength
for thickness < 20 mm 250 MPa
for thickness 20-40 mm 240 MPa
for thickness > 40 mm 230 MPa
Butt Joint
Members are placed end to end
Cover plates are provided in two ways (i) single cover plate butt jt. (ii)
Double cover plate butt jt.
Double cover plate joints better than lap joint since:
SF in double cover plate = (1/2) of SF in lap joint
Shear strength of double cover plate = 2 x Shear strength of Lap joint
In double cover plate joint no bending
Failure of Bolted Joints:
Six-types of failures:
(i) Shear failure of bolt,
Occurs when shear stress in bolt > Nominal shear stress
Shear failure : Two types
(i) Single shear Failure
shear failure at one section of bolt
occurs in case of Lap joint,
(ii) Double Shear Failure
shear failure at two sections of bolt
occurs in case of Butt joint
(ii)) Bearing Failure of bolt and (iii) Bearing Failure of Plate
In general, transfer of force in connecting parts through bearing action
half circumference of plate in contact with bolt get crushed (plate weaker than bolt)
half circumference of bolt in contact with plate get crushed (bolt weaker than plate)
or partially both plate and bolt are get crushed
Edge distance
p
End distance
Gauge: distance between adjacent gauge (bolt) lines (measured
perpendicular to force)
Limitations on Pitch:
Minimum Pitch:
Pitch 2.5 nominal diameter of bolt called Minimum pitch
Pitch minimum pitch due to following reasons:
To prevent bearing failure between two bolts
for sufficient space to tight the bolts
to avoid overlapping of washers
to avoid tear-out of plate (between bolts in a rough
Maximum Pitch:
In Tension Members: Pitch 16t or 200 mm, whichever is less (where t =
thickness of thinner plate)
In compression members: Pitch 12t or 200 mm, whichever is less,
(where t = thickness of thinner plate)
In compression members, where forces are transmitted through the butting
facing:
Pitch 4.5d for a distance of 1.5 b from the butting faces, where b= width
of member
Pitch for edge row of the outside plate (100 mm + 4t) or 200 mm,
whichever is less
If bolts are staggered at equal interval and gauge 75 mm, pitch for
tension and compression members may be increased by 50% provided
Pitch 32t or 300 mm
Pitch Maximum Pitch due to following reasons:
To reduce the length of connection and gusset plateto have compact joint
For Long joints (> 15 diameter of bolt) end bolts are stressed more
progressive joint failure called unbuttoning
Unbuttoning is controlled by limiting the maximum pitch
In case of built-up compression member joints buckling of cover plates
In case of built-up Tension Member joint connected plates apt (tends) to
gap apart (from cover plate in transverse direction)
Edge Distance:
Distance from center of any (extreme) bolt hole to edge of plate (measured
perp. to load direction)
End Distance:
C/C distance of bolt holes to the edge of an element (measured along load
direction)
Minimum Edge Distance and Minimum end distance (book table is
given for up to 32 mm dia)
1.7 hole diameter in case of sheared or hand-flame cut edges (uneven)
1.5 hole diameter in case of rolled, machine-flame cut, sawn(saw) &
planed (plane) edges
If Edge distance < mini. Edge distance and End distance < mini. end distance:
Plate may fail in tension
Steel of plate opposite the hole may bulge out (in direction perp to load)
crack
Hole Diameter:
Hole diameter = Nominal diameter of bolt + clearance
For nominal diameter from 12 mm to 14 mm clearance = 1. 0 mm
For nominal diameter from 16 mm to 24 mm clearance = 2. 0 mm
For nominal diameter > 24 mm clearance = 3. 0 mm
Maximum Edge Distance
Edge distance to the nearest line of fasteners from an edge of any un-
stiffened part 12 t , where 250 / f y and t = thickness of the thinner
outer plate.
Above is valid for fasteners interconnecting the components of back to
back tension members.
Where members are exposed to corrosive influences,
edge distance (40 mm+4t), (t=thick. of thinner plate)
If Edge distance > maximum edge distance
Edges may separate Moisture may reach between parts Corrosion
problem in joint
Bearing Type Connections (in case of un-finished or ordinary bolts):
Load transferred > friction resistance bearing action
Bolts in Bearing type connection are checked for
(i) shear, and
(ii) bearing
Load to betransferred
No. of bolts required
Strength of one bolt
Since single bolt may fail and result in collapse Minimum no. of = 2 or 3
Strength Bolt
Strength of bolt = Minimum of
(i) Strength of bolt in bearing, and
(ii) Strength of bolt in shearing
Strength of bolt connection = strength of one bolt no. of bolts
Note: Bearing plane is considered in the threaded portion for safe design
(since bolts may be put in both ways)
Determination of Shearing Strength of Bolt:
Shear strength of bolt depends on
(i) Ult. tensile strength of bolt, fub
(ii) No. of shear planes with threads, nn
(iii) No. of shear planes without threads (shanks), ns
(iv) Nominal area of shank, Asb,
(v) Net stress area of bolt Anb
f
Shear capacity of bolt, V ub n A n A
nsb 3 n nb s sb
lj
lj 1.075 - but 0.75 lj 1.0
200 d
Where, lj = length of joint
= distance between first and last row of bolts measured in direction of load
For uniform stress section (i.e. all bolts carry equal stress) ij = 1
Reduction factor in shear for Large grip length (i.e. more thickness of plates)
more thickness of plates more grip length of bolt More Bending Moment in Section
For the safe design Need to apply a reduction factor for large grip length ( lg)
If total thickness of the connected plates > 5 nominal diameter of the bolt
more grip length Use lg
8d
lg 8d and lg lj
3d lg
Reduction factor for packing Plates
If packing plate thickness > 6 mm bending is developed in shank
Need to apply a reduction factor in shear capacity ( pkg)
pkg 1 0.0125 t pkg
where tpkg = thickness of packing plate
For safety of joint in shear, a factor of safety for material is used ( mb)
Vnsb f
V ub n A n A lj lg pkg
sb mb 3 m b n nb s sb
where mb = partial safety factor of material of bolt = 1.25
For 4.6 grade bolt, fsb = 400 MPa
400
V n A n A lj lg pkg
sb 3 1.25 n nb s sb
V 184.75 n A n A
sb n nb s sb lj lg pkg
e p f ub
Where, k b smaller of , 0.25 , and 1.0
3d 0 3d 0 fu
d = nominal diameter of bolt;
d0 = diameter of hole
p = pitch of the bolt (along bearing direction);
e = end distance of the bolt (along bearing direction)
fub = ult tensile stress of bolt;
fu = ult. Tensile stress of plate
t = total thickness of the connected plates subjected to bearing stressing in the same direction
in case of countersunk bolts t = plate thickness (1/2) depth of counter sunk
For safety of joint: need to use a Factor of safety, mb, mb = 1.25
Vnpb fu
V pb V pb 2.5 kb d .t.
mb mb
Tensile Strength of Plate
mb
Also the bearing strength is to be checked shank zone Tdb f yb A sb in shank zone
m0
Where,
fub = ult tensile stress of bolt;
fyb = yield stress of bolt
Anb = net tensile stress area of bolt;
Asb = shank area of bolt
mb = partial safety factor for bolt material = 1.25
m0 = partial safety factor for bolt material
governed by yielding= 1.10
Bolt subjected to combined shear and tension
2 2
Vb Tb
1.0
Vdb Tdb
Due to double cover butt joint The bolt will be in double shear,
Assuming, both the shear planes in net area section nn = 2, ns = 0, Anb = 157 mm2
f f f f
V ub n A n A ub 2 A 0. A ub 2 A 0. A 2A ub
sb 3 n nb s sb nb sb nb sb nb
mb 3 mb 3 mb 3
400
V 2 245 90.53 kN
sb 1.25 3
2.5 k b d t f u
Strength of M20 bolt in bearing Vnpb
mb
e p fub
Where, k b smaller of , 0.25 , and 1.0
3d0 3d0 fu
d = nominal diameter of bolt = 20 mm ; d0 = diameter of hole = 22 mm
p = pitch of the bolt = 60 mm; e = end distance of the bolt = 30 mm
fub = ult tensile stress of bolt = 400 MPa; fu = ult. Tensile stress of plate = 410 MPa
t = minimum of (thickness of the connected plates, Sum of cover plates) 6 mm
30 60 400
Where, k b smaller of , 0.25 , and 1.0
3 22 3 22 410
Smaller of 0.454, 0.659, 0.975, 1.0 0.454
2.5 k b d t f u 2.5 0.454 20 6 400
Vnpb 43.58 kN
mb 1.25
Strength of bolt = Minimum of strength bolt in shear and in bearing
= minimum of (90.53 kN and 43.58 kN) = 43.58 kN
410
0.9 60 22 6 67.3 kN
1.25
Strength of joint per pitch length = Minimum of (strength bolt, strength of plate)
= minimum of (43.58kN, 67.3 kN) = 43.58 kN
Strength of solid plate per pitch length in Tension
fu 410
Tensile strength of plate, Tnd 0.9 Ap 0.9 60 6 106.27 kN ( m1 part saf fact )
m1 1.25
Strength of joint per pitch length, 43.58
Efficiency of join 41%
Strength of solid plate per pitch length 106.27
Example: In previous example, find the efficiency of joint if joint have two lines
l f 0 be t 4 Te lv
Prying force is given as, Q v Te ( neglecting Second term in braket )
2le 27 le lv2 2 le
l f 0 be t 4 Te lv
Prying force is given as, Q v Te ( neglecting Second term in braket )
2le 27 le lv2 2 le
Lap Joints
Advantage of lap joints plates with different thicknesses can be joined
Drawback of a lap joint introduces some eccentricity of loads
(May be avoided if double lap joint is used)
Welded Lap Joints
T-Joints
Defects in Welds
DESIGN OF BUTT JOINTS
Forces in butt joints:-
(i) Axial: Tension or Compression), and (ii) shear if any
Design Specifications
Reinforcement:
Extra weld metal (above the plate level)
Reinforcement is required:
to avoid error in thickness of weld
to increase in static load capacity increase in efficiency of joint
Reinforcement thickness at least 10% of plate thickness but not more than 3 mm
Reinforcement is made at the time of welding later they are dressed flush
Reinforcement is ignored in calculation
Reinforcement is not provided in case of vibrations and impact
to avoid failure due to stress concentration
Size of Groove weld
Size of groove weld = size of throat called effective throat thickness (te)
In case of complete penetration of the groove weld
Throat dimensions = thickness of thinner member
Effective Throat thickness = 7/8 of thickness of thinner member
In calculation, Effective Throat thickness = 5/8 of thickness of thinner member
Effective area of weld:
Effective area of weld = Throat thickness (te) effective length of weld (Lw) (measured along width)
Effective length of weld = length over which required size of weld is done
Design Strength
Design Strength of groove weld in tension/compression
f y Lw te
Tdw
mw
fyw1 = smaller of yield stress of weld (fyw/ 3) and parent material (fy/ 3)
Design Procedure:
In Case of Complete penetration weld strength = member strength no
calculation required
In case of incomplete penetration determine throat thickness calculate length
required to develop strength of weld equal to member strength
Design of Fillet Weld
Used when two members overlap each other
Stresses developed
(i) Direct stress Minor
(ii) Shear stress Major
Two more widely used fillet weld shapes concave and convex (mitre not common)
Concave weld
less penetration than convex
smaller throat (than convex)
on cooling outer face in tension cracks Not Good
Convex welds
More penetration
Large throat
convex weld stronger
on cooling Compression in outer face due to shrinkage Good
Note: If concave welds are desired in first pass they are made convex and in second concave
Size of Fillet welds
Weld size = minimum leg length of weld
Leg length = distance from the root to the toe of fillet weld
Leg lengths are measured along the largest right angle triangle inscribed within weld
Throat size perpendicular distance
Size of weld (i) equal and (ii) unequal
Equal is preferred
In some circumstances unequal is used to increase the throat size (hence
strength) (in butt angle connected to plate where thickness of weld on angle is
limited)
Max size of weld for round toes (3/4) thickness of toe thickness
Design Steps
Weld may be subjected to axial load shear Shear critical shear controls the design
Assume size of weld based on thickness of member
Determine length of weld = force transmitted / strength of weld
Length of weld is provided in sides and should not be less than ld
Also provide end returns of length equal to 2S
If length of weld > 150 tt apply length correction
Commonly weld is provided on all three sides (in this case no need to check transverse spacing)
Example on Butt or Groove Weld
Example on Fillet Weld : Design a connection to joint two plates of size 250 x 12 mm
of grade Fe 410, to mobilize full plate tensile strength using shop fillet welds, using
(i) a double cover butt joint with 8mm cover plate (ii) lap joint
(i) Connection using Double cover plate Butt joint
Assume width of cover plate = 250 - 2 x 15 = 220 mm
Area of cover plate = 220 x 8 = 1760 mm2
Required area of cover plate = 1.05 x 250 x 12/2 = 1575 mm2 < 1760 mm2
For the 8 mm thick plate well size between 3 and 8 mm Let us use a 5 mm fillet weld
Strength of the 5-mm weld = 410/( 3 1.25) x 0.7 x 5 = 661.5 N/mm
Required length of weld = 681.82 x 1000/661.5 = 1031 mm, say 1040 mm
Length of the connection = [(1040 - 2 x 220)/4] x 2 = 300 mm < 150 tt i.e. 150 x 0.7 x 8
Joint is not a long joint
Hence, provide two cover plates of size 300 x 220 mm
(ii) Connection using lap joint (large force)
f y Ag 250 250 12 1
Plate strength 681.82 kN
m0 1.1 1000
Minimum = 5 mm ( from Table)
Maximum = 12 - 1.5 = 10.5 (clause 10.5.8.1 of IS 800)
Assuming weld size s = 8 mm (in order to reduce the connection length not taken minimum)
fy ks 410 0.7 8 1
strength of weld . 1058 N / mm
3 m0 3 1.25 1000
681.82 1000
Required length of weld 644 mm say 650 mm
1058
Weld length available at end = 150 mm
Length of weld on one side
= (650 - 150)/2 = 250 mm
< 150 x 0.7 x 8 = 840 mm
not a long joint
OK
Example on lap joint (limited force)
Determine the size and length of the site fillet weld for the lap joint to transmit a
factored load of 120 kN through a 8mm thick and 75 mm wide plate. Steel Fe 410
Solution
Minimum size of weld for a 8-mm thick section = 3 mm
Maximum size of weld = 8 - 1.5 = 6.5 mm
Choose the size of weld as 6 mm (in order to reduce the connection length)
Effective throat thickness = ks = 0.7 x 6 = 4.2 mm
fy ks 410 0.7 6 1
strength of weld . 662.7 N / mm
3 m0 3 1.5 1000
120 103
Required length of weld 181mm
662.7
P2
P3 P
P1
fu
Strength of end weld, P3 h. tt
3 mw
h Ph2 P3
Taking moment about P1 Ph2 P2 h P3 . 0 P2
2 h 2
h Ph1 P3
Taking moment about P2 P1 h P3 Ph1 0 P1
2 h 2
Ph2 P3 Ph2 P3 Ph1 P3
alternativ ely, P1 P P2 P3 P P3 P
h 2 h 2 h 2
Design of intermittent weld
When design force for weld small use smaller size of weld and provide on full length
When loads are very small Length required to weld (even with smallest size)
< available length Intermittent weld is selected
Intermittent weld discontinuous welds two types
(i) chain,
(ii) staggered better than chain weld
P
Axial stress (compression or tension ), f a
t t lw
Q
and Shear Stress, q
t t lw
Combination of normal and shear stresses
For Fillet Weld
When shear stress are in addition to tension or compression
fu
Equivalent stress, f e f a2 3q 2
3 mw
fu
If (normal stress shear stress) f wd No Need to check Equivalent stress
3 mw
If pitch and gauge lengths are same for all bolts, then p1= p2 = = p
2 and g1= g2 = = g
p
An B nd h m t where m = no. of staggered pitches
4g
Net Sectional Area in Angle Sections
Angles very common sections, angles have two legs
Angles may be connected by (i) both legs or by (ii) Single Leg