Sei sulla pagina 1di 29

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

A. Introduction
In most of the developing countries around the world, the rise of households, buildings and
other infrastructures is one of the top concerns. Technology has played a big part in diminishing the
concerns but it has also brought a great threat amongst the environment and the people. With this
current day situation, there is an urgent need to focus attention on low-cost alternative construction
materials.
Growing economy has something to do with growing population and vice versa. This implies
that there is an increase in demand for human needs and among them are the houses, buildings and
even railroads. In relation with the statement above, and introducing the readers to this study, the
researchers have come up with the idea of how to attain the said needs in a manner of lowering the
cost but still striving to get the same strength or even more so, even with the use of alternative
materials, thus, the admixture.
Concrete is a major construction material which is usually made by mixing cement, water,
fine and coarse aggregates and sometimes admixtures in their right proportions. Communities
around the world rely on concrete as a safe, durable and simple building material. Concrete
technology, which is a major branch of civil engineering, is becoming the backbone of
infrastructural development of every country. The lack of raw materials, the cost, and the marred
and limited resources due to many aspects are named as the few flaws in concrete making. With this
being stated, the researchers find a way to improve the process of making the concrete with even
lesser budget through coconut husk fiber as admixture.

B. Background of the Study


Admixtures are those ingredients in concrete other than cement, water, and aggregates that
are added to the mixture immediately before or during mixing. Concrete should be workable,
strong, durable, watertight, and wear resistant. These qualities can often be obtained easily and
economically by the selection of suitable materials rather than by resorting to admixtures.

1
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

Coconut husk fiber, which is an agricultural waste, is obtained from the fibrous husk of the coconut,
from the coconut palm which belongs to the palm family. Large quantities of this waste, if not
properly disposed, can lead to social and environmental problems. There is need to channel this
waste product to a more profitable venture like using it as admixture in making a concrete. The
utilization of coconut husk fiber as an admixture can partially help in solving environmental and
ecological problems. Use of these also helps in reducing the cost of concrete production by
reducing the quantity of cement used.
Admixtures being considered for use in concrete should meet applicable specifications. Trial
mixtures should be made with the admixtures and the job materials at temperatures and humidity
anticipated on the job. In this way the compatibility of the admixture with other admixtures and job
materials, as well as the effects of the admixture on the properties of the fresh and hardened
concrete, can be observed. The amount of admixture recommended by the manufacturer or the
optimum amount determined by laboratory tests should be used.
Consequently, this study presents the suitability of using coconut husk fiber as supplementary
concrete material. This work investigates the effect of coconut husk fiber on the workability of
fresh concrete and the compressive strength of hardened concrete.

C. Statement of the Problem


Shelters have been a very important factor that helped to preserve mankind since the
beginning of time until the present age. Different kinds of houses built, amidst drastic changes in
time, served their owners well protecting them against rough and tough times. Through the
centuries, the world has witnessed the importance of houses and buildings in our lives. And so to
continue the service for mankind, innovations and adjustments were and are continuously made to
cope with time and the satisfaction of the people.
In line with this, different housing materials companies start to pop up offering customers lot
of ways to live in comfort and ease. Likewise, scientists have also come up with different ways to
improve the quality of structures. Woods, nipas, and bamboos which were once commonly used by
people in building their homes were eventually replaced by concrete materials which until now are
the ones widely used for building construction.
However, the demand of the people never ends. As change continues, so is the need of people
to make their lives secure and homes more durable and thus the constant quest for the development
in building construction. More researches and experiments were launched to improve the concrete

2
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

structures already there. But again, more problems arise when raw materials for making concrete
started to become scarce due to climate change. The question then became How can we create
concrete structure using only the materials available without compromising the quality of the
structure and making it better instead?
And so the researchers find a way to use an available economic friendly raw material in
making concrete, coconut husk fiber. And comes with that are these questions they will try to seek
the answers through this case study:

1. What physical properties of concrete will be changed if its design mix is cement, water and
coconut husk fibre?
2. What is the right ratio of the coconut husk fiber and the other materials for concrete making so
that we can come up with the best results?
3. What are the estimated costs of using the coconut husk fiber as an admixture?

By this, the researchers hope to be a step in the further study and development of concrete
as a building construction material.

D. Objectives

Having made this study, the researchers intend to help solve some problems the world is
encountering today particularly in the field of civil engineering. And the purpose of this study
includes the following:

1. To prove the effectiveness of coconut husk fiber as an admixture in making a concrete

2. To find a way to get the right mixture of the coconut husk fiber with the other materials
used to make concrete

3. A study for the development of the concrete

3
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

E. Scope and Limitations

This study will cover both physical properties of concrete and coconut husk fiber. As
it is the main purpose, this study will focus mainly on the effect of coconut husk fiber to
the concrete when used as an admixture, and hot it affects the concretes durability and
resistance to cracks.

Other specific topics include the process in making the concrete i.e. the making of
molder and the ratios used in mixing cement, water and the admixture, water curing and the
final testing. Since the water curing is compromised to only 14 days, the outcome
compressive strength will only be based on the given days.
References will come mainly from the web, from books, and other researches from
previous students who have taken the same material for use on reinforced concrete design.
The study will not exceed in discussing on the materials other uses, its economic
value, and methods of chemical extraction. This study will not evaluate flexural and split
tensile strength of the concrete. It will also not evaluate the cost and estimate of the output.

F. Definition of Terms

ADMIXTURE - an additional ingredient that is added by mixing with the base .

COIR - a stiff coarse fiber that has been obtained from the outer husk of the coconut.

CONCRETE - is a construction material composed of cement (commonly Portland cement) a well


as other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse
aggregate such as gravel, limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand), water, and
chemical admixtures.

4
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

CORROSION - it is the disintegration of an engineered material into its constituent atoms due to
chemical reactions with its surroundings. In the most common use of the word, this means
electrochemical oxidation of metals in reaction with an oxidant such as oxygen.

COARSE AGGREGATES - is the material combined with cement and water to make concrete is
called coarse aggregate. Coarse Aggregate makes up 60 to 80 percent of concrete volume.

COMPRESSION STRENGTH - a compression test which determines the behavior of the materials
under rushing loads.

CELLULOSE FIBERS - it is the structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants,
many forms of algae and the oomycetes.

COMPACTION TEST - it is a tests to determine the maximum practically-achievable density of


soils and aggregates, and are frequently used in Geotechnical Engineering.

CEMENT - a building material made by grinding calcined limestone and clay to a fine powder,
which can be mixed with water and poured to set as a solid mass or used as an ingredient in making
mortar or concrete.

DENSITY - it is the mass per unit volume of a substance under specified conditions of pressure and
temperature. The symbol of density is .

FLEXURAL STRENGTH - flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, bending


strength, or fracture strength.

FINE AGGREGATES - it is defined as material that will pass a No. 4 sieve and will, for the most
part, be retained on a No. 200 sieve.

HYDRATION - it is the formation of a solution involves the interaction of solute with solvent
molecules.

5
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY - it is the ratio of the increment of some specified form of stress to
the increment of some specified form of strain.

MODULUS OF RUPTURE - it reflects the maximum load-carrying capacity of a member in


bending, and is proportional to maximum moment borne by the specimen.

MOISTURE CONTENT - it is the quantity of water in a mass of soil, sewage, sludge, or


screenings; expressed in percentage by weight of water in the mass.

NATURAL FIBERS - a fiber obtained from a plant, animal, or mineral. The commercially
important natural fibers are those cellulosic fibers obtained from the seed hairs, stems, and leaves
of plants.

SAND - a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral
particles.

SLUMP TEST - a test or a laboratory test used to determine and measure how hard and consistent a
given sample of concrete is before curing.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY - it is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance to the weight
of an equal volume of some reference substance, or, equivalently, the ratio of the masses of equal
volumes of the two substances.

WORKABILITY - capability of being put into effective operation; practicable or feasible.

WATER ABSORPTION - the amount of water absorbed by a composite material when immersed in
water for a stipulated period of time.

6
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

A. Foreign Literature and Studies


Research 1:
Slate (1976) investigated mechanical properties of coir fibre reinforced cement sand mortar.
The researcher tested two different design mixes (cement sand ratio by weight), first was 1:2.75
with water cement ratio of 0.54 and second was 1:4 with water cement ratio of 0.82. Fibres
content was 0.08, 0.16 and 0.32% by total weight of cement, sand and water. The mortars for both
design mixes without any fibers were also tested as reference.
Cylinders having size of 50mm diameter and 100mm height and beams having size of 50mm
width, 50mm depth and 200mm length were tested for compressive and flexural strength. The
curing was done for 8 days only.
It was found that all strengths were increased in case of fiber reinforced mortar as compared
to that of plain mortar for both mix design with all fiber contents. However, a decrease in strength
of mortar was also observed with an increase in fiber content.

Research 2:
Baruah and Talukdar (2007) investigated the static properties of plain concrete (PC) and fiber
reinforced concrete (FRC) with different fiber volume fractions ranging from 0.5% to 2%. Fibers
used were steel, artificial and natural fibers (jute and coir fibers only). Here, discussion is limited
only to PC and the coir fibers reinforced concrete (CFRC).
The mix design (cement: sand: aggregates) for plain concrete was 1: 1.67: 3.64 with water
cement ratio of 0.535. Per cubic meter of concrete mix was cement = 350 kg, fine aggregates =
568.40 kg, coarse aggregate = 1239.40 kg and water = 182 kg. The maximum size of aggregates
was 20mm. Coir fibers having length of 4cm and diameter of 0.4mm with volume fraction of 0.5, 1,
1.5 and 2% were added to prepare CFRC.
The sizes of specimens were (1) 150 mm diameter and 300mm height for cylinders (2) 150
mm width, 150 mm depth and 700 mm length for beams, and (3) 150mm cubes having a cut of 90
mm X 60 mm in cross-section and 150 mm high for L-shaped shear test specimens. All specimens

were cured for 28 days. The investigated properties, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength
(STS), modulus of rupture (MOR) using four point load test and shear strength, are shown in Table

7
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

2.1 for PC and CFRC. It can be noted that CFRC with 2 % fibers showed better results amongst all
volume fractions.

The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of rupture and shear strength of
coir fiber reinforced concrete with 2% fibers by volume fraction were increased up to 13.7, 22.9,
28.0 and 32.7 %, respectively as compared to those of plain concrete. It is also noted from their
research that all these properties were also improved for CFRC with all other tested volume
fractions of fibers (0.5, 1 and 1.5 %). These properties were increased up to only 1.3, 4.9, 4.0 and
4.7 %, respectively for CFRC with 0.5% fibres by volume fraction.
Table 1: Properties of Coconut Fiber Reinforced Concrete (CFRC)
[Baruah and Talukdar (2007)]

Research 3:
After an experiment conducted by Gunasekaran and Kumar in 2008 they found that there is
24% high water absorption by concrete reinforced with coconut fiber compare to plain concrete .
They found that compressive strength of concrete increases with 19.1% than plain concrete after
curing cube for 28 days.

Research 4:
Research carrier out by Adevemi (1998) for one mix ratio (1:2:4) using suitable coconut fiber
for either fine or coarse aggregate in concrete production. They conclude that the weight of that
concrete is light with compare to plain concrete.
B. Local Literature and Studies
From Zamboanga:

8
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

Coconut Fiber-Cement Board (CFB) is a panel manufactured from the mixture of fibrous
materials like coconut coir or shredded woody portion of coconut tree and Portland cement at a
ratio of 60-70% cement to 30 -40% fiber by weight.
Research studies conducted at Philippine Coconut Authority-Zamboanga Research
Center have shown that the mixture of cement-coconut fiber have good strength
properties and high dimensional stability when soaked in water (water absorption of 32%
and thickness swelling of 4.2%) surpassing the minimum requirements set by PHILSA-
Standard 105-1975. It has low thermal conductivity (k-value 0f 0.90 W/mk) which
indicates its excellent insulation properties, thus it can be used as roofing materials even
without ceiling. Flame test showed that, while the board can be burned, it is rather slow
with minimal smoke emission.
From Cubao, Quezon City:

March of 2010, the civil engineering students of Technological Institute of the Philippines
namely Kathleen Rapatalo, John Orit, Jeffrey Manzano, and Aivy De Vera, conducted a thesis
entitled, Study of Natural Fibers as an Admixture for Concrete Mix Design. One of their
admixtures is the coconut coir or the coconut husk fiber.
The students who conducted the said thesis had their first trial with 0.25% and 0.75% fiber-
cement ratio and second trial with 0.10% and 0.15% fiber-cement ratio. The design compressive
load for the used mix design is 20.7 Mpa. The results were taken:

9
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MPa)


COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS (1st trial)
25

20

15

10 0.75%
0.25%
5

0
CONTROL SUGARCANE COCONUT ABACA PINEAPPLE

FIBER CONTENT

Figure 1: average compressive strength for first trial

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS (2nd trial)


30
COMPRESSIVE STRENGHT (MPa)

25

20

15
0.15%
10 0.10%

0
CONTROL SUGARCANE COCONUT ABACA PINEAPPLE

FIBER CONTENT

Figure 2: average compressive strength for second trial

The coconut husk fiber passed the 20.7 Mpa design compressive load on both trials.

10
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

C. Synthesis of Related Literature to the Case Study


.
The compressive strength of a concrete increased when mixed or reinforced with the
admixture, coconut husk fiber. However, an increase in percentage of the coconut husk
fiber in the mixture resulted in decrease in strength. The highest number of curing days
produced the highest compressive strength.
The coconut husk fiber is good water absorbent. Reinforced concrete with this
admixture dries faster than the plain concrete. The concrete with the said admixture also
increases its water absorption capacity. This leads to thickness swelling which could help in
budget lowering.
In addition, coconut husk fiber, when used as a byproduct to be an admixture to
concrete, can help decrease the waste, making it more environmental friendly. Based on the
researches stated in this chapter, concrete with coconut husk fiber, when burned, releases
minimal smoke.
Concrete with mix design of cement, water, and coconut husk fiber tested to have a
higher compressive strength compared to other natural admixtures.

11
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

The researcher used the experimental research method to different variables affecting the

outcome of the research.

Preparation on Coconut Husk Fiber as an add-mixture

In the course of seeking sources of the needed materials, the researcher went to Blumentritt,

Espaa, Manila to purchase the cement and sand, and looked for some used coconut husk at the wet

market. The researcher bided their time for the coconut husk fibers content, leaving only the fiber

by removing the unnecessary parts of the coconut.

After the researchers obtained the needed materials, the coconut husk fibers were set aside.

After 24 hours, the coconut husk fibers were cut into smaller pieces and grated to become

pulverized.

Procedure

Cement and sand were filtered and then mixed. After mixing, the coarse form of cement and

sand were separated to get the powdered form. Then, grated coconut husk fibers and water were

added into the mixture until it became sticky. After the process of mixing, the mixture was then

prepared for the making of cube blocks (2x2x2). Slowly, the mixture was put in the customized

block molder until it scoped the whole molder. Then the blocks were exposed to sunlight for three

days to assure the hardness of the cube blocks.

After being exposed to sunlight, the blocks were ready for its curing. They were submerged

to water until it covers the whole blocks. It stays on the water for fourteen days before its testing for

compressive strength.

12
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

+ Mixing the Cement and Adding the Coconut Putting the mixture to
sand Husk Fiber and Water its molder
(mix)

Testing of its Curing Exposing to Sunlight


Compressive Strength (fourteen days) (three days)

Add-mixtures Percentage

1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5


1. Add-mixture (20g) 1. Add-mixture (30g) 1. Add-mixture (40g) 1. Add-mixture (50g) 1. Add-mixture (60g)
2. Cement (175g) 2. Cement (165g) 2. Cement (155g) 2. Cement (145g) 2. Cement (135g)
3. Sand (390g) 3. Sand (390g) 3. Sand (390g) 3. Sand (390g) 3. Sand (390g)

Instrument Used:

Wire mesh strainer for separating the coarse potion of cement and sand

Shovel mixing the mixture

Weighing scale measure the weight of materials (coconut husk fibers, sand, cement)

The researchers bounded their time for the experiment. The materials needed were collected

for four days. Experiment was conducted for two days. Curing lasted for fourteen days. After the

experiment, the researcher discussed the results between the ratios of the variables.

Chapter 4
DATA AND COMPUTATION

13
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

This chapter presents the data gathered, the analysis and interpretation of findings. The results
are discussed and analyzed in the order in which the specific problems are presented.

A. Presentation of Data Gathered


The compressive strength determinations were conducted in Bureau of Research and
Standards. Results of the compressive force are shown below.

SAMPLE ADMIXTURE TRIAL COMPRESIVE MEAN


(%) STRENGTH (MPa)
(MPa)
1 28.959
2 35.5782
1 10 28.22353
3 20.1334
1 6.6192
2 11.3078
2 15 11.49167
3 16.548
1 6.6192
2 5.1023
3 20 5.81377
3 5.7198

1 9.3772
2 4.137
4 25 6.52727
3 6.0676
1 3.7233
2 4.137
5 30 3.9991
3 4.137

Table 2 Data gathered from the experiment consisting of four trials per sample.
B. Computations

B.1. Descriptive Statistics 2.10+2.58+1.46


x=
For the sample mean of: 3
a. 10% of Coconut Husk Fiber (7g) 20.0+19.5+20.0+18.5
x=
4
2.04667 MPa

14
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

b. 15% of Coconut Husk Fiber c. 20% of Coconut Husk Fiber (14g)


(10.5g)
0.48+0.37+ 0.42
x=
0.48+0.82+1.20 3
x=
3
9.5+8.5+10.0+10.0
x=
7.0+6.0+6.5+6.9 4
x=
4 0. 42333 MPa
0.83333 MPa d. 25% of Coconut Husk Fiber (17.5g)
17.5+ 19.0+19.0+18.9
x= X
4
0.47333 MPa
e. 30% of Coconut Husk Fiber (21g)
17.5+19.0+19.0+18.9
x= X
4
0.29 MPa

15
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

For the sample standard deviation of:


a. 10% of Coconut Husk Fiber (7g)

s=
(2.102.04667)2+(2.582.04667)2+(1.462.04667)2
2
0.56190 MPa

b. 15% of Coconut Husk Fiber (10.5g)

s=

(0.480.83333)2+(0,820.83333)2 +(1.20.83333)2
2

0.36019 MPa

c. 20% of Coconut Husk Fiber (14g)


2 2
(0.480.42333)2+ ( 0.370.42333 ) + ( 0.420.42333 )
s=
2

0. 05508 MPa

d. 25% of Coconut Husk Fiber (17.5g)


2
(0.680.47333)2+(0.300.47333)2+ ( 0.440.47333 )
s=
2
0.19218 MPa
e. 30% of Coconut Husk Fiber (21g)


2
(0 .270.29)2+(0.300.29)2+ ( 0.300.29 )
s=
2
0.01732 MPa

1
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

B.2. Regression and Correlation


Linear Regression
r=0.852 4 7
^y =1.5261 x +32.576

Figure 3: Linear Regression Model

30.000
28.224
25.000
COMPRESIVE STRENGTH

20.000

15.000
11.492
10.000

5.814 6.527
5.000
3.999

0.000
6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 22.000
COCONUT HUSK FIBRE

Exponential Equation

r=0.93 054
^y =51.953 e0.128 x

Figure 4: Exponential Equation Model

2
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

30.000
28.224
25.000
COMPRESIVE STRENGTH
20.000

15.000
11.492
10.000

5.814 6.527
5.000
3.999

0.000
6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 22.000
COCONUT HUSK FIBRE

Simple Power Equation


r=0. 967 3 6
^y =675.57 x1.695

Figure 5: Simple Power Equation Model

3
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

30.000
28.224
25.000
COMPREIVE STRENGTH
20.000

15.000
11.492
10.000

5.814 6.527
5.000
3.999

0.000
6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 22.000
COCONUT HUSK FIBRE

Hyperbolic Equation
r=0.9 7770
7.06401 x
^y =
210.9 0 614 x

Figure 6: Hyperbolic Equation Model

4
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

30.000
28.224
COMPRESIVE STRENGTH 25.000

20.000

15.000
11.492
10.000

5.814 6.527
5.000
3.999

0.000
6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 22.000
COCONUT HUSK FIBRE

B.3. Testing of Hypothesis

B.4. Analysis and Interpretation

5
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

Chapter V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations that the
researchers acquired after conducting the study.

A. Findings

The following observations present some of the characteristics of the concrete block samples
containing coconut husk fiber during mixing and when subjected to compressive test:

1. The researchers observed that as the fiber content increases, the faster the fresh concrete
mixture become stiffen. Its consistency lowers because the fiber absorbed the water from the
mixture. When coconut husk fibers were added in the fresh concrete mixture, from 10% to
30% fiber-cement ratio, the presence of the fiber does not greatly affect the consistency of the
fresh concrete mixture.
2. Blocks with higher content of fiber reduce the compressive strength of the concrete due to the
congestion of fibers. The congestion of the fiber may to reduce bonding and disintegration
since packing is more difficult.

When the smallest content of fiber, which is 10%, was subjected to compression test,
small initial cracks formed on the surface of the blocks. Cracks progress abruptly and
magnified at the center of the block followed by shattering then failure. Failure condition is
quite sudden as the compressive load was attained. And when the concrete blocks which
contain higher percentage of coconut husk fibers were subjected to compression test at
failure loads, test blocks were still intact even when failure load was attained. Smaller
cracks progressed especially with higher amount of fibers, from the top to the center of the
block. This says that the fiber contribution is stopping or delaying the propagation of
cracks. This shows that the brittle failure of concrete containing small amount of coconut
husk fibers was transformed to semi-ductile failure as the amount of fibers increase

B. Conclusions

6
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

From the previous chapter, it can be shown that the compressive strength of concrete mixture
containing coconut husk fibers is significantly affected by the following factors: physical and
chemical composition of fibers, percentage of fibers. Based on the results of the experiment, the
following conclusions are drawn:

1. The researchers concluded that the concrete mixture which contains 10% fiber-cement ratio
has the highest consistency compared to higher fiber-cement ratio. It only means that the
workability decreases with the increase of fiber content. This is due to the water absorption
characteristics of the coconut husk fibers which absorbed water during mixing. Also, the
increase in fiber content will increase the volume of water being absorbed by the fibers. Thus,
the increase in fiber content and the increase of water being absorbed will delay the setting
time period of the concrete compared to the concrete with lesser amount of fiber.
2. The researchers concluded that adding natural fibers to the concrete mixture increases the
compressive strength. Even though adding natural fiber contributes to the increase in
strength, the strength does not increase linearly as the fiber content increases. In other words,
the increase in strength is only up to certain fiber content of 10%.
3. The researchers concluded that the presence of coconut husk fibers in concrete prevents or
delays cracking and transform the brittle failure into gradual and ductile failure. But the
increase in fiber content increases the volume of voids present in the composite.

C. Recommendations

The study has its own limitation and therefore, the following recommendations are made for
future studies to improve the current work:
1. To use 10% fiber-cement ratio to maintain the consistency and workability of the fresh
concrete mixture.
2. To utilize coconut husk fibers in concrete mix in order to prevent and delay the spread of
cracks in future construction projects.
3. To experiment more in order to validate the adequacy of 10% fiber-cement ratio as an
admixture for concrete mix. Try to evaluate the fiber-cement ratio of 11% to 15%.

7
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

Bibliography

8
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

Appendices
OTHER TABLES AND COMPUTATIONS

Regression and Correlation


Linear Regression

X Y X2 Y2 xy

7.000 28.224 49 796.56765 197.5647


10.500 11.492 110.25 132.05848 120.66254
14.000 5.814 196 33.7999 81.39278

9
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

17.500 6.527 306.25 42.6053 114.2272

21.000 3.999 441 15.9928 83.9811


Table 6. Data for Linear Regression computation

x= 14 y=56.048

n xy x y
B= A= yB x
n x 2( x)2
( 3 )( 597.828 ) (70)(56.055)
56.048(.0769 ) (14)
( 5 ) (1102.500 )(70)2
B = 1.5261 A =32.576

2
2( y )

n y

[ n x ( x )2 ]
2


n xy x y
r=
56.0550

( 5 ) ( 597.828 )(70)

r=0.85247

^y = A+ Bx
^y =1.5261 x +32.576

Exponential Equation

X lny X2 ln2y xlny

10
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

7.000 3.3402 49 11.1566 23.381092


10.500 2.4416 110.25 5.9615 25.6370
14.000 1.7602 196 3.0984 24.6432
17.500 1.8760 306.25 3.5193 32.829804
21.000 1.3861 441 1.9212 29.107456
Table 7. Data for Exponential Model computation

x= 14 lny= 2.1608

n xlny x lny
B= A=3.2828
n x 2( x)2
( 5 )( 135.599 ) (70)(10.804)

( 5 ) ( 1102.500 )(70)2
0.128
B 1=0.128
A=lnyB x
2.1608(0128 ) (14)
A=3.9528
3.9528
A 1=e
A 1=51.953
n xlny x lny
r=
[ n x ( x ) ] [n ln
2 2 2
y ( lny )2 ]
( 5 ) (135.599 )(70)(10.804)

[ ( 5 ) ( 1102.500 )( 70 ) ] [ ( 5 ) (25.657)( 116.72641 ) ]
2 2

r=0.93054 0.7571
B1 x
^y = A1 e
^y = 51.953 e0.128 x

11
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

Simple Power Equation

logx logy log2x log2y logxlogy


0.8451 1.4506 0.7142 2.1043 1.2259
1.0212 1.0604 1.0428 1.1244 1.0829
1.1461 0.7645 1.3136 0.5844 0.8762
1.2430 0.8147 1.5451 0.6638 1.0127
1.3222 0.6020 1.7483 0.3624 0.7959
Table 8. Data for Simple Power Model computation
logx= 1.1156 logy= 0.9384

n logxlogy logx logy


B=
n log 2 x( logx)2
( 5 )( 4.994 )(4.994)(4.692)

( 5 ) ( 6.364 )(4.994 )2
B 1=1.695
2.8293
A=logyB logx A 1=10

1.0892(0.6618 ) (2.4420) A=2.7053


0.9 384(1.695 ) (1. 1156) A 1=675.57
A=2.8293
n logxlogy logx logy
r=
[ n log 2
x( logx )2 ] [n log 2 y( logy )2 ]
(5 )( 4.994 ) (4.994)(4.692)

[ ( 5 ) ( 6.364 )( 4.994) ] [5 ( 4.839 ) ( 4.692 ) ]
2 2

r=0.96737
^y = A1 x B 1

^y =675.57 x1.695

12
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

Hyperbolic Equation

0.0354 0.0204 0.0013 0.0051 0.0354


0.0870 0.0091 0.0076 0.0083 0.0870
0.1720 0.0051 0.0296 0.0123 0.1720
0.1532 0.0033 0.0235 0.0088 0.1532
0.2501 0.0023 0.0625 0.0119 0.2501
Table 9. Data for Hyperbolic Model computation
1 1 1
=0.0905 = 0.0828 = 0.1396
y x y
1 1 1

0.0905 (12.1829 ) (0.0043) B=


n
xy ( )( )

x

y
2
1 1
x ( )
n 2
x

1 1
A= B B=12.1829
y x
( 5 )( 0.046 )(0.414)(0,698)
0.1 369(2.061 ) (0.0 8 28)
(5 )( 0.040 )( 0.414)2
B=2.061 A=0.3076
1
B 1=B A 1 A 1=
A
1
2.061(7.06401)
0.3076
B 1=210.9061 A 1=7.06401

13
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

1 1 1
n
xy x y
r=

[ ( ) ][ ( )]
2 2
1 1 1 1
n 2
n 2

x x y y
B 1=85.2547
( 5 ) ( 0.046 )(0.414)(0,698)
r=
[ ( 5 ) ( 0.040 )(0.414) ] [ ( 5 ) ( 0.124 )(0.69 8) ]
2 2

r=0.97770
A1 x
^y =
B 1+ x
7.06401 x
^y =
210.90614 x

14

Potrebbero piacerti anche