1.

0 MATTER

1.1 Atoms and molecules

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ASSIMILATION 2017
 Proton(p)
Sub Atomic Neutron (n)
Particles Electron (e-)
Atoms &
Molecules Isotope Notation, Proton Number
Nucleon Number
Isotope

Mass 5 Components
Mass spectrum
Spectrometer Ar & Mr

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 WHAT IS MATTER ?

Anything that has mass, volume or occupy

space

Matter is consist of atoms, molecules or ions

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 WHAT IS ATOM,
MOLECULE AND ION ?
ATOM

Tiny particles of an element that cannot be

created or destroyed

Example :
Copper metal consist of copper atoms, Cu

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 Example :

Aluminium metal consist of aluminium atom, Al

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MOLECULE

Two or more atoms that are chemically

bound together

Example :
One chlorine molecule, Cl2 consist of two Cl atoms

Cl Cl

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Example :

One carbon dioxide molecule, CO2 consist of one

carbon atom and two oxygen atoms

O C O

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 ION

A charged particle (cation or anion) that

forms from an atom when it loses or gains
one or more electrons

Li Li+ + e
F + e F-

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 :1
Classify each substance as atom, molecule or ion.

Helium, He
ozone, O3
Mg2+ oxygen, O2
MnO4
Hydrogen, H2
Sodium, Na

Mercury, Hg Cl 9
 Classification of Matter According to Its Composition:
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

MATTER

PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES

ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS HOMOGENEOUS

HETEROGENOUS

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 MATTER

Anything that has mass, volume and occupy

space

Example :

Air
Water
Chair
Almonds
Salt
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 ELEMENT

Substance that consist of only one kind of

atom.

The element can be atom or molecule

Example : Na, C(graphite), O2, O3, Cl2

Elements cannot be decomposed into simpler

substances.
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 COMPOUND

A substance that is composed of two or

more elements that are chemically
combined in fixed proportions.

They contain two or more kinds of atoms

Example : water, H2O

sodium chloride, NaCl
butane, C4H10
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 MIXTURE

Combination of two or more substances in

which the substances retain their distinct
identities.
Two types of mixtures:

Homogeneous

Heterogeneous

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Homogeneous Mixture

Composition of the mixture is the same throughout.

Example :
A spoonful of sugar dissolves in water

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 Blood
Milk

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Tea 16
Heterogeneous Mixture

Composition of the mixture is not uniform.

Example :
Iron filings and sand

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Mixture of fruits

Mixture of oil,
water and sand

Mixture of oil and water

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 :2
Classify each substance as an element or a
compound.

a) Aluminium, Al
b) Sulphur, S8
c) Chlorine, Cl2
d) Methanol, CH3OH
e) Carbon, C
f) Baking soda, NaHCO3
g) Nickel, Ni
h) Gold, Au
i) Carbon monoxide, CO
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 SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

An atom made up of:

Proton (p)

Neutron (n)

Electron (e) Atom is

electrically
neutral

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 An atomic nucleus consists of protons
and neutrons Assimilation 2017/2018
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 The magnitude of charge posses by
proton is equal to that of an electron,
but the sign of the charge is opposite
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 PROTON NUMBER (Z)

Definition :
Number of protons in the nucleus of
an atom

Also called atomic number

Helium
nucleus

2 protons

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The number of protons in an atoms
nucleus define the element.

EXAMPLE:

All carbon atoms (Z = 6) have 6 protons

All oxygen atoms (Z = 8) have 8 protons

All uranium atoms (Z = 92) have 92 protons

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 NUCLEON NUMBER (A)

Total number of protons and neutrons

in the nucleus of an atom

Number of protons
Nucleon
= +
number
number of neutrons

Nucleon number also called mass number

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EXAMPLE:

6p 40p 28p
7n 50n 33n

A = 13 A = 90 A = 61

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 ISOTOPE

Atoms of an element that have

the same proton number but
different nucleon number.

OR

Atoms of an element that have the

same number of protons but different
number of neutrons.
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EXAMPLE:

1 2 3
1 H 1 H (D) 1 H (T)
Protium Deutrium Tritium

235 238
92 U 92 U

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 ISOTOPE NOTATION

Nucleon number A
Proton number Z X atomic symbol

EXAMPLE:

35
17 Cl
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 EXAMPLE 1

How many protons, neutrons and electrons

are in the chromium isotope ?

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24 Cr

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 EXERCISE 1

Determine the number of protons and

electrons in :

a) Ca2+ ion (Z = 20)

b) S2 ion (Z = 16)

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 MASS SPECTROMETER

An analytical instrument used to measure

atomic and molecular masses directly

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Mass spectrum of naturally occurring chlorine

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 ATOMIC MASS

Atoms are so small, it is difficult to discuss

how much they weigh in grams

Unit : Atomic mass unit (amu)

Atomic mass unit (amu)

One twelfth (1/12) the mass of a carbon-12
atom .

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 AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

The average of mass of its naturally

occurring isotopes weighted according
to their abundances

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Average atomic mass (6.94)

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 RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS ( Ar )

The mass of one atom of an element compared to

one twelfth the mass of one atom of carbon-12

Relative atomic mass , Ar =

mass of one atom of an element (amu)
1 x mass of one 12C atom (amu)
12

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 RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS
( Mr )
The mass of one molecule of a compound
compared to one twelfth the mass of one atom
of carbon-12

Relative molecular mass, Mr =

mass of one molecule of a compound (amu)
1 x mass of one 12C atom (amu)
12

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 EXAMPLE 2
Naturally occurring chlorine is a mixture of
two isotopes. In every sample of this element,
75.77 % of the atoms are 35Cl and 24.23 % are
atoms of 37Cl. The accurately measured atomic
mass of 35Cl is 34.9689 amu and that of 37Cl is
36.9659 amu.
From these data, calculate
i) Average atomic mass of chlorine.
ii) Relative atomic mass of chlorine

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 EXAMPLE 3
Nitrogen (N, Z = 7) has two naturally occurring
isotopes. Calculate the percentage abundances
for 14N and 15N from the following:

atomic mass (average) of N = 14.0067 amu;

isotopic mass of 14N = 14.0031 amu;
isotopic mass of 15N = 15.0001 amu.

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 EXAMPLE 4
Calculate the average atomic mass of Mg.
Relative Intensity

63.0

8.10 9.10

23 24 25 26 41
Assimilation 2017/2018 Atomic mass (amu)
 EXAMPLE 5
The ratio of relative abundance of naturally
occurring X isotopes is as below:
21X
= 1.555
22X

The atomic mass of 21X = 20.9989 amu and

22X = 22.0005 amu.

Calculate the average atomic mass of X.

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 Mass of one mole C atom
= 12.0 g

Mass of one C atom

= 12.00 amu

1 amu = ? grams

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 Lets Think !!!
How many grams in 1 amu ?

Example: Oxygen (Ar = 16)

Mass of one Oxygen atom = 16 amu
Mass of one mol Oxygen atom = 16 g
1 mol Oxygen atom = 6.02 x 1023 atoms of Oxygen
= 16 g
mass of 1 Oxygen atom = 16 g
6.02 x 1023
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Mass of 1 Oxygen atom = 16 amu = 2.658 x 10-23 g

1 amu = 2.658 x 10-23 g

16
= 1.66 x 10-24 g

1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g

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THE END

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