1.

Objectives
1. To understand the properties of an ideal operational amplifier
2. To understand the limitations of a practical operational amplifier
3. To be familiar with typical applications of an operational amplifier

2. Experimental Procedures
Experiment 1

Measure voltage gain of the operational amplifier at 1 KHz and compare with predicted
value.

Predicted value: = ( )

100
= (1) = 10
10

Measured value: -10.32V

Experiment 2

Measure frequency response of the amplifier by noting the voltage gain at various
frequencies.

Frequency 0.01 0.1 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 100

(KHz)
Gain -10.24 -10.24 -10.32 -10.40 -10.20 -10.00 -9.60 -8.00 -7.00 -4.40
 12

10

8 66.07, 7.071
Gain, V

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Frequency, KHz

Half power cut-off frequency = 66.07 KHz

The graph shows that with an increase in frequency the gain decreases. The higher the gain,
the lower the bandwidth. Therefore, multiple-stage Op-amp designs are used to maintain
gain and larger bandwidth.

Experiment 3

Short input Vi, to ground. Measured d.c. output = 0.020V

Ground input Vi, with 10 K resistor. Measured d.c. output = 0.015V

Therefore, d.c. output voltage shown to decrease.

Offset voltage shown due to current entering inverting input terminal.

Experiment 4

Measure gain of amplifier at 1 KHz by monitoring VI and V0 on oscilloscope.

2
Theoretical Value: = (1 + )
1

100
= (1 + ) (1.101) = 12.111V
10

Measured Value: 12.00V

Yes. The measured value matches with the theoretical value.

 Experiment 5

VIN -4.99 -10.28 -8.00 -6.40 -3.90 -3.13 -3.05 -2.95 -0.45 1.02 6.35 13.82

VOUT 5.08 5.05 5.00 4.95 4.67 4.15 3.94 -0.39 -0.57 -0.58 -0.61 -0.62

3
V out

0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
-1
V in

Experiment 6

Verify circuit using switches available on the test system.

Sequence S0 S1 S2 Voltage Output

1 0 0 0 0.142
2 0 0 1 0.758
3 0 1 0 1.381
4 0 1 1 1.995
5 1 0 0 2.617
6 1 0 1 3.233
7 1 1 0 3.850
8 1 1 1 4.470
 5
4.5
4
3.5
Voltage Output

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Sequence

Graph shows the voltage output when different switches are turned on.

3. Conclusion
We have seen the operations of op-amp in amplifying the signal of input voltages for
inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. Op-amps outputs corresponds to theoretical values.
We have also seen the use of Op-amps as a digital to analog signal converter by summing
signal inputs. We have also seen the operations of a Zener diode in a comparator circuit by
reversing the direction of current as input voltage increases.