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THE

J EW S A ND THE I S R A EL I TES :

T H EI R

R EL I GI ON , PHI L OS OPHY TRAD I TI ON S , ,

A N D L I T ER A T U R E,

IN I
C O N N ECT ON I
W TH T HE R I PA S T A N D I I
P R ES EN T C O N D T ON ,

AN D T HE R I F UTU R E P R O S P ECTS .

BY
E

K" as

R EV . C . F R ES HMA N ,
D . D .

TO R O N TO

J D CEBI E IE) C} I E 52; (D C) .

1 870 .
 T O R ON T O

D A I L Y TEL E GR A P H PR IN TI N G HOU S E ,

C O R N ER K IN G BA Y S T R E ET S .
 I A F F E C T I O N A T EL Y

I N S C R I BE

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 I L F F E C T I O N A T EL Y

I N S CR I BE

T H IS W O R K T O T H E

f xE V ,
W ,
f UN S HO N ,

TH E H O N OR ED P R ES ID EN T

OF THE

Sw m w au mu m my
: M xi m u Em m a,

a m Im

IN E S T EE M F OR

HI S MA N Y V I R TU ES A N D D I S T I N G U I S H ED T A L E N TS .

T H E A U TH O R .
 P R E FA C E .

BY THE R EV . G . R . S A N D ER S ON .

S in ce ti on s b egan t o exist u p t o th e p r esen t h ou r

n a , all

thr o ugh t h e h ist o r y o f ou r r a c en o n ati o n h as e ver ha d a b ein g

w h i c h h as a th er e d ar o u n d i t s elf an i n t er es t h alf s o p r o fo un d as
g
that w hi c h attach es t o th e J ew i sh p eo p le N or a ttached alo n e ! .

I t i s i n t er w o v en w i th th eir v er y exis t en c e an d c ir cu m s t an c es i n
a ll p er i o d s . L ike th e li fe b lo o d o f th e h ear t p er m ea tin g ev er y
-

ar t i c le o f t h e p hys i c al s ys t em i n t er es t er v a d es e v er th in
p ,
p y g
r elat in
g t o t h e an c i en t
p eo p le o f G od .

I t is i n c o r p or a ted w i th th ei r o r igin p er p etu i ty an d u lti m ate ,

d es tin y ; r u n s thr ou gh th eir c ap ti vi ti es an d em an c i p a ti o n s thei r

e x u ltat i o n s a n d d ep r es s i o n s ; th eir g a th er i n s an d d i s p er s i on s
g
th eir v i ctor i es an d defea ts ; th eir o p ulen c e an d p o ver ty ; th ei r
d ec im atio n s an d i n cr eas e th ei r d elity an d ap o s t acy ; felt i n t h e
m ar v ello u s i n t er p os i ti o n o f J eh o va h i n th ei r b eh alf i n th e h o n or s ,

b es t o w e d an d t h e s c our ges i n i ct e d b y a h an d equ ally r ight eo us

i n all its w ays .

A p eo p le of p r o fo un d es t in t er es t ! Th e r ec ei ver s o f t h e
D i v in e L aw an d fo r ages th e s ole d ep os it o r y o f th e r evealed w i ll
, ,

o f Hea v en , w i th a r eli gi o n a n d a p o lity a like fr o m G o d : th e

r ld s o n ly h o p ea p eo p le o n w h os e

p e o p l e w h en c e s p r un
g t h e w o

s in d ar ken e d s ky ar o s e th e b r ight t h e m o r n i n g s t ar ; a p eo p le w ho ,
-
,

t h o ugh n o w s c att er ed an d p e eled an d t o r n ar e y et t o b e b r ou ght

, ,

i n w i th th e fuln es s o f th e G en t iles .

A s th e d i am on d o n c e ash i n g i n i ts o w n b r ightn ess o n t h e

,

c or o n et o f b eauty an d p ow er b u t d i s pla c ed an d los t am i d th e

,

du s t o f ear th y et again r ec o v er e d an d c lean sed fr om t h e gath er ed

,

o b s cu r a t i o n s o f m an y y ear s s h all y et aga i n a sh fo r th i n th e s u n

,

light o f h eav en w i th an u n r i valled s p len d o u r s o s hall th e o n c e ,

e xalted b ut lo n a n d s t ill d e p r es s e d J ew i s h n ati o n b e li ft e d u p b

, g y ,

an A lm i hty p o w er t o an a lt it u d e o f r an d eur s uch as p h eti c

g g p r o ,

li p s alo n e w o uld d ar e t o u tt er .
v i P R EFA C E .

HA J EH U D I M
-
AN D M I K V EH I S R A EL
u pp li es a w an t lo n g felt s

b y th e stu den t o f th i s w o n d er fu l p eo p le M an y p o n der o u s t om es .

ar e s o m eti m e s s ear ch e d i n v ai n fo r a s i n gle fa ct o r c i r cu m s t an c e

Her e w i thin a r eas o n a b le c o m

r elat i v e t o th e J e w o r J u di a i s m .
,

p as s i s b r ou ght t ogeth er a m a s s o f i n fo r m ati o n s u ch a s m an y

,

v olum es w o uld b e s ift ed in vain t o fur n ish U n qu esti o n ab ly .

,

m an y lear n ed an d d ev o t ed m en h a v e w r i tt en o n t h e s u bj ect a n d ,

e t h a v e fai led t o a c c o m p li sh a ll th at th e p r es en t v o lu m e h as
y
a ch i ev e d .

F o r s u c h a w o r k t h e lear n ed an d a cc o m p lish e d auth o r h as

e n j oy ed s p e c i al qu ali c at i o n s S at i sfa ct or i ly an d s ucc ess fully h as
.

h e p er fo r m ed i t Hi m s elf fo r m an y year s a d ev o t ed J ew a di s
.
,

ti n gu i s h e d R a bb i a p r o fo u n d s ch o lar , a t i r eles s s tu d en t t o thi s

,

h o u r D R F R ES HM A N p o ss es s ed a b iliti es q u ali ti es an d fa pili ti es fo r

,
.
,

t h e w o r k u n d er taken s u ch as few m en i n an y lan d c ou ld claim

, , ,
.

A n d i t i s s ur p r is i n g h o w m u ch i s cr o w d e d i n t o a v olu m e o f
less th an v e hu n d r ed p ages ! E v er ythi n g a p p ar en tly r elatin g , ,

t o th e J ew i s h p eo p le th ei r m an n er s c u st o m s Teligi o n lan gu age

, , , , ,

li t er atu r e p r a c ti c es b elief t em p le m on ey s ch o o ls chir u r ger y los t

, , , , , , ,

tr i b es R a bb i es tr a diti o n s i s gi v en i n th e v o lum e s o th at t o t h e
, , , ,

r ea d er th e m ar v el i s h o w s o m uch i s fo u n d w i th i n s o s m all a
,

c o m p a ss .

To th e th eo logi c al s tu den t ,W he ther o ld o r y o u n g b u t es p e ,

c i all
y to t h e latt er th i s v o lu m e w ill b e a p r i c eles s t r easu r e
, N o .

s uch s tu d en t ca n a b r d t o b e w i th o u t i t N o Min is t e r s li b r ar y

.

w i ll b e c o m let e i f H A J EH U D I M b e n o t th er e
p
-
.

Th e lo v er o f J ew i sh li t er atur e w ill n d th e fo llo w i n p a es

g g
a m i n e of
gold t o h im N o t a m in e w h er e n o w an d th en a little
.

o ld m a
g y b e fo u n d ; an d th at aft er m uch lab o u r b ut gold all , ,

thr o ugh t h e m i n e a n d i n v itin g a cc ep t an c e .

Th e d ev ou t C h r i s ti an w ill as h e r ea ds b e c on s t an tly r em in d ed , ,

o f t h e p u r i ty an d
go o d n ess the t r uth an d j u sti c e o f h i s H eav en ly
,

F a th er His sym p athi es fo r t h e J ew an d fo r hu m an i ty w ill r o w

g
.

s tr o n er an d h i s lo v e for h i s G o d w i ll r o w w ar m er as h e r ea d s
g ,
g
HA J EH U D I M A N D M I K V EH I S R A EL .

The r i ch es t b les s in g o f h eav en i s i n v o ke d en t h e Bo ok , th e

R ead er an d t h e A uth o r
, .

BEL L EV I L L E ,
N ov . 2321 1, 1 8 69 .
 I N TR O D U C TI O N .

In on e o f des t w or ks th at m or tal m i n d has cr eat ed

th e gr an

,
,

th er e s tan d s th e r ec or d S i m on u m en t a m q u a r ts ci r cu m sp i ce
,
/
.

W i th h ow m uch m or e j u s ti c e s u ch w or d s m ight b e p r ex ed t o t h e

J ew s i t w er e n eedless t o p r o v e
,
.

A mi d all th e v i c i ss i tu d es o f tim e an d th e r ev o lut i o n s o f

em p i r es J u d aism has r em ain e d p er m an en t th e o n ly v es tige o f th e
, ,

r em o t e p as t w hi ch h a s en tir ely d eed d ecay or d i sso luti on .

Mighti er p eo p le than I sr ael h av e a pp ear ed o n th e gr eat s tage o f

hum an ity b u t th ey h av e v an i sh ed lik e th e sh a d ow y gu r es o f a
,

h an t as m agor i a O n th ei r r um s o th er p eo p le h av e ar i sen bu t
p .
,

c o n qu es t an d a dm ix tu r e h av e s o m o died them th at b ey on d a few ,

c en tur i es n o m an c an tr a c e a c er tain an c estr y W h y i s i t th at .

thr ee th o u s an d thr ee hu n dr ed y ear s h av e p as s ed an d h av e left bu t

'

thi s o n e v er d an t lin e am i d s t an im m en s ity of d eser t ; thi s on e

s oli t ar y s ta r i n a r m am en t o f d ar kn ess

W h en o f o ld m en r ai se d th eir va s t s tr uctu r es o f p hysi c al

l
,

o w er t h ey em p lo y ed n o n e b ut hu m an m at er i als Th e elem en t s
p

.
,

w h i ch a l n
o e c o u ld gi v e s t ab i li ty p r i n c i p les o f et er n al r i h t
g
de r i v ed fr o m th e i r et e r n a l s o u cr e w er e a lt o eth er
g w an t i n
,

g .

Tim e th er efo r e di d i ts w o r k
, ,
By th e o r d in ar y p r o c es s of w as t e
.
,

o f an t ago n i s m o f b r ut e for c e th e gigan ti c fa b r i c s , w h i ch a lr ead y

, ,

c on tain ed th e ger m s o f d ec o m p o s i ti on c om m on t o th em w i th th eir

,

fou n d er s w as s w ep t fr o m th e ear th
,
N ati o n s s uffer ed thi s fat e
.

so c o m p let ely th at th eir v er y e xi s t en c e i s t o b e t r a c e d r ath er t o

,

th ei r c on qu er o r s th an t o th em selv es

I n th e : er a w h i ch s ep ar at es
.

an ci en t fr om m o d er n h i s t o r y a n ew ch a o s s u p er v en ed as th o u h
, g ,

t o s h o w m an th at hi s w o r ks s tan d i n vai n agai n s t th e law s w h i ch

r e u lat e hi m an d th em T h e d ar k ages a s th i s er a i s c alled an d
g .
, ,

o u t o f w h i ch m o d er n c i v ili zat i on gr ew a s th e o r i i n al ear th

g , gr ew ,

o u t o f th e r s t ch ao s n o t o n ly effectu ally c o v er ed w i th i t s v ei l all

,

that an tiqu i ty h a d c r eat ed by m er ely hu m an agen ci es , b u t it

en v elo p ed i n an i m p en etr ab le s h r o u d th e o r i gin o f all that m o d er n
 v iii I N T R O D U C TI O N .

tim es w er e to kn o w fr o m th at s am e ur c e Thr ee th i n gs su r
so .

i v ed th e gen er al w r e ck, an d fo r m e d c o n n ecti n

v g li n ks b etw een th e
t an d th e fu tr u e
p as .

Fir s t , th e t uggled thr o ugh th e s t or m

lit er a tu r e of o ld s r .

W hen t h e s tr o n ges t an d m o s t m ighty p eo p les p er i sh ed n o r left a ,

v es tige b eh in d th e sm all v o i c e o f th ei r i m m or tal m in d s w a s b o r n e

,

o n t he a i r w av es o f t i m e t o an e t er n al futu r e
s
O v er th is em an a .

tion fr o m the D iv in e that w hi ch c o uld a n n i hilat e m o r t al w or ks

, ,

h ow ev er s u b s tan t ial p as s ed h ar m lessly

,
S o m e fr agm en t s o f p a p y .

r u s o r p ar ch m en t w er e c o n su m ed an d w ith th em a few ,s t r ay

i d eas w er e lo s t ; b ut th e gr eat tr uth s w hi ch gen iu s h ad i n v esti

at e d an d r ec or d ed ; th e s u b lim e lan gu age i n w h i ch t h e s o u l o f on e
g
m an i n o n e age h a d s p ok en t o t h e s o uls o f all m en i n all ages t h e

lo fty c o n c ep t i on s b y w hi ch m o r ali ty h ad p r o ve d i ts c o n n e cti on

w i th an i m p er i sh ab le an d h ea v en ly or igin th es e n o p hys i c al c o n ,

v u ls i o n s c o u ld d estroy th ey w er e ab ov e an d b ey o n d s uch
,

a cc i d en t s .

S ec on dly C hr i stian i ty s ur v i v ed th e er y o r d eal b ec au s e th at

, ,

t oo o w ed i ts exi s t en c e t o th e et er n al r ev elat i on o f S i n ai an d m an ,

c ou ld o n ly m o d ify n ot e x t i r p a te,
I t did n o t p a ss thr o ugh th e
.

am es un s cath ed b ec au se i t c on t ai n ed m o r tal elem en t s bu t i ts

, ,

m or ali ty , it s G o d t each i n g r em ai n ed i n t a ct
-
I n th e b attle w h i ch
, .

i t h ad b een c o m p elled t o m ain ta in again s t th e b ar b ar ou s for c es o f

n or t h er n an d ea s t er n i d olatr y i t h a d fou ght on t er m s s o u n e ual
, q
th at i t h ad b een n ec ess itat ed t o c all i n s tr at egy t o i ts aid Th e .

lu x ur i ou s east er n s w er e b es t r uled thr o ugh th ei r p assi on s ; th e

u n c o uth n o r th er n s t r an s p lan t ed t o th e gen i al s o uth w er e b es t

g o v er n ed b y th eir fear s T h os e fo llo w e d t he

.
p at r i ar ch of t h e

G r eek C hu r ch th es e th e fath er o f th e R o m an C hu r ch Bu t in
b o th chur ch es w hat h ad b een a b st r a ct faiththat i s t h e t ie
, .

w h i ch b i n d s m an t o fo r m s an d m o d es o f b eli efb ec am e c on cr et e
,

r eli i on T h i s r es ult w as ar r i v e d at th r ou h t h e a en cy o f
g .
g g
th os e w h o had r ec ou r s e to s tr at egy an d w h o i n a d o p tin g , ,

exp ed i en t s th em s elv es , b y th ei r p r o fes s i o n an d p r a ct i c e s o u ht

g
t o p r o v e th ei r ef ca cy Pr i es tcr aft w as w h at had b een C hr is
.
,

t ian i ty ; a ch an ge an d a s ad o n e b ut th er e i s h op e w h ile
, ,

v i t ali ty w a s n o t d es tr o y ed th at som e fu tur e elem en tar y r evo~

,

la ti o n m ay r est o r e th e o r igin al c o m b i n ati o n Th en ch ar ity .

,
 I N T R O D U CTI O N . ix

w h i ch i n th e d o ctr in e of a b s tr a ct fai th ,
m ean s lo v e fo r u n iv er s a l
m an kin d , sh all c ease t o b e w h at c o n cr et e r eligi on m ad e i t lo v e ,

o n ly fo r s elf a n d s elf s i m i t at or s T h en m an s h all a ckn o w led ge
.

th at tr u e G o d w o r s hip c on si s t s n o t i n o b s er van c e o f an y p ar tic u

-

lar cu s t o m s b u t in th e hu m b le z ealou s cu lt i vati o n o f th o s e

, ,

u ali t i es b y w hi c h t h e Et er n a l h as m a d e H im s elf kn o w n t o th e
q
w o r ld . Th e m em b er s o f o n e c r eed s h all n o t ar r o gat e t o th em
s elv es p eculi ar m o r ali ty an d p e culi ar s alva ti on d en yin g b o th t o ,

th e m em b er s o f o th er c r eed s b ut th ey s h all lear n th at m o r ali ty

,

a n d salv at i o n ar e th e c a u s e an d effe ct o f a ll ear n es t en d ea v o u r s t o

r i s e t o t h e kn o w led ge o f r ev elat i o n M en sh all c ea s e t o atte m p t

.

t h e s u b s t i tut i on o f o n e s e t o f fo r m s fo r a n o th er s e t o ffor m s th ey
s h all s at i sfy th em s elv es w i th b ei n g h on es t an d d ign i e d e x p o

n en t s o f th ei r o w n m o d e o f b eli ef an d s h all n o t seek t o c o er c e

,

w h a t h ea v en i t self h as left u n fett er edth e r ights o f c on s c i en c e .

T h ey s h all s tr i v e t o r em o v e all O b s ta c les t o t h e s p r ea d o f G o d

w or s hi p b y sh o w i n g h o w
,
s u p er i o r ar e t h e h a pp i n es s t h e i n t el ,

le c tu ali ty t h e v ir tu e o f i ts p r o fess or s b ut th ey s h all s t o p th er e ;

,

n o t ev en fo r t h e s ak e o f s e cu r i n g th ei r o bj e ct p r efer r i n th e i r ow n
g ,

fai th for th at o f a n o th er Th i s w as t h e o r i gin al c o m b i n at i o n

.

u n d er w h i ch C hr is tian i ty w as called i n t o ex i s t en c e th is w a s th e
o w er w h i ch en a b le d i t t o s u r vi v e th e s h o ck w hi ch h a d d es tr o y ed
p
all els e a n d t o thi s m u s t i t r etur n b efo r e i t s m i s s i o n c an b e
, p er
fe c tly a cc o m p li s h ed W h at th e t ea ch i n gs o f S in ai w er e t o th e
.

childr en o f A b r ah am th e t each i n gs o f th e o th er m o u n t w er e t o
,

b e t o th e r es t o f t h e w o r ld ; o n e w as n o t t o s u p er s e de th e o th er ,

b u t t o r en d er i t a cc es s i b le .

Thir d ly J u dai s m a n d th e J ew s es c a p e d th e gen er a l w r e ck

, .

N o t q ui t e p u r ely, b ecau s e R a b b i n i s m fr o m w ithi n a n d p er se cuti o n ,

fr o m w i th o u t di d p ar t ially w h at p r i es tcr a ft did en t ir ely ; b u t w i th

,

e n o u gh o f t h e D i v i n e left t o w i th s t an d w h at m u s t h a v e r o ve d
p
fa tal t o an yth in g les s i m b u ed w i th t h e s p i r i t o f th e Et er n al .

W hile n a ti o n c o n t en d ed w i th n ati o n an d r a c e w i th r ac e all m ad e

, ,

c o m m o n c a u s e a ai n s t t h e
g p eo p le of God D i v er s i ty o f r eli io n
.

g
k n ew o f n o h ar m o n y b ut th at w h i ch t au ght s c or n o f I sr a el M en .
,

thr ou gh th eir v ar i o u s for m s an d t en et s lo o ked w i th less d elity ,

t o h eav en th an t o th os e s p o t s o f ear th w h i ch h eld J ew s a s o bj ect s

for p er s ecuti on I f th ey d iffer ed i n a ll els e th ey w er e u n an im o us
.
,
 x I N TR O D U CTIO N .

'
in hatr ed W h ile th e d o ctr in e o f faith h ad fa iled t o i n culc at e
.

lo v e th ey h a d fo un d ex cu s es fo r c o n t em p t an d c r u elty
,
Bu t .

thr o ugh all J u dai sm an d t h e J ew s r em ain ed O v er t h e fair fac e

,
.

O f n atu r e th er e p ass es a c on v u ls i o n ; h eaven s en d s i ts o o d i n g

r ai n s i ts s ear i n g lightn i n gs ; ear th a pp ear s b y v o lc an i c agen cy

, ,

o p en ed t o en t o m b an d th e sea c ar r i e d b e y o n d i ts b o u n d a r i e s

, , ,

e n gulfs t h e r u i n s s p ar ed fr o m ear th an d h ea v e n D es olat i o n .

h old s u n d is p ut ed s w ay an d S eem s t o threat en th a t th efe at lea st

, , ,

li fe i s fo r ev er ext in ct v i t ali ty fo r ev er an n i hila ted Bu t th e

[

'

.
,

s p ir i t o f G o d s t i ll s hi n es i n t h e glo r i o u s su n in t he n e w fo r m s o f

e xi s t en c e th a t p er m eat e w a v e ea r th , a n d a i r ,i n th e elas t i c i ty w i th

,

w hi ch all r e c o ver s i t s elf i n o b ed i en c e t o t h e D i v i n e la w D ay .

a n d n i ght , s um m er an d w i n t er s hall n ev er c eas e
'

S o i t h a s b een
, .

w i th J u dai s m W h at p h ys i c al c on v uls i o n s d o fo r n atu r e hu m an

.
,

b r ut ali ty h as d o n e for J u da i s m a n d w ith like effect Th e ess en c e , .

o f et er n al e xi s t en c e h a s n ev er b een er a d i c at e d an d s till fr o m m m , ,

fr o m d es o lat i o n fr o m d es p ai r n ew life h as gu sh e d w i t h un a b at e
, ,
d
v igour n ew v i tality s o ar e d w i th p i n i o n e v er su b li m e A n d w h y
,
.

Becau s e i n J u d ai sm t h e Et er n al i m p lan t ed th e ger m s fr o m w h i ch ,

S alvati o n i s u lt im at ely t o s p r i n g b e c au s e, n o m att er w h at fo r m

r eli i o n m ay s i n c e h av e b e en fo r w i s e p u r p o s es p er m i tt ed t o
g , ,

as s u m e all t h a t i t c o n t a i n s o f h o ly a n d p u r e i s id en t i c al w i t h th e
,

h o lin ess an d p u r i ty o f J u da i s m a s t au ght b y M o s e s a n d t h e ,

P r o p hets Mean w hile th e b r o o klet th a t t o o k i t s r i s e i n th e v alley

.
,

o f t h e Eu p h r a t es r u n s eter n ally o n t o w ar d s th e illi m i ta b le o c ean

,

I t d ees m or tal a t t em p t s t o dam i ts c o u r s e ; i t dis dai n s t o m i n gle

w i th a dj ac en t w a t er s C lo u d s a t t im es o b s cu r e i ts day b ut t h e
.
,

s u n o f i t s gu i d an c e s t ill p en et r at e s to i llu m i n at e A n d w hy is .

this ? Bec au se t h e sp r i n g th at su pp li es th e b r o ok let w ells fr o m

a n o m n i p o t en t s o u r c e ; b e c au s e t he wa t er s o f i t s b o s o m ar e th e

w at er s o f li fe ev er la s t i n
g ; b ec au s e th e w o r ks o f m an o n ly ar e

p er is h ab le w h i le th e w or ks o f G o d ar e a s th e hills t h at c h an ge
,

n ot .

In w h at li ght d o es t h e w o r ld n o w a pp ear t o th e J ew I et
i

u s tr y t o lo o k at it as it p r es en ts i tself t o hi m . Is th er e m uch in
i t tt ed, at r s t si
ght at least to s h ak e his fai th i n th e r eligi on ,

w h i ch h e h a s r ec ei v ed h o m h i s an c es t or s W h en h e s u r v eys th e
'

s ys t em s ar o u n d h i m , a n d c o m p ar es his o w n w i th th em , w h at i s


OD U C TI O N
'

I N TR . x1

ther e to m ak e him c on clu d e that h is i s les s p u r e les s elev a t ed, les s

'

,
-

D iv i n e ? I n p agan Ian ds, w h at do es h e b eh o ld b u t i d o ls ,

a n d mo n s tr o u s a d o red b y hi p th at i s childi sh im m o r al o r
'

,
a w or s ,

b loo d y ,
an d c on n cted
e w i th d ogm as w h i ch ar e r idi cu lo u s
cr edi b le ,
in ,

o r r ev o lt in g I s i t fo r th e s yst em o f Br a hm i n i s m o r Bu dhis m th at
.
,

th e J ew i s t o fo r sake th e i n s ti tut e of M o ses ? I s i t fo r s uch

n o t i on s as th e S h as t e r s c an gi v e h i m o f V i s h n u th a t h e i s t o ,

r en o u n c e t h e s i m p le y et s u b li m e an d s p i r i t u al i dea w h i ch t h e
,

O ld Tes tam en t p r es en t s o f J eli o v ah ? I s h e t o tu r n away fr o m

him th a t s i ts b etw e en t h e c h er u b i m t o b o w b efo r e J u gger n au t
Th e J ew i s n o t lik ely t o e x ch an ge e v en t h e Talm u d foo li s h an d ,

a b s u r d a s i t s tea c hi n g i s fo r t he sa c r e d b o o k s o f t h e B , r ah m i n .

M o d er n J u dai sm c o r r u p t as i t i s p la c e d b esid e t h e gr o ss an d
, ,

s en s u a l s y s t e m o f H i n d o o i s m a pp e ar s a s iri t u al an d h e v en l
p a,
y
c o n c ep t i o n I n M o h am m ed an c o u n tr i es t h e J ew m eet s j u s t a s
'

.
,

litt le t o o p en hi s eyes t o t h e er r o r s o f h i s c r eed H e lo o ks a r o u n d

'

i n th at v as t e m p i r e fo r t h e fr u i ts th a t O u gh t t o a cc o m p an y t h e
r eli i o n o f h ea v en H e sees th em n o w h er e ; n ei th er s o ci al vi r tu e
g .

n o r p u b li c j u s t i c e H e h i m s elf en c ou n t er s On ly c o n tu m ely an d
'

H e go es b a ck t o hi s for m er creed an d cli n gs t o i t w i th
'

w r on g .
,

fo n d er r ev er en c e th a n ev er .

W h en t h e J ew p a ss es fr om M o h am m ed an i n t o P o p is h lan d s ,

h e i s s en s i b le o f n o ch an ge fo r t h e b ett er He b eh olds o n a ll s i d es .

p o m p s t em p les an d i d o ls Ev er yth i n g i s lo v ed an d s er ved s a v e

, .

God . S i n c e hi s r etu r n fr o m Ba b ylo n th e J ew h a s ch er i s hed a

d eep ly
,

r o o t e d av er s i o n t o i d o ls ; an d t o a b an d o n J u dai sm an d ,

b ec o m e a R o m an i s t h e feels w o u ld b e t o r en o u n c e J eh o v ah an d

b ec o m e a w o r s h i pp er o f ido ls T o t h e J ew livi n g a t R o m e at .

F lo r e n c e o r a t V i en n a i n w h at light c an C hr i s ti an i ty p o ss ib ly
, ,

a pp e ar b u t as a r e vi val o f P a an i s m ? D o n o t J u p i t er an d V en u s
g
u n d er o t h er n a m es s t ill r ei n t h r u h t C h i t d ? W hy
g , o g o u r s e n o m ,

t h en s h o u ld t h e J ew ch an ge h i s fai th
, I s h e n o t b ett er as h e i s
Bu t i t m ay b e s ai d i n P r otes tan t lan ds at lea st t h e J ew h as
, , , ,

o p p o r tu n i ty o f s eei n en u i n e C h r i s ti an i ty H er e at leas t i t
gg .
, ,

i s n o t c o n fo u n ded w i th i do latr y Gr a n ti n g thi s s till h o w s m all a .

,

p o r ti o n o f tr u e C his ti an i ty do w e n d an d h o w few J ew s c om p ar a ,

t i v ely li v e i n th es e lan d s ? A n d ev en a s r egar d s th o se w h o d o r esi d e

am on u s h ow s eld o m d o th ey c o m e i n c o n t act w i th a li vi n
g ,
g
x ii I N TR O D U CT I O N .

e xam p le of th e go s p el ? W h er e ar e th e h u m ili ty ,
th e u p r ight
n ess , th e s elf d en i al, t h e lo v e
-
o f m an , an d th e re v e r en c e of G o d,
w h i ch ou ght t o o w fr om C h r i stian i ty ? Th e J ew cas ts h i s eye
o v er so c i ety an d s ees w ealth an d p leas u r e e ager ly p u r s u e d ; th e
, ,

S a bb ath d esec r a t ed t h e h o ly n am e o f G o d p r o fan ed an d fr au d s

,

a n d cr i m es o f fr e qu en t o ccu r r en c e A r e th e fr u i ts o f C hr i s t ian i ty
.

h e asks b ett er th an th ose o f J u di ai s m

,
W h at w ill i t a dv an tage
m e th at I ex ch an ge t h e s y n ago gu e for th e chur ch ? Th u s t h e ,

i n c o n s i st en c i es o f r eal C hr is tian s o r th e u n go dlin es s o fm er ely n o m

,

i n al o n es i n th e o p i n i on o f t h e J ew c o m p let ely j u s t ify hi m i n hi s

, ,

r ej e cti o n o f th e gos p el a n d a dh er en c e t o J u dai s m

,

R ecor d F C .
,
. .

By a s in gu lar fat ality th e ch ar ac t er o f th e J ew h a s b een

,

a s s aile d b y t h e i n d el n o t les s th an b y t h e b igo t Bet w een th e .

t w o t h e c o n di ti o n o f th e luckl es s He b r ew h a s b een n o t u n li ke
,

tha t o f th e li o n i n th e fa b le M en o fall ages h av e i n d ulged i n b i tt er

.

h atr e d agai n s t an d i n m align an t sn eer s a t th e J ew an d h ave

, ,

fals i e d t h e O p i n i o n s o f t h e J ew a n d h eld u
p h i s t ea ch er s t o
,

u n m er ite d s cor n
'

Th e J ew . h as b een a n d s till i s en ti r ely , ,

m i su n d er s t o o d ; a n d ev en th e c o n v er t ed J ew h as t o s uffer
t h e c o n s equ en c es Bu t th at ti m e i s fas t go in g b y
. Th e .

Heb r ew C hr is tian s a r e n o w takin g t h e p en i n th eir h an d s li fti n g ,

u p th eir v o i c es an d p r o t es t i n i th th i r w h o le h ea r t s a ai n s t t h e
, g w e
g
i n j u s ti c e d o n e th em b y th e i gn or an t a s w ell as th e b i o t ed an d
g ,

fully ex p e ct th at goo d m en o f e v e r y c r ee d an d e ver y li n ea e w ill

g
G o d s p eed

b i d th em -
.

W h en all th i s i s b or n e i n m i n d i t w ill n o t a pp ear s t r an e i f

g ,

this v o lu m e o n J u dai s m w r itt en by a H e b r ew Ch r i s ti an m ay
, ,

n o t b e e xa ct ly in a cc or d a n c e w i th w h at th e p u b li c h as b een a ccu s

t o m ed t o r ea d W e highly p r i ze t h e p r i vile e o f livi n i

g g n a
.

c o u n tr y w h e r e an d a t a t im e w h en lib er ty an d p r o gr es s o f m in d
,

i s t h e o r d er o f th e day Th e p ast w i th i ts m an i fo ld r e c o llecti o n s

.
,

th e futur e w i th i ts b ou n dles s a n ti c i p a t i o n s th e d er i s i o n i n w h i ch
,
;
th e J ew i s s till h eld th e s u s p i c i o n an d ealo u s exh i b i t ed t ow ar d s
,
y
t h e c o n v er t ed J e w a ll t h es e h av e e x e r c is e d th ei r le it im at e
g
i n u en c e o n th e m in d o f t h e A uth or .

Th e ki n d r ea d er w i ll th er efo r e allo w m e t o i n d ul e th e h o p e
, ,
g ,

that th e h an d s o f ev er y tr u e an d h on es t m an w ill b e s tr en gth en e d

w h o e n d eav o r s t o b r eak d ow n th at i cy b ar r i er w h i ch p r i d e an d
 I N TR O D U C TI O N . xi i i

i gn o r an c e, b igo tr y an d p r ej u d i c e has
,
r ai se d b etw een th os e w ho
ar e ch ild r en o f o n e F a th er cr eatu r es o f on e G o d
,
.

The A uth o r c an n o t allo w thi s v o lu m e t o go i n t o th e h an d s o f

th e p u b li c w i th o u t a ck n o w ledgin g hi s i n d eb t ed n es s t o t h e

,

I s r a eli t e, O f C i n c in n att i an d th e I s r aelit e I n d eed o f N ew
, ,

Yor k fr o m w hi ch s our c es th e A uth or d er iv ed a gr eat d eal of

,

in fo r m ati o n . A lso t h e o b ligati o n s u n d er w hi ch h e i s p la c e d t o t h e

,

R ev D r N elles Pre s i d en t o f V i ct or i a C ollege w h o k i n d ly gav e

. .
, ,

him self th e tr ou b le o f p er u sin g th e M S A n d t o R ev Pr of Bu r. . .

w as h M A ,
. for hi s m an y valu ab le an d i m p or t an t s ugges ti o n s i n
,,

t h e t r eatm en t o f th e d i ffer en t p ar ts A n d i m p er fect a s thi s v o lu m e

.

s ti ll i s , i t h a d b een m uch m o r e s o i f th e w h ole h a d n o t i n i t s fir s t

, ,

s s e d thr o u h th e h an ds o f m
s h ap e
p a
, g y fr i en d t he R ev G eor ge ,
.

C o chr an w h o i s equ ally di s tin gu ish e d fo r t h e c o r r e ctn es s o f hi s

,

t as te an d his ex ten si ve a c qu ain tan c e w i th lit er atur e

, .

M ay th e L o r d b e p leas ed t o lo o k w i th fa v o r n p on this effor t

t o ex p lai n an d d efen d tr uth .

THE A U TH O R .

BR I G H TO N ,
N on . 22n d 1 8 69
, .
 R EC O M M EN D A TI O N S ;

To th e Edi t o r of
, t h e Chr isti an s r di a n .

D R . F R ES HMA N
S N EW W OR K .

D EA R S I R , -
I w as p l eas ed t o cen t com m en dat ory s ee i n th e Gu a r d i an , th e re

n o t i ces o f D r F r esh m a n s n ew wo r k Havi n g been p er m i tted t o exam i n e a p o rt i on

. .

o f th e m an us cr i p t I d es i r e t o bear t es t i m o n y t o t h e gr ea t i n t er es t an d valu e o f th e
,
.

p r o duc t i on .P er h ap s few m en l i v i n g ar e s o w ell qual i ed as D r F r esh m an t o tr eat .

o f t h e subj ect h e h as s el ec t ed H is Hebr ew or igi n an d t r ai n i n g h is c on ver s i on t o

.
,

C h r i s ti an i ty h i s n e tal en ts his ext en s ive l ear n i n g an d h is d eep sym p athy w i th h is

, , ,

J ewis h br ethr en all s eem esp ec i lly t o t h i m fo r t h e t ask h e h as un der t aken a

.
,

M an y Chr i s t i an s ar e ear n es t ly l o oki n g for t h e t i m e wh en th e bl i n d n ess t h at

h as h ap p en ed t o I sr ael s h all d i s p p ear To s uch p erso n s th i s b o ok wi ll b e m os t

a .

welcom e as t en di n g t o d r aw t h e a tt en t i on o f C hr i st en dom m o r e fully t owar d th i s

i m p or tan t el d o f evan gel i c al l ab our ; wh i l e t o t h e gen er al r eader n ot h i n g c an b e ,

un i n t er esti n g th at th r ows li gh t o n th e p as t h i sto r y or p r es en t con di ti on o f s o r em a rk , ,

abl e a p eo p l e W h eth er w e s u b s cr i be t h e p h en o m en a o f J udai s m t o th e o p er ati on

.

o f gen er al l a ws or t o sp eci al i t er p o s it i on s o f Pr ovi den c e ; wh eth er w e r ead t h e facts

,
n

i n t h e l i gh t o f r eas on o r i n t h e b et t er l i gh t o f th e C r oss w e h ave i n ei t h er cas e a ,

.

m ar vell o u s s to r y o f p o w er a n d f w eak n ess o f fai th an d o f un b eli ef o f gl ory an d o f

o , ,

s h am e . Eth n ol ogy p sych o l o gy p h i l ol ogy th eol ogy all h ave a p r obl em i n t h e J ew ;

, , , ,

al on e am o n g t h e n at i o n s an d yet t h e m ean s b y wh i ch all ar e b ei n g gat h er ed i n t o o n e !

,

Th e D o ctor s t reat i s e t kes a p r etty wi de r an ge an d d i s cus s es w i t h m or e o r l ess

a ,

ful n ess a gr eat var i ety o f t o p i cs am on g wh i ch ar e t h e fo llo w i n gz J ewi s h L i ter atur e

, , ,

t h e Teach i n gs o f t h e Tal m ud S ayi n gs o f t h e R abbi s Bi bl i cal S tudi es th e Ten Tr ib es

, , , ,

M et ap hys i cal S ch o ol s R abb i n i c al C o d e o f Eth i cs th e S yn ago gue t h e D ay o f A t on e

, , ,

m en t , R es tor at i on o f I sr ael D em o n s Tr ad i t i on s an d F b l es P o et r y P o s i t i on i n
, ,
a , ,

S oc i ety S tum bl i n g bl o cks

,
&c -
I n s o m o f t h es e ch p t er s wi l l b e fou n d valu
, . e a

ab l e i n fo r m at i on t o b e h ad n o w h er e el s e an d i n o t h er s wh at c oul d b e h a d o n ly b y ,

th e p ur ch as e o f c o stly vo lum es t h e acqui s i t i on o f d i f cul t l an gu ges an d year s o f

,
a ,

l abo r i ous r es ear ch N o r do s i t o ften h a p p en t h at ei th er G er m an r Hebr ew succeeds

. e o

s o well i n p r es en t i n g h i s t h o u gh t s i n an En gl i s h d r ess Bu t th e l e r n ed D o ct or . a ,

t h ough en gaged c o n st an tly i n p r each i n g t o t h e G er m an s h as vi den tly b ee n a cl os e ,

e

s tuden t o f o u r l g u ge an a .

I t i s custo m ar y wi t h s o m c i t i s wh n c o m m en di n g a b o o k t o en d by ssur i n g
e r c e a

, ,

n o l ib r ar y i s c o m p l et e w i th o u t i t A s ev ery l i br ar y es p c i ally every

u s th at e

co m p l ete on e m us t c o n t i p o r b o ks as w ell as go o d o n es I w i ll n o t ur ge s o
.
,

,
a n o o ,

d o u b tful a p l ea b u t cl o s e b y
, p r ess i n g a w i s h t h at D r F r es h m an m ay n d a p u b
ex .

lish er t o b r i n g o u t h i s wo r k i n p r p r s t yl e an d n o t o n ly t h e W es ley n p eop le b u t o e ,

a ,

t h e p u b l i c at l ar ge m ay gi v e h is l i ter r y l b o r s th at en c o u r gem n t t o w h i ch t h ey
,
a a a e

a r e s o w ll e n t i t l ed
e .

I m your s t r uly a , ,

V i c to r i a C o ll ege A p r i l 21 1 8 69 , S S N EL L ES
,
. . . .
 R EC O M M EN D A T I ON S .

An un usual i n ter est h as b een felt i n th e r ecen t c on tr over sy con cer n i n g Chr i st
an d t h e Tal m u d ; an d i n th i s n ew wor k by D r F th e wh o l e m at ter i s d i s cuss ed wi th
. .

gt eat fu l n ess i n th e l i gh t o f a t h or ough acquai n t an ce wi th t h e Tal m ud an d al so o f

, ,

a cl ear s cr i p tur al kn owl edge o f C h r i s t i an i ty . Th is t o geth er wi th hi s d i scuss i on o f

,

t h e M et ap hys i cal syst em s an d Eth i cal Co des o f th e R abb i es wi ll p r ove a valuabl e

, , .

a c q u i s i t i on t o th e l ibr ar i es o f all r eader s an d o f m i n i s t er s i n p art i cul ar

, I n s h or t i t
.

would r equi r e a l en gthy r evi ew to p r es en t full} th e m er i ts an d cl aim s of th i s valuabl e

'

wor k I h op e i t m ay s p eedi ly n d i ts w ay i n t o th e l ibr ary o f ever y fam ily i n th e

. ,

lan d .

N o r d o es t h is wor k exh aus t D r Fr esh m an s p ur p os e o f s er vi ce i n th e cause o f

.

Ch r i st i an auth or sh i p . He h as i n a stat e o f fo rwar dn es s a com m en tar y o n d i fcul t

,

p ass ages o f t h e O ld an d N ew T est am en t wh i ch wh en p ubl i sh ed wi ll en r i ch ou r

, , ,

l ibr ar i es wi th a n ew an d s tan dar d work i n t h i s dep ar tm en t of Bibl i cal l i ter atur e

, , .

GEO R G E CO C HR A N .

Tor o n t o, J u n e 5th , 1 8 69 .
 C O N T E N T S .

P A GE .

P R EEF A C E v
v ii

R EC O MM EN D A TI O N S x iv

PA R T F I R S T .

C H A P T ER I

.

Tm : J Ew s P er secut i o n i ts el f ; th e J ews an exam p l eTh eir

d efeat s
in u en c e i n C o m m er ceP o etr yP h i l o s o p h yL i ter atur eR el i g
io n
J Ew s I N R O M E P er s ecut i o n s
B li f~A
.

MA R I TA N S Th eil i m o s i tiesU n it ed with

.

T HE S A

or ig n i e e n

J u d ea again st
J E W S I N S PA I N A N D FR A N CE E ar ly l
s ett em en t S u er in gs
'

J EW S IN IN D I A Em igr ati on t o M alab ar l n n n u n iti es I er s ecu ti o n

f
h

R li e
e n t er c o ur s e
I wi th Ho llan dO ccup at i o n D r Buch an an
s .

acc o un t

J EW S I N C H I N A D egr aded C on d iti on Bel i ef an d C u st o m s In s cr ip t i o n s

i n th eir S yn ago g ue 10
TH E S E C T O F T H E C HA S I D I M, I N TH E N O R T H o r EU R O P E 12
J EW S I N H U N GA R YF ugi tives fr o m o p p r ess i o n N um b er s O ccup ati on s

Educat i on R eligi o n 15
Es S E N EE s Habi ts D o ct r in es Ext in cti o n
.

17
H EL L E N I S TsR i s eKabb alis m S up er stiti o n s
.

P H A R I S EEC er em o n i es N am eTa l m u d i cal acc o u n t O f C l ass es

.

19
S a D D U CE Es
a

O r i gin H etr o do x yC ust o m s 20

TH E D I V I S I ON AN D D I S T I N C TI O N OF TH E L E A R N ED OF TH E 21
TH E CA R A I TE S Ext r em e L egal i sm M or a l ity -
N a arz i ti sm F un er al
R it es M et em p sych os is . 24
C H R I S TI A N J EW I S H S N
J h R
ac r s I R US S I A

J EH U D C H E B ER et ro e ch ab it es Phys i queA n t i p ath i esJ ewis h

C ust o m s G o vern m en t
ws C u r i o u s Tr aditi on s
.

F R EEMA S O N Y A M ON TH E S yn ago gu e in

R G n e

P r agu e M er an o s Tr aces o f Fr ee m as o n r y ~A lt N eu - 31

B
xvi ii C O N TEN TS .

GE

C HA P TER II .

TH E N A M ES OF A J Ew H e br ewIsr ael i tesJ ew O r igin an d Im p o r t

of t h es e N am es d en ed 85

C HA PTER III .

HEBR EW W O M EN P o lygam y t h o ugh p r act i ced w as di sco ur age dHigh

, ,

o s i t i o n ass i g ne d t o W o m an Betr o th alM ar r i age D iv o r c eM u

p
t u al duti es o f Husb an d an d W i feL o v e o f H eb r ew W o m en fo r th ei r
Ki n dr ed 36

CHA PTER I V
P O S I TI O N TH E J Ew s WER E AN D A R E S TI L L O CCU PYI N G IN S O C I ET Y 41

PA R T S EC O N D .

CHA
P TER I .

J U D A I S M In t er est o f th e 31i ect N 0 p eo p l e m or e sp o ken O i C o m m an d

th e att en t i o n o f th e wo r l d P r es en t gr eat var i et i es O f ch ar act er an d
s o c i a l s t atu s T h e T i m es q u o t ed Th e l i ttl e r ill i s s u in g i n th e m igh ty

r iv e r C er em o n i es an d cu s t o m s l s t th o s e o f th e wr it ten law c o n
, ,

t ai n i n g 613 c o m m an d m en t s ; 2n d th o se o f th e o r al law th e T al m u d
,

3r d th o s e cu st o m s wh i ch h ave ar i s en i n c o ur s e o f t i m eA ll agr ee
,
.

in t h e 1 s t an d 2n d b u t t h er e i s m uch d i ffer en c e i n t h e 3r d p ar t i e
u l ar C l as ses acco r di n g t o n at i o n al i tyM O der n C ar ait es F ew J ews
,

c o n ver s e i n th e Heb r ewO r i gi n o f th e M I S H N A an d TA L M U D

S u p er s titi o n s r egar d fo r d r eam s J u s t i c e i n d e al i n g en j o i n ed
C o ok i n g fo o dEat i n gKi ll i n g an i m al fo o dP hyl act er i es D ut i es
o f wo m en Th ir t een ar t i c l es o f J ewi sh b el i efM an n er o f m ak i n g

p r os e ly t es C ab al i s ti c m agi c J e w i sh Es ch at o l o gy 43 .

PT ER II C HA .

C O N F E S S I O N Tr ad it i o n s an d au th o r i ty o f th e R abb ie S U n ab l e n o w
t o k eep th e L aw o f M o s es Th e b i r t h o f a s o n C i r cu m c is i o n
Bi r th o f a d augh t er R e deem i n g th e r s t b o r n G en eal o gy l o s t -

T each i n g o f ch i l dr en Co ur tsh i p M ar r i age D i v o r ce S abb ath

an d i t s O b s er van c es
1 1
C0

C HA PT E R III .

M O D E R N C EL EB R A TI O N OF Th e F eas t o f W e eksTh e
TH E PA S S OV ER

N ew ye ar Th e D ay o f A t o n em en tI ts c er em o n i esTh e F east
-

o f T ab er n ac l es Th e F east O f D e d i cat i o n F eas t o f P ur im F east

Of th e d estr uct i on of th e t w o Tem p l es C er em o n ies fo r th e s i ck ,

65
 C O N TEN TS . x ix

PA G E

C HA PT ER IV .

S YN A G O G U ES O i
r ig n of S yn ago g ues A L wfu l
a A s s em b ly 72
A C A R A I TE P r ayer 72

C HA PT ER V .

TU N ES M U S I C, AN D M EL O D YM u s i c l e wh ich sur vi vesof th e Tem p

O b s cu r ity O f th e s u bj ect
,

N atu r e O f Heb r ew n o tat i o n C h ar act er o f

w

Heb r ew M e l o di esCh r i s ti an C h an ts ado p ted fr o m Tem p le M el o

di esS p ecim en s r educ ed t o m o d er n n o t at i o n 74

C HA PT ER V I .

A D O R A TI O N AN D P R A YE R A P r ayer of A d o r ati o n an d S u p p l i c at i o n 76
CO M M EN C E MEN T OF M O R N I N G P R A YE R . 81
S P EC I A L P R A YER F O R M O N D A YS A N D TH U R S D A YS 82
P R A YE R A N D CON EE S S I O N ON TH E D A Y OF A TON E M EN T
C L OS I N G P R A YER ON D A Y OF A TO N E M EN T . 90

CHA PTE R V II .

CON F I R M A TI O N C ER E M O N Y A s P R A C T I S E D A MO N G TH E R EP O R M E D J Ew s . 92

C HA PT ER V III .

D A Y OF A TO N E M EN T ~
l r ep ar at i o n R ep en t an ce
C on fessi o n -
Hum i l ia
t i on 94
A TO N E M EN TIn ter p r etatio n of P s al m s cx .
,
an d Is ai ah ix 6
. 97
IN TER PR ETA TI O N OF TH E 1 1 0 T H P S A L M BY TH E J EW S 98
TR A N S L A TI O N 0F ISA IA H ix . 6, BY TH E J E WS 98

C HA PT ER IX .

TH E J E WI S H C A L EN DAR Ti h iS r ep tem ber D ay o f A t o n e m en tF east

cl esM ar ch esn en Octo ber
s -

of Tab ern a K i sley N ov em ber F east

o f D ed i c ati on Tev et t O D ecem ber S h eb atJ a n u a r y
A dar F eb
w ar y F east o f P ur im N i san M ar ch P as so v er Eyor A p ril
S iv on M yF t a eas Of W e eks T an ru s t n G
G r eat F as tA b
J u lyG t F t D
r ea as fo r D estr u ct i o n of J er u s alem Elu lA gu s t
Bl
ay u

o w in g o f Tr um p et s . 99

C HA PT ER X .

C O MP U TA TI O N OE TI M ES AN D F E S TI V A L S C l br ati o n o f t h e N ew M o o n

e e

D ii cu lti es of J e ws r es i din g ou t Of Pal estin e Pr es en t o r der Of -

1 19
XX C O N TEN TS .

M E

C HA PT ER xi .

A S ER M O N ON TH E CR E A TI O N . 1 23

C HA PT ER XII .

D ED I CA TO R Y S ER M O N 129

C HA PT ER XIII .

A S ER M O N ON S A C R I F I C ES 143

C HA R T ER XI V .

A 1 49

CHA PT ER XV .

A F UN ER A L S ER MO N 1 55

PA R T TH I R D .

C HA PTER I .

J EW I S H L I TE R A T U R EI n gn or an c e o n th i s s ubj ect 159

C HA PT ER II .

L I T ER A R Y M EN A MON G TH E H EBR Ew sS t an dar d wor ks i n G er m an an d

F r en ch , b u t n ot in En gli sh M i sr ep r esen t at i o n s r es u l t i n g fr o m th i s
C on tr ibuti o n s of J ewi sh S ch o l ar s , of twel fth t o th e si xt een th c en

t ur y Bib l ic al L i ter atur eTh e R abb in i c al L an gu ageI ts fo r m a

to
t i o n an d r i ch n ess
.

M i staken id ea t h at th e J ews ar e ign o r an t o r ,

th at th eir l ear n in g i s a m er e c o ll e ct i o n o f fab l es L ike es t i m atin g

E n gl ish L it er atur e fr o m t h e st o r y o f J ack th e G i an t Ki ll er R ahhim
.

i ca l tr an s l at io n s o f A r is t o t l e P lato Euclid & c ~ O r igin al t r eat ies

, , , .
-

o n G r am m ar L o gi c M et ap h ys i c s an d th e v ar i o u s b r an ch es o f M ath e

m ath i es
, ,

Th e J ews for fo ur an d a h al f cen tur i es t h e m o st l ear n ed

- - -

m e n i n E u r o p e Ill u str i o u s exam p les . 161

C HA PT ER III .

T H E TA L M U D U se m ad e o f th e Talm u d in m o der n l it er ar y in vestigat i o n s

A u n iv er s al en deavo r t o gath er u sefu l th o ugh t fr o m ever y s o ur c e an d
a d i s p o s i ti o n t o ap p r ec i at e wh at i s go o d i n ev er y an ci en t wo r k
,

In
th i s S p i r it s tu dy th e Tal m u d S ec o n d h an d kn owl e dge o f an d r efer

-

e n c e t o th e Tal m u d Ign o r an c e an d m i s r ep r es en tati on o f th e wo r k

-
L ack o f a go o d In tr o d uctio n to th e wo r k Th e c en so r at -

Basl e A cr itical editi o n n ever co m p leted The Editi o Prin cep s -e-
 C O N T EN T S . xx i

In t er dict ion s burn i n gs & c o f the b o o kA n ecdo te o f C lem en t V

PA G E

Th e co n s cat i on in stigated by P feer Ko r n R euchli n c o m es i n t o

.
, , ,
.

'

R eu ch lin s fr i en ds
-

th e r es cu eTh e c o n test wh i ch en su ed It

r e s u l ts i n th e p r i n t i n g o f t h e r s t c o m p l et e edi ti o n o f th e wo r k at

V en i ce, A D 1 520 1 65
W H A T I s T H E TA L M U D l I t s wi d e exten t
. .

Th e t o p i cs p r o p o sed t o b e
tr eat ed A b o dy o f law I t c an b e b est j u dged by c o m p ar i son with
o th er b o di es o f law , es p eci a lly with th e J u stin ian c o d e Th e T al m u d
o r i gin at e s w ith th e r et ur n fr o m t h e Babyl o n i sh c ap t ivityCh an ge
whi ch t o o k p l ac e dur in g th e c ap ti vity L o ve o f th e S cr ip tur es
whi ch sp r u n g u p I ts exp o sition M i dr ash F o ur m eth o ds
P R D S Th e l it er al th e s uggestive th e h o m i l eti c th e
m ysti c al A n all ego r yTh e Tal m ud n o t a sys tem at i c c o deR ath er
, , ,

th e r es u lt o f i n t er m i n gl ed cur r en t s o f th o ugh t O n e l o gi c al t h e
o th er i m agin ativ eL o gi c m or e p r o m i n en t in s t ud y o f th e L aw
,

Im
agin at i on i n th at o f th e o th erp o r tion s o f t h e B ib l e Hal ach a an d
Haggada M i shn a an d G em ar aTh e d evel o p m en t o f th e O r al
L aw I t s d educt i o n s fr o m th e w r i tt en Th e S cr i b esThr ee p er i o ds
Th e S an h edr in an d s ch o o ls o f th e s eco n d p er i o dTh e t each er s
an d th ei r m et h o d Th e r i s e o f Ch r ist i an i t y Th e P h ar i seesTh e
M i shn a Hille lA k i b a J ehu daTh e co n ten ts o f th e M i shn a
-

Ch ar act er o f its l awsTh eir ad m in i s tr ati on C ap it al p un is h m en t

Th e G em ar as o f J er u s al em an d Babyl o n S i z e o f th e Babyl o n i an
Tal m u dC au s e o f t h e auth o r i ty an d p o p u l ar i ty o f t h e Talm u d
Th e l an gu age o f th e t h e T al m u dTh e Haggadah I ts u se t o th e
East er n m i n dA cc o un t o f th e cr eati o n A n gel sG o d s n am eTh e

s ou l R es u rr ecti o n an d i m m o r t ali ty
u
N o et er n al p un i sh m en t
1 73
S A YI N GS OF TH E TA L M U D S y ti cal h i st o r y of th e Talm ud M i shn a

n op , ,

an d G em ar a A cc o un t of th e auth o r s of th e Bib l e 204

C HA PTE R IV .

T EA C H I N GS OF TH E R A BEI Es C o n si stin g var io us p r o ver b s o r m o r a l

of

sa yin gs se e l ct ed fr o m th e t each i n gs o f th em o s t c el eb r at ed R abb i es o f

all ages 21 5

C HA PT ER V .

R A B BI N I C A L CO D E OF ci en ceTh e h igh est m ax i m o f m or al

ETH I CS Con s

law G o d s c o m m an d an d n o t ou r h ap p in es s th e m o ti ve t o vir t ue

S el f l o ve n o t en tir ely exclu d edTh e i n t er n al m oti v eT i m e o f its

ap p ear an c e M o r al p er fectio n n ite an d c ap ab l e o f in cr eas e D uty
o f advan c em en t Fr eewi ll
D g
e r e e s o f vir t u e Th er e ar e n o s m all


s in s N o i n sup er ab le bar r i er to r ep en t an ce D egr ees i n S im N o

m an p er fect D emon s Mer it n ot t r an sfer ab l e Mo r al j u dgm en t o f

-
xxii C O N TEN TS .

ur selvesC lass ic ati o n o f dut i esM an sh o ul d d o by h im s elf as

PA GE

God om c m an d s C o l
li s i o n o f d u t i es H o w d e ci d e d
~J u st i ce p r e
c ed es m er cyO n e s o w n d ues th o s e o f o th er s an d th e go o d o f the

24 7

C HA PTER V I .

Ex r m cr s FR O M R A BB I N I CA L e rN Gs Th e S p ir i tu al Bo dyThe
Isr aelit es at S i n aiJ o sh ua En o ch B m -
. R ibb i an d A n t on iu s 250

C HA PT ER V II .

KA BA L A A N D K A BA L I S TS Ter m d en edTw o cl ass es o f th e M ysti cal

S ch o o l P h i l o an d th e K ab al i sts A ge o f th e l att er sys t em I ts
d i al ect D ivi si o n s o f th e S c i en c eS tan dar d wo r ksA xio m sP au
th ei s m Th e J e tsl r a an d T o h ar 253

CHA PT ER V III .

TH E M ETA P H YS I CA L S C H O OL S or T HE J a w s, A N C I EN T A N D M O D ER N
S ec I -
P r ecedi n g M a i m on i des Th e Bib l e n o t m at ap hys ic al O i
r ig n

vi lF r ee will Th e Talm udM er c ab aA llegor i cal ch ar act er s

. .

of e -

o f R abb in i c al l i t e r at ur e Th e C ar ai tes P r o gr ess o f m et ap hys i c s

am o n g th e R abb i n i t es S aad i a b en J o s ep hTh e Bo o k o f C r eed s
Th e s ch o o l at C or do va S o l o m o n b en G ab r i el -
Th e F on s V i tae
Bahya b en J o s ep hJ u d a h a L evi an d b o o k K h o zar i D ier en ces
'

b etween th eo l o gy an d p h i lo s op h y an d att em p ts at r econ c i l i at i on

M aim on i des M or e N ev o chim
,

P r o h i bit i o n an d bur n in g o f h i s
wo r k 254
S EC II
. . S u bsequ en t to M ai m o mld es F abu l o u s acco un ts o f th e K ab al a
Yet sir a an d Zo h ar D at e c f t h e Zo h ar C o n t en ts o f th e b o o ks
Th e or i es o f th e o r igi n o f evilC ab ali st i c th eo r yTh e m an i fes t ati o n
o f G o dTh eo r i es o f em an ati o n R e m ar ks o n t hi s s yst em an d c o m

p a r i so n w i th o th er s y s t em s o f p h i l o s o p h y N e o p l at o n i s ts an d
G n o sti c sTh e C ab al a an d Ch r istian i tyS h em J oh J u d ai a P en in i
J o s ep h I bn C asp iM ar t er L eon M o s es b en Jo s ep h A hr o n b en
E l i as th e C ar ait eD ecay o f P er i p at etc i sm J o s ep h A lb oA b r a
h am Bib ago J o s ep h b en S h em J ob E l i as d el M e d i go Ex p u l
,

s i on o f t h e J ews fr o m S ain A b r ah am an d hi s s on L eo Th e D i a
p
lo gu es o f L o v eC l o s e o f th e h i st o r y o f J ewi s h m et ap h ys i cs wi th
th e si xt een th c en tur y M o d er n p hi l os op h er s n o t p ecu li ar ly Heb r ew . 26 4

C HA PTER IX .

W or ms o r M A I MO N I D ES T AL M U D I CA L F er H am i sh u r ah M is hn a
ush ,

S
.

Tech yath Ham ethim

To r ah ep h er H am ti sr o tt aa m ar C om -

m en tar y on the G am m a Q u estio n s an d an sw er s 28 8

xxiv C ON TEN TS .

PA G E

C HA PT ER IV .

T HE S TA T E O F HEB R EW L A N G U A G E I N O U R D A YR ev ival o f He
TH E

br ew as a livi n g ton gueBo o ks p er i o di cal s an d n ewsp ap er s C o m

,

p ar i s o n o f H eb r ew w i th c l a ss i c s O bj ect i o n s by p er s o n s d ec i en t in
kn owledge o f Hebr ewM o d er n wo r ks i n p ur e Bi b l ical H ebr ew o n
gen er al an d secu l ar s ubj ect s .
330

C HA PT ER V .

A N EW M ET HO D or L E A R N I N G To R EA D HE BR E W ~
Hebr e w -
R eadin g . 334

C HA PT ER V I

C l b
.

J E W I S H TEA C H ER S or C H R I S TI A N S T U D EN TS r at ed th eo l o gian
ch o l ar s w h o wer e i n str uct ed b y J ewi sh t each er s
e e s

an d s ~P r o fess o r s in
S ch o o l s an d U n i v er s i t i es an d L ear n ed m en o f th e p r es en t d ay
, Pr e
j u di c e agai n s t th e J ews 336

P A R T F I FTH .

C HA PT ER I .

M I S C EL L A N EO US A D D EN D A G en er a l R em ar ks u p o n S un dr y p r acti c es
an d b el i efs of th e J ews 339
M EN TI O N OE C H R I sr
s N A M E IN A BL A S P H E M O U S M A N N ER IN T HE

TA L M U D AN D R A BBI N I OA L W R I TI N G S

CHA PTER II .

C ER TA I N P EO UL I A R I TI ES O F THE J EWI S H R A CE Th e J ews ar e fo un d

in l an dsA r e i m p er fectly un der st o o dA ar o n i c des cen t h o w
all

as c er tai n e d S tat i s t i c s o f J ewish p o p ul at i o n

,

L an guage an d L i t er
atu r e Phys ic al p eculi ar i ti es 8 45
C O MP A R A TI V E TA B L E O F M O R TA L I TY A M O N G J Ew s A N D G EN TI L Es 351

CHA PT ER III .

TEMP L E AN D HA L F S E EK EL L yalty of th e J ws to th e Tem p l e at

o e

J er u salem Th e Half S h ekel Th e F al ash as of A b yssin i a 353

C HA PT ER IV .

J EW I sH M O N EY 359

C HA PT ER V .

THE G O L D EN V EsS EL s o n T HE T EMP L E W her e th ey ar e . . 360

 C O N T EN TS . XXV

C HA PTER V I .

TH E HI G H PR I ES T s I m p er fect i o n of th e G en ea o g l i c al R i
eg s t er s L i sts
of N am es s o far as c
as e r t a n e d i

C HA PTE R V II .

D O CT O R S or D I V I N I TY D i p l o m as
S t at u s u
an d P o wer s of R a bb i s i n d if
fer en t a ges .

C HA PT ER V III .

S CH O O L S J e w i sh z eal i n t h e p r o m o t i on o f l e ar n i n g V er n a cu l ar of th e

p eo p le i n th e t i m e o f C hr ist
G r e ek p r o h ib i t e d fo r s ac r e d p ur p o s es

S tr i ctur es o n L igh t fo o t . 3 56

C HA PT ER IX .

M ED I CI N E AN D C HI R U R GER YP h y s i ci a n s am o n gst t h e H eb r ews M o des

o f t r e at i n g th e s i ckD i s ea se s i
m en t o n e d i n S cr i p t u r e

C HA PT ER X .

TH E L OS T TE N T R I E ES C on
i c t i n g O p i n i o n s C ur i o u s S to r i e s b y D er
v is k os an d Tr av eller s e p o r t at i o n s fr o m I s r ael F at e o f t h e Ex i l e d

Is r ael i tes L o cal it i es o f th e C ap t i ves o f J u d ah Th e i r fat e A cco un t

o f th e T e n T r i b es i n Es d ar s In d i an s o f A m er i c a s up p o s e d t o b e

p a t
r
o f th e L o s t T e n T r i b e s O th er C o n j ec tu r e s 575

C HA PT ER XI .

D E M ON S A N D E V I L S PI R I TS O p in i o n s o f th e h eat h en o n Evi l S p i r i t s

V i ews h e l d b y th e R efo r m e d J e w eD o ct r i n e s t au gh t by o r t h o do x

C HA PT ER XI I .

TR A D I TI O N OF TH E J EW S Th e u n wr i tt en L aw T h e M o d e o f i ts Tr an s

i
m s si o n M ak i n g a H e dge fo r th e L aw D ivi si o n s o f th e 8 92

C HA PT ER X I I I .

A BS U R D L E G EN DS A N D S T O R I ES

CHA PTER XI V .

J UD A IS M N OT BO R R O WE D F R O M THE E G YP T I A N S 397

C HA PTER XV .

TH E P R A YE R 39 9

C
 N TS
(30 N T TE .

PA RT S I XTH .

C HA PT ER I .

FA L S E C HR I s Ts A cc u o n ts of fal s e Ch r i st s w h o h av e i
ar s en , A D 114 . . to
A . 1 8 62In v o l ves t h e p r i n
D . ci p le of the c eas el es s e xp ectat i o n of

M es s i ah G en er al r e m ar ks .

C HA P TE R II .

O F F I C ES T I T L ES TH E M ES S I A H TA U G I I T IN R A E E I N I C A I.
'

A N D or A s

C HA PT ER III .

HO W TH E F I FT Y T H I R
-
D C HA PT E R OE ISA IA H IS EXPL A I N ED A MON G TH E

J Ew s 409
D ES C R I r T I O N OF T HE S U F EE R I N G S or IS R A EL BY TH E K I N GS

IS A I A H
l iii 4 12
TH E C A U S E OF TH E S U F F ER I N G S A S THE K IN IS W ILL C ON CEI V E I T 412
T HE P R O PHET S
D E F EN C E OF TH E J U S TI C E OF PR O V I D EN CE

C HA PTE R IV .

D ID C HR IST BO R R O W F R O M TH E R A B BI ES -
bb i n i ca l
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wr i t i n gs i n exp l ai n i n g th e N ew T es t a m e n t S ev er al i ll us tr at iv e
e x am p l es N o t e o n C h r is t s r e l a t i o n t o t r u th O ld a n d n e w

,
4 15

C HA PT ER V

Tm e MO N Y CON CER N I N G J ES U S FR O M A R E F O R M ED R A BBI

C HA PT ER V I .

ISR A EL s

S TU MBL I N G BL O C K
-
S 427

C HA PT ER V II .

U F F E R I N G S O F T H E J E w s S u e r i n gs i n th e O l d en t i m e I n Br i t ain

S
O n t h e C o n t i n en t o f Eur o p eF r o m t h e w i ck e d n es s o f t h e i r o w n
eo p le O u a cc o un t o f fal s e M e s s i ah s A cc o u n t e d fo r fr o m t h e W O R D
p
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D awn of a b ett er d ay -
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CHA PT ER V I II .

T HE R IS

ES T O R A T I O N or R AEL .
4 53

C ON CL U S IO N 4 55
 HA J EHUDI M A N D MI K V EH I S RA EL
-
.

PA RT F I R S T .

T HE J EW I S H PEOPL E AN D T HEI R C US T OM S .

C HA PT ER I .

TH E J EW S .

P ER S EC U T I O N d efeat s i ts elf th e J ews an ex am p l e Th ei r i n fluen ce i n C o m m er ce,
P oet r y Ph i l os o p h y L i ter atur e R el i gi o n J Ew s I N R O E P er secut i o n s

M

.

S A M A R I I A N S T h ei r o r i gi n Bel i ef A n i m o s i ti es U n i t ed w i th J udea agai n s t

.

'

J E W S I N S PA I N A N D F R A N C E Ear ly s et tl e m en t S u er i n gs J EW S

R om e

Em i gr at i o n t o M al ab ar l m m u n i ti es P er s ecut i on R el i ef I n t er
. .

I N IN D IA

cours e wi th Ho llan d ~Occup at i o n D r Buchan an s accoun t J EW S I N C H I N A

D egr ad ed C o n di ti o n ~Beli ef an d Cus t o m s I n s c r i p t i o n s i n th ei r S yn ago gue
. .

J E W S I N H U N G A R Y Fugi t i ves fr o m o p p r ess i on N u m b er s O ccup at i o n s E lu

cati o n R el i gi o n Es s EN EEs H abi t s D o ct r i n esEx t i n c ti o n HE L L E N I S T S
K abb al i s m S u er s t i t i o n s
.

R is e p P H A R I S EES C er em o n i es N am e Talm u di

.

c a l a c co un t o f C l as s es S A D D U C EE S O r i gi n Het r o do x y Cus to m s S CR I BE S

.

lt s success i o n T he S an h ed r i m
.

O r a1 L aw F en ci n g th e L aw P r ayer s

m
.

C A R A I I F s E x tr em e L egali s m ~ M or al i ty N azar i ti s m Fun er al R i tes ~ M et em

'
- -

p syc h o si s H I S T O R Y O F C H R I S T I A N J EW I S H S E C T S I N R U S S I A J E H U D C H E BER
Ph ys i qu e ~ A n t ip ath ies J ew i s h Cu s to m sG o ver n m en t
. .

J eth r o R ech a b i tes

.

F R EE M A S O N R Y Cu r i ou s Tr a d i t i o n s S y n ago gu e i n Pr ague
H
M er an o s Tr aces
o f Fr eem as on ry A lt N eu -
.

TH E J E WS .

I n l o o ki n g o ver th e hi st o r y o f th e h u m a n r a c e fo r t h e l ast eigh t een

h un d r ed y ear s ; w e h a v e i n v ar i ab ly fo u n d t h at p er s e cut i o n an d o p p r es
s i o n h a v e r e c o i l e d u p o n t h e m s e l v es W h e n t h e C a th o l i c s em p lo y e d r e
.

a n d s w o r d t o r o o t o u t P r o t es ta n t i s m w er e n o t s o m e o f t h e r s t m en
,

t h e wo r l d e v er p r o d uc e d th e P r o te s t an t m ar tyr s 2 A ga i n w h en P r o t e s ,

t a n is m gai n ed t h e u p p e r h a n d , a n d er c e ly p e r s e cut ed C at h o l i c i s m w er e ,

n o t t h e c l ev e r es t a n d m o s t l e ar n e d m en t ha t fa i th h as ev e r br o u h t fo r t h
g
t h e m ar tyr s ? \V h er e i s t h er e a r a c e o r b o dy o f m e n w h o h av e b een so

p e r sev er in gly pur su ed t o des t r uct i o n a s t h e I s r a el it es ? F o r e ight e en

c e n t u r i e s i n a ll p a r t s O f t h e w o r l d a n
,
I s r a e l i t e h a s b e e n l o o k ed u p o n a s
,

u n c l e a n as a t h i n
a c r i m in a l a s s o m et hi n
g g t o b e t r a m p l e d o n r o bb ed
-h

, ,

k i ck ed an d des p i s ed Yet wh e n (lid t h at r a c e s ta n d h igh er than at

.
,

p r esen t i W h en d id w e ev er b efo r e n d a s m an y O f t h e b r i gh te s t
o r n am en t s o f t h e fin an c ia l t h e m e r c an t i l e t h e l i te r ar y t h e m u s i c a l a n d
, , , ,

t h e dr a m ati c w o r l d t o b e I s r a el i t es

2
2 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

Th e wor l d p s M am m o n as z eal o u s ly an d as en ti r ely

t o day
-
w o r sh i

a s i t o u gh t t o w o r s h i p G o d an d t h e v er y h i gh p r i es t o f t hi s r el igi o n , ,

t h e n an c i er o f t h e w o r l d w h o h o l ds p ea c e an d w a r i n h i s h an ds at
, ,

who s e fr o wn em per o r s qu ak e kin gs t r em b l e an d r epub l i cs m ain tain , ,

ea c e i s a n I s r ael i t e I n l i t er a t u r e t h e H ebr ew e l em en t i s s t i ll m o r e
p ,
.
,

e D I sr aels th e el der i m m o r t al t h r o u gh hi s C u r i os i t i e s

p r o m i n en t Th .

o f L i t e r at u r e an d t h e y o u n er a n o v el i s t o f t h e r s t c l a ss an d th e
, g , ,

leader o f t h e p r o tec ti on i s t p ar t y o f th e Br it is h C o m m o n s ar e a l o n e '

,

s u fc i en t e x am p l e I n t he; m u s i c al a n d dr am at i c w o r l d R a ch el t h e
.
,

q u een o f t r agedy J u li an a th e m at ch l es s can t atr i c e M ar i o t h e gr eat , ,

t en o r ; R o s s i n i M en de l ssoh n an d M ey er b eer t h e c o m p o ser s an d H en r y

, , ,

H ein e t h e c r it i c p o et an d ph i l oso ph er a r e b u t a p or tio n o f t h e

, , ,

i ll u s tr i o u s ll e b r e w l i st-

V er i ly t h e I s r ael i t e i s o u t l iv i n g p er s e cu t i o n a n d t h e w o r l d s s c or n
,
.

H u n t ed up an d do wn t h e ear t h th es e m an y c en t u r i es p a st an d h el d ,

oo d p r ey fo r t h e C h r i s ti an i all t h e c i v i l i z e d wo r l d h e i s a t l en t h
g n
g ,

r ed eem i n g hi s s t at u s i n t h e h u m an fam i ly an d en t er i n g i n t o t h e c o u n c i l s ,

a n d c o n s ider at i o n o f n at i on s I n En glan d w h er e t w o c en t u r i es ago i t w a s

.
, ,

h ar dly a m i s dem ean o r t o p lu n d er hi m 5 h e i s n o w a m em b er o f t h e H o u se

o f C o m m o n s an d w as L o r d M ay o r o f L o n d o n
,
I n Pa r i s S t P et er s bu r g .
,
.
,

I o n do n H am bu r g an d M adr i d h e i s t h e m o n ar ch o f t h e exc h an ge
, , ,
W e .

do n o t s h r i nk fr o m c o n t a ct w it h him as o f o ld I n s p it e o f hi s i r o n ,
.

c r ee d h e C h r i st i an iz es o r at l eas t h u m an iz es u n der t h e
, , gen i a l i n uen c es ,

of a t o l er an t a
ge .

Th e I s r ael i tes a l ways h a v e b een a r eligi o u s p e o p l e a n d w ha te v er ,

t h ey p r o tt e d i n s ci en c e an d ar t w as t r an s p l an t ed b y t h em i n to th e ,

p r o v i n c e o f r el i gi on S o wh en t h e r s t h ar p o f I s r ae l r es o u n ded up o n
.
,

fo r eign s o i l r st aft er t h e l as t p s a l m i st t o uch ed t h e c o r ds o f J u dah s div i n e

,

lyr e h y m n s s ub l im e an d sa cr ed o w fr o m t h e li p s O f G ab r i el A b it u r ,
, ,

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, , ,

s an g t he p r a i s e o f th ei r M a k er i n i n s p i r ed l ays t h e m i s s io n an d ,

s u ffer i n gs o f I sr ael th e r eat n es s a n d h o l in es s o f G o d s s ac r ed w o r ds

g , ,

a n d a h u n dr ed o t h er t h e m es i n ei th er t h e A r a bi c o r H eb r ew t on
gu e
,
.

P o esy i s t h e m o r n in g daw n 3 t he j uv en i l e ep o ch o f phi l oso ph y an d

c r it i ci s m t h ei r j o v i a l c o m p an i o n
, an d t h ei r l as t an d l o n ges t r e e ch o
,
.

"
S o i t w a s a l so a m o n g t h eir an c es t o r s i n t h e A r abi c E m p ir es
, , P o esy ,
.
,

p hi l os o p hy an d c r i t i c i sm w er e r i v et t ed b y dia m o n d ti es an d t h e b ri lli an t ,

s tar s o n t he h o r i z o n o f p o et r y a r e a l s o t h e r eat l u m in ar i es i n t h e t em p l e
g
o f ph ilo so p hy a n d c r it i c i s m A s i n p oes y s o i n s c ien c e t h e I s r ael i t es
.
, ,

p r o v ed t o b e a r el igio u s p eo p le I h ei r an ci en t s cho lars di r ected t heir .

'
 T H E J EW S . 3

a tt en tio n p r i n cip ally their r eligi o u s l i ter at ur e W hi l e o n e c l ass o f

to .

s ch o l ar s w a s en age d i n H eb r ew gr a m m ar l exi c ogr aphy an d ph i l o l ogy

g , ,

a n o t h er c l as s s t u d i ed t h e Bi bl e w i t h t h e r es u l t s o f t h e fo r m e r b y t h e ,

do ub l e l igh t o f n a t i o n al t r adi t io n s an d t h e p r ed o m i n atin g s y s t em s o f

p h i l o s o ph y a n d l eft t o p o ster i ty t h ei r i m m o r ta l co m m en tar ies A n o t h er
,
.

c l as s o f t h ei r s c h o l ar s w e r e e n a e d i n t h e s am e w a
g g y w i th i n ves tigat i o n s
,

i n t o t h e T a l m u d an d t h e r est o f o u r n at i o n a l l i t er at u r e an d l ab o r e d
, ,

Wit h t h e s am e h app y r es u l t W hi l e a gai n o n e c l ass w as busy t o ab s tr a ct

.

t h e m o r a l a n d r el igi o u s t h eo r i es o f t h e Bi b l e an d t h ei r ,
n at i o n a l

li ter a t u r e an d s h ap e t h em s ys te
,
m at i c ally a cc o r d i n g t o t h e t h en s t at e o f
,

p h i l o s o p h y ; a n o th er c la ss co m par ed t h es e r esu l t s w it h t he do gm as o f
G r ec i a n p hi lo s o p h y an d atte m p t ed t o h ar m o n i z e t h e m b o t h
,
.

T h ese ut lin es o f t h e m en t a l an d l it er ar y a c ti vi ty o f o u r
fa i n t o

a n c es t o r s i n t h e A r ab i c em p i r es a n d c hi e y i n S p ai n
,
w i ll en a b l e yo u t o
,

fo r m a c o r r ect j u dgm en t o f t h ei r l it er a r y p r o d uct i o n s C o m p ar i n g t h em

.

t o H eb r e w s ch o l a r s i n C h r i st i an E m p i r es i t m u st b e a d m i tt e d w hi l e t h e
, ,

fo r m er h as t w o gu ide s t r a di t i o n a n d p h i l o s o ph yt h e l at t er h ad bu t o n e
t r a d it i o n h en c e t h e fo r m er l ab o r ed fo r I s r ael an d m an ki n d at l ar ge
, ,

w hi l e t h e l a tt e r w o r k e d a l m o s t e xc l u s i v e ly fo r t h ei r p e o p l e b e in g e xc l u ded ,

fr o m t h e r est o f m en b y u n j u s t m an dat es Bu t t h es e t w o c las s es of

.

s c h o l ar s di d n o t r em ain l on g s ep ar at e fr o m ea ch o th er Th e H eb r ew .

m e r ch an t br o u ght n o t o n ly t h e p r o duct s o f o n e c o u n t r y t o t h e o t h er he
w a s a l s o t h e v e hi c l e t o t h e e xc h an ge o f t h e I lleas m an u s c r i p t s an d , ,

n ally a l s o t he b o o k s o f differ en t l a n d s an d c l i m es an d t h e s ch o l ar s o f
, , ,

e i t her l a n d w er e b en e tt ed b y t h e l a bo r s o f t h o s e o f o t h er c o u n t r i es an d ,

t h e I sr ael it e w as a l w a ys i n c l i n ed t o l ear n .

Th e Hebr ew ch o l ar s wr o te i n H ebr e w an d thi s w as a s a cr ed l an gu age

s ,

t o whi ch t h e p r ej u d ic es o f t h e p r i es t s h ad n o o bj ect i o n an d w hi ch w a s ,

m o r e a cc es si b l e t o t h em t h an an y o th er l a n guage e xc ep t t h ei r o w n an d

,

s o an h
o t e r p o p es y
r h w a s f
u l ll e d A n d th e n at i o n s w i ll go t o t hy

light an d t h e k in gs t o t h e l u s tr e o f t hy su n 3 an d a l so t his f I G o d
,

, ,

h av e c a ll ed t h ee i n j u s t i c e an d h a v e t ak en t hee b y th e h an d a n d h av e
, ,

fo r m ed th ee a n d set t hee t o a c o v en an t o f t h e p eo p l e t o a l igh t o f t h e

, ,

n ati o n s t o o p en t he ey es o f t h e b l i n d 3 t o b r i n g o u t t h e c ap t i v e fr o m

t h e d u n geon an d t h o s e w h o si t i n dar k n e ss fr o m t h e h o u s e o f p r i s o n
, , .

N o t w it h s t an d in g t h e V i gil an c e an d s ev er i ty o f R o m e s s er v an ts t h e n ew ,

lit er at u r e o f t h e H eb r e ws w as s tu di e d an d L at in t r an s l at i o n s w er e fu r
,

n i s h e d at an ear ly d a t e b y t h e u n t e r r i e d fr i en d s o f s c i e n c e in t he ,

C l o i s ter s an d o u t s ide o f t h e m a n d t h e r el igi o u s v i e w s o f t h e a e u n der

g
w en t a r e v o l u t i o n t o whi ch H eb r e w l i t er at u r e h ad gi v en t h e i m pu l se
,
4 HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

an d t he s ub s tan ce ,
t he b o ok s an d t h e t ea ch er s . I f an y c r edi t i s du e to
t he R efo r m a ti o n i n t h e h i s to r y l ar ge am o un t o f i t m ay j u st ly
o f r el i gi on ,
a

b e c l ai m ed b y t h e H eb r e w s c h o lar s fo r m o s t e v er y gr eat m an o f t h at
,

a ge h a d H eb r e w t e ach e r s 3 an d S c h u d t t hi s gr eat e n em y o f I s r a el t e l ls
, ,

u s t h at M ar ti n L u t h er hi m s elf h ad s e v e r a l H eb r ew t ea c h er s Th e .

t :a n s la t i o n o f t h e Bi bl e b y M a r t i n L u th er gi v es abu n da n t ev i den c e t hat ,

t h e R efo r m at i o n w as a c o n s eq uen c e an d t h e H eb r e w l i ter at u r e o f t h e

,

M edi aev a l ages w as t h e ca u s e t h er eo f .

TH E JE WS IN R O ME .

Th e C h r i s t ian C l er gy i n t he R u n c eas i n gly t o

o m an S t a te s t r i ed
c on v er t t h e J ew s t o C h r i s tia n i ty an d a s t h ey c o u l d n o t get h o l d o f
, ,

t h ei r s o u l s i n s p i te o f a ll t h e ir t r o ub l es t h e y t o o k r e v e n ge o n t h ei r ,

p oo r b o dies T heo do r i c h K i n g o f t h e Ea st G o th s w h o t o o k p o s s essi o n

.
, ,

o f all I t aly a ft er t h e d ea t h o f O d o a k er sh o w e d gr eat w i s d o m ,

in
s u st ai n i n g h i s p o w er i n m at te r s o f t h e C h u r c h A b o v e a ll h e d i s l i k e d .
,

t h e ch an gi n g o f r e l i gi o n H i s s u cc ess o r T heo dat w as a l so v e r y

.
, , , ,

t o l er an t . Th e J e w s a ck n o w l e dge d t h i s fu lly a n d p r o v ed t h ei r de l i t y ,

t o h i m a t t h e t i m e w h e n J u st i n i a n war r ed agai n st t h e E as t G o t hs .

T hey h ad t ak en p o s ses s io n o f t h e u p p er p ar t o f th e C i ty o f N ap les .

\V h en Be l i s ar i u s t h e G e n er a l o f J u st i n i an
,
w i th h i s s o l di e r s h a d , ,

s t o r m e d t h e lo w e r p ar t o f t h e C ity a n d h el d i t t h e J e w s k e p t t h ei r
, ,

o w n t i ll t h ey s uccu m b e d t o s up e r i o r i t y o f n u m b e r s Bel i s ar i u s a d m i r ed .

s uch d el i t y a n d r e c o m m en d e d hi s s o l die r s t o t r e at t h e m l e n ien t ly

, bu t ,

o n ly a ft e r gr e at l a b o r w a s h e a bl e t o u t a s to t o t h e c a r n a e o f hi s
p p g
t r oop s .
Q u i te d iffe r n t w a s J u s t in i a n
e H e o p p r ess ed a n d p er s e cu t ed
.

t h e m t r eat e d t h em as h er e ti c s a n d r o bb e d th em o f t h e ir a c q ui r ed
r i ght s an d p o s ses s i o n s T hu s h e c o m m an ded t h e m t o k eep t h e
.
,

Pa ss o ve r o n th e day o f t h e C hr is t ian Ea s t er H e d ec l ar e d t hat n o J e w .

c o u l d b e a w it n es s aga i n s t a n y C hr is t ian p r o n o u n c e d t h eir t es ta m e n t s

of n o v a l u e a n d fo r bade t he A fr ic an J e rs t he ex e r ci s e o f t h ei r a

r e l igi o n ,a n d t h e o t h e r I s r ae l i t es t o e duc a t e th ei r li tt l e ch i l d r en i n the

fa it h o f th e i r fo r e fat he r s Bu t a s u s u a l a ll t ho s e de cr ees fo r t h e
.
, ,

e x t i n c ti ) n o f t h e H eb r ew r e l i i o n m i s s e d t h e ir ai m
g .

TH E SA MA R I TA N S .

'

u st i n i an s s ever e
J t r ea t m en t of t he I s r ael ites w as th e c a u se o f a
gen er al r i s in g o f t h em i n C ze s ar c a . T he S a m a r i t a n s u n i t ed w i t h t h em ,
6 HA
J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

of circu m stances Thus t h e Judais m o f the C h u taei w as for itsel f t h e

.
, ,

cau se and the Judais m of the rea l I srae l ites cou l d not am al gam ate w i th
,

differences .

This ght betw een Sam ari tans and I srae l ites rose to the highes t
pitch of ani m osity w hen the l atter sho w ed their zeal to take part w ith
, ,

a ll their strength i n the r e bui l ding of the second te m p l e at Jerusal em

, ,

but w ere decided ly and strenuous ly refu sed b y the Sam aritan s I n .

conse q uence thereof a cer tai n M anasse son i n ,

law of S am b ela t a ,
-

c ap tain o f the C h u t aei and very hosti l e t o the I srae l ites bui lt for t he
, ,

C h u taei another te m p l e sim i l ar to tha t o f Jerusal e m on M o u nt G er i si m

, , ,

n o t far fro m the cit y o f Scheche m Nab us to w hich to w n then

( l ) t he , , ,

m ost o f the Sa m aritans e m igrated and this sea l ed the separation for all ,

eternity .

The Sa m aritans n o w l ive entirely to the m sel ves and t h u s m i sgu dg ,

m ents and scanda l i z ing had fu ll p l a y from both parties The I sr aelties .

not on ly denoun c ed th e re l i gion o f the Sa m aritans as a coun terfeit one ,

but raised against them the cry of ido l atry Som e w ou l d have seen that .

there w a s put u p o n M ount G er is i m an i m age in the for m of a dove to , ,

w hic h t he y paid di v ine ho m age ; the I srae l ites had raised and rom u l
p
gated t h e m axim that the C hu t ee i shou ld be t reated in a ll points l ike
,

i do l aters a l though even the Tal m ud had to ackn o w l edge that th e

,

Sam aritans kept those l a w s w hich they had adopted fro m the I sra e l ites ; ,

m ore strict ly and m ore con cien t ious ly than the I s rae l ites t he m se l ve s
s .

Notw it h standing this the Sam aritans never ceased to ackno w l edge the m
,

se l ves the pure I srae l ites and to a ccuse t h e I srae l ites of having fal sied
,

the Bib l e The y a frm ed t hat the pure w orshi p w a s on ly in the Tem p l e
.

on M ount G er i s im w hose a l tar w as bui l t fro m stones o u t o f the river

,

Jordan but not in Jerusal em and cited as proof D en t 27 c 4 v Hatred

, , . . .

rose fro m day to day and fro m m ere spi t e the I srae lites excl u ded

,

Sa m aria fro the Ho ly Land Sirach said

m T w o kinds o f peop l e I .
,

dis l ike f o m all m y heart but t h e third I hate as none else the Sa m ari
r
, ,
'

tans th e Phi l istines and the craz y m o t of Sheche m
, , H yr kan con quered .

the m to am a l ga m ate t he m w ith the I srael ites took Schechem an d

, ,

destroy ed their tem p l e H yr kan s ideas w ere n o t fu l ll ed but anim osity

.

and d i vi s i on i ncreased Both par ties evaded each o ther l ike p lague
.

ridden and troub l e d one another l n a ll possib l e m anners even aft er

, ,

Herodes had their city rebui l t the m e m ory o f their l ost tem p l e w h ich , ,

never rose again ll ed their hearts w it h bitterness and rage

, .

Bu t a chan ge ca m e under t h e further d o m inio n o f R o m e D uring .

the m any w ars o f R o m e against Judea w ho never p asse d through t h e ,

 TH E J EW S IN S PA I N AN D FR AN C E .
7

lan d o f the Sam aritans w ithout inicting a great dea l o f inj u r y th e ,

heart o f the Sam aritans l eft the R o m an side and incl in ed to the I srae l
ites I n the Hebre w R o m an w ar the y m ade co m m on cause w ith th e
.
-

I srae l ites an d fought brave ly and heroica lly Henceforth they had t o
,
.

s hare the fate o f t h e I srae l ites ; y ea often they fared w orse A t th e , .

ti m e o f the E m peror A ntonin the Pious the I srae l it es received fr o m ,

tim e to ti m e certain favors but to the Sa m aritans even the rite o f

,

circum cision w as forbidden U nder the E m peror Yeno A D 4 90

.
, . .
,

the y l aid c l a im to severa l C hristian churches but the y had to pay for it ,

w ith the l oss o f their m ountain w here a Chr istian church w a s erected
, ,

w hich w a s destro y ed again under A nastasi u s b y so m e Sam aritan w o m e n , .

The gui l ty ones w ere severe ly punished b y the governor o f Nab l os

'

W hen the I srae l ites w ere severe ly treated under J ustinian t h e ,

S am aritans m ade co m m on cause w ith them m urdered a great m an y ,

Christians under the head of their o w n King Ju lian u s devastate d t h e l an d , ,

and ki ll ed t h e governor in his o w n pa l ace A s soon as the Em pero r .

Justinian got new s o f this rebe ll ion m easures w ere taken to suppress it , .

The chief rebe l s w ere ki ll ed t h e other Sam aritans had either to q u it the
,

country o r in order to save their propert y e m brace Christianity w hich

, , , ,

- a great m an y did Thus ends their histor y about the y ear 5 7 5

. .

T H E J EW S I N SP A I N A N D FR AN C E .

in the rst centuries after C hrist the Jew s in Spain w ere

Even ,

a l read y so nu m erous and po w erfu l that th e Chris t ian c l erg y feared t h e

, ,

w ho le country w ou l d turn J e w A ccording to do u btfu l m e m oria l s ,

.

there w ere Je w s a l read y in Spain at the ti m e o f King So l o m on b u t it ,

i s m ore probab l e that the y i m m igrated about 1 0 0 y ears A

, C fro m . .

A frica to the P y renic penins u l a w here the y soon gre w in nu m bers an d

,

im portance But this w e ll to do is m begat e n v y and hatred and thus it

.
- -

c a m e that a l read y the S y no d o f E lib er i s an o l d Spanish cit y A D

, ( 3 0 0 ,
. .

to issued the e dict that henceforth no C hristian far m er m ay e m p l oy

Jew s as husband m en They a l so forbade c l ergy and l aity kee ping c o m
.

pan y o r t o inter m arry w ith the Je w s a s there is no do u bt that at that

,

tim e a great m an y Christians l eaned to w ards Judais m A few centurie s .

l ater in the y ear 58 2 the third counci l fo u nd it necessary to renew t h e

, ,

decree a gainst the interm arriages w ith Jew s ; and as the Spanish J ew s
w ere the chief traders in the s l ave m arket the S y nod in t erdi c te d that ,

trade and pro m ised freedo m to their s l aves E v e n the o ld W est Gothi c
, .

o f Spai n al re ad y m ade e f
forts t o convert the J e w s b y force to C hristianity,
8 HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

an d it is therefore easil y exp l ained that under s u ch circu m stances th e , , ,

J e w s w ere p l eased w i th the invasion o f the Saracens in Spain .

Je w s m ust have settl ed very early in France for C h ildeb er t I (5 ,

.

alread y ordered that no J ew sha l l be seen o n the streets o f Paris fro m

A s h Thursda y to Easter Sunday a n d a t Orl eans a si m i l ar decree w as ,

p assed b y a societ y of eccl e s iastics .

The Jew s w ere in such bad favo u r that Bishop C er r o l w h o treate d ,

t he m kind ly w as dis m issed fro m h i s ofce King C hi lder ic h and

.
,

King D ago ber treated the Jew s w ith th e u tm ost severity I nci ted .

b y King Hera c l ius D agobert desired to ba n ish the J ew s but the A bbot
, ,

D am ian u s and t h e cou rts o f Tou l on resisted it w ith a ll their po w er a n d ,

fo r j ustice s and hum anity s s ake eve n assisted them b y fo r ce o f arm s

.

King Wam ba then ordered his favorite the Count Pau l to p u nish the , ,

r ebe l s but he united w ith the Je w s

,
took N ar b o n ; y et he had to s u e ,

c u m b to the po w er o f the king He and his associates w ere conde m ned

.
,

a n d the Je w s banished I n spi te o f thes unfavorab l e ti m es the Jew s

. e
,

d i d n ot neg l ect their st u dies and their cities w ere ce l ebrated for their
,

Ta l m udica l schoo l s .

T H E J EW S I N I N D I A .

A fter the d estructio of
the secon d Te m p l e in th e 38 28 th y ear o f
n

t h e creatio n 3 1 68 th o f tri bu l ation and 68 th o f the Christian era abo u t

, , ,

J e w s a n d J ew es ses cam e to M a l ab ar and settl ed the m se l v es at ,

C an an gan or e P alo o r Tah dam and P o r lo o tt o

, ,
I n the year 4 139 B C
, . . .
,

an d A D 3 7 9 Ch er u m an P er u m u l E rari V erm a e m peror o f M al abar

. .
, , , ,

gr anted to the J e w s the honor and privi l eges w hich the y w ere t o e z er
c ise ; and w hich g r an t w as engraved on C opperp l ate ca l l e d C h am ea da
p , ,

M al aya l im , and t hereby appoi nte d J oseph R abb aan the head o f t he

J ew s .

I n the deed it is stated that the sovereign o f M a l abar w hil e , ,

w ie l di n g t h e sceptre o f ro ya l t y i n a hundred tho u sa n d p l aces ,

gr anted t o
t h e J e w s the privi l eges o f using day l a m ps o f w earing l ong appare l o f , ,

m aking use o f pal an q u ins u m bre l l as copper v es se l s , tru m pets an d

, ,

d r u m s gar l ands for the person and garl ands to be suspe n ded over the
, ,

r oads ; and re l in q uished a l l taxes for these as w e ll as for houses a n d ,

s yn agog u es .

The M al abar Je w s resided at C a n an gan o r e u nti l the arriva l o f the

Portu guese in that quarter but as that n ation i nicted great oppressio n
u po n the m they re m oved to C ochin i n the y ear 1 565 o f the C hrist ia n
,
 TH E J EW S IN IN D I A . 9

er a , an ere hospitab ly received b y the raj ah o f th at p l ace H e

d w .

granted the m per m ission to bui l d their s y nagogue and ho u ses next the
pal ace in order to protect th em better ; but hither the y w ere fo ll o w ed
,

b y the Portuguese w h o again treated the m w i t h the ut m ost crue l ty and

,

inj ustice The arriv al o f the D utch w h o took possession o f Cochin in

.
,

1 663 re l ieved the m from their su fferings an d sin ce that tim e the y have
, ,

l ived in peace .

I n the year 1 68 6 they w ere visited b y four Hebre w m erchants fro m

,

A m sterdam , w h o rej oiced to nd the m enj o y ing a state o f prosperit y ,

an d agreed to l ive w ith the m The y w rote an acco unt o f their receptio n
.

to their brethren at A m sterdam w h o sent o u t to them a supp ly o f books ,

o f the L a w and the Prophets t h at w ere m uch w anted ,

Since that t i m e .

an inti m ate correspondence has been m aintained betw ee n the Je w s o f

C ochin and those o f Ho l l and A t A m sterdam a l i t u rg y has bee n

.
,

p rinted express l y for t h e I srae l ites o f M a l abar .

The W hite Je w s never inter m arried w ith their b l ack brethren and ,

l o ok u pon the m as an i nferior race The l atter have none o f t h e Cohe n .

o r Levi fa m i ly (Priests o r Levites ) a m ong the m but their rites and ,

c ere m onies in a great m easure rese m b l e those o f the w hi te J e w s Their .

num ber has been great ly red u ced b y vari o us causes and is stated to be ,

s o m e w hat over 1 0 0 0 So m e ti m e ago severa l o f the w hite Jew s o f

.
,

C ochin addressed a stat m ent o f their co n ditio n to a gent l e m an na m ed

e

Baber o f t h e Bo m bay Civi l Service in w hich they defend the m sel ves
, ,

fro m various charges m a d e against the m b v a re cent trave ll er and ,

am ong other things give the fo ll o w ing ac count o f their occupations :

A s for the industry o f the Jew s they earn a good l ivelihood as
,

, ,
.

h andicrafts m en being in genera l saw y ers sherm en b l acks m iths brick

, , , ,

lay ers tai l ors book binders a n d ot her ar t ic er s of w hich nu m ber m an y

, , , ,

fo r w ant o f e m p l oym ent at o r abo u t Cochin trave l u p the M a l abar ,

c oast to Bo m bay to get a subsistence three fourths o f the B l ack Je w s -

ar e vendors o f househo l d n ecessaries .

W hen D I Buch anan the author o f

.
, R esearches visited Christian
,

th is interesting peop l e in 1 8 0 6 h e m ade i nvestigations into the character

,

o f the Hebre w m anuscripts w hich they possessed He discovered .

,

a m ong other re m arkab l e w ri t ings a curio u s versio n o f the N ew Testa m e n t .

W e sha l l give a n accou n t o f it i n hi s o w n w ords

I heard that there w ere o n e o r t w o trans l ations o f the N ew Testa
m en t in their possession but the y w ere studious ly kep t o u t o f m s i ght
,
y
fo r a c o n si der able tim e A t l as t ho w e v er they w ere produced b y indi
.
, ,

v i du als in a private m ann er O ne o f the m i s w ritten in the s m a l l

.
\
10 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

rabbinica l o r Jerusal e m character the other in a l arge s quare l etter , .

the history o f the for m er is very interesting The trans l ator a ver y .
,

l earned R ab bi conceived the d ei sign o f m aking an accurate version o f the

,

N e w Testam ent for t he express purpose o f conf u ting it

,
His styl e i s .

c ep i o u s and e l egant l ike th at of a m aster in the l anguage and the trans

, ,

l ation is in genera l faithfu l I t does not indeed appear that he w ished

.

, ,

to pervert the m eaning o f a singl e sentence but depen ding o n his o w n ,

abi l i ties and reno w n as a scho l ar he hoped t o be ab l e to controver t i t s

,

doc trines and to triu m ph o v er it b y fair contest in the presence o f t h e

, ,

w or l d . The trans l at ion is co m p l ete and w rit ten w i t h greater freedom

,

and ease to w ards the end than at the beginnin g H o w astonishing it i s

,
.

that an ene m y shou l d have done this That he sho u l d ha v e persevered

reso l utely to th e end of his w ork n o t a l w ays indeed cal m ly for there , , ,

is so m eti m es a not e o f execration o n the Sacred Person w h o i s th e subj ect ,

o f it as if to unb u rden his m ind and ease the conict o f his l abori n g
, ,

soul A t t h e c l ose o f the gospel s as if afraid o f t he conver tin g po w er o f

.
,

his o w n version he ca ll s heaven to w itness t hat he had undertaken the

,

w ork w i t h the professed design o f O p posing Epicureans b y w hich term ,

3
he conte m ptuous ly designates the C hristian s D r Buchanan say s that i n . .

a l m ost every house he fo u nd Hebrew books pr inted o r m an uscript , ,

particul ar ly am ong the W hite Jew s .

TH E J EW S I N CH I NA .

I n a ll probabi l ity this sect took refuge here about the third centur y
o f the present era but not l aterco m ing fro m
, I ndia across t h e north
w estern boundar y o f Chin a A t rst they nu m bered seventy c l ans but
.
,

at pres ent not m ore than o n e tenth o f this num ber exists The y are
-
.

chie y l ocated in the centre o f K aifu n g city and i n the vicinity o f their
S ynagogu e A few are shop keepers so m e are p easants
.
-
but the ,

m aj orit y are sunk i n poverty and m iser y al m ost destitute o f rai m ent an d

shel ters o poor indeed that so m e o f t h e m ateria l s o f the S ynagogu e

,

, ,

prem ises have bee n so l d by the professors to suppl y the w ants o f their
fa m i l ies Sti ll the y retain their distinctness fro m the surro u ndin g
.

m asses o f M oha m m edans an d Pagans a l though b y the m ere na m e o f ,

thei r re ligion Originally they w ere call ed fol l o w ers o f the Ti en c hu h

.

rel igion that is the I ndian re l igion Ti en ch u h being the Chines e

,

n a m e for I ndiafr o m w hich country the sec t is reported to h ave co m e .

Bu t i n stead o f that appe ll ation they n o w go by th e n am e T ian Kin Kian

, ,

-
 TH E J EW S IN C H IN A . 11

-
cutti g the s inew s ect because everything the Je w s eat
n

,
m utton ,

fo w l or beef m us t have the s i n e w s taken o u t

,
.

The rite o f circu m cis ion is sti l l prac tised o n m al es w ithin o n e m onth
.

after birth O f festivals o n e is fo r pera m bu l atin g round the Scrip
,

tures this is the t w enty fourth of t h e eigh t m onth Their Sabbath i s

-
.

the E uropean o r o u r Saturday The y inter m arry on ly a m ong the m se l v es

,
.
,

not w ith Pagans n o r M oha m m edans Nor is it per m it ted to m arry t w o .

w ives They are forbidden to eat pork I n the observance o f D ivin e

. .

service the y ha v e to w ash their bo dies before enteri n g the S y nagogue ;

a n d for this purpose o n each side of the ho ly p l ace
, ,
as t he y ter m it )
there is a bath D uring service t he y face the W est in the direction o f
.
,

Jerusa l em or rather as near that direction as t he y kno w

, , I n the per .

fo r m an c e of sacred w orship the priest at one ti m e used to w ear a b l ue ,

h ead dress and b l ue shoes hence the na m e b y w hich J e w s have go n e in

- -

China t h e b l ue bonnet M os l e m s
,
T h e peop l e are not perm i tted to .

enter t h e te m p l e w ith their shoes on t heir feet nor th e w o m en w ith ,

napkins o n their he ads the co m m on head dress a m o n g the Chinese

,
-

fem al es o f Honan province Ho w ever the expectation of the M essiah .

,

seem s to have been entire ly l ost There see m s none ab l e to d ecipher .

Hebrew w ri tings I ndeed th e y have begun recent ly to a m a l gam ate

.

the m se l ves w ith t h e m y riad Pagans a n d M oh am m edans in t h e vast

popu l ation o f K a ifu n g w hich m u st a m ount to at l east o n e m i ll ion
, .

l though the Je w s m us t have entered C hina s o ear ly i n the Chri s

A
tian era it appears that their S ynagogue w a s n o t bui l t before the cl ose o f
,

the t w e l fth centur y or n early y ears aft er t h eir en t ra n ce Jew is h

, .

professors used to ca ll thi s b u il ding

the tem p l e of Yih s ze l o hi u i eh
,
- -

in w hich possib ly there w a s an attem pt at e x pressin g t h e nam e I srael

, ,

phonetically ; but the inscription over t h e door at present is t h e true an d

pure tem p l e A ccording to t h e accounts brought b y the Chinese investiga
.

tors the S ynag ogue itse lf stands w ithi n a third encl os u re Here ther e
,
.

is o n e l arge hall eighty feet deep and forty feet w ide the roof o f w hich ,

is covered w it h green ti l es I n this stands a seat M oses seat .

about a foot above a w ooden oor w here on grand festive season s t h e , , ,

R abbi took his seat under a l arge r ed satin u m bre ll a he l d over hi s h ead , , ,

w hich is still preserve d in the bui l ding Here too w as a ce ll for deposit .
, ,

in g the t w e l v e tubes containing Heaven s records D uring thei r .

researches these m essengers copied m an y i n scrip tions w it h in the S yna

gogue and o n its various pi ll ars so m e in C hinese and a few in Hebrew
, ,

c haracters W e transcribe o n e o r tw o o f the l atter fro m their j ourn al,

.
12 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M IK V E H I S R AEL .

e xactly a s they are given b y t he m se l ves w ithout vouching for their ,

a ccurac y o r m aking an y correction .

Over a t ab l et in Chinese si m i l ar to w hat is found in M oh am m edan

,

m os q ues or Bu d hi s t te m p l es w ith the custo m ar y form u l a

,

M ay his i m peria l m aj esty l ive forever & c there is this i n s c r i p ,
.
,

tion : Hear O I srae l ! Jehovah our G o d is o n e Jehovah B l essed be

,
-

the na m e of his g l orious kingdo m fore v er and ever These sentence s .

a r e repeated in ano ther part C l ose t o the ce ll for containing the

Scriptures w e have this sentence :
.

I neffab l e is his nam e fo r Jehovah ,

i s the G o d o f Gods .

Of the Chinese inscriptions w hich are very nu m erous the

, ,

fo llow m g coup l et is singu l ar : The sacred Scriptures consist of fty

three sections 3 these w e reci t e b y m outh and m editate o n pray ing that ,

the i m peria l s w ay m ay be r m ly estab l ished Th e l etters o f the sacred .

a l phabet are t w en t y seven 3 these

-
ar e taught in o u r h ouseho l ds in ,

hope that the interests o f o u r country m ay pr osper .

F ro m t w o lo n g C h in ese tab l ets ou tside t h e gat e w ay o f the Synagogue ,

t h e fo ll o w ing e x t racts w ere m ade b y the sam e F ro m the beginning o f

t h e w orl d o u r rst father A dam handed d o w n the doct rine to A braha m 3
A braham handed it do w n to I saac 3 I saac handed it do w n to Jacob 3 J aco b
handed it do w n to the tw e l ve patriarchs 3 and the t w e l ve patriarchs
h anded it do w n to M oseS 3 M oses handed it do w n t o A aron 3 A aro n
h anded it do w n to Joshua 3 and Joshua handed it do w n to Ezra b y w ho m ,

the doctrines o f the ho ly religion w ere rst sent abroad and the l etters ,

o f the J e w ish re l igion rst m ade p l ain The fo u nder o f this re l igion is
.

A braham w h o is considered the rs t teacher o f it

,
Then cam e M oses .
,

w h o estab l ished t h e law and handed dow n the sacred w ritings A fter .

h i s ti m e durin g the Han dy nasty this re l igion entered C hina

"
, , .

THE S E CT OF T H E CHA SID I M I N T H E N O R T H

,
OF E U R OP E .

The K has idim ,

or are w ide ly spread in severa l
p arts o f R ussia and Po land The princip al R abbi then w as ca l led R abbi
.

Bar a son o f t h e great R abbi So l o m on of L a ddi w hose fa m e had

, , ,

S pread thro u ghout R ussia Their m ode of w orship differs from that o f
.

a ll other Je w s The Chasidi m being very strict in their discipl ine

.
,

c a ll o ther Je w s O u lam s h e o r w or l d ly m en
,
other w ise M ith n agdim o r , ,

P r o t es t er s w h o l ook upon the Chasidi m w ith the sa m e contem pt as the y

,

d o u pon baptized Je w s The y are very carefu l to prevent their ch i l dren

.

c o m in g under the instr u ctio n o f the Chasidi m

3 and if a s o n o f thei rs
1 4: H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS R AE L .

t he y call y
bi t
u l h a es h ,

s o that none shou l d think o f hi m se l f or u se ,

t h e phrase I a m o f him sel f b u t to kno w that Jehovah on ly is th e ,

gr eat I am .

They do n o t speak to o r l ook upon s trange wo m en and as l ittl e a s , , ,

possib l e t o their own w ives They avoid fe m al es in t h e road ; and .

s hou l d their wa y b e i n tercepted b y a cro w d of wo m en t h e y w ai t for their ,

dis persion They carefu lly banish m el ancholy because they s ay it co m es

.
, ,

fro m th e evi l o n e and in cabal istic l anguage is ca ll ed sitera o ch r a
, ,

t h e opposite part .

They are very l iberal constantly go ab o u t to do good and v isit t h e ,

father l ess and w ido w s They co m e fro m a great distance to hear the
.

Ra bbis who l ecture every evening They take a text out o f the
,
.

Scriptures which the y exp l ai n in a cabal istica l m anner and give the
, ,

spiritua l m eaning o f it .

W hen the R abbi has gone up to the pu l pit h e sits in a posture of ,

m editation his head l eaning upon his hand ; he beckons to the peop l e to
,

c o m m ence singing when instant ly th e w h o l e congreg ation j oin in s ing

,

i n g a h y m n in which two o r three t h o u s an d v o ic es often u nite T h ey

.
,

c ontinue t o sing so m e w it h and so m e witho u t words unti l the spirit of

, ,

the R abbi is re v ived wh en a sign 1 s given b y h i m an d the y s t e p in

, ,

dee p si l ence and cl ose a ttention Th e ser m on fre q uent ly l asts t w o o r .

t hree hours As soon a s the R abbi l eaves the pul pit the who l e con
.
,

r e ati o n is broken up in s m all co m panies o f fteen o r twent y in each

g g
group Cl ever young m en are appointed t o repeat the serm on to these
.

com panies w hil e others w rite do w n the who l e

,
.

I n every s m all to w n o r vi ll age w h ere the Chasidim are there is a ,

m ec/ ooz zr or

,

repeater who is sen t t w ice a y ear t o the R abbi to be
,

furth er instructed in the doctrines o f th e Chasidim Every Chasid is .

bound to visit th e R abbi at l east o n c e in three y ears and to take advice ,

fro m h i m in spiritua l m atters the C h asid s re al m otive for going to the

R abbi is to have the benet o f h is counse l a m idst the dii c u lt i es a n d

,

o bstacl es that h e m ay m eet in hi s spiritual course and l earn h o w t o ,

o verco m e an y besetting s i n The R abbi q uestions hi m as to his m ode o f .

l i fe habits and bodi ly c e n s titu t i o n and then tell s how m an y days he

, ,

sh ou l d fast and the n ights he shou l d w atch

,
and pray and points o u t ,

s uitab l e Psal m s Th ere are certain hours appointed for co m m unicating

.

w ith t h e R a bbi w hen ea c h person enters his roo m

,
and has a private i n ,

te r v i ew They however do not c onfess as the Papists do to their

.
, ,

p riests .
 THE J EW S IN H U N GAR Y . 15

T H E J E W S I N H U N G A RY .

D uring the reign o f that u l tra popish priest ridden em press M aria -

,
-

Th eresa o n the A u strian throne Hungary becam e to u s e an expression

, ,

o f th e Jews the cit y o f refuge to the J ew ish inhabitants o f the p r o
,

vinces o f that e m pire V ery few therefore o f the present J ew is h

.
, ,

citiz ens in the l and o f the M agyars can trace their Hunga rian origin
hi gher up t h an t o t h e fourth generation
g
Though the J ew s w ere very .

m uch oppressed and despised in Hungary ti ll recently and particu l ar ly ,

i n c ities where the Ger m an e l e m ent prevai l ed , and though t h e y were ,

s ubj ected to m an y restrictions and wrongs as for instance if a nob l e , , ,

m an kill ed a Jew his pena l ty w a s to pa y a ne of t h irty d orins about

,

$ 5 still their condition m ight b e considered a princely l ife if co m pared

, ,

w ith that o f their brethren in the rest o f the Austrian Em pire .

The Jewish popu l ation in H u ngary therefore is a cong l o m eration , ,

o f G er m a n Bohe m ia n M ora v ian and Po l ish fu gitives w h o t here

, , , ,

fou n d she l ter fro m t h e th ievish o fcial s of the wicked governm ent ,

a n d are with t h e exception o f those features and pecul iarities c o m

,

m o n to the Je w ish race w herever it is d ifferent in character and in ,

d egree o f civi l ization Th ere are high ly educated m en am ong th e Jew s

.

in Hun gary disting uish ed as ph ysicians m erchants m echanics and agri~

, , ,

c u l turis t s an d the r e w ou l d h ave been others in m an y other branches

,

h ad they b een perm itted t o practise the m

.
They are in genera l a .

h ospitab l e kind hearted and l ibera l peop l e 3 a m issionary therefore m ay

,
-
, ,

n o t on ly fearl ess ly trave l through th e l e n

gth and bread th of the l and ,

but m ay b eg s u r e o f a frie n d ly reception on the part of the Je w s

N u m bcr The nu m ber o f J e w s in Hungary is esti m ated at

.

an d we th ink it i s not exaggerated Country m en recently arrived state .

, ,

t hat in the city o f Pesth a l one there are nearly thirty thousan d sou l s o f
, ,

t h e Je w i sh persuasion Next to Pesth in respect to n u m bers are O l d

.
, ,

Buda and Presburg .

O ccu p a ti o n M ost of the Hun garian Jew s ar e engaged in m ercan

t i le business so m e branches o f w hich ar e exc l usive ly i n their hands
, In .

o ther branches as for instance the retai l ing o f dry goods and sm a ll
, , ,

wares they have but fe w and feeb l e co m petitors in t h e Greeks and

, , ,

Arm enians who are gradually di a ppearing as they are not as ski l fu l as
,
s
,

their J e w ish neighbors About thirty y ears ago t h e retai l business .

o f Pesth w as e xc l usive ly in th e h ands o f the Greeks the J e w s n o t bein g ,

p erm itted to open a store o f th at kind Th e Greeks proud o f their .

,

p riv il eges o f m onopo ly took such high percentage that their custo m ers
, ,

rather waited for a Je w ish ped l a r o r fo r the w eeklv fair w hen t he Je w s , ,

16 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS R AEL .

were all owed to sel l thei r goods in l ittl e booths or tents I t h as a l way s .

been t h e po l ic y of the Jews to s ell at very lo w p r o ts thus e x cha n ging ,

their capital ten tim es and oftener before the p r oud G reek m erchan t
c o u l d once After the Jews obtained the privil ege to open re tail stores
.

in the city o f Pesth th e Greeks wan ed gradually away so that at

, , ,

present there are very fe w if any at a ll Since 1 8 36 a go o dly num ber

, ,
.

have engaged in m echanica l trades o f v a rious kinds ; p ar ticu l arly a s

t ai l ors shoe m akers turners fringe m akers sil v r go l d an d tin s m iths
, , ,
-

,
e
, , ,

watch and cl ock m akers & c and a fe w in agricu l ture There are n o
,
.
,
.

Jewish paupers in H u n gary and very few and these in the greater con , ,

gr egat io n s on ly who need the suppor t of their wea l thier brethren

,
.

E du ca ti o n Till within a fe w years th e Je w ish schoo l s in Hu ngary ,

i

were in a dep l orab l e condition The cheder s yste m was the genera l o n e .
,

a n d reg u l ar no rm a l school s were t h e exceptions and on ly found i n Pes th

,

and a few other pro m inent p l aces The l itera l m eaning o f t h e word

.

ch eder is a roo m b u t in th e Jewish j argon it was u n derstood to
m ean
, , ,

a schoo l room I m agine a sm t ll lo w a n d da m p roo m with

-
.
i
.

, ,

s uch a oor as m other earth gives i t ; two boards nai l ed u pon four po l es , ,

which are ra m m ed in the ground for tabl es ; som e benches o f the sam e ,

m ateria l as seats and a wooden chair for the
,
Rabbi o r teacher and , ,

you h ave the faithfu l picture of a cheder Then i m agine a m an with .
,

unkem pt hair and beard hol ding a l a rge rod cons tantly in his han d ,

s o m e ragged books and a dozen or two ragged b a refooted chi l dren

, ,

a round the ta bl e and y ou have the picture o f a cheder when in pera

,
o ,

tion The m ore surprising th erefore is it that s o m an y great m en

.
, , ,

g reat in the l iterary worl d were at least in their early d ay s pupil s o f

, , ,

such teachers attendants o f such cheders M S a phir th e ce l ebrated

,
. .
,

hu m oris t in V ienn a and his brother A Saphir the disting u ished super
, ,
.
,

i n ten den t of schoo l s i n Pesth both o f the m rece ived their early ed u cation ,

in a che d er ; and the for m er n o t se l do m a m used e m perors and kings with ,

a necdotes and experiences fro m the cheder To the honor of the presen t .

Em peror o f A us tria we m ust say tha t after he took po session of Hunga r y ,

s

a s an Austrian province nor m al a n d high sch oo l s were everyw here

,

estab l ished and put under govern m ent supervision and are n o w in a
, ,

ourishing condition .

R eligi on
~Tli e great bu l k
. of the Hungaria n Jews a re orthodox or ,

o f the R abbinic sch o o l but b yfar m ore m oderate i n their o w n practice ,

,

a n d m ore l i b era l towards other re l ig ionists than their neig hbors ,

Pol and and M oravia .

 TH E HE LL EN I S T S . 17

THE E S S EN E E S .

They resided for the m ost part o n the borders of the D ead Sea and ,

w ere a kind of Jewish m onks who l ed a q uiet l ife a l m ost m onastic and, ,

a scetic . They hated l uxury and so abhorred covetousness and s elsh

,

n ess,
that they introduced co m m unity o f property Their prin cipal .

r e l igious d octrines w ere U nity o f God im m ortal ity of the sou l , ,

p urication af t er death and eterna l reward

,
or punish m ent Their .

principal m ora l doctrine w as L ove l ove to God to our fell o w m en and

, ,

t o virtue The y ad v oca ted ce l ibacy an d were a ll owed to take an oath

.
,

o n ly when initiated into the societ y The novice received an axe an .

,

a pron and a white dress e m b l e m s o f industry and c l ean l iness The .

s ociet y w a s organized int o three dif ferent degrees

-
I nto as m an y cl asses .

t he y divided their schoo l s an d their o fcers This sect com posed only .
,

o f m en who abhorred a ll wor l d ly enj o ym en t nu m bered a great m an y ,

m e m bers not on ly in J udea but in other countries especially in E gy pt

, , ,
.

I t is true their doc trines were exce ll ent , but their scrupul ous absti
,

n en c e ,
their strict sec l usion their phil osoph y o n the creation their
, ,

m ystica l doctrines o f the spirits and the co m m union those l atter ho l d ,

with m en l ed the m to an arrogan t sel f ad m iration and the l ess gifted

,
-

m e m bers to be l ieve in m irac l es E nj o y ing the reputation o f perfor m ing

.

w onders the y exercised the m ost pernicious i nuence over the super
,

s t i t i o u s peop l e W hen the Acade m y o f Tiberias was destro y ed in 360

.
,

t his sect beca m e extinct .

T H E H E LL E N I S T S ,

T h at m eans Jews speaking the Greek l angu age So were ca ll ed the

, .

J ews l iving o u t o f Pa l estine who had adopted the l anguage and

m a nners o f the Greeks and the doctrin es of orienta l phi l osoph y as far
, ,

as regards the ideas of God and creation The founder o f this cl ass w as .

O n ias so n of Onias III D isappointed in hi s pretensions of being

'

.
,

e l ected as High Priest which o fce had been given to A lc y m u s h e

w ent into Eg y pt The K i ng ap p ointed hi m a n d another y outh

.

D o s it h eu s co m m anders in gc h i ef of the Egy ptian arm y

,
-
After the .

p a ttern of the te m p l e in Jerusa l e m on ly in a reduced scal e Onias then , ,

buil t a te m p l e in L eo n t op o li s where without resigning his com m and he

, , ,

o i c i at ed as High Priest H i s fo ll owers were He ll enists who differed

.
,

i n m an y a rel igious point fro m the Jews in Pa l estine They thought .

l ittl e o f tra ditiona l Judaism ; they re ad t h e Bib l e but in the Greek ,

3
 18 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AE L .

l anguage exp l ain i ng it in an all egorica l m anner The dry stud y o f

,
.

t h e cerem onia l l aw cou l d n o t satisfy m ind and hear 3 po l itica l o p p r es t

s ion directed the hope o f t he peop l e to a transcendenta l and happier

o rder o f affairs ; and hen c e originated at this ti m e the cul t ivation o f , ,

t h e K a bba la h This science was in the beginning a s ystem o f m ystic

.
, ,

ideas invo l ving the highes t questions o f transcendental phil osoph y

, ,

founded o n the m ost arbitrary reading o f the Bib l e This exegesis .

d egraded the K abba l ah to a superstitious m ixtur e o f exp l anati o ns ,

c o m puta t ions and m y sterious use o f signs cert ain words and l etters
,
by , ,

v i rtue o f which hidden powers o r prob l em s cou l d be discovered an d

m ade subservient to the wi ll o f m an There exist s a great anal ogy .

between the doctrines o f the K abbal ah and those o f som e rel igious sects
in Persiaa great resem b l ance o n the part o f the form er to the Zend
Aresta the Persian Bib l e fo r since the Babyl onian captivi ty the Jews
, , ,

had re m ained in continua l intercourse with their o ld m ast ers Hence, .

it m ay be inferred that the K abbal ah originated with the re ligion o f th e

Persians which w as changed s o far as to adap t it to the m ind o f t h e
,

Jewish peop l e and that m an y Jew ish custo m s in troduced b y t h e

, ,

K abbal ah were o f Persian origi n So for instance the custom o f

, .
, ,

l ooking at the point o f the ngers o n the evening o f the Sabbath Th e .

Persian dare n ot l eave his bed in the m orning nor wa l k four steps , ,

without having put o n the ho ly girdl e the K osti bel ieving that d u rin g , ,

the night he had been deled b y the touch of som e evi l spirit he dare
n o t t o u ch an y part o f his bod y without washing h i s face and hands
three tim es in succession W e nd such regu l ations in the Rabbinical
.

l aw founded upon sim i l ar suppositions

, .

W e nd in t he Persian L it urg y pra y ers to be recited before and ,

after easing nature & c 3 such pray ers are found a l so in the Jewish
,
.

pray er book But m ore cl early still can we ascribe to the Persian i n
-
.
,

u en c e a ll t h e vestiges o f superstition and fear o f evi l spirits in which

the K abbal ah and the Ta l m ud abound The K abbal ah assigns t o t h e .

e vi l S pirits the power o f inj uring m an s sou l and bod y

M an is scarcely .

born before these m onsters awai t al read y o n the crad l e to snatch

them away fro m G o d and h is m other The y surro u nd ni an with all .

kinds o f dangers frighten h i m with the m ost hideous apparitions an d

, ,

troub l e him even in the hour of death Has he escaped them in thi s .

fata l hour b y virtue o f his m o ra l excell ence then ensues the trial in t h e
, ,

grave They wi ll bre ak t he sinner s bones and torture hi m in the m ost

.

a gonizing m anner This be l ief o f som e o ld Rabbins in the power o f evil

.

s p i rits i s o f Persi an ori gin Th egBib l e s t ri ctly forbids it and com m on

, .
,

sense ridi c u l es it .
 P H AR I S EES . 19

P HAR IS EE S .

The y distin guished them se l ves b y their ho l i n ess b y a scrupu l ous ,

ractice o f a host o f cerem onies and b y a l ife full o f resignation The y

p ,
.

adhered strict ly t o the Bib l e and oral traditions which the y bel ieved
.
,

were al so given to M oses on M ount Sinai They cared l ess for the l etter .

o f the Bib l e than for its spirit 3 an d tried b y m eans o f l ectures adapted , ,

to the m ind o f the peopl e t o m ake it the co m m on property o f all , .

They adopted the m ost l ibera l views o f those doctrines o f the B ibl e
which cl ashed with the re quire m ents o f the tim e 3 softened the rigor o f
c rim ina l proceedin gs

and asserted that ever y sub l im e thought found in
,

l iteratu re was borro w ed fro m the Bib l e .

The y advocated a sober reasonin g and unprej udiced faith Th ey ,

.

were in favor of all the foreign custo m s which the peop l e in course o f ,

ti m e had b eco m e accusto m ed to 3 and as the m em bers of the suprem e

,

court were of their party they exercised an i m m ense in uence over th e

,

divine service and the hearts of the peopl e 3 the m ore s o as their re l igious
l ife com m anded universal regard and th ey th em se l ves will in gly ,

sub m itted to w hat they ordered the m asses t o do .

So m e of the m who pursuin g se l sh interests secretly l ed a l ife o f

, ,

vice and lu st were exposed an d sharp ly criticised b y the Pharisees

,

the m se l ves They m ention s ix different cl asses o f such h ypocrites

.

1 st 9x23 3; G V E} tho s e who m ake a great ado about the observance

,
I

t
the l aw 3 En d i ) ; a j the sy coph ants 3 3rd R y j
f
f i

o ,
, ,

those who atone for the si n o f to da y b y repentance to m orrow 3 4th - -

,

N D Tb w g) j ifl 77D 2 17 23
'
5 h
the h y pocritica l devotees 3 t ,
7

i N } those who m ake but a pretence o f fu l ll ing their duties 3

n N WD m ug those who perform the divine co m m ands fro m

'
an d 6t h
.

, ,

m ere fear o f punish m ent .

As the Sadducees o n the one hand m ade nothing o f traditions at all , ,

s o the Pharisees on the other hand did m ake exceedi n gly too m uch
, , ,

separating and singl ing the m sel ves in a m ore strict course of cere m onious
devotion fro m other peop l e The Jews write their na m e P h ar i sh and
,
.
,

"
P ar u shi i n with u in the second syll a b l e

But the G reek o f the N ew .

Testam ent and Josephus a s a l so the Syriac and A rabic read it with i , ,

P h ar i sh 3 suitab l e to the Chal dee and Sy riac l a nguage which w as then ,

spoken .

The Talm ud na m eth seven kinds of Pharisees l The S h ech em ite .

Pharisee that doeth l ike the Sheche m ites who circu m cised the m s el ves
, , _
,

not for the c om m and m ents sake but for advantage 2 The dashing ,
. .

o r stu m b l ing Pharisee that avoids thru s t i ng upon m en in th e w a and

y 3

,
20 HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AEL .

da shes his feet against the stones ; he

w en t a l ong at su c h a de m ur e

an d grave pace that he wou l d not l ift u p h i s feet fro m the ground bu t
, ,

d ashed and stum b l ed against ever y stone t hat l ay in his way 3 Th e . .

Ph l ebotom izing Pharisee 3 he as he went wou l d thr u st up to the wa ll

, , ,

l est he troub l e the passen gers that went and cam e 3 so hard th a
'

t he wou l d ,

da sh his fa c e against the wa ll and draw b l ood 4 The Pest l e Pharisee . .
,.

t h at wr apped his coat about his hand and kep t o ff him se l f fro m touching
an y m an l est he shou l d be de led using his hand m ufed i n his c l othes
, ,

a s i t were a pesta l t o dri v e o ff m en from h i m 5 The Supererogation . .

Pharisee that said

,
W hat is m y duty and I wi ll do it and to spare ?
, , ,

s how m e m y transgressio n and I wi ll a m end it as m eanin g tha t there is
, ,
.

no m an that can S how wherein ever I have transgressed 6 Another . .

d ashing Pharisee that wen t bending doub l e in show o f hu m i l ity ; and

,

winked as he went an d dashed his feet against stones but his heart w as
, ,

n aught . He drew b l ood b y dashin g against wa ll s seem ing to be ver y ,

h u m b l e 3 and for the abundance o f hi s hu m i l ity he w ou l d not l ook ,

a bout hi m a s he went but dashed hi s arm s and shou l ders against wa ll s

, ,
.

a n d drew b l ood 3 and a ll this not in the fear o f God ,

but to deceive ,

m en . 7 The Pharisee of l o v e 3 tha t b eca m e a Pharisee for the l ove o f

.

m en o r for the l ove o f God

,
.

T H E S ADD U C EE S .

Th e chief o f this sect was Z a da lc who with Bo eth u s were pupi l s o f

, , ,

Anti gonu s the president o f the Supre m e Court They did not under

, .

s tan d t h e sub l i m e saying o f their teacher : Be not l ike servants w h o

s erve their m as ter for the sake o f their wages

(reward ) but m iscon
st r u e d this m axi m b y teaching that there w as neith er a reward nor pu n s

is h m en t hereafter nor an y future l ife at a ll

,
They adhered bu t to the .

w r itten l aw rej ected every ordinance that was not contained therein
, 3 .

d iffered from the P er ashim in the practice o f the re l igious cere m onies
an d asserted that besides God there we r e neither spirits n o r ange l s n o r , ,

d evi l s ; neither a resurrection , nor an i m m orta l ity o r future reward ,

.

They m aintained that good o u ght to be done o n a ccount o f its intrinsi c

va l ue and the bad repudiated fo r its vil eness Th erefore they a dm i n
, .
,

i s t er ed the l aw wi t h rigid crue l ty an d passed sentences o f d eath without

,

a n y hesitation a s for t h e rest the y ad v ocated the enj o y m ent of l ife in

,

a ll its p l easures The y w er e few but still ranked a m ongst the m ost
.
,

wea l th y of the I srael ites At rst they form ed but a po l itica l part y with
.
,

t h e intention o f opposing the governm ent o f the Pharis ees 3 but the y
22 HA J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I K VEH I S R AEL .

n am e y ou as directly fr o m g eneration to generation as t he Papis t s w i lB

, ,

n am e y ou popes successive ly fro m Pet er M oses (say t hey ) r eceived .

t h i s traditiona l l aw from Sinai an d deli vered it t o J o shua Joshu a t o t h e

, ,

el ders the e l ders t o t he prophets and the prophet s to Ezra s grea t S yn a

, ,

gogu o.

After the r etu rn o f the cap tivit y, they d erive it s pedigree
thus : Sim eon the Just rec eived it from Ezra 3 A n t igonus of Soco from ,

Sim eon ; Jodes t he son o f Joezer o f Zer edah , and Joseph the s on o f
,

Johan an o f Jerusal em receive d it fr o m An tigonus 3 Joshua, th e son o f

,

P er ekiah and Mi ttai t he A r b eli te receive d it from the m 3 Judah

, , , ,

t he s on o f Tabb i a and Sim eon, the son o f S h etah r eceived it fro m Joshu a
, ,

an d M i tt ai 3 She m iah and A b t ali o n received it fro m Judah and Si m eon 3

Hill e l an d Sham m ai fro m t hem 3 R abban Sim eon the s on of Hill el an d , ,

Babban J o ch an an Ben Zaccai received it fro m Hi ll e l and Sham m ai 3

Rabban Gam alie l , ca ll ed the O l d (Paul s m aster) received it fro m R abban

Sim eon his father ; R abban Sim eon , the s o n o f G am al iel received i t
, ,

from Gam al ie l (he was s l ain at the destruction o f the tem p l e)3 after h im
w a s his son Rabban Gam a l ie l o f Jab n eh who receive d i t fro m his fa t her ;
, ,

an d after h i m was Rabban Jo c h an an Ben Za c cai , who had re c eived i t

fro m Hill e l and Sham m ai & c ,
.

Thi s is the t radi tion concerning the d escen t and conveyance o f th e

t radition al l aw o f whi ch persons and o f which l aw these t w o things
a r e t o be t aken no t i c e o f l s t
, , ,

That a ll those that are nam ed s i ngl e in

.
,

this su cc ession , were the heads o r president s o f t he S an h edr in a an d where

,

t he y are nam ed doub l e o r ( 11 131? p airs the r s t nam ed of th e -

, ,

t w o was Nasi o r presiden t an d th e second nam ed was Ab beth din
, , ,

o r vice presiden t
-
2u d Tha t t his cabal a o r traditiona l l aw whose con
. .
, ,

v e an c e the y thus pretended fro m M oses m ight n o t be disputed as

y , ,

c on c erning the trut h o r c ertain ty o f it though it received in e v er y ,

generation so m e ill ustration an d pract ica l gl oss for t he l aying o u t o f i t s

l atitude and exten t .

The y that xed these posit ive practica l senses upon it were th e ,

e l ders o f t he grea t S an h edri m conc l u di ng thereupon in the counci l an d

, ,

c o m m en t ing this t ra di t iona l la w into par t icu l ar l aws and ordinances a s ,

r u l es t o the na t ion w her eb y t o wa l k ; an d the Sa n h edri m o f every gene

r ation w as adding so m ethin g in t his kin d o r o ther And s o they he l d .

,

That the great Sanhedrim at Jerusal em was the fo undat ion o f the
t ra ditional l aw and pill ars o f instru ction a d fro m them decre es and
,
n ,

j udgm ents went o u t unt o a ll I srael 3 and whosoever be l ieved M oses , and
h is l aw , was bound to rest and l ean u pon t hem for the m at ters o f the l aw .

N ow t h e way o r m anner o f their l egis l ative de t erm ining upo n

,

this unwritten l aw w as thus 1 The genera l ru l e bv whi c h they

, .
 D I V I S I ON AN D D I S TI N C TI O N or TH E L EA R N ED . 23

L
7 23) t o m ak e a h edge t o t h e law
n nn )

w en t to w o r k w as , . ,

t h at m en shou l d n ot b r eak in up on i t t o t r an sgr ess i t An d , .

t hi s w as a s p ecia l gr o u n d an d r i se an d a s p eci o u s co l or fo r all th eir , ,

t r aditi o n s ; o r t h ey p r et en di n g t o m ak e c o n s t it u ti on s t o fen c e t h e law

g ,

fr o m v i o l at i on an d t o r ai se th e o b ser v an c e o f i t th e h igh er t h ey br ou gh t
, ,

i n i n v en t i o n s an d fan ci es o f th eir o w n b r ain s for laws 3 an d s o m ade t h e

law in deed n o thi n g w o r th T ak e a p att er n o f o n e o r t w o o f t h eir

, ,
.

h edges t h at t h ey m ade t o th i s pu r p o s e Th e w r i tt en law fo r b a de Th o u

, .

N o w t o m ak e s ur e as

s h a l t n o t s eet h e t h e k i d i n h er m o th er s m i lk .
, ,

t h e y p r et en d ed t h at t h i s sh o u l d n o t b e br o k en i n up o n t h ey fen c ed i t
, ,

w i t h t hi s t r adit i o n Th o u sh al t n o t s eeth e an y esh wh at s oe ver in a n y

,

m ilk wh at s o ev er A ll t hi n gs t h at w er e app o in t ed t o b e eat en t h e s am e
.

d ay t h e c o m m an d t au gh t t i ll t h e dawn o f t h e n ext m o r n i n g ; i f s o w h y
, ,

d o t h e w i se m en s ay b u t t i ll m i dn ight ? N am ely t o k eep m en far en o ugh ,

fr o m t r an s gr ess i n g .

A uch an o th er h edge th ey m ade t o t h e t i m es i n th at s to r y th at i s

n d s

m en t io n ed b y Tan c h u m ah : A m an i n t h e t im e o f t h e p er se cu t i o n , ,

t he days o f t h e Gr eek s r o de up o n a h o r se u p o n a S abb ath day 3 an d t h ey

,
-

b r o u gh t h im b efo r e th e S an h edr in a an d t h ey s t o n ed h im n ot b ecaus e i t , ,

w a s t t o d o so b u t b e c a u s e o f t h e t i m es i t w as n e c es sa r y t o d o s o
, , .
,

2 . Th i s t h en bein g t h e gr o u n d u p o n whi ch t h ey
,
w o r k (w ith W en t to

an ai m t o t h i s h edge, as t h ey p r e ten ded i n all t h ei r

c o n sti t u ti o n s ) th ey ,

h am m er ed t h eir c ab a l a o r u n w r i tt en law i n t o t h es e t h r ee p ar t s
, , ,

o r fo r m s : h u m1 h y mn n u n j n c o n stit uti on s decr ees an d cu sto m s

-
, ,

or p r a cti ces Th ey w er e (in a few wo r ds) law s wh i ch th ey h e w ed

.
,

o u t o f th ei r c ab al a en j o in i n g s o m e t hin gs t o b e do n e o r fo r b iddin g
, ,

o th er s ,
o r p r es c r i b i n g t h e m a n n er o f d o i n g W e sh all t ak e up o n e .

ex a m p l e o r t w o t o t hi s pu r p os e : I t i s a c o m m an d t o p r ay e v er y day as ,

i t s ai d Ye s h all s er v e t h e L o r d yo ur G o d
,
Th ey l ear n ed b y t r a di ti o n .
,

t h at t hi s s er v i c e i s p r ay er b e ca u s e i t i s s ai d Ye s h all ser v e hi m w i t h all

, ,

o u r h e ar t T h e w i s e m en s ay W h at s er v i c e i s t ha t t h a t i s wi th th e
y .
, ,

h ear t ? I t i s p r a yer N o w t h er e i s n o n u m b er o f p r ayer s app o i n ted b y

.

t h e law n o r n o x ed t i m e fo r p r ay er s et d o wn i n t h e law 3 t h at i s n o
, ,

m en t i o n o f p er s o n s t i ed t o i t .

Th er efo r e th e S an h edr i na i n se v er al gen er at i on s m a d e can on s an d

, , ,

c o n s t i t u t io n s t o d e c id e a n d d et er m i n e up o n all t h es e p ar t i cu l ar s as t h ei r ,

o w n r eas o n an d e m er gen c i es did l e a d t h e m an d gi v e o cc a s i o n A s in .

o n e gen er at i o n t h ey p r es cr i b ed s uch an d s uc h t im e s fo r m o r n i n g a n d

e v en i n p r ay er I n p r o c ess o f t i m e t h ey fo u n d t h es e t i m es a ll o t t ed t o
g .
,

b e t o o s tr ai ght 3 t h er efo r e t he S an hedr i n a o f an o th er gen er ati o n di d gi ve

,
24
H A J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

en l ar gem en t as th ey th o u gh t go o d A n d s o c o n c er n i n g t h e n um b er o f
.

pr ayer s t o b e said dai ly o n e S a n h edr i m a pp o i n t e d s o m an y Bu t t i m e

, .

an d e xp er i en c e fo u n d aft e r w ar d t h at t h e s e d i d n o t a n s w er s uch o r s uch

,

an o cc a si o n a s i t seem s w as n o t o b s er v e d w h en
, , ,
t h e y w er e a pp o in t e d 3
t h er efo r e th e S an h e dr im o f a n o th er gen er ati o n t h o u ght go o d to add m o r e
an d m o r e s t i ll a s o cc asi o n s u n o b ser v e d b efo r e did e m e r ge 3 an d s o t h e
, , ,

n u m b er o f t h ei r da i ly p r a y er s gr e w a t l as t t o b e e i gh teen A n d in th e .

days o f R abban Gam a l i el , h er et i cs i n c r ea s ed i n I s r ae l (m ean in g t h o se

t h at fr o m Ju dai s m t u r n e d t o C hr i sti an i ty ) an d t h ey v e x ed I s r ae l an d
, , ,

p er s u aded th em t o t ur n fr o m t h eir r e l igio n H e seei n g thi s t o b e a .

,

m at t er o f m o r e i m p o r t than an yt hin g e l s e s t o o d up h e an d h i s S an h e , ,

dr im an d app o in t e d an o th er p r ayer i n w h i ch t h er e w a s a p etit i o n to

, ,

G o d t o d estr o y t h o s e h er et i c s 3 an d t h i s h e s et a m o n g t h e p r ayer s an d ,

o r dai n ed i t t o b e i n e v er y o n e s m o u th 3 a n d s o all t h e d ai ly p r a y er s

w er e n in et een .

Th u s w as t h e st at e r el igi o n o f th e Jews an d t h u s st at ed an d s et t l ed , .

Th e gr o u n d w o r k w as p r et en ded t r adit i o n s fr o m M o s es exp o u n din g t h e

-

wr it ten law d el i v er ed fr o m h an d t o h an d i n t h e S an h e dr i m s o f S e v er al
,

c o n gr egat i o n s ; t h e s up er st r uct ur e w as legi s l ati v e an d p r a cti c a l s en s es m ad e ,

h er e up o n an d d et er m i n ed fo r t h e u s e o f t h e p eo p l e b y t h e S an h ed r i m

.
,

N o w ,
t h e y t h a t h a d t o d e a l i n t h e s e d e t er m i n a t i o n s w e e
r c ll
a ed th e ,
"
S c r i bes 3 an d t h os e w er e di vide d i n t o fo u r r an k s
l Th e
. N asi

an d
,

A b b eth d in , t h at i s
Pr es i den t an d

V i c e P r es i den t w h o w er e th e s p ec ia l t r eas u r er s o f t h e C a b a l a 3 wh i ch
-

,
,

t h ey p r et en ded di d des c en d fr o m M o ses

,
.

2 Th e w h o l e S an h edr i m i t s el f w hi ch m a de t h ei r c an o n s an d c o n s t i
.
,

t u t i o n s o u t o f t hi s C ab a l a an d d id i m p o s e t h em up o n t h e p eo p l e
,
.

3 T h o se m en o f t h e S an h edr i m o r o t h er s t h at k ep t d i v i n i t y s ch o o l s,
.

an d r ead pub l i c l e c tu r es i n e xp l i c a t i o n o f t h e se t r a di t i o n s a s Hi llel, ,

S h am m ai Ga m a l i e l , T yr an n u s o r Tur n u s 3 an d
, ,

4 T h o s e t hat exp o u n ded t h es e l aw s a s t h e pub l i c p r each er s in

.
,

t h ei r syn ago gu es .

TH E C A R A I TE S .

Th e C ar ait es ar e s uch sti i et

b s er v er s o f th e law wh i ch p r oh i bits
o

t he m an u fa ct ur e o f an y i m age fo r w o r s h i p th at t h e y do n o t ev en i n t h ei r , ,

h o u ses t o l er a te an y s t at u e o r an y o th er gu r e i n r el i ef
, , D u r in g p r ayer .

i n t he S yn ago gu e t h ey a r e w r app ed i n t h eir p r ayi n g s c ar fs b u t h av e

, ,

r epu di a t ed a l t o et h er t h e u s e o f p h yl a ct er i es This a pp ear s v er y i n c on

g .
 T H E C A R A I TES . 25

s is t en p r ayin g s car f a s at p r esen t u sed b y t h e R abb i n i c al J ews

t , fo r t h e , ,

ar e c lear ly a R abb i n i c a l i n s ti t u t i o n w hi l st t h e u se o f t h e p hyl a ct er i es i s

,

en j o in e d i n th e P en t at euch I n t h eir p r ayer s t h ey ar e e xc eedin gly

.

dev o u t a l way s t u r n i n g t h ei r fa c es t o war ds J er u sal em

,
I n t h ei r d e v o .

t io n s t h e y k n eel d o wn an a tti tu de wh i c h t h e R a bb in i t es h a ve di s c ar d ed
, ,

e xc ep t o n s o l em n h o l id ay s e v er s in c e t h e d es tr uc t io n o f t he T e m p l e a s
, ,

o n ly b et ti n g t ha t gl o r i o u s s an ct u a r y t o wh i c h a l o n e a s y m b o l o f t h e
,

di v i n e p r es en c et h e sh ek in ah w as v o uc h s afed Th e C ar ait es a l so u n .

s c r u pu l o u s ly p r o n o u n c e th e i n e a b le n am e o f G o d .

H is n am e t h ey l
a so s p ell som e wh at di ffer en t fr o m t he o t h er J e ws 3
t h eirwr itin g i t with tw j o ds
o an d a r ar . Th eir S abb ath p r ayer s ar e
e xc eedi n gly l o n g a n d t h ey s tay t h er efo r e , in s y n a o u e t i ll fo u r o c lo ck

, , g g
i n th e a ft er n o o n .

Th eir fest i v al s c o i n c i de w i th t h o s e Jews 3 b u t th ey ar e

of the o th er

c el eb r at e d b y t h e C ar ai t es i n a d iffer en t m an n er Th u s for i n s tan c e .

, ,

fo r m er ly n o C ar ait e w as s een o n h o l idays i n t h e s t r eet s Th ey s h ut .

t h e m sel v es up in t h e i r h o m es w hi ch t hey di d n o t q u i t e xc ep t fo r r e l i
, ,

g i ou s pu p
r o s es T h .e y t h u s l i t er a lly k e p t t h e c o m m a n d m e t
n
Y e sh all ,

n o t go fo r th fr o m y o u r p l a c e o n t h e S abb at h day Th e S abb at h ev e .

t h ey s p en t i n an ext r a o r di n ar y m an n er I n t er p r et in g t h e law l i ter a lly

.
,

n o t a l igh t w as seen i n t h e h o u se o f t h e C a r a it es o n t h e S abb at h Th e .

S abb ath e v es t h ey p as s ed i n dar k n es s Th ey wa lk ed ab o ut i n t h eir

.

h o m es gr o p in g a l o n g l i k e t he b l in d
,
I n w i n t er t h ey s hi v er ed t h e w h o le
.

d ay b u t n o t a s p ar k o f r e w as seen i n t h ei r d we ll i n gs H o w e v er

.
, ,

t h o se w h o r es i de d i n P o l an d an d L i th u a n i a w er e a t l eas t i n t hi s r esp e ct , ,

co m p ell ed b y n ecess it y t o yi el d an d t o ado p t t h e R abb i n i cal i n t er p r et a

,

t i o n o f t h e la w S o i n t en s e i s t h e c o l d i n t h e w i n t er i n t h es e r egi o n s
.
,

t hat t h e ab sen c e o f r e fo r t w en t y fo u r h o u r s i s dan ger o u s t o l ife

-
N or .

ar e th e C a r ai t es q u i t e c o n s i s t en t i n t h ei r l i t er a l i n t er p r et at i o n o f t h e law .

Th u s t he c o m m an d o f b l o wi n g t h e co m et o n t h e n ew year i s di s ti n ct
,

en o u gh yet t h e C ar ai t es d o n o t o b se r v e i t s tat in g t h at i t w a s o n ly t o b e
, ,

c o m p li ed wi th whi l s t t h e Jews w er e i n p o ssess io n o f th ei r o w n l an d By

'
.

a s i m i la r m o de o f i n t er p r et at i o n t h e C i t r o n an d p a l m b r an c h a r e n o t o n
, ,

t h e F east o f T ab er n a c l es c ar r i ed t o t h e f
,
s n ago gu e
y b u t p l a c ed i n t h e ,

t ab er n a c l es Th ey d o n o t c el eb r at e t h e feast o f cha n u ka as n o t b ei n g
.
,

m en t i o n ed i n th e Bi b l e .

Their m o r a l s ar e e xceedi n gly pu r e (t h ei r s tr i ct i n t egr it y gai n ed ,

t h e m t h e r es p ect o f t h e go v er n m en t u n d er g w hi c h t h ey l i v ed Thi s .

fa c t a s a l s o di s car din g a l egi o n o f R abb i n i c al n o t i o n s whi ch r en der ed

, ,

t h e R abbin ate o b n o xi o u s t o t h e Bar b ar o Chr i st i an p o pu l at i o n ar o u n d t h em

-

,
26 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I SR A E L .

se cur ed th e C ar ai tes fr o m t h o s e p er s e cut i on s wh i ch th eir b r et hr en th e ,

R abb in at e h ad t o s uffer e l s ewh er e )

,
.

I n m ar r i age l a w s th ey go b eyon d th e t ex t o f th e Bi b le a pp lyi n g t o

'

t h em an i n t er pr et ati o n o f t h ei r o w n w h er eb y t h e c i r c l e o f m at r i m o n i al
,

c h o i c e b e c o m e s v er y r est r i ct ed i n deed T he yo u n g C ar ai t e h as o ft en t o.

o t o a v er y di st an t p l a c e t o n d a b r i de n o t c o m i n g w i thi n t h e d egr ee
g
o f p r o h i b it e d a fn i ty A s tr an ge cu st o m am o n g t h e C ar ai t es i s th e o cca
.

s i o u a l d edi c at i o n b y p ar en ts o f t h ei r c hi l dr en as N a za r i tes t o t h e L o r d , , .

T h e h ai r o f s uch ch i l dr en i s n o t c u t n o r ar e th ese p er m i tt ed t o d r i n k ,

an y w i n e o r i n fa c t t o t r an sgr es s an y o f t h e l a w s p r e s c r i b ed fo r t h e
, , ,

o b s er van c e o f t h e N az a r i tes I n t h i s st ate s uch chi l dr en ar e k ep t for

.

s ev en y e ar s O n t h e an n i v er s ar y o f t h e eigh th t h ey ar e t ak en t o t h e
.
,

s y n ago gu e an d t h er e fo r t h e r st t im e i n t h eir li v es t h e h a i r o f t h eir

, , ,

h ea d fa ll s u n der t h e o p er at i o n o f t h e s ci sso r s an d a cup o f w in e i s gi v en ,

t o t h em t o d r i n k Th ey n o w ar e l i k e ev er y o th er C ar ait e an d all th eir

.
,

d epr i v at i o n s c eas e Th er e ar e s o m e h o w e ver w h o s ub m it t h e who le o f

.
, ,

t h eir l i v es t o t h e ab s ti n en ce o f a N az ar i t e .

A s m an y o f th e an i m a l s de c l ar ed t o b e u n l a wfu l t o b e eaten ar e ,

o n ly k n o wn fr o m R abb in i c al t r adit i o n r ej e c t ed b y t h e C ar ait es t h ey , ,

a b s t ai n fr o m eat i n g t h e es h o f s e v er a l e s p e c ia lly b i r ds
3 t h ey ar e p ar
v

t ak en o f b y R abb i n i c a l J ews F o r t h e s am e r eas o n t h ey c ar eful ly av o i d

.

e at in g th e b l oo d o f s h fr o m wh i ch a R abb in i c a l J ew d o es n o t a b s t ain
, .

T h ey ar e h o w ev er di vi ded i n r efer en ce t o th e l awfu l n es s o f eat i n g esh

, ,

b o i l e d i n o r w i th m i l k S o m e l i ke t h e R abb i n i c a l J ew s c o n s i der i t fo r
.
, ,

b i dden whi l e o th er s ar e o f a c o n tr ar y o p in i o n
,
.

A m el an ch o ly s p e ct ac l e i s p r esen t ed b y t h ei r fu n er a l p r o c es s i o n s .

T h ey a dh er e t o t h e l ett er o f t h e Bi b l e wh i ch decl ar es a d ead b o dy ,

i m pu r e 3 t h e b o dy o f t h e b el o v ed dep ar t ed i s c ar r i ed t o t h e l as t r es tin g
l a c e b y p aid p er s o n s o f a n o th er c r eed A r o u n d an d b y t h e S id e o f t he
p .
,

c of n w a lk t h e fam i ly an d fr i en ds o f th e d ec eas e d b u t t h ey ar e s c r u p u
, ,

lo u s ly c ar efu l n o t t o dr aw n i gh Th e t o uch in g o f a c o r p se w o u l d i n
.
,

th eir b el i ef r en der th em u n c l ean

,
an d c on t am in at e t h em , W hat is .

s t r an ge i s t ha t t h ese d en i er s o f all t r a di ti o n s h o u l d s c r upu l o u s ly o b s er v e

,

t h e l aw s r efer r i n g t o th e k i ll in g o f a n i m a l s s l ai n t o b e ea t en b y I sr a el ,

i t es as t h e R abb in i ca l J ew s t h em s el v es a l th o u gh m o s t o f th eir r it es r es t
, ,

o n ly o n R abb in i c a l t r a diti o n s I n t h es e r i t es t h er e i s t o b e d i s c o v er ed a
.

t r a c e o f t h e b eli ef o f so m e a t l eas t o f t h ei r do c t o r s i n t h e t r an s m i gr at i o n
, ,

o f th e s o u l Fo r o n e o f th ese do c to r s t ea ch es t h at t he k i ll er whi l st p er
.
, ,

fo r m i n g hi s fu n cti o n s s h o u l d p r a y i n his h ear t t hat t h e L o r d s h o u l d gr an t

,

t h e a n i m al a h app y t r an s m i gr at io n i n r ec o m p en s e fo r t h e s uffer i n gs
,

u n der go n e .
 CH R I S TI AN J EW I S H S EC TS IN R U S S IA . 27

C H R I S TI A N J E WI S H S E C TS IN R US S IA .

To war ds th e c l o se o f th e 1 8 th c en t ur y th e so called J ewi sh sect ,

c

p r o duc ed a gr eat s tir i n th e R u ssian C h ur ch I ts o r i gi n i s as cr ib ed t o .

a J ew n am ed Z a ch ar i as w h o i s des c r i b ed a s an a s t r o l o er an d n ec r o
, g
m an oer an d w h o c am e fr o m P o l an d t o N o vgo r o d a b o u t t h e y ear 1 4 7 0
, , .

H e b egan t o t ea ch se cr et ly t hat th e o n ly di vi n e law w as t h at o f M oses 3

th at th e M ess i ah w as st i l l t o c o m e 3 an d t h at t h e w o r s hi p o f i m ages w as
a sin . H e m ade hi s r s t c on v er t s am o n g c l er gy m en an d t h eir fam i l i es ,

w h o b ec am e s o z eal o u s i n t h eir n ew p er s ua s i o n th at t h ey d es i r e d t o
r ec ei v e c i r cu m ci si o n Bu t Za ch ar i as p er s uaded t h em n o t t o di s co v er b y
.

s uch an a ct t h eir r ea l s en ti m en t s an d t o c o n fo r m o u t w a r dl y t o t h e
,

C hr isti an r eligi on Th e c l er gym en str i c t ly fo ll o w ed t hi s p r u den t advi c e

. .

Th e n u m b er o f p r o s elyt es c on s i der ab ly i n c r eased chi e y am o n g t h e ,

c ler gy an d s o m e p r i n c i p a l fam i l ie s o f t h e t o w n Th es e sectar i an s .

c o v er ed t h eir r e a l o p i n i o n s w i th s uch a di sp l a y o f z eal i n t h e r igi d

o b ser v an c e o f th e p r e c ep t s o f t h e C h u r ch t h at t h e y a c q u i r e d a gr eat ,

r eput ati o n fo r s an ct i ty Tw o o f t h em A l exi s an d D i o n ys iu s w er e

.
, ,

a cc or di n gly t r an s fer r ed t o M o s c o w i n 1 4 8 0 b y t h e G r an d D u k e I v an
, , ,

V aa lo r i ch a s p r i es ts t o t w o o f t h e p r i n cip al c h u r ch es o f th e c ap ital
, .

A l exis advan ce d high in t h e fav o r o f th at m o n a r c h t o w h o m h e h ad ,

fr ee a cc ess whi ch w a s a r ar e di s t in ct i o n
,
Thi s ci r cum s t an c e gave hi m .

r eat fa c ili ti es fo r p r o p agat in g h i s O p in i o n s an d h e m a de m an y p r o s e

g ,

lyt es 3 th e p r i n cip al o f th em w er e t h e sec r et ar y o f t h e Gr an d D uk e ,

T heo do r e K u r itzin w h o w as em p l o yed o n s ev er a l di p l o m at i c m i ssi on s

, ,

an d Z o si m as t h e A r c h im an dar i t e o f t h e c o n v en t o f S t
,
S im on who m .
,

t h e G r an d D uk e o n t h e r ec om m en dati on o f t h e sam e A l ex i s r a i sed t o

-
, ,

t h e di gn i t y o f Metr o p o l it an o f M o s c o w .

l exi s di ed in 1 4 8 9 an d i t w as o n ly after hi s death th at h i s o p i n i on s

A ,

b eca m e k n o wn Th e G r an d D uk e t h en dec l ar ed th a t h e r em em b er ed so m e
.

v er y str an ge m yst er i o u s w o r ds o f A l exi s I t is al so s ai d that h e co n fessed .

t hat hi s dau gh t er i n law H el en a da u gh t er o f S t ep h en t h e G r eat P r in c e

- -
, , ,

o f W all a chi a w as s educ ed t o t h e J ewi sh se c t b y a d i s c i p l e o f A lex i s

, .

Th e exi st en c e o f thi s s ect w as di s c o v er ed b y G en n adi u s A r ch bi s h o p o f ,

N o v gor o d w h o s en t t o M os c o w s ever al p r i est s a ccu sed o f h a vi n g in s u l t ed

,

t h e c r o ss an d th e i m ages o f t h e sain t s o f h av i n g b las ph e m ed agai n st ,

C hr i st an d t h e V i r gin an d den i ed th e r es u r r ecti on o f t h e d ead

, A .

s yn o d w a s a ss em b l ed a t M o s c o w i n 1 4 90 , i n o r der t o t r y t h es e h er eti c s
, .

Th e M et r o p o l i t an Z o s i m u s p r esi ded w h o s e p ar t i ci p at i o n i n t h ei r ten ets

, , ,

w as n ot th en di s c o v er e d Th e a ccu sed den i ed t h e ch ar ge b u t s u i c i en t

.
,

e v iden c e w as b r o u gh t fo r w a r d t o p r o v e t h e fa c t Th e b i sh o p s w i sh ed t o .

 28 HA -
J EH U D I M AN D M I KV EH I S R AEL .

pun i sh th e h er eti cs s ev er ely ,

bu t t h e G r an d D uk e O pp osed them , an d
d ec lar ed t h at t hey s h o u l d o n ly be an ath em at ized an d i m p r i s o n ed .

Th eo do r e K u r i tz in ,
an d o th er adh er en t s o f the se ct c on tin u ed t o
,

pr o p agat e i t s do ct r in es an d t o in cr ease t he n um b er
, o f i t s fo ll o w er s ,

p ar t i cu l ar ly i n t each in g a str o l ogy .

Thi s b egan t o spr ead a sp ir it o f do ubt an d in quir y am on g m an y

p eo p l eth e c l er gy an d l aym en w er e c on st an t ly di sputin g ab o ut the
d ogm a s o f r el i gi on Th e s e ct ar i an s w er e p r o tect ed b y th e M etr o p o litan ,
.

Z o si m u s w h o i s a ccu sed o f h a v in g p er s e cuted t h e o r th o do x cler gy

,
.

Th e d et ai l s ab o u t t hi s s ec t ar e c on t ai n ed in a w o r k b y J o sep h,
L eg um en o s or A bb o t o f t h e;C o n v en t V o lok olain sk w h o di ed i n 1 51 6,
, , ,

an d w h o w a s t h e m o st z eal o u s a dv er s ar y o f t hi s s e c t Z o si m u s r esign ed .

h i s dign i t y in 1 49 4 an d r eti r ed i n to a c o n v en t
,
Th e p er s ecut i on .

c ea sed fo r so m e t i m e i n M os c o w b u t th e A r ch b i sh o p o f N o vgor o d ,

c o n t i n u e d i t i n h i s di s t r i c t wh en c e m an y s ec tar i an s e d t o P o l an d an d
,

G er m an y I n 1 50 3 t he r epr esen tati v es o f t he c l er gy w h o w er e su p

.
,

p o r t ed b y thi s J o s eph i n duced t h e Gr an d D uk e t o i ss u e an o r der fo r th e

,

Th ey w er ejtr i ed b efo r e an e ccl es iasti ca l c o ur t o f

'

t r i al o f t h es e h er et i c s .
,

whi ch J o seph w as a m e m b er an d t he ch i ef a ccu ser Th e h er eti c s .

a ck n o w l edged t h ei r o p i n i o n s an d m ai n t ai n ed t h em t o b e t r u e
,
Th ey .

w er e c on dem n ed an d so m e o f th em pub l i cly bu r n t o t h er s h ad t h eir

, ,

t on gu es c u t o ff an d m an y w er e S h u t up in p r i s o n s a n d c o n v en t s
, .

N o thin g m o r e h as b een h ear d o f th e s ec t s in c e th e dat e o f 150 3, b u t

t h er e n o w e xi s ts am o n g t h e R o sko ln iks o f R u ss i a a se ct whi c h o b ser v es
th e M o sai c r i t es an d i t i s v er y p r o b ab l e t h at i t i s der i v ed fr o m t h e se ct
,

whi ch w e h a v e des cr i b ed .

I n s ev er al p ar ts o f P o l an d Tu r k ey an d i n th e R u ss i an go v er n m en t
, ,

o f Tu l a , t h er e ar e fo ll o w er s o f J ele s n ew sh eh een a Th e o r igin o f t hi s .

a pp ell at i o n i s u n k n o wn an d i t i s p r o b ab ly d er i v ed fr o m t h e n am e o f
,

t h eir fo u n der o r s om e l ea di n g m em b er
,
A lt h o u gh R u s si an s b y o r igin
.

a n d l an gu age t h ey s tr i ct ly o b ser v e t h e M o s a i c law p er fo r m c ir cum

, ,

c i si o n
,
k eep th e S abb ath o n S at ur days an d abu s e th e Chr i stian ,

r el i gi o n
. I t m ay b e th at th ey ar e th e d es c en dan t s o f th at J e wi sh sect
wh i ch app ear ed at N o vgor o d an d M o sco w at the c l o s e o f th e ft een th
c en t u r y .

J EHU D C HE B ER .

The Jehu d Ch eb er ar e th e d es c en dan t s of Jethr o ,

or Cheb er , t he
K en i te ,
t h e fath er in law - of M oses, th e s er van t of G od . I n 1 Chr on i i, .
30 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AE L .

o f M oses , an d ar e n ot en t i r ely
un a c qu ain t ed with th e h er o es o f th e
R abb in i ca l s ch o o l S o m e year s ago t w o G er m an J ew s fr o m Jer us a l em
.
,

w en t do wn t o Tib er iah t o vi sit th e sepu l chr e o f R A ki b a A fter they

,
. .

h ad p er fo r m e d t h eir dev o t i o n al ex er c i s es an d s tepp ed o u t s ide o f t h e c av e , ,

t w o s t at ely A r ab s o n h o r seb a ck p a s s ed b y an d as ked W h at Tzaddi c k

,

( p i o u s o r r i h t eo u s
g ) r es t s i n t h i s c a v e ? T h e J e w s an sw er ed R a bb i ,

A ki ba Th e m en i m m edi at ely a l i gh t ed an d w en t i n t o t h e c av e 3 an d
.

a ft er a w hi l e t h e J e w s h ear d t h em t o t h eir gr e at a st o n i sh m en t p r a y in ,

pu r e H eb r ew Th ey wait ed u n t i l th ey n i sh ed an d cam e o u t an d t h en
.
,

a s k e d t h e m en wh o m t hey s upp osed t o b e A r ab s w h o th ey w er e ? T hey

, ,

r e c ei v ed i n r e ly
p W e ar e J eh u d C h eb er 3 b u t w e c o n j u r e yo u b y t h e
,

n a m e o f t h e G o d o f I s r a e l t o sp eak t o n o m an a b o u t u s u n t i l w e ar e ,

b eyo n d r ea ch Th ey th en di sapp ear e d o n t h eir s w i ft an i m a l s
.
,
.

I t i s k n o wn h o wev er t h at t hi s t r i b e l i v es u n der t h e go v er n m en t
, ,

o f a chi ef w h o m t h ey c a ll M elek K i n g T hi s b ec am e k n o wn b y t h e
-

fo ll o win g cir cu m st an c es zA b o u t t h i r t y year s ago t h e S u l tan o f Z an n ah

.
,

i n t en de d t o fu l l t h e d u t y o f a p i lgr i m age t o t h e h o ly c it y M e cc a .

Bein g afr ai d t o go b y s ea as u s u al h e m ade up h i s m in d t o c r o s s th e

, ,

d eser t W ell p r o vided w i t h all p o ss i b l e n e c es s ar i es an d a s u f c i en t

.
,

n u m b e r o f ar m ed m en h e s tar t ed o n hi s o u r n ey 3 b u t t h ei r gu i des s o o n
,

l o st th ei r w ay an d aft er w an der i n g ab o u t fo r s ev er a l days t h ey b egan

, ,

t o s u ffer fo r w a n t o f p r o v is i o n s an d p ar ti cu l ar ly wat e r , A ft er a n o t h er .

d ay o r t w o a l m o s t dyi n go f t h i r s t an d exh a u s ti o n t h e t r av el er s di s c o v er ed
, ,

a n e o a s i s a n d a l ar ge c i t y O f w hit e t en t s o n i t s s h o r es
,
N ot do ub tin g .

o n e m o m en t t o n d t h er e a t r i b e o f A r a b s t h e y r u sh ed fo r w ar d t o a l a r ge

a n d b ea u t i fu l t en t a n d c r i e d o u t ,
W a t er b r et her n w at er o r el se w e
, , , ,

di e A t t hi s s t r an ge n o i s e a t all an d s to u t A r ab st epp e d o u t fr o m t h e

.
,

t e t a d c r ie
n n ,
d K el eb ! (do g) w h o dar es t o m ak e s uch a n o is e i n t h e
,

h o u r o f p r ay er ? Th e p i lgr i m s t o l d i n a fe w w o r d s w h o t h ey w er e , , ,

a n d ho w t h ey c am e th er e an d t h at t h ey w er e e x h a u s t ed t o d eath an d
, ,

r ep eat e d t h ei r s upp l i c at i on s fo r w a ter T h e A r a b t o l d t h em t h a t t h e.

t en t w a s t h at o f t h ei r M e l ek K i n g an d t h a t t h ey w er e j u s t c on gr egat e d
-

t o p er fo r m t h e e v en i n g p r ayer T h ey w e r e p er m i tted t o l o o k i n t o th e
.

t e n t a n d sa w a l ar ge c o n gr egat i o n o f s ta t ely m en
, en a e d i n
g g S i l en t ,

dev o ti o n Th e p i lgr i m s w er e i m m edi a tely p r o vi de d w i th w at er an d

.

fo o d a n d s o m e t en t s t o r est i n ; an d a ft er t h ey h a d r ec o v er e d fr o m
,

f at igu e t h ey w er e w ell p r o v i ded w i th ev e r yt h in g t h ey n eeded an d b r o u gh t

, ,

up on t h e r ight t r a ck t o w ar ds M e cc a wh er e t h ey s afely l an ded aft er t w o , ,

w eek s To th e en qu i r y o f t h e p i l gr i m s w h o th ei r ben efa c to r s w er e t hey

.
,

r e c ei v ed i n r ep ly W e ar e J eh u d C heb er
, a n d fr o m t h at t i m e t h e S u l t an ,

o f Z an n ah b ec a m e exc eedi n gly fr i en dly t o t h e J ew s

.
 FR EEM AS O N R Y A M ON G T H E J EW S . 31

F R EE M A S O N R Y A M O N G THE JE WS .

I t is a hi s t o r i c al fa c t , t h at t h e J P o r t u ga l w er e th e
e ws i n S p ai n an d
s t an dar d b ear er s o f p h i l o so p h y ast r o n o m y p hi l o l o gy p h ar m a c o l o gy an d
-
, , , ,

o t h er s c i en c es an d ar t s i n t h o se c o u n t r i e s d u r i n g t h e r ei gn o f t h e M o o r s
, , ,

an d ev en fu r th er d o w n t o t h e en d o f t h e fo u r teen t h c en t u r y 3 b u t
, ,

wh eth er th ey w er e al so t h e guar dian s o f geo m etr y an d e sp e ci ally o f ,

ar ch it e c t u r e i s a m att er w hi ch r em ai n s to b e a s c er t ai n ed an d w h i ch w e , ,
,

thin k w o u l d O p en a w ide el d fo r t h e s t u den t o f an c i en t h i s t o r y

, ,

a ll i t s b r an ch es
. W e m ai n t ai n t h at t h e y w e r e a l s o t h e m a s t e r s o f t h e
.

l atter s ci en ces 3 an d as st r an ge as t hi s id ea m ay app ear i t i s n o t a m er e

, ,

ph an tom b u t r at h er fo un ded o n t h e b asis o f s o m e h i sto r i c al o r at l east

, , , ,

t r adi ti o n a l fa c ts .

I t i s a w ide s p r ea d t r adit io n am o n g t h e S p an i sh J ew s (n o w
-

g en er a lly k n o wn u n der t h e n am e o f P o r tu gu es e J t h at I s r a el i te s
w h o w er e d i s s at i s e d w i t h t h e r ei n o f K in S o l o m on ( w ho a cc o r din g
g g ,

t o 2 K in gs x i i ,
4 p u t a h eav y yo k e up o n t h e p eo p l e ) m i gr a t ed t o
.
, , ,

Tar s hi sh wh i ch i t i s s upp o s ed i s S p ai n i n t h e sh i p s w hi ch S o l o m o n
, , , ,

s en t o u t an d s e tt l ed t h e r e W h en after S o l o m o n s deat h hi s s o n an d

.
, , ,

s ucc esso r R eh o b o am l o s t t en p ar t s o f h i s k i n gdo m b y t h e i m p r u den t

, ,

an s w e r w h i c h h e a v e t o t h e p eo p l e w h en t h e y app eal e d fo r r el i e f fr o m
g
t h e h eavy t a x es 3 h e s en t n o t w i th st an di n g h i s c o ll ect o r
,
A do r a m i n t o , , ,

t h e p r o v i n c es t o en fo r c e p ay m en t an d a l s o t o th e n ew ly p l an t ed c o l o n i es
,

o f S p ai n . Th er e h o w ev er t h e p eo p l e
,
w h o i t i s s upp o s ed w er e n o t o f
, , ,

t h e t r i b e o f J u d ah s t o n e d h i m t o d eat h I t i s a fa c t t hat t h er e ar e .
,

n u m er o u s t o m b s t on es w i t h O ld H eb r e w o r S am ar i t an i n s c r i p t i o n s in
, ,

S ev i ll e o r T o l edo w e c an n o t p o s iti v e ly s av i n w hi ch o f t h es e t w o
p l a c es an d am o n g t h em i s o n e w hi ch b ear s t h e n am e o f A do r am th e ,

c o ll e cto r o f S o l o m on an d hi s so n R eh o b o a m .

A n o th er t r a di ti o n an d p r o b ab ly n ear er t h e t r ut h t han t h e fo r m er
, ,

i s t hat J ew s em igr at e d t o S p ai n i n Ph o en i c i an ship s at t h e t im e w h en ,

t h e lan d o f I s r ael w a s gr o an in g u n der t h e t yr an n i c a l y o k e o f t h e s u c

c ess o r s o f A l e x an d er t h e G r eat T h i s s eem s t o b e c on r m ed b y a gr eat
.

m an y c o i n s w hi c h w e r e r e c en t ly du fr om s o m e r u i n s i n t h e c i ty o f
g
T ar r ago n a 3 an d a l s o b y an o th er v er y i m p or tan t cir cum s tan c e n a m ely
, , , ,

t hat i n th e days o f H er o d an d P o n ti u s P i l at e t h e J ewi s h c o m m u n i t y

, ,

i n To l edo wr o te a l et t er t o t h e H igh P r i es t Eli ez er an d t h e H igh C o u n cil , , ,

o r S an h edr in t o t h e effe c t to b ewa r e o f c o n dem n i n g J es u s o f N az ar et h

, ,

t o t h e p en a l t y o f d eat h H o w m uch t r uth m ay b e i n an y o f th ese

.

stat em en t s i t w o u l d b e v er y h ar d o r p er h ap s a l t o et h er i m p o s si b l e t o
g , , , ,

a sc er tain
3 t hi s m u ch , h o w ev er i s c e r t ai n t h at J ew s w er e th e fo u n d er s
, ,
32 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

an d bu il de r s o f m os t o f th e an ci en t ci ti es o f S p a in a s T o l e do S ev i ll e , , ,

Bar cel o n a an d o t h er s ; an d t hat J e w s w e r e th e i n h abi t a n t s o f t h o s e

,
;

p la c es at t h e t im e wh en t h e O st r ogo th s i n vaded t he P en i n s u l a an d ,

p l an t ed w ith t h e c r o s s O pp r ess i o n p er s e cut i o n a n d cr u elty again s t a lf

, , , ,

w h o w o u l d n o t b o w t hei r k n ee s t o i t an d es p ec i a lly t h e J ew s ,
.

Befo r e w e go fur th er i n t h e hi st o r y o f t h e S p an i sh an d P o r tu g uese

J ew s w hi ch i n duc e d u s t o t hi n k t h at t her e ar e t r a c es o f F r eem aso n r y
,

h av i n g e xi st ed am o n g t h e m w e m u s t m en t i o n an o th er t r adi t i o n w hi ch
,

li v es i n th e m o ut h o f a l m o s t ev er y J ew i n Bo h em ia an d p ar t icu lar ly ,

i n P r agu e t h e c ap it a l o f t h at c o u n t r y
,
Th er e i s s car c ely a t r a v ell er w h o .

o es t o s ee t h e w o r l d an d t o s t u dy t h e d i f f r en t cu s t o m s an d h ab it s o f
g ,
e

t h e n a ti o n s an d s ee t h e r ar i t i es o f th ei r c i t i e s w h o o n s to pp i n g a fe w days
, , ,

i n P r agu e wo u l d n o t a l s o go t o s ee th e a n t i q uit i es i n t h e J ew s qu ar ter

, ,

an d
p ar ti cu l ar ly t h e A l T e n ai s y n ago gu e I t i s a r e m a r k ab l e bu i l d
-
.

i n g an d p e cu l i ar i n i t s s t r uct u r e w hi c h i s n e ith er a l to get h e r t he G r eek

, ,

s tyl e n o r t h e G o t h i c N o v i s i t o r e v e r c r o s s e d t h e t h r es h o l d o f t h i s
.

bui l din g w i th o ut fee li n g a s i t w er e an i c e c o l d s tr ea m r u n n in g t h r o ugh

, ,
-

his v ei n s a n d a n i n v o l un t ar y v en er at i o n fo r a t em p l e w it h w h i ch s o
,

m a n y w o n der fu l e v en t s a r e c o n n ec t ed Th e m o s t a n ci en t ch r o n i c l e o f .

Bo h em i a s ays t ha t t hi s b u i l d in g w a s fo un d t her e w hen t he fo un der

, ,

o f t h e c i t y o f P r a u e l a id t h e r s t c o r n er s to n e o f i t an d t h at h e fe l t s uch
g
-
,

a v en e r at i on fo r t h at s t r an e e di c e t h a t h e s u ffe r e d n o t h i s p e o p l e t o u se
g ,

i t fo r a n y pur p o s e S o o n a ft er t hi s J ew s c a m e t o s e t tl e t h er e an d
.
, ,

c la i m e d th at bu i l di n
g a s a s yn ago gu e w hi c h h a d b een er ec t e d by t h e i r ,

a n c e s t o r s fo r a h o u s e o f w o r s h i T h e t r a di t i o n o f t h e o r i gi n o f t hi s
p .

syn ago u e i s t hi s T h w r e J ew is h l n ies an d p er h a p s a l s o

g e r e e c o o
- e

I s r ael i ti s h fr o m th e t en t r i bes i n s e v er a l p ar ts o f t h e t h en i n h abi t ed

,

p ar ts o f Eur o p e es p eci ally i n S pai n a n d Fr a n c e k n o wn a s S ep h o r o d
, , ,

an d Tser O p h o th d ur i n g t h e s e c o n d t em p l e
,
T h ey w er e n u m er o u s a n d .

w eal th y an d o ft en m a de p i l gr im ages t o J er us al em i n o b ed ien c e t o th e

, ,

c o m m an d o f G o d H er e i n t h e p l ea s an t v all ey o n t h e S h o r es o f t he
.
,

b ea u ti fu l r i v e r M o ldau at th at t i m e t h e e xtr e m e p o in t o f h ab i t at i o n
, ,

t h ey c h o se t o b e a p l a c e app o i n e d w h e r e t h e y w a i t e d u n t i l all w er e
t ,

gat h er e d w h o i n t en d ed t o go an d t h en p u r su ed t h ei r w ay east w ar d i n
,

a l a r e b o dy w i t h o u t fea r o f t h e s a v a e h o r d es w h o m a d e t h o s e r e i o n s
g , g g .

u n s afe . A s t h ey h a d o ft en t o t ar r y fo r w eek s an d ev e n m o n th s t h ey ,

a gr e ed t o bu i l d a s u bst an t ia l bu i l di n w h i c h h o u l d s er v e t h e m n o t o n l y
g s ,

fo r a h bu s e o f w o r s hi p b u t a l s o fo r a fo r t i n w hi ch a t h o u s an d p eo p l e
, ,

A l Ten ai m e n s on con d i tion 3 t h at i s t hat t h e buil di n w

ct ed t o be
a
g as er e
-
,

ex clus ively a h ou se o f w o r sh i
n ot
p b u t fo r o t h er p ur p os es als o , .
 F R EEM A S O N R Y A M O N G T H E J EW S . 33

cou ld b e pr o t ected ,
s ho uld th e vages
sa of th e fo r es t dar e at a n
y ti m e to
a tt a ck t hem .

T her e i s n o do ub t a gr eat deal o f tr uth i n th i s t r aditi on i n as m uch ,

as i t i s p ar t ly c o n r m ed b y t h e Bo h em i an C h r o n i c l es Thi s h o we v er .
,
:

is ev iden t t h at Jew s er ect ed t h a t bu i l di n g an d t h at th ey di d i t w i t h o ut

, ,

t h e ass i st an c e o f o t h er h an ds th an t h ei r o w n I f t hi s w a s t h e c as e th er e
.
,

m u st h a v e b een in deed s k i l fu l m ast er s i n t h e ar t o f ar ch i t e c t u r e a m o n g

t h em w h o fo r m ed an as s o ci at i o n l i k e t h o se o f o th er n at i on s
,
.

W e n o w r et u r n t o th e J ew s i n S p ain an d P o r t u ga l A ft er t h e .

d o wn fa ll o f t h e O s t r o G o thi c Em pi r e u n der t h e r eign o f th e O n aj ades

-
, ,

o r M o o r s t h e J ew s r ega i n ed t h ei r fo r m er p o s it i o n
,
i n t h o s e c o u n t r i es 3
t h e y e n j o y ed p er fe ct l i ber t y a n d ha d t i m e m ean s an d o pp o r t u n i ty t o
, , ,

e xt en d t h e i r k n o w l edge an d w i s do m i n all b r an c h es o f s ci en c e an d a r t .

W e n d t h em i n t h e h igh est st ati o n s at t h e c o u r t s a s w ell as i n t h e ,

i n s t i t u t es o f l ear n in g E v en after t h e go l den age o f S p ai n h a d p as s ed

.

a w ay 3aft er t h e e xpu l s i on o f t he M o or s b y p o p i s h k i n gs t h e J ew s t h o u h
g , ,

O pp r e ss e d an d O ft en p er s ecu te d a ga i n en j o y e d h i gh st a ti o n s at th e dif
,
fer en t
c o u r t s o f t h e S p an i s h m o n ar ch s fo r n ear ly a h u n dr ed y ear s
,
I n t he .

m iddl e o f th e fo u r t een th c en tu r y h o w ev er t h e s u ffer in gs o f th e d es p i se d

, ,

r a c e b e c am e i n to l er a b l e 3 an d t en s o f t h o u s an d s p r o fes s e d pub l i c ly a

r e l i i o n whi ch i n t h ei r h ear t s t hey h at ed an d a b h o r r e d t o t h e u tt er m o s t

g , ,
.

Th ey w er e ca ll ed N o r o s C hr isti an o s o r n e w C hr i st i an s ; o r t ogeth er
, ,

wi th t h e n ew con ver t s fr o m th e M o o r s M ar a n o s a n d thi s l at t er

,

n am e w as m o r e c o m m o n a m o n
g t h e p eo p l e t h an t h e r s t .

I t i s a w ell k n o wn fa ct t h at t h e Mar an o s w h o w er e J e ws i n t h ei r
-

, ,

h ear ts h e l d s e c r et m eet in gs o n cer t ai n day s an d at c er tai n p l a c es t o

, ,

w o r s hi p G o d a cc o r di n g t o t hei r o w n co n vi cti o n To t h es e m eet i n gs .

n o n e c o u l d o b t ai n a dm i s s i o n e xc ep t m e m b er s o f a s i m i l ar a sso c i at i o n an d ,

t hi s o n ly aft er a s tr i ct ex a m i n at i o n G en er a lly th ey m et i n pub l i c

.

h o u s es as t a ver n s h o t e l s
, ,
k ep t b y o n e o f th ei r o w n p eo p l e i n o r der
, ,

th at th ei r c o m i n g a n d go i n g m igh t n o t exc i te t h e at t en t i o n an d s u sp i c i on
o f th ei r en em i es t h e s p i es o f t h e d ev i l s t r i bu n a l t h e I n q u i s i t i o n

,
Th e ,
.

r oom w h er e th ey m et h ad tw o en t r an c es o n e fo r t h e b r eth r en o f th e ,

s am e c o n gr egat i o n whi ch w as n ev er k n o w n to a v i sito r a l th o ugh h e

, ,

ga v e s ati sfa c t o r y e v iden c es t hat h e w as a m em b er o f t h e b r o t h er h o o d an d ,

in c o n s e qu en c e o f whi ch h e o bt ain ed adm i s s i o n Th e o t h er do o r w as fo r .

t h e en t r an c e o f v i s it o r s ; T h ey a pp ear e d i n a p ecu l i ar dr ess m os tly i n ,

Th e n am e
M ar an os th ey r eceived fr o m th e ci r cum stan ces t h at

th ey wer e
o ft en fr i gh t en ed :

by t h e c r y M r an ath a ! Th e M as ter com es wh en
a ,
"
as s em bl ed

t o geth er for p r ayer .

34 HA -
J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R AE L .

d th e
last r u l e o f p r e ca ution whi ch t hey em p l o yed

m on ks co wls ; an

a m o n g th em w as ,
t ha t wh en ev er v is it o r s fr o m o th er c o m m u n it ies w er e
,

i n tr o du c ed, t h ey app ear ed all m ask ed whi le th e v i s i t o r s w er e o b l iged t o

,

s h o w th ei r fac es I n e xam i n in g v i s ito r s w h o w er e n o t kn o wn t o t hem

.

p er so n ally t h ey u s ed li k e Fr eem as o n s c er tain s ign s , gr i p s , a n d p ass

, , ,

wo r ds whi ch t ogeth er with th e fa cts Of thei r b ei n g s ki ll ed in geo m etr y

,
'

an d ar chit e c tu r e , m ak es i t m o st p r o b ab l e t h a t t h e s e c o m m un i t i es p r ac

t i sed a kin d o f F r eem a so n ry am o n g t h em s el v es Bu t th er e ar e o th er

.

c ir cum s tan c es wh i ch c on r m u s in th at idea The h i stor y o f th at .

p er se cut ed r a ce th o u san ds o f whi ch en ded i n
,
A u to dc f s r ec o r ds o f ,

i n n u m er ab l e c ases w h er e br ethr en w er e de l i v er ed w hen i n gr eat dist r es s ,

fr o m t h e m o s t c r u el death ev en fr o m t h e fo o t o f t h e s caffo ld 3 an d o n c e
,

a p ar t y o f s ev er a l h u n dr ed p er s o n s m en w o m en an d ch i l dr en w h o wer e
, , ,

a l r ea dy s en te n c ed t o b e bu r n t a l i v e o n t h e n ext m o r n i n w er e c ar r i ed
g ,

o u t fr o m t h e p r i s o n o f t h e I n q u i si t i o n i n L i s b o n b r o u gh t o n b o ar d o f
,

t w o v ess e l s whi ch w er e w a iti n g fo r t h e m an d safely l an ded at

,

A m s t er d a m .

On e fa ct m wi ll m en t i o n
or e w e Th er e wer e o ften t r ai t o r s in spite
.

o f all t he m ean s o f p r e c a u t i o n w h i c h th ey em p l o y e d 3 b u t s c ar c ely o n e

o f t h em es c ap ed th e a v en i n
g g dagger l t fo un d t h e t r ea ch er o u s h ear t
.

in t h e in n er c ham b er o f t h e k in g s p a l a c e a s w ell as th e fo o t O f t h e a ltar

,

i n t h e c at hedr al 3 h i s l ife w a s fo r fei t ed 3 t h er e w as n o S p o t o n t hi s gl o b e

w her e he c o u l d ee t o an d n o c a v e w h er e h e c o u l d h id e h i m sel f
, 3 the

i n v i s i ble ar m o f v en gean c e r ea ch ed him ever ywh er e .
 C HA PTER II .

T H E N A M ES O F A J EW .

HE BR E W ISR A E L I TES J O igiEW r n an d I m p ort of th ese N am es den ed .

TH E N A M ES OF A J EW .

In re
gar d o f t h e n am e o f t h i s n at io n , t h ey known fr o m t im es o f ar e

o ld, t i l l o u r d ay, u n der t hr ee differ en t n am es T he y ar e ca ll ed H ebr ew s .

,

I s r a eli tes an d a ls o J ew s
,
W e wi ll gi v e a r easo n fo r t hi s v ar i ety
. .

Th e n am e Hebr ew o r m o r e c o r r e ct ly E hr i i s deci ded ly t h e o l dest

, , , , ,

a s w e n d
,

yet i n G en es i s x i v 1 3 i s t h at t h e an c es t o r o f t hi s n at io n w as
.
,

c a ll ed b y t h e G en ti l es A br a ha m
z
the E hr i b e c a us e h e w a s fr o m t h e o t h er
, ,

s i de o f t h e Eup h r at es fo r th e H eb r e w r o o t a v a r fr o m wh i ch t h e En li sh
, g ,

wo r d o v er i s der i ved sign i es t o t r an s gr es s o v er a s ea o r r i v er Th e

,
.

w o r d H ebr ew o r E hr i i s t h er efo r e o n ly a n ap p ella ti o n t o th e descen

, , , ,

dan t s o f A b r ah am w h o c r o s s ed t h e E up h r at es
, Q ui te differ en t fr o m .

t h i s i s th e n am e I s r a eli te fo r t hi s i s a p a tr o m m i e n am e d er i v e d fr o m
, ,

t h e p a t r i ar ch Ja c o b w h o w a s s u r n am ed b y G o d
,
I s r a el wh i c h sign i es , ,

a cc o r di n a p r in c e o f G o d an d a cc o r di n
g t o so m e , g t o o th er s a w ar
, ,

t h e Bi b l e

r io r o f G o d Thi s n am e i s a l m o st e xc l u s i v ely u s ed i n z
. .

Th e n am e J ew o r r ath er J ehu di i s ab o u t e l even h u n dr ed year s

, ,

u t h t h f m d t t r ibu t ed t o t h at n at i o n w h en aft er
y o n
ge r an e o r e r an w a s a , ,

t h e d ea th o f Ki n g S o l o m o n t h e I s r a el i t i sh Em p i r e b e c a m e di v ide d i n t o
,

t w o k in gdo m s n a m e ly t h at o f I sr a el u n der Jer o b o a m an d t h at o f J u d a h

, , , , ,

u n der R ehab o a m , th e s o n s o f S o l o m o n a n d th e l att er w as t h er efo r e , ,

c a ll e d t h e Em p i r e o f Jeh u dah a s i t c o n s i s t e d o n ly o f th et w o t r i b es o f
,

J eh u dah an d Ben j am i n of w hi ch em pi r e Jehu dah fo r m ed th e m aj o r i ty

,

a s a l s o i n h o n o r o f t h e k i n ly dyn a st y w h i c h d es c en d e d fr o m t h e t r i b e
g ,

o f J eh u dah S o o n ly a s m all p ar t o f I s r ae l w a s c alled at t h at t i m e J eh u

.

dah 3 b u t w h en a t a l at e r p er i o d t h e I s r a el i t es n a m e ly , t h e p eo p l e o f th e
r

, , ,

t en t r i b es w er e c a r r i ed i n t o c a p t i v i t y b y t h e A s s yr i an k i n g S a lam a n a s s er
, ,

whi ch w as tr an sac te d 1 34 y ea r s b efo r e N ebuch a dn ezz ar k i n g o f Babylo n , ,

d es tr o yed J er u sa l em an d as t h e t en t r i bes w er e d i s p e r s ed b y t h at t y r an
,

n i cal em p er o r i n t o a m o u n t ai n o u s r e gi o n i n t h e i n te r i o r o f A s i a s o t h at ,

u n ti l thi s t i m e hi st o r y i s s i l en t i n r egar d t o t h e fat e o f t h o se lo s t t en

t r i bes ; a ll t h e s ur v i v i n g I s r a e l it es w er e c a ll ed fr o m t ha t t i m e J ehu di m ,

o r J ew et h o u h th e n a m e I s r ae l i t e i s th e m o r e c o r r e c t o n e 3 fo r e v er y
g
I eh u di o r J ew i s o f c o ur se an I s r ae l it e b u t n o t ev e r y I s r ael i t e a J e w
.
, , , ,

.
Or J eh u di .
 C HA PTER III .

H E BR EW W O M EN

v
.

P olygam y, t h ough p r act i ced , d i s c our aged H igh p os i t i on i gn ed t o

r
o m an

Betr oth alM ar r i ageD ivo r c eMutual dut i es

w as ass

o f Husban d an d \V i feL o e of
Hebr ew W o m en for th ei r Ki n dr ed .

H E BR E W W OM EN .

Th e p o s itio n assign ed b y th e H ebr ews t o the fem al e s ex h as b een ,

fr eq u en t ly m i s un der sto o d Fr o m th e p er m i ssi o n of p o lygam y , fr o m i ts

.

s upp os ed gen er a l p r a c t i c e a n d fr o m i so l at ed e xp r ess i o n s b y s om e

,

R abbin s i t h as b een h ast i ly in fer r ed t o h av e b een lo w

,
T o a r r i v e at . ,

c o r r ec t v i ews o n t hi s s ubj e c t w e o u ght t o c o m p ar e th e p o s it i o n o f t h e

,

H ebr ew fem a l e n ot o n ly w ith th e el evat ed p l a ce whi ch C hr i sti an ity in

, ,

ac kn o w l ed m en t o f h er r ea l v o c at i o n h as a s s i n ed h e r b u t chi e y w i th
g g , ,

t h at w h i ch s h e t h en o ccup i ed an d ev en at t h e p r esen t t i m e h o l ds
, , ,

a m o n g o t h er eas t er n n at i o n s Th e r eader s o f t h e N ew T est a m en t c an n o t

.

b u t feel t h at t h e r e l at i o n s t h er e i n di cat ed p r o c eed up o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n

t h at m o n ogam y w as t h e r ule an d p o lygam y th e excep ti o n
,
Th e .

p er m i ssi on o f p o lygam y t h e c o m p ar at i v e fa c i l it y o f o b t ai n i n g a
di v o r c ean d t h e p r a c t i c e o f k eep i n g c o n cubin es (es p e ci ally at an
e ar l i er p er io d
) ,
m ay s eem t o m i l i tat e aga i n s t t h e fu n da m en t al idea o f t h e

m ar r i age r el at i o n Bu t again st th es e dr awb a ck s w e h av e t o p u t th e

.

, ,

t w o i n d ub i t ab l e fa ct s t h at gen er a lly m en w er e o n ly u n i ted in w edl o ck

, , ,

t o o n e w i fe an d t h at J e w ish fem a l e s o ccup i e d n o t o n ly a c o m p ar at i v ely

, ,

b u t an ab s o lu t ely h igh p o si t i o n The law th r o u gh o u t r ec ogn i z ed an d

.

p r o t ect ed t h e r ight s o f a w o m an an d di s c o u r aged th e p r ac t i c e o f p o lygam y

, .

A n i m p ar t i a l r ea der c an n ot r i s e fr o m th e p er u sa l n o t o f a few i s o l ate d ,

p a ssages b u t o f t he secti o n s o f t h e l l i shn a b ear in g up on t h i s s u bj ect

, , ,

w i t h o u t b ei n g i m pr essed wi th t hi s c o n v i ct i o n To t h e age o f t w el v e .

year s an d o n e day fem a l es w er e r e ck o n ed m i n o r s (b o ys t o t hi r teen

, ,

y ear s an d o n e day ) d ur in g whi ch p er i o d t h e v w er e ab s o l ut ely i n th e

,

p o wer o f t heir fat h er w h o m i ght b etr o t h o r gi ve t h em i n m ar r i age an d

, ,

w h o d er i v ed t h e b en e t o f wh at t hey m i h t ear n b y t h eir p er so n al

g
e x er t i o n s .

M ar r iage w a s p r ec ed ed b y a b e tr oth al wh i ch i n t h e P r o v i n c e o f , ,

J u dea w as c el ebr at ed b y a feas t

,
Th e c o n di t io n s o f t h e m ar r iage w er e
.

t hen v e r y p r ec i s ely xe d t h e d o w r y b r o ught b y t h e w ife an d t h e s u m

, ,

o f m o n ey t o b e p ai d t o h er i n c as e o f di v o r c e o r o f w id o wh o o d s ett l ed ,
,
38
HA J EHU D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

R a k i ba en deav o ur ed i n t he s am e m an n er t o p r o v e that a
bb i A , ,

m an m ight law fully di sm i s s h i s w ife if h e fo u n d an o th er m o r e att r a e ,

t iv e . Pa ss in g o v er s uch excep tio n a l e xtr avagan ces i t w as h eld law ful ,

t o di sm i s s a w i fe wi t h o u t p ayin g h er th e lega lly secu r ed p o r t i o n i f s he ,

t r an sgr es sed th e law o f M o S es an d o f Ju dah whi ch w as a p p l i ed n o t o n ly ,

t o s in :but t o a ct s o f i m p r o p r i et y s uch a s go in g a b o ut wi th loo s e hai r

, , ,

s p in n in g i n th e st r eet fam i l iar ly t a l k i n g w it h m en

,
ill t r eat in g h er ,
-

h u s b an d s p ar en ts i n his p r es en c e an d br aw l in g i e s p eak in g w i th h er
'
. .
, , ,

h u sb an d s o lo u dly t h at h er n eigh b o r s c o uld h ear h er v o i c e i n t he

a dj o in i n g h o u s es 3 a gen er al b ad r eput a ti o n i n t h e p l a c e o r t h e di s c o v er y ,

o f da m agin g cir c u m s tan c es wh i ch h ad b een c on c ea l e d b efo r e m ar r iage .

O n th e o th er h an d t he wi fe c o u l d i n si st o n b ei n g di vo r c ed fr o m h er
h u s b an d if h e w as a lep er if h e w as affected w it h p o lypu s (can c er ?)
,

o r if h i s t r a de o b liged him t o p er fo r m eith er dir t y o r di s agr eeab l e

m an i pu l ati o n s as i n t h e cas e o f t an n er s an d c o pp er sm i th s
,
To di s co u r age .

a p lu r ali ty o f wi v es i t w as enj o in ed, t h at i n h er clai m s t h e r s t

, , ,

m ar r i ed w ife s ho u ld a l w ay s t ak e p r e c e den c e o f t h e s e c o n d t h e s e c o n d o f ,

t he t h i r d, & c Th e o r din an c es wit h r efer e n c e to di v o r c e b y ab s en t

'

h u s b an d w er e as all legi s lati o n o n t hi s s ubj ect ver y pu n c tili o u s

, , , .

The law s p e cied

ut u al dut i es an d r i gh ts The h u sb an d w as
t he m .

b ou n d t o lo v e an d c h er i sh hi s wife co m fo r t a bly t o s up p or t h er to r edeem , ,

h er if sh e h ad b een s o l d i n t o s l av er y an d t o bur y h er O n th es e , .

o c c a s i on s t h e p o o r est I sr aelit e w as b o u n d t o p r o v ide at lea st t w o

, , ,

m o ur n in g fes an d on e m ou r n i n g w o m an O n th e o th er h an d th e w ife .
,

w as t o gr in d t h e m eal t o b ak e t o w a sh t o c o ok t o s uck l e h er
, , , ,

t o m ak e h er h u sb an d s b ed an d t o w o r k in w o o l

c h i l dr en , Th ese , .

r e u lat i o n s w er e m o di ed if s h e w as w ea l thy I f s h e h ad b r o u ght w i t h

g .

h er o n e sl av e s h e w as n o t r equ i r ed t o gr i n d th e m eal t o b ake o r t o

, , ,

w ash ; i f t w o s lav es sh e w as a l s o fr ee fr o m c o o k i n
, g an d s uck l in g t he
c h ildr en ; if t h r ee s l av es s h e w a s n o t r e q u i r ed t o m ake t h e b e d o r t o
, ,

w o r k in wo ol 3 if fo u r s l av es (i t i s added) sh e m ight s i t i n h er eas y ,

c h ai r . H o wev er t his i n dulgen ce w as lim it ed an d u n der all c i r cu m

, , ,

s tan c es , t h e w i fe ex p ect ed at least t o w or k in w o o l , ,

.

. .

I f, by a r ash v o w ,
a h u sb an d h a d for s w o r n hi m self n o t to allo w hi s
w ife to w o r k, he
bo u n d i m m edi ately t o di vor ce h er as it w as tho ught
w as ,

t hat idle n es s in duc ed i n san i t y Th e w h o l e o f th e p er son al p r o p er ty o f

.
,

o r t h e i n c o m e d er i v ed b y t h e wife b el o n ged t o h er h u sb an d , O n t he , .

o ther h an d h e w as b o u n d t o m ak e o v er t o h er o n e half m o r e th an h er
"
-
,

dow r y if i t c on si sted o f r eady m o n ey, an d o n e fth less if i t c on sis ted i n -

an y p r o p er t y Besides, th e br idegr o om w ast o allo w hi s wife on e t en th

.
-
 H EBR EW W O M EN . 39

of h er do w r y f p in m on e y I f a fat her gav e awa y hi s dau ght er wi tho u t

p
r -
.

m aki n g an
y d isti n ct s t a t em en t a b o ut h er do w r y, h e w a s bo u n d t o a ll ow
h er , at leas t , fty s i t s if it h a d xpr ess ly b een p r o vi ded that th e b r ide
e

w a s t o r e c ei v e n o do wr y i t w as de l i ca t e ly en j o i n ed t hat t h e b r i de r o o m
, g
s h o u l d fu r n i sh h er b efo r e h er m ar r i age w i th t h e n ecessar y o utt
, , .

E v en an o r ph an w h o w as gi v en aw ay b y h er n at u r a l guar di an s t h e
, ,

a r o chi a a u th o r it i es w as t o r e c ei v e fr o m t h e c o m m o n fu
p l , ,
n ds a t l ea st
, ,

ft y w e a s do w r y A n y r eal pr o p er ty whi ch a b r i de m igh t h av e

.

ac q ui r e d ei t h er b efo r e h er b et hr o thal o r b et w een h er b et h r o t h al an d h er

, ,

m ar r i age (i n t h e l at t er c a se o n ly if u n kn o wn t o th e b r i degr o o m ) m i gh t
, ,

a ain b e di sp os ed o f b y h er ei t h er b y s a l e o r if t A h u s b an d c o u l d n o t
g , g .

o b l ige h i s w ife t o leav e t h e H o ly L an d o r t h e Cit y o f Jer u sal em o r to , ,

e xc ha n ge a c o u n t r y fo r a t o w n r es iden c e an d v ic e v er s a ; o r a go o d fo r
,

a b a d h o u s e an d v i c e v er s a A wi d o w m i h t i n si st o n b ein g m ai n t ain ed
g
.
,

i n h er hu sb an d s h o u s e o r if th e s u r vi vi n g r el at i o n s an d sh e h er self w er e

, ,

f sh e h a d b r ed in h er fat h er s h o u s e sh e w as

n h er fath er s h o u se I

o un i
y g,
.
,

at all t i m e s at l i b er t y t o c l ai m h er l e ga l p o r t i o n b u t if s h e h ad s p en t t w en t y
,

v e y ear s wi th th e h eir s o f h er l at e h us b an d h er m o n ey; w as fo r feit ed as , ,

i t w as co n s ider ed t h at d u r i n g t h at p er i o d s he m u s t h av e S p en t i n ch ar it y
a su m equ a l t o t h a t t o wh i ch s h e w as legally en t it l ed .

Fr o m thi s cur i o u s p r o v i si o n i t wo uld app ear that th e cal cu l at ed

,

a n n u a l e xp en di t u r e fo r pu r ely c h ar i t ab l e pu r p o s es , w as at leas t o n e eighth -

W e o n ly a dd t h at pr i est s w er e b o u n d t o en q u i r e v er y

o f o n e s in c o m e .

ar ti cu l ar ly in to t h e pu r i t y o f t h e fa m i ly w i t h w hi ch t h ey a ll i ed t h em
p
s elv es i n m ar r i age l es t th ey m igh t en t er i n t o c o n n e ct i o n w i th h eat h en s
,

o r wi th b a st ar ds C hi l dr en b ego tt en in o r din ar y w edl o ck w er e o r din a

.
,

r il r eck o n ed a s b e l o n gi n g t o t h e fa m i ly o f t h e fath er b u t if th e m o th er
y ,

alo n e w as a J ew e s s h er o f fs pr i n g w er e a l so c o n s ider ed Jews

,
Th e s am e .

pr i vi l ege w a s a l s o e xt en ded t o th e ch i l dr en o f th o s e w h o h ad fo r s aken

Ju dai s m . O f t h e r s t w e h a v e an i n s tan c e i n t h e c ir cu m ci sio n o f T i t u s
,
,

b y P a u l 3 o f th e sec o n d i n t h e c l ai m s p u t fo r war d b y t he daught er s o f

,

t h e a p o st at e A ch er Th e p er i o d o f s uck l i n g i s v ar i o u s ly s tat ed
. Th e .

M i shn a xes i t at t w o year s o r at l eas t , ei gh teen m o n th s , ,

The e duca .

t i o n o f dau ght er s w as a l m o s t en t ir ely c o n ded t o th eir m o t h er an d e v en ,

i n th at o f s o n s s h e s u st ain ed an i m p o r tan t p ar t Besi des t heir p eculiar.

d o m est i c d u ti es d au gh t er s w er e t o b e t au ght t h e w r i tt en , b u t n o t th e
,

o r a l law as s uch s t u di es m i gh t l ead t o u n d u e fam ili ar i t y wi th th e o ther

,

s ex . D au ght er s w er e w hi l s t m in o r s , so abs o l u t ely i n t he p o w er o f t heir

,

fath er t ha
,
t h e m i ght ev en s e ll th em in t o s l av er y I f a p er s on di ed leav.
,

i n g son s an d dau gh t er s th e fo r m er wer e so l e h ei r s b u t w er e o bliged to

, ,
40 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

s upp or t t h ei r s i s te r s , an d t hat a l th o u gh t he
p r o per ty wer e o n ly s u f
c i en t fo r t h e
latt er pur p o se . A s m o t h er s s h o uld a dm o n i s h t h ei r so n s t o
app ly t h em se l v e s t o s t u dy so ,
wi v es we re t o en co ur age t heir h us b an ds t o
th e s am e .

Th e H eb r e w w o m a n i n h er
l o v e fo r h er k in dr ed soar s ab o ve h er ,

C hr i st ian si st er s The t e n der dev o t i o n whi ch t h e dau ght er s o f I s r ael

.

b est o w up o n th eir p ar en t s esp eci ally up o n t h eir fath er i s fu ll of b ea ut y

, ,

an d p ath os I n th e dar k a ll ey s o f t he w o r l d s Gh etti w h en t h e o ld
.
, [

H eb r ew m an t o ddl es h o m e fr o m h i s dai ly s t r i fe w ith p r ej u di c e an d ,

l ucr e a w o n dr o u s chan ge tr an s fo r m s hi s fa c e as h e cr o sses th e th r esh o l d

,

o f h i s w eat h er b eat en h o u s e
-
Th e fu r ti v e gl an c e exp an ds t h e c r o o k ed
.
,

gai t i s m ade s t r ai ght t h e m an y w r in k l es o f h i s b r o w ar e m ad e s m o ot h

, ,

t h e cr o uchi n g fo r m o f t h e p eddler di sapp ear s , an d t h e o ld m an s t an ds

er e ct a s if h e w er e w o r t h y o f b et ter t hi n gs 3 t h e s m i l e l o s es i t s s i n i s t er
,

r in an d i s c l o t h ed w i th en i a l b e au t y R e b e cc a h a s k i ssed a w a y t h e
g , g .

ugl i n es s o f t he m o n ey ch an ger an d t o see hi m sit do wn at hi s t ab l e

, ,

a ft er h av i n g s en t up t o J eh o v ah a p r a y er fo r go o d l uck a n d p l en t y o f ,

ai n f o r t h e c o m in g d ay an d c h at w i t h h i s da u gh t er , w h o d e l i gh t s i n
g , ,

h u m o r in g h i s j o k es , i s a t r eat fo r an ar tis t i n s ear ch o f t h e p i c t ur es q u e ,

o r fo r t h e p o et i n q u es t o f t h e r o m an t i c R eb e cc a s ab o u n d n o t o n ly i n
.
,

t h e r egi o n s o f th e Gh ett i , b u t i n t h e m i ddl e an d high es t o r d er o f

H eb r ew a b o des H er e w e n d th e daught er , as a c lass w at chin g w ith
.
, ,

A r gu s ey e s fat h er s an d m o th er s h a pp i n es s an d c o m fo r t

,
H er e o n t h e .
,

d o m es ti c sh r i n e all t h e r es o f l o v e an d affe ct i o n ar e bu r n in g so v igo r

,

o u s ly th at u n wi tt i n gl y ev en t h e s ym p ath i es ar e c o n s u m e d wh i ch a r e
, , ,

wan ted t o k in d l e th e gr eat m es r o u n d th e sa cr ed a l tar o f c o m m on

a

h u m an i t y Un less thi s dr awba ck i s c o n stan t ly k ept in v i ew o u r

.

-
,

d es c r i p t i on o f t h e H eb r ew dau gh t er s l o ve fo r h er p ar en t s w o u l d b e ,

c al cu lat ed t o s ur r o u n d t h e feelin gs w it h a t oo an geli c at m o spher e .

 C HA PT ER IV

P O S I TI O N TH E J EV S WE R E A N D A R E S TI L L O CC U P YI N G IN S O C I ET Y .

Fr an c e t her e ar e Jew s i n th e h igh est po l iti ca l p r o fessi o n a l an d

In , ,

m i l i tar y p o s iti o n s .

M r A n sp a ch m em b er o f th e I m p er ia l C o u r t o f P ar i s
.
, M r Bedar . .

r i d e p r es iden t o f t h e I m p er i a l C o u r t A i x
,
M r J Bedar r ide chai r m an ,
. . .
,

o f t he B ar at t he I m p er i a l C o u r t o f M o n t p ell i er .

M essr s A F o u ld C r em i eux C er fb eer m em b er s o f t he R o ya l P ar

. .
, , ,

liam en t u n der L o u i s P h i l i pp e .

M es s r s G o o deh eau x A l ean , En n er y K o n igs war ter m em b er s o f th e

.
, , ,

L egi s l at iv e A s s em b ly in 1 8 4 8 .

M essr s L S av a l Ko n igs war t er m em b er s o f t he p r es en t C ham be r

. .
, ,

o f D epu t i es .

M r C r em i eux M in i s t er o f J u sti c e an d G o o deh eau x M in ister o f

.
, , ,

F i n an c e .

M r A c helle F o u ld S e cr etar y o f S tat e an d M i n i st er o f th e I m p er i al

.
, ,

H o u seh o l d .

M r M a u r i c e M eyer I n s p ec to r o f Pr i m ar y S ch o o l s
.
,
.

M r A W idal P r o fesso r o f P h i l o so p h y at D o u ai
. .
,
.

M r Is idor e C o h en Pr o fesso r o f P hi l o s o p h y at N ap o l eon V en dee

.
, .

M r A l e an P r o fesso r at the C o n ser va to r y i n Pa r i s

.
, .

M r S M un k m em b er o f th e I n s tit u te

. .
,
.

M r F H a l ev y m e m b er o f t h e In sti t ut e an d p er p e tu al S e cr etar y
. .
, ,

o f t h e S e ct i o n o f Fi n e A r t s

M r A d Fr an k m em b er o f th e I n st it u t e , o f the I m p er ia l C o u n c il
.
,

o f Pub l i c I n s t r uc t i o n

an d P r o fes s o r at t h e C o ll ege d e Fr an c e
, .

M r G er m ain L ee di r ect o r o f th e H o sp i tal s o f Par i s

.
, .

M r M i ch e l L evy di r e ct or o f t he M ilit ar y S ch o ol o f V al de gr a ce
.
,
- -

I n the P r o v i n ce of I ll u s i e ar e di st i n gu ish ed Ha l ev y C o h en A l k an , , , , ,

Em i l s , J o n es O ffen ba ch S el igm an , ,
.

I n P r i n tin g a n d S cu lp tu r e M ess r s L eh m an A dam , S o l o m o n , .

,

U llm an .

I n J o u r n a li s m ,
L ettr es an d S ci en ces M essr s . L eo n , Go glan , W eil,

R H o r n C o h en C o hen Bla ck D En ar y Ger s on

a t i s b o n n e, , , , ,

, ,
L e vy , W igu e,
A l b er t C o h en S a l v ado r T er qu em S ta ub en
, , ,
.

I n M edi ci n e G er m ain i n Par i s 3 Ha r t z P r o fesso r , , in S t r asbu r g ;

T o r o Pr o fesso r i n Pa r i s
, .
42
H A J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

It w as fo r m er ly gen er a lly as ser t ed, t hat the J ew s w er e u n t for

m i lit ar y s er v i ce ; b u t t h e s tat is ti c al fa c ts o f Fr an c e p r o v es t hi s a sser ti on

t o be a ca l um n y O u t o f t h e
m er e . s c h o l ar s w h o s in c e 1 8 30 w er e
,

a d m itted in th e Ec o l e P o lyt ech n i q u e o v er 1 00 b el o n
g ,
t o t h e J ew i s h

r e li gi o n a n d t h u s while t h e Jew i sh p o pu l at i o n fo r m s h ar d ly t h e 4 00 th
, ,

ar t o f t h e F r en ch p o pu l ati o n t h ey ar e r ep r esen t ed i n t h e m i l i t ar y
p ,

s ch o ols in t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f o n e 4oth
,
A gai n wh en leavi n g t hes e
.
,

s ch o o ls , th es e y o u n g I s r ael i t es d o n o t p r efer an em p l o ym en t i n t h e c i v il

s er v i c e s b u t j o in
,
the ar m y an d en gage i n m i l it ar y s er vi c e
,
T h en ce .
,

d u r i n g th e c am p aign i n I ta ly t h er e w er e 1 40 Jewi sh o f cer s i n t h e

,

ar m y v iz : 35 c a p t ain s 3 c h i efs o f c avalr y c o m p an i e s 1 c o m m an der o f

, .
, ,

e n gi n eer s 2 c o l o n el s 2 m aj o r s
, , 1 l ieu t en an t c o l on el ; o f t h ese 2 9 w er e
,
-

K n i gh t s o f t h e L egi on o f H o n o r 5 o i c er s an d 5 c om m an der s o f th e
D
,

s am e o r der . r . Ga lla v a r di n o
f L yon s .
 P A R T S E C ON D .

T H E R EL I G I O N OF T H E J EW S .

C HA PTER I .

J UD A IS M .

j
I n t er est of t h e sub ect N o p eop l e m or e sp oken o f C o m m an d t he att en t i on o f th e

wor ld Pr esen t gr eat var i eti es o f ch ar act er an d so ci al st atus Th e Ti m es quot ed

T h e l i tt l e r ill i ssui n g i n t h e m i gh ty r iver C er em o n i es an d custo m s l s t, th ose
o f th e wr i t t en law , c on t ai n i n g 6 1 3 c om m an dm en t s 2md, th os e o f th e or al law
t h e Tal m ud 3r d, t h o s e cust o m s wh i ch h ave ar i sen i n cour s e o f t i m e A ll agr ee
i n th e I st an d 2n d, b u t th er e i s m uch d i ffer en ce i n t h e 3r d p ar t i cul ar C l as ses
acco r di n g t o n at i on al i ty M o der n C ar ait es F ew J ews con ver se in th e Heb r ew
O r i gi n o f th e M I S H N A an d TA L U D M
S up er st i t i ous r egar d for dr ea m s J us t i ce in

-

j
d eal i n g en o i n ed C o oki n g fo o d Eati n g K
i lli n g an i m al fo o d Phylact er i es
D ut i es o f wo m en Th i r t een ar t i cl es of J ewi sh b el i ef ~
M an n er o f m aki n g p r o s e

lyt es Cabal ist i c m agi c J ewi sh Es ch at o l ogy C o n fessi o n Tradi t i o n s an d e u

t h or i ty o f t h e Babb i es U n ab l e n o w t o keep t h e L aw o f M oses Th e b i r th o f a
C i r cum ci s i on
Bi rt h o f a dau gh t er R ed eem i n g t h e r s t born Gen eal ogy

s on

-

lo st Teach i n g o f ch ildr en C our ts h i p M ar r i age D ivo r ce S abbath an d i ts

O b s ervan ces
M o der n celebr at i on o f t h e P assov er T h e F east o f W eeks Th e

N ew year Th e D ay o f A t on em en t I ts cer em o n i es Th e F east o f T aber n acl es

-

F east o f D edi cat i o n F east o f Pur i m F eas t o f t h e d estruct i o n o f th e t w o Tem

p l es C er em on i es fo r t h e s i ck, dyi n g an d dead Bur i al r i tes
.

J UD A I S M .

Thi s s ubj e c t ha s an i n ter es t l

n o t a on e t o th e C h r i s ti an , bu t l
a s o, to
a ll p er s o n s o f i n t elligen c e S in c e th e e xi s ten ce o f t h e Hebr ew p eo p l e is
.

w ell c a l cu l at e d t o a r r es t t h e att en ti on o f all w h o ar e i n c l i n e d t o t r a c e

r eat ef fec t s t o som e w ell den ed cau ses

g
-
.

P er h ap s n o t an y p eo ple have ev er been m o r e s p o k en ab o ut than t he

I s r aelites t h e r el igio n i s t has c on s tan t ly t o r efer t o t h em wh en exp o u n d
i n g hi s o w n p e cu l i ar v i ew s an d o n e i s n o t far w r on g t o assser t th at
, ,

s ca r c ely a pub l i c r el igio u s m eet i n g t akes p l a c e i n w hi c h t h e Jew s ar e n o t

,

eith er m en t i on ed b y n am e o r at l eas t all u de d t o in so m e m an n er

, Tho s e .
,

h o w ev er w h o do n o t p ay an y defer en c e t o th e p o pu lar ideas in r el igio n

, ,

ar e als o n o t in differ en t s p ect ato r s o n th e p r esen c e o f th e H eb r ew r a c e ,

an d eit h er p r ai se t h em fo r th eir s t ur dy co m m o n s en s e w h en i t s u i t s t h em ,

t o den o u n c e o r r ev ile o ther p er su as i o n s o r if th eir o bj e c t b e t o r ej ect all

, ,

p o s it i v e r eli gi on t,
h ey n o t r ar ely c a st r idi cu l e o n th e I sr ael i t es for w h at ,

t h ey fan cifu lly style t h ei r s up er s tit io n A n d w i t h all th i s c o n st an t

.
,

atten t i o n d ir e ct ed t o war ds thi s p eo p le w e ar e on t h e o t h er h an d fu lly

, , ,

w ar r an t ed i n as s er t in g th at n o c l as s o f m en i s so m uch m i s u n der s t o o d ,

o r p hs si b ly s o u n k n o wn a s ar e th ese sel f s am e J e w s
,
P er h ap s they ar e a
-
.

m yst er y t o t h em sel v es th ey ar e a t o n c e yi e l di n g an d o bst in at e, s u bm i s

44 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

si v e an d u n b en din g 3 s hr ewd yet sim p le 3 co v eto u s yet gen er o u s 3 l i vin g , ,

i n ev er y l an d yet p ecu l i ar i n a ll 3 as s u m i n gt h e m a n n er s an d l an gu ages o f

,

a ll n at i o n s an d yet di s ti n g ui sha b l e a t r s t s i gh t as a s ep ar at e p eo p l e 3 an d
,

a ll t h i s n o t b e c au s e t hey de s ir e t o b e s in gu l ar
,
bu t b e cau se t h ey can n o t ,

h el p i t ; fo r t h ey ar e a s t h ey ar e fr o m w h a t m ay b e t er m ed a n at u r al ,

c o n fo r m at i o n fr o m an in de li b l e u n al t er ab l e i m pr es si on w h i ch t h ey
, , ,

r ec ei v e d i n t hei r v er y o r i gi n an d w h i ch t h ey h av e c a r r i ed w i th t h em
,

do wn t h e p ath o f t h e wo r l d s h i s t o r y u n t il thi s v er y m o m en t A w r i ter

.
,

t o th e E v a n geli ca l R ev i ew sa ys Thi s m i r a cu l o u s p eo p l e sti ll c o m m an d

, ,

t h e at ten t i o n o f t h e w o r l d e v en i n t h eir fall en s t at e 3 an d t h e i n t el

,

l ect u al o r m o r a l a dvan cem en t o f m an k in d wi th all t h e gigan ti c m ar ch ,

d o es n o t pr e c l u de t h e c er t ai n t y o f G o d s exp r ess ar r an ge

o f ev en t s ,

m en t s fo r I s r a el W hi l e t h e i n de l sn eer s at t h em a s t h e Par i ah s o f t h e
.

l o b e o r t h e m o r e fr i en d ly Chr i s ti an i n r ev er t i n t o t h e ir l o n p a st h i s
g , g g ,

t o r y an d l o o k i n g fo r t h ei r p r o m i s ed s p ir it u al r egen er at io n a s w el l a s
, ,

t h e n a ti o n a l r e t u r n t o t h eir o w n l a n d de si gn at es t h em t h e ar i st o c r a c y o f ,

t h e w o r l d 3 a s yet t h e H ebr ew wa l k s o n i n hi s sel f c o n c eit ed s t ubb o r n e ss -

e m p i r es b e c o m e e xt in c t t r i b es an d lan gu a es b e c o m e a m a l gam at ed b u t
g , ,

th es e r em ain an in des tr uct i b l e r a c e ; t h e y ar e d eal t w it h b y an u n p ar

a lleled d is ci p l i n e a n d an un p ar a ll el ed r es u l t wil l h er eaft er r edo un d t o
,

t h e gl o r y o f G o d A n ab l e w r i ter i n t h e Ti m es s ay s
. Th e ch ar act er o f ,

t hi s r a c e i s in t h e m ain e v er y wh er e t h e sam e b u t i n ea c h c o u n tr y th er e
, , ,

i s a differ en t v ar iet y an d t h e J ews o f Tu r k ey ar e n o t t he eas t i n t er

,
l

e sti n g Th e En gl i sh s p eci es w e k n o w w ell Th e sh o wi ly d r ess ed gen

. .

t lem an wi th r i n gs an d b r eas t i n bu sh y b l a ck whi s k er s an d a m o uth

p
-

, , , ,

fu ll o f gl itt er i n g t eeth w h o k eep s a gig an d i s c o n n e c t ed wi th a t h eatr e

, , ,

i s o n e v ar i e t y Th en th er e i s th e ax en
. h air ed t y p e gen er a lly p o or an d ,

s h abb y ser v i n g i n
,
cheap t ail o r s m ar t s an d b iddin gagai n s t each o th er
,

a t p i ct u r e a uc ti o n s Th e G er m an J ew i s i n t elle ct u a lly s up eri o r

. He , , .

i s m o r e o f th e t yp e wh i ch R em br a n dt l o v ed t o p a in t s m all w i th da r k
, ,

dr y feat ur es a cu t e b u t w i th a m in d by n o m ean s al way s s et o n s or di d

, ,

g ain s an d lo w e n j o y m en t s H i s r esear c h e s a r e o ft en as l ab o r i o u s a s
.

t h o se o f t h e T e u t on i c p r o fesso r s a m o n g wh o m h e li v e s ; h i s l ogi c I S as
s o u n d hi s c r i t i c a l p o w er s a s k een
,
hi s i m agi n ati o n as b r i ll ian t A s a , .

phi l o s o ph er h e adds a n o th er sy stem t o t h e m etaphys i cal u n i ver se 3 a s a

,

t h eo l o gi an h e gi v es a deep er m ean i n g t o t he do gm at i c t ea chin gs o f Jo h n

,

a n d P au l Th e J ew o f Eas t er n Eu r o p e i s p h ys i c a lly t he n es t o f hi s
.
, ,

r ac e. Th e b ear de d o ld H eb r ew w h o c o m es fr o m P o l an d wi t h a w all et
,
, ,

a t h i s b a ck i s o ft en c au gh t b y a d m i r i n
, g ar t i s t s an d m ade t o S it fo r p or ,

t r ai t s o f A br ah a m o r Eli Th ese C o n st an t i n o p l e Jews ar e m o stly r el i c s

,
.
46 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

vis i ble who m h e des ign ate d an d ado r ed as th e Po sses s or o f H eav en

G o d,
an d ear th c o m p r eh en din g u n der t h e la s t t er m
,
t h e glo b e o n w hi ch w e
, ,

li ve an d b y t h e o th er th e w ho le s tr uct u r e o f t h e u n i v er s e in c o m p ar i so n
, , ,

w i t h whi c h o u r ear t h is b u t l i k e an a to m t hat dan c es b efo r e o u r eyes in , ,

t h e b r i gh t s u n b ea m s o f a glo r io u s s u m m er s d ay Th eir c u st o m s m an .
,

n er s h ab i ts an d r e l igi on
, ar e s u r ely w o r th y o f an i n q u ir y an d d es er vi n g
, ,

t h e S e r i o u s c o n s i der at i o n o f e v er y o n e feel i n g an i n t er es t i n t h at p eo p l e

,

fr o m whi c h w er e th e chi ef s o ur c es o f r e v el ati on o r in o t h er w or ds o f ,

wh om the pr o ph et s an d o u r b l ess ed R edeem er w as b o r n .

c er em o n i es an d c u st o m s o f th e p r es en t Jews ar e n o t a ll o f
Th e ,

e q u a l a u t h o r i ty n e ith er ar e t h ey o b s er v ed b y a ll t h e J ew s a l i k e
,
for ,

whi ch r easo n t he cer em o n i es ar e di vi ded i n t o t hr ee c l a ss es Th e r st .

i n c l ud es t h e i n j u n c t i o n s o f t h e w r it t en law v i z : t h o s e c o n tain ed i n t h e , .

v e b o o k s o f M o ses Th es e in j un cti o n s c on si s t o f tw o h un dr ed an d
.

fo r t y eigh t ai r m at i v es an d t h r ee h u n dr ed an d s i xt y v e n egat i v es
-

,
-
,

whi ch i n all am o u n t t o S i x h un dr ed an d th i r t een an d ar e c alled

, , ,

M ezv o th H a tor a h (c o m m an dm en ts o f t h e law ) T hes e si x h u n dr ed a n d .

t h i r t een c o m m an d m en t s ar e c o n ta in ed a s t h ey c o n c ei v e i n t h e H eb r ew , ,

w o r d To r a h wh i ch s ign i es th e law
,
Th e l e tt er s i n t hi s w o r d i f c o n
.
,

s id er e d as n u m b er s m a k e up si x h u n dr e d an d e l e v e n ; th e b ett er t o
,

a cc o un t fo r t h e t w o r e m ain i n g p r e c ep t s t h ey i n s i s t th at G o d h i m s elf ,

ga ve t he r s t w hi ch r el ates t o h i s u n i t y an d t o th e p r o hi b it i o n o f
, ,

p ayi ng div i n e a do r at i o n t o an y i m ages o r st at e .

Th e m l ear n ed o f t h e R abbi s ar e o f o p in i on t hat th e t w o

o st

h u n dr ed an d fo r ty ei ght afr m at i v es an s w er t o t h e s am e n u m b er o f
-
,

m em b er s wh i ch ar e fo u n d i n t h e h u m an b o dy 3 an d fo r as m uch as i t is ,

w r i tt en in E cc l es i as tes Th at t o k eep G o d s co m m an dm en t s i s th e wh o l e
,

d ut y o f m an t h ey a dd t h at all t h e m em b e r s o f a m an a r e s upp o r t ed a n d
, ,

m a i n t ai ne d b y t h es e c o m m an dm en t s a s i f e ac h l im b an s w er e d so m e
p ar ti cu lar o n e 3 an d as fo r th e th r ee h u n dr ed an d si xt y v e n egativ es ,
,
-

t h e R a bb i s i m agin e t h at th ey den o t e t h e day s o f a yea r .

The c
se o n d c l ass l
r e at es t o th e or a l law ,
or t h at w hi ch w as d el i v er e d
by wo r d of
uth an d th i s den o m in a ti o n i s gi v en t o th o se c o m m en t s
m o

o r an n o t at i o n s whi ch th e R a bb i s a n d D o c t o r s h a v e m a de i n t h ei r d a ys
upo n th e P en t at euch an d t o an i n n i te va r i ety o f o r din a n c es a n d l aws
, ,

whi c h they call M ezw a th R a ba n i n (c o m m an dm en t s o f t h e R abb i s ) an d

w hi ch wer e c o ll e cte d in to o n e l a r ge v o l u m e ca ll ed t h e Ta l m u d ,
.

Th e t h ir d c l a s s i n c l u des s uc h t h in gs a s cu s t o m has gi v en a s an ct i o n
t o i n di ffer en t t i m e s an d p la c es o r w h i c h h a v e b ee n b u t l a tely i n t r o
, ,

d u c ed an d t h er efo r e t h ey c a ll t h em Ill in hagi m o r cu st o m s

, , ,
O f th es e ,
.
 J UD A I S M . 47

t h r ee c l a s s es ,
t h en ,
whi ch c o m p r is e t he wr i t ten law
t h e r s t an d se o n c d,
b y M o ses an d th e o r a l law t r an s m itted fr o m th ei r R a bbi s b y t r aditi on
, , ,

a r e r e c ei v ed b y all th e J ew s i n gen er a l wh er ev er s catter ed an d ,

d i s p er s ed wi t ho ut an y c o n s i der ab le v ar i at i o n am o n g t hem i n t h at
,

r es p e ct a s app ear s fr o m t h e Ta l m u d
,
Bu t a s fo r t h e t hi r d wh i ch h as .
, ,

r e la t i o n t o t h ei r cu st o m s o n ly t h ey di ffer v er y m uch fr o m o n e ,

a n ot h er b e cau se t h e J e w s
,
di s p er sed i n t o di v er s p ar t s o f t h e w o r l d
, , ,

h a v e fall en i n t o th e m an n er s o f t h o se c o u n t r i es T h ey differ fr o m ea ch .

o t h er t h en
,
i n t h e thi r d c l as s o n ly an d p r i n c ip a lly t h e Eas t er n G er m an
, , ,

a n d I t a l i an J ew s I n t h e Eas t er n w e m ay c o m p r i s e t h o s e o f G r eec e
.
,

an d B a r b ar y Un der th e n am e o f Ger m an J e ws w e m ay i n c l u de th o se
.
,

of Bo h em ia M o r av i a Hun gar y Po l an d an d o th er s The J ew s in

, , , ,
.

A m er i ca ar e di vi ded i n t o fo ur c l a s ses v i z : En gl ish G er m an s P o les ,

.
,
.
,

an d S p an i sh
. Th es e t h er efo r e a l s o di ffer v er y m uch fr o m o n e an oth er
.
, ,

in t h ei r c u st o m s an d r el igi o u s c er e m o n i es .

Th er e i s a c er t ain sect o f J ew s w h o call t h em s el v es C ar ain s or , ,

C ar ai ts a w o r d der i v ed fr o m t h e H eb r ew wo r d M i kr a whi ch s i gn i es
, ,

Th e pu r e t ext o f t h e Bi b l e

fo r t h ey r ely w h o lly o n t h e P en ta t euch
, ,

an d p r a c t i c e i t i n i t s l i t er a l s en s e w i th o u t p ay in
g t h e l eas t r ega r d t o t h e
,

r e c ep t s o f t h e R a bb i s T h C ar ai t s a r e l o o k ed up o n b y t h e o th er J ew s
p e .

a s h er et i c s n o t w i th s t an di n t h ey o b ser v e t h e L aw o f M o ses
, g .

Th er e a r e so m e o f t hi s
p r es en t day i n C o n s t an t in o p l e
se ct at th e ,

C a r i o an d o t h e r p ar t s o f t h e E a s t
, Ther e t h ey l i v e acc o r di n g t o th ei r.

o w n m an n er ; t h e y h a v e t h ei r o w n s yn a o u es an d o b s er v e s uc h c er e
g g ,

m o n i es an d cu st o m s a s ar e p e cu l i ar t o t h em s e l v e s t h o u gh a t t h e s am e , ,

t i m e t h ey i n s i s t t h at t h ey o n ly ar e t h e t r u e J e w s a n d o b s er v e r s o f t h e
,

M osai c L aw S uc h J ew s as d ev i a t e fr o m t h ei r p er s u a s i o n t h ey c a ll
.
,

R a bba n i m o r di s c ip l es o f t h e R abb i s ; b u t t h e l at t er h av e a n at u r a l
,

a v e rs i o n t o t h e C a r i a t s a n d w i ll m a k e n o a ll i an c es n o r h a v e a n
, y c o n v er ,

s at i o n w it h t h em ; t h ey c a ll t h em M a m zer i m o r b as t ar ds b e c a u s e t h ey , ,

k eep n o n e o f th e p r e c ept s o f the R abb i s 3 b u t t h ei r th eo l ogy i s in n o

'

w a
y differ en t fr o m t h at o f t he o t h er J e w s exc ep t p er ha p s i n i t s b ei n g , , ,

m o r e pu r e a n d less s up e r s t i t i o u s fo r t h ey
, p ay n o r ega r d t o th e e xp l i c a
,

cat io n s o f t h e C aba l i st s o r th ei r a ll ego r i es wh i ch i n r ea li ty h a ve n o , ,

fo u n dat i o n Th ey b el i e v e i n th e i m m o r ta l i t y o f t h e so u l an d i n a fu t ur e
s t at e t h ei r b a s i s o n t h i s p o in t b ei n g
.
,

L et u s m ak e m an i n o u r o w n ,

i m age . Th e s p ir i t o f m an t h ey say o w es i t s r i se an d i t s o r igi n t o t hi n gs
, ,

a b o v e a n d h i s b o dy t o t h o s e b el o w fo r t h ey a dd t h ei r s o u l i s o f an
, , , ,

A n geli c n a tu r e a n d i m m ed i at e ly a ft er t h e c r eat i o n t h e fu t u r e s t at e w as
, ,

m a de fo r t h e so u l o f m a n .
48
H A J EH U D I M A N D M I K V EH I S R A EL .

A m on g o u r m o der n
ws , th er e ar e bu t c o m p ar at i v ely few w ho ar e
J e

a b le t o di s c o u r se in t h e H o ly T o n u e o r as th e y c all i t L a g/ ta n Ha ko des k
"

g , , , ,

t h ey ar e a s m uch at a l o ss with r es p e c t t o th e C h a l dai c o r th e Tar g um ,

a lth o ugh t h ey s p o k e t h es e l an u a es w h i l s t t hey e n j o ye d t h ei r p r i v i le e s

g g g ,

an d w er e i n t h e ir o w n c o u n tr y Th u s, th e Jews o f I t aly an d Ger m an y

.
,

t a l k I ta l i an D ut ch an d G er m an
,
t h o s e o f t h e Eas t an d Bar bar y Tur k ,

i sh an d t h e M o s c o w t o n g u es ; t h ey m ade th es e fo r eign lan gu ages s o

a b so l u t ely t h ei r o w n t h at m a n y o f t h o s e J ews w h o w en t fr o m R u ss i a
, ,

t o P o l an d an d Hu n gar y c ar r i ed t h e l an gu ages wi th t h em i n t o t h o se
,

c o u n tr i es an d t r an s m i tt ed t h em t o t h ei r p o st er i ty
,
Th ose a l so w h o .
, ,

w er e fo r c e d o u t o f S p ai n an d ed fo r r efu ge t o th e Ea st a l s o c ar r i e d
, ,

t h eir lan guage wi th t h em in t o t h o s e p ar ts Th e Jew s h o we v er m in gl e .

, ,

m a n y c o r r up t H eb r ew w o r ds i n t h ei r e v er y day c o n v er s at i on Bu t few -
.

o f t h em ,
as h a s a l r eady b e en m en t i o n e d u n d er st an d t h e S c r i pt u r es ,

t h o r o ugh ly m uch l es s (exc ept s o m e o f t h ei r R abbi s ) c an t h ey c o n v er se

,

fr eely i n th e H o ly T o n gu e .

A b o u t o n e h un dr ed an d t w en ty year s after th e d es tr uct io n o f t h e

s ec o n d T e m p l e R abb i Ju dah w h o at t h at t i m e w a s ca ll ed R ab en u h
, ,

H akado sh o r ou r h o ly m as ter on a cc o u n t o f hi s e xe m p l ary l i fe a n d

,

u n c o m m o n vi r t u es t hi s R abb i w h o w a s a gen t l em an o f fo r tun e an d a

,

, ,

fa v o r i t e o f t h e E m p er or A n t o n i u s Pi u s t ak i n g n ot i c e th at t h e di s p er s io n
,

o f t h e J ew s m a de t h em n egl i gen t an d fo r get fu l o f t h e o r a l law

,
to ok ,

t h er efo r e an d w r o t e do w n t h e o r di n an c es an d t r a di ti o n s o f a ll t h e R a bbi s
,

u
p t o h i s t im e T hi s c o m p en di u m o f hi s w h i ch i s ca ll ed M is hn a i s
.
, ,

di v ided i n t o s i x p ar t s Th e r st t r eat s o f agr i cu l tu r e an d s eeds t h e

.

s ec o n d o f fes t i v a l s t h e thi r d o f m ar r i a ges an d e v e r y thi n

, g r el a t i n g t o ,

w o m en th e fo ur th o f fa b l es an d d i s p u t es th e ft h o f s a c r ic es
,
a n d ,

t h e s i xth o f t h i n gs c l ean an d u n c l ean

,
Bu t t h is b o o k c r eat ed a bun dan c e
.

o f di spu t es wh i ch a s t h ey dai ly in c r eased o b l i ged t w o R abb i s o f B

, ,
ab yl o n , ,

o n e n am ed R av i n a an d t h e o th er R a v a s h a t o c o ll e ct a ll t h e i n t er p r et a
, ,

t i o n s c o n t r o v er si es an d a ddi ti o n s whi ch h ad b een wr i tt en do wn i n t h e

, ,

M is hn a t oget h er w i th a s up p l em en t o f sh or t h i st o r i e s m axi m s an d
, ,

m em o r a b l e s ayi n gs an d p l a c e t h em t o geth e r o u t o f w h i ch th ey t h en
, ,

c o m p o sed th e b o o k c a ll ed th e T a lm u d I t i s divi ded i n t o s i xt y p ar ts

.

a n d u p o n t h i s b o o k t h e Jews lay a gr eat s t r ess s o m e o f t h e m e v en c o n ,

s ider i t e q u a l t o t h e v e b o o k s o f M oses .

O rt ho do x Jews b eli ever s i n dr eam s s o m uch s o that if

ar e
gr eat , ,

an
y o f t h em ar e m ade u n eas y b y a fr i ght fu l dr eam p ar t i cu l ar ly w hen
,

r elat i n t o th o se k i n ds e xp l ai n e d b y R abbi s t hey fast all th e n ext day

g , ,

th at i s ab s tain fr om b oth ea tin g an d d r i n k in g ; an d i n sh o r t n o thi n g

, , ,
 J UD A I S M . 49

bu t a dr eam un der o b l igatio n s t o fast o n t heir S a bb ath

c an p la ce a J ew
day o r an y o th er fest iv al
, O n t h e e v en i n g fo ll o wi n g th e fas t t h e .
,

p er so n w h o h as dr eam ed an d fa st ed acc o r din gly s en ds fo r th r ee o f hi s

, ,

fr i en ds b efo r e h e p r es u m es t o ea t t o w h o m h e s ays sev en t im es M ay

, ,

m y dr eam b e fo r t un at e t o w hi ch th ey an sw er ea ch t i m e, A m en G o d ,

gr an t i t s o A ft er t hi s c er em o n y t h ey a dd so m e p a s s ages o f t h e
.
,

P r o p h et s an d t h en t hat t h e dr eam er h i m s e lf m ay h a v e s o m e o m en
, , ,

t h ey r ep eat t o h im t h e w o r ds o f E cc l es ia st es G o t h y w ay ea t t h y , ,

br ea d wi th j o y a ft er whi ch he w h o h ad fa st ed s its do wn t o hi s s upp er
, .

E v er y J ew i s b l iged b o th b y th eir w r itt en an d o r al law t o b e

o , ,

t r u e t o h i s w o r d n o t t o o v er r ea ch o r defr a u d an y p er so n wh at e v er -

J ew o r G en t i l e 3 an d i n all th ei r deal in gs t o c om p ly w i th t h e r u l es o f
, ,

c o m m er c e p r es c r ib ed i n s e ver al p lac es i n
, S c r i p t u r e p ar ti cu l ar ly in t h e ,

1 9 th ch ap t er o f L ev i ti cu s fr o m t h e 33r d v er se t o t h e en d ,
.

T h ey ma ke u se o f differ en t
ki t ch en an d s et s of u ten si l s b o th
,
fo r
tabl e u se fo r s o m e o f t h em ar e app r o p r i at ed t o m eat o n ly o th er s fo r
, ,

m i l k b u t n ev er m ix ed fo r wh en t hey eat m eat t h e y m u s t wa i t s i x fu l l

, , , ,

h o u r s b efo r e t as ti n g ei t h er m i l k o r bu t t er Th ey ha ve al s o p ar t i cular .
, ,

d i s h es & c s et ap ar t fo r t h e F east o f t h e P a sso v er

,
.
,
W h en t h ey p u r .

c h ase s uch v es sel s as ar e m ade u s e o f i n t h e k i t ch en t h ey ar e i m m edi ,

a t ely t ak en an d p l u n
ged i n t o t h e r i v er o r i n t o an y l ar ge q u an t it y o f ,

w a t er b efo r e m ade u se o f
,
.

Th e J e p er m i tt ed t o t ast e the esh o f an y fo ur fo ot ed

ws ar e n ot -

b east un l ess i t s h o o f i s p ar t ed an d ch ews i t c u d Th ey n ev er eat

, ,
.

r abb i t s o r s w i n e n ei t h er do t hey ea t t h o se sh t h at h av e n o s c a l es n o r
, ,

b i r ds o f p r ey o r r ept i l es W h a tever t hey ea t m u st b e dr essed b y Jews

, .
,

a n d ev en t he u t en s i l s m u s t b el o n t o t h ei r o w n p e o p l e fo r fea r o f t h ei r
g ,

p o ll u ti on b y an y fo r b id den m eat s 3 s o m e o f th e Jew s ar e so s cr upu l o u s ,

a s n o t t o m ake u s e o f an o th er m an s k n i fe

.

N ei t h er ar ep er m it ted t o eat t he fa t o f b eef l am b o r kid n o r

t hey , ,

t h e hi n d qu ar ter o f a n y a n i m al b ecau s e v er y few a r e ab l e t o dr a w o u t

-

t h e v ei n s an d si n ew s i n a p r o p er m an n er They n ev er eat th e b l o o d o f .

a fo u r fo o t e d b ea s t o r o f a b ir d n o t ev en an e gg i f i t c o n t ai n s t h e l east
-

, , ,

dr o p o f b l o o d .

Th e p er s o n w h o i s app o in t ed t o s l ay an y b east s fo r t h e u s e o f t h e
J ew s m u st b e a p io u s an d r el igio u s m an
, H e m u st st u dy t h a t p r o fes .

s i o n fo r a c er t a in t i m e an d u n der o an e x am i n at i o n b t h c h i f R abbi
g , y e e .

T his o fc e i s gen er a lly i n c o n n e ctio n w ith the dut i es o f the m i n i st er .

O n ly i n la r ge c o n gr egati o n s w h er e th ey ar e a b l e t o s uppo r t w e ll do t h ey

, ,

e n a e o n e t o t ea c h an d p r ea c h an d an o t h er t o r ea d t h e p r ayer s an d
g g ,
50 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K v EH I S R A EL .

p r epar e t h ei r m eat 3 b u t h er e, i n A m er i c a , i t i s n e es sar c y fo r m os t

m i n i s t er s , o r t h e sec all ed R abb i s t o p er fo r m t hi s o i ee fo r t h eir c o n gr e

-

gat i o n s Th er e ar e s ev er a l p ar ti cu l ar s t o b e o b ser v ed o n t hi s o cc asio n

. .

Th e k n i fe m u s t b e v er y s h ar p an d w i t ho u t an y n o t ch est h e t hr o at o f ,

t h e an i m a l m u s t be c u t a t o n c e a n d th e b l o o d m u s t o w o u t a s fa st a s ,

p os si b l e wi th o ut an y i n t er r up ti on
,
W h en fo w l ar e k ill ed t h ei r b l o o d .
,

m u st b e i m m edi at e ly c o v er ed wi t h a sh es Th ey m u st n o t k i ll a c o w an d .

h er c al f o n t h e s am e da y 3 n eith er dar e t hey eat i t I f an y s uch b eas t .

o r b i r d a s t h ey ar e p er m i tt ed t o eat h app en s t o di e o f i t sel f o r i f k i ll ed , ,

i n a n y o th er m an n er t h an th e a b o v e t h ey m u s t n o t t as t e i t T hey ar e ,
.

al s o o b l i ged t o l ea v e t h ei r m eat r em a in i n s a l t fo r an h o u r b efo r e u si n g

i t l n o r der t hat t h e b l o o d m ay c o m e o u t t h o r o ugh ly
,
Th ey a r e n o t .

a ll o w ed t o ea t at t h e s am e t i m e m ea l o f b o t h m ea t an d m i l k o r c h ees e
, , , ,

b ecau se i t i s w r i tten Tho u sh a l t n o t seeth e a ki d i n h i s m o ther s
,

m ilk .

A cc or di n g t o t h e o p in i o n s o f t h e an c i en t R abb i s t h e J ew s are ,

for bi dden t o dr i n k an y w in e that h a s b e en m ade t ast ed o r e v en , ,

t o uch ed b y an y o n e b es ide t h ei r o w n p eo p l e
,
Th e R u ssi an as w ell as .
,

G er m an Jews ar e v er y s cr upu l o u s o n t h i s p o in t Befo r e th e J ews s it

,
.

do w n t o eat at t ab l e t h ey m u st r s t w ash t h eir ha n ds as c lean as ,

p o ssi b l e Th e R abbi s an d an ci en t J e w s w er e v er y p ar ti cu l ar ab o u t
.

th i s a s w ell as a b o ut was hin g t h ei r h an ds wh en th ey r o s e i n t h e m o r n

,

in g A s s oo n a s t h ey ar e seat ed at t ab l e t h ey r ep eat t h e tw en t y t h ir d
.
,
-

P lalm Th e L o r d i s m y sh ep h er d I sh all n o t wan t
, aft er w h i ch , ,

t h e m ast er o f t he fam ily t ak es a l oaf o f b r ead b l ess es b r eak s i t an d , , ,

gi v es a p i ece o f t h e s ize o f an o l iv e t o each m em b er o f hi s h o u seh o l d .

A fter t hi s c er em o n y t h ey m ay eat a s m uch as th ey p l ease ,

Th ey ar e .

als o o b l ige d t o say gr a c e b efo r e dr i n k i n g w at er .

Ev er y J ew i s o b l iged t o fa st en to ev er y do o r thr o u gh w hi c h h e dai ly

p as ses a M esu sa o r p i ec e o f p ar ch m en t h av in g t he w or ds H ear O I s r ael
, , , ,

t h e L or d o u r G o d i s o n e G o d w r i tt en o n i t w h i c h i s en c l o s ed i n a

e tc ,
.
, ,

p i ece o f tin Th e p o r t i o n o f S cr i pt u r e w r i tt en o n t h e p ar ch m en t i s t o b e
.

fo u n d i n D eu t v i 4 1 0 an d x i 1 3 22 . H e i s a l s o o b lige d d u r in g t h e
.
,
.
, .
,

t im e o f hi s m o r n i n g dev o ti o n s t o p u t o n Tep hi li n c o m m o n ly call e d , ,

Bo th o f t h ese last m en ti o n ed c er em on i es
V

fr on t l ets o r p hylac t er i es
.
r
.

Tw o Ph yl acter i es , o n e o n th e h ead, t h e et h er o n th e l eft ar m I n t h e o n e th at .

goes on t h e h ead, t h e fo ll owi n g four p assages , o n fou r d i ffer en t p i eces o f p ar ch m en t,

ar e wr i tten v iz .

1 E . x od . x iii . 1, 1 1 . 2
. Exo d . x iii . 1 1, 1 7 . 3 . D en t . vi . 4, 1 0 .

4 . D en t . xi . 3, 22 . I n th e on e t h at i s on th e ar m , t h er e i s b u t on e p i ece of p ar ch
m en t, an d all th e for m er m en t i on ed p as sages -
ar e w r i tten on if .
 J UD A I S M . 51

w er e b y t h e R abbi s an d fo un ded up o n t h e w o r ds i n D en t v i
i n stit ut ed

. .
,

8 9
,
A n d t h o u s h alt b in d t h em fo r a s ign up o n t hi n e h an d an d t h ey ,

s h all b e a s fr o n t l et s b et w een t h i n e eye s A n d t h o u sh a l t w r i t e th em .

up o n t h e p os ts o f th y h o u se an d o n th y gates S t Jer o m e sp eak s o f
,
. .

t h ese ph yl a ct eri es a l m o s t i n t er m s o f c o n t em p t 3 fo r i n hi s exp o s i ti on o n

th e w o r ds o f t h e G os p e l w h er e t h e ph yl a ct er i es ar e m en t i o n ed h e s a ys
, , ,

Th e Ph ar i sees by a fal se c o n s t r uc t i o n o f t hi s p as sage wr o t e t h e t en

, ,

c o m m an d m en t s o f M o ses on par chm en t whi ch t hey r o ll ed u p an d t i ed ,

o n th ei r fo r eh ea d m ak i n g a k i n d o f c r o wn r o u n d t heir h eads t h at t h e y
, ,

m ight h a v e t h e m a l way s b efo r e t h ei r ey es Th e C ar ai te J ew s h av e .

n o t hi n
g t o d o w i th th ese c er em on i es fo r t h ey b el i e ve i t i s o n ly a gu r a
,

t i v e m o de o f e xp r essi o n a n d th at wh en G o d di r e c ted t h e J ew s t o w r it e
,

t h e m do wn up o n t h e p o st s o f t h eir h o u ses i t w a s o n ly wi th t h e i n t en ti o n ,

th at t h ey s h o u l d h av e t h eir m i n ds c o n t in u ally up o n th em .

W h en t h e
Je w s p r a y th ey ar e a l wa ys c o v er ed with a Ta li t/t o r l ar ge
, ,

whit e sh aw l Th eir h ead m u s t a l s o b e c o v er ed an d a cco r di n g t o th eir

.
,

R abb is i f a J ew eat s o r dr in k s an y thi n g wa l k s o r ev en s i t s do wn wit h

, , ,

an u n c o v er e d h ea d t h e s a m e i s c o n s i der e d a s s a cr i l ege a m o n
, g th em 3 an d
h e i s l o o k ed up o n as a n o n J ew H e i s o b l iged t o wear a l it tl e gar
- .

m en t h av i n g fr i n ges at i t s fo u r c o r n er s
,
Thi s h e m u st w ear c o n t i n ually
.
,

es a n d w i th o u t w hi ch h e i s n o t e v en p er m i tt ed t o w a l k fo u r y ar d s
y ,
.

A w o m an xem p t fr o m all t h es e cu s to m s S h e i s u n der o b l iga

is e .

t i o n s t o r efr a i n fr o m a ll w hi ch m en ar e en j o i n ed t o r efr ai n b u t th e R abbi s ,

h av e agr eed t h at n o w o m an s h o u l d b e fo r c ed t o o b s er v e s uch c er em on i es

o r cu st o m s as r eq u ir e a n y l en gth (i f t i m e fo r t h e i r p er fo r m a n c es w i th
, ,

th e excep ti o n o f t h e t h r ee fo ll o w i n g p r e c ep t s Fi r s t To o b s er v e th e ,
-

law o f p ur ic at i o n S econ d A ft er k n eadi n g h er br ead t o m ak e a

.
, ,

S m a ll c a k e o f p a r t o f t h e s a m e an d t h r o w i t i n t o th e r e a n d T hi r d ,

To l igh t t h e l a m p e v er y F r iday e v en i n g i n p r ep a r at io n fo r t h ei r S abbath

,

Ev e . Ther e ar e h o w ev er s o m e am o n gst t hem w h o ar e ev en m o r e z ea l

, ,

o u s a n d w ar m h e a r t e d i n -
t h ei r r e l igi o u s dev o ti o n s t h a n t h ei r h u sb an d s ,

w h o n o t o n ly c a r e t o t r ai n u p t h e i r ch i l d r en i n t h e w a y t h ey s ho u l d go ,

b u t u se t h ei r u t m o s t en d eav o r s t o r ec l ai m t h ei r h u s ban ds fr o m a v i ci o u s
c o u r s e o f l ife A lad w h o i s a day an d t hi r t e en year s o ld i s h en c efo r th
.
,

l o o ke d up o n as a m an a n d i s o b l iged t o o b s er ve all t he c o m m an dm en t s
,

o f the L aw fo r w h i ch r easo n h e i s c all ed

,
Bar m i tzvah wh i ch s ign ie s

,

A s o n u n der th e c o m m an dm en t s A s t o gi r l s t h ey ar e c o n s ider ed
.
,

w o m en at t h e age o f t wel v e year s an d a ha l f J ewi sh ch i ldr en fee l t hem .

s el v es s t r i c tly b o u n d t o ho n o r an d i m p l i c i t ly o b e y t h ei r p a r en t s fo r ,

t h ei r R a bbi s ear ly ex p o u n d t o t h em th e c o m m an d
. H o n o u r thy fath er ,
52 HA - J EHU D I M AN D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

and thy m o th er , & c , an d th eir o b ligat i o n s t o th eir p ar en ts whi le al i ve
. ,

Th ey h av e al so d uti es t o fu ll t o t h eir dec eased p ar en t s , b u t w e sh all

t r eat m or e ubj e ct h er eafter
fu lly on t hi s s .

Th e Je w s h av e t hi r t een fun dam en t a l ar t i c l es o f b eli ef w hi ch th ey ,

t er m t h ei r c r eed an d ar e a s fo ll ow s
,

l st Th a t t h er e i s b u t o n e G o d th e C r eato r an d r st p r 1n 0 1 p le o f all
.
,

t h in gs w h o i s s el f s u fc ien t an d i n dep en den t an d w i tho u t w h o m n o

,
-
,

c r eat ed b ein g c an s ub si s t .

2n d Th at G o d i s o n e an d in di v i s ib l e, b u t o f a u n i ty p ecu l iar t o
.

H i m s el f a l o n e .

3r d T h at G o d i s an i n c o r p o r al b ein g h a v in g n o b o di ly q u a l it y o f
.
,

an y ki n d wh at e v er an d c an n o t b e i m agi n ed
,
.

4 th Th at G o d i s et er n al an d t h at all b ei n gs , exc ep t H im sel f, h ad

.
,

o n c e a b egi n n in g .

5t h Th at n o n e o t h er b u t G o d i s t h e o bj ect o f di v i n e a do r at i o n an d
.
,
I

t h at n o c r eat ed b ei n g o u ght t o b e w o r sh i pp ed as a m edi at o r o r i n t er

c es s or .

6th . That t h er e h a v e b een ,

an d m ay st i l l b e, p r o ph ets d u ly qu al i ed
to c ve
r e ei th e i n s p i r at i o n s of t he S u p r em e Bein g .

7th Th at M o ses w as a p r o ph et sup er i o r t o all oth er p r o ph ets an d

.
, ,

t h at G o d A l m i ght y h o n o u r ed hi m w i th a p e cu l i ar gi ft o f p r o ph e c y ,

w h i ch w a s n ev er gr an t ed t o an y o th er .

8 th Th at th e law whi ch w as l eft th em b y M o s es w as th e pur e d i c

.
,

t at i en o f G o d H i m s el f an d t h at n o t hi n g c o n t ain ed t h er ei n r el at ed i n
,

t h e l eas t t o M o s es c o n seq u en t ly the exp l i c ati o n s o f t h o s e c o m m an d

,

m en t s whi ch w er e h an d ed do w n t o t h em b y t r a dit i o n
,
c am e dir ectly ,

fr o m t h e m o ut h o f G o d w h o del i v er ed i t t o M o ses , .

9 th T h at t hi s law i s u n ch an geab l e
. t h at n o thi n g c an ei th er b e ,

ad ded t o o r t ak en fr o m i t .

l 0 th Th at G o d k n o w s an d go v er n s all th e a cti o n s o f m an k in d
. .

1 1 th T h at G o d r ewar ds t h ose w h o s tr i ct ly o b s er v e H i s law an d

.
,
,

s ev er e ly pu n i s h e s t h o se w h o a r e gu i l t y o f i t s lea s t v i o l at i on 3 t h at et er n a l

life i s t h e b est an d gr eat est r ewar d an d dam n at i o n o f t h e s o u l t h e m o s t ,

s ev er e pu n i sh m en t .

1 2th Th at a M es si ah sh o u l d c o m e m o r e des er vi n g t h an all th e

.
,

k i n gs th at h av e ev er l i v ed 3 an d th at a l th o u gh H e (th e M es si ah ) delav s ,

H i s c om i n g n o o n e o u gh t o n t h at a cc o u n t t o q u es ti o n t h e tr ut h o f i t or
, ,

s et a n a p p o i n t e d ti m e fo r i t m uc h l es s p r o d uc e S c r ip t u r e i n p r o o f o f t h e
,

t im e o f H i s c o m i n g .

1 3 th Th at G o d s ha ll r ai se t he dead at an app o in t ed t i m e
. .
54
H A J EH U D I M A N D M I K V EH I S R A EL .

an d t he a sh es th er eo f gi ven i n gl ass o f w a t er t o t h e s i ck w h o i s t h en
a , ,

as t h ey d e c l ar e, h ea l ed Th e s p ecu l at iv e c ab al a r el at es t o t h e in u en c e
.

o f th e s tar s t h e m agi c p o w er o f t h ei r c h ar a c t er s an d m an y o t h er thi n s

, g ,

o f a li ke n a t u r e w hi ch h av e n o o t h er fo u n da t i o n t h an th e ex t r a v agan t
,

w h i m s o f t h e c ab al i st i c d o c t o r s Th e i dl e r es u l t s o f m agi c wh i ch we
.
,

n d in A gr ipp a an d s o m e o t h er s ar e gen er ally extr a c ted fr o m th e Jew i sh

, ,

cab al a t o w h i ch o th er fabu l o u s am u s em e n t s h av e b een a dde d

,
.

Th e Jew s b el iev e th at t h er e i s a p ar a di se whi ch th ey c a ll G an Eden , ,

s ign ifyin g t h e G ar den o f E den an d t h at s uc h s o uls a s ar e i n t h at h app y

,

s ta te en j o y t h e b eau t ifu l v i s i o n A s fo r h ell th ey i m agin e that th e s o u l s

.
,
.

o f s uch a s ar e w i cked ar e bu r n ed th er e i n r agi n g am es an d a l s o en d ur e ,

o th er t o r m en t s 3 th a t s o m e o f t h em h av e n o h o p es o f m er c y an d s uffer
"

t h o se p ain s fo r ev er wh i l s t o th er s ar e o n ly do o m ed t o r em ai n t h er e fo r a
,

c er t ain p er i o d S uch J ew s th at h a v e n o t o ffen ded agai n s t th e c o m m an d

.

m en t s o f t h e R abb i s ar e t h ey b el i ev e di s ch ar ged fr o m pu r gat o r y w i thi n

, , , ,

t h e sp a c e o f a year an d t h ese t hey i m agin e m ak e up t h e gr eat es t n u m

, , ,

b er . S o m e J ew s ar e o f t h e o p i n i o n that s o u l s t r an sm igr at e fr o m o n e
b o dy to t hat o f an o th er whi ch th ey c all Gi lga l an d p r o duc e s ev er a l p as
, ,
v

s ages o f S cr i p t u r e e xt r a ct ed p r i n ci p a lly fr o m J o b an d E cc l es i as t es fo r
, ,

t h e c o n r m at i o n o f i t W e s h all m en t i on t w o o f t h es e p as sages
. Th e .

r s t i s th e 1 5th v er s e o f t h e 4 th ch ap t er o f Ecc les i ast es w hi ch r eads as ,

fo ll o w s I c on sider ed all th e li vin g whi ch wal k u n der t h e su n w i th the

,

s e c on d c hi l d th at S h all stan d up i n hi s st ea d Th e s ec o n d p assage is t h e .

1 4th v er se o f th e 1 4 th ch ap ter o f J o b w h i ch r u n s th u s I f a m an die

, , ,

sh all h e l i v e agai n ? A ll th e days o f m y a pp o i n t ed tim e wi ll I w ai t t i l l

m y ch an ge c o m e Th e J ew s al s o a ck n o w l edge t h e r es u r r e ct i o n o f th e
.

d ead whi ch i s i n c l u ded i n o n e o f th eir ar ti c l es o f b el i ef 3 t h at a t t h e last

,

day G o d w o u l d p r o n o u n c e a u n i v er s a l j u dgm en t u p o n all m an k in d b oth ,

i n b o dy an d s o u l a cc o r din g t o D an i el x i i 2
,
A n d m an y o f t h em that .
,

s leep i n t h e d u st o f t h e ear th S h a ll a w a k e ,s o m e t o ev er l astin g l i fe an d ,

s o m e t o s h am e an d e v er l a stin g c o n t em p t I n sh o r t t h e Jews b eli ev e
.
,

i n a p ar adi se a pu r gat o r y an d a h ell 3 an d a l thou gh i t w o u l d b e di f cult

, , ,

t o p r o v e th ese b e li efs b y an y fo r m a l q u o tat i o n s fr o m t h e law o f M o ses ,

e t n o o n e p r es u m e s t o den y t h em
y
.

I t w o u l d b e n eedl ess t o m ak e an y r e ecti o n s h er e u p on th e afn ity

that ex i st s b et w een t h e b el i ef o f t h e J ew s an d t h at o f th e C hr i s tia n s ,

r elat in g t o s o m e o f t h e ar t i c l es a l r eady m en t i on ed 3 fo r do ub t les s t h e , ,

C hr i st ian r el igion t o o k i t s r i s e fr o m th at o f t h e Jews wh i ch m u st b e ,

a cc o u n t ed i t s b asi s an d fo u n dat i o n S t A u stin s ays That in r ea lity

. .
, ..
 J UD A IS M . 55

t h ey ar e bu t on e an d t he s am e re l igion 3 fo r w h i ch r eas on , a l so , o u r
b les sed S a vi o ur as s ur es u s th at h e did n o t c om e t o destr o y t h e r el i i o n
g
of t h e J ew s , b u t t o c o m p l ete an d p er fect i t .

C HA PTER II .

Th e J e ws ha v e c o n fessi o n th an th at which t h ey
n o o t h er fo r m of

m ak e t o G o d h i m s el f i n t h ei r p r ay er s 3 t h ey m o s t c o m m o n ly h a v e o n e

r a ye r c o m p o sed a l p ha b eti c a lly w h i c h t h ey c a ll v i deo o r c o n fessi o n

p , , ,
.

M on days an d Th ur s days ar e t h e st at ed days s et ap ar t fo r m ak in g t h ese

s o l em n c o n fess i o n s Th ey ar e lik ewi se r epeated o n ever y fa st day as a l s o
.
,

i n p r i v at e o n t h e feas t o f exp i ati o n

,
Th e day s app o in t ed fo r p en an c e
.
,

c o m m en c e o n t h e r St o f t h e m o n t h Ellu l (S ep t e m b er ) an d ar e h el d , , ,

t ill t h e day o f e xp i at i o n Yet all t im es ar e e qu ally p r o p er fo r th o se

.

w h o s e m i n ds a r e u n eas y an d w h o s e c o n s c i en c es a ccu s e t h e m
, .

S u ch as h av e n o t a s u i c i en t c ap a ci ty t o di s ch ar ge t hi s d u ty ar igh t
o f t h e m s el v es c o n s u l t s o m e R abb i an d b eg hi s a ss i s t an c e o r if t h ey h av e
, , , ,

lea r n i n g en o u gh t h ey a pp ly t h em se l ves t o b o o k s w r i t ten up o n t h e

,

s ubj e c t o f p en a n c e w h er e t h ey a r e i n fo r m ed wha t p en an c e i s m o s t s u i t e d
,

t o t h ei r p eculiar s i n sw h et h er ab s t i n en c e o r fa s t i n g o r s co u r gi n g o r , ,

b en efa ct i o n t o th e p o o r o r pr ayer s a n d goo d w o r k s is m o s t pr o p er t o

, ,

m a k e an at o n em en t fo r t h e s i n s t h ey h a v e fr o m t i m e t o t im e c o m m i tt ed .

Th e J ews a l s o a ckn o w l edge o th er p r e c ep t s b es ides t h o se c on t a in e d i n

t h e law o f M o ses an d i n t h e Ta l m u d w h i c h t h ey c a ll t h e i n j u n ct io n o f ,

t h e H a ch a m i m (s ages
)
,
w h o m t h ey i n du l ged w i t h t h e s a m e l i b e r ty o f
,

m ak in g n ew la ws o r s t at u t es as M o ses h i m sel f h a d ,
T h i s pr i vi l ege .
,

t h ey s ay i s fo u n d e d o n t h e w o r ds o f G o d h i m sel f w h o di r e ct ed th e m t o
, ,

c o n s u l t t h e E l d er s o f t h e S an h e dr i m o r j u dges fo r t h e s o l u t i o n o f s uc h
, ,

c o n t r o v er s i es o r d eb at es as m i h t a r i s e fr o m t h e la w F o r t hi s r eas o n
, g ,
.
,

t h e J ew s i m agin e t h at t h ey ar e un der as gr eat o b l igat io n s t o o b ey t h e

o r di n a n c es o f t h e R abb i s a s t he c o m m an dm e n t s o f t h e L aw
,
A nd .
,

t h o u gh t h ese c o n sti t ut i o n s ar e i n fer i o r t o t h o se r e c ei v e d o f M o ses yet ,

t h ey p r et en d t h at t h es e E l d er s w er e u n der t h e i m m e di at e i n u en c e o f
G od an d c o n sequ en t ly i n falli ab le i n t h ei r d eci s i o n s
, , ,
.

The wh o l e b o dy o f J ew i s h t r adi t i on i s c o m p r is ed i n t hat c o ll e c t i o n ,

e n ti t l ed t h e Ta l m u d
,
Th o s e R abb i s w h o l iv ed i m m ediat ely aft er th e
.

T a l m u d w as wr i tt en w er e d i st in gui s h ed b y t h e n a m e o f m echa lcr i m o r

, ,

sp e cu l a t iv e R abb i s .
5O H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

It m u st ck n o w l edged t hat t he t r adit io n s n e w c o m p o se d in t h e

be a

Ta l m u d o r a t l e as t a p o r tio n o f t h e m ar e v er y an ci en t fo r t h e p r im i
, , ,

t i v e fat h e r s o f t h e C h ur ch n o t o n ly s p o k e o f t h e m i n gen er al b u t a l s o ,

q u o ted so m e o f th em p r e ci s ely a s t hey ar e fo u n d at t h e p r es en t day i n

t h e b o o k s o f t h e J ew s F o r o u r b e tter s at i sfa ct i o n w e n ee d o n ly s ear c h
.
,

t h e w r it i n gs o f O r i gen S t Ep ip h an i u s a n d S t J er o m e m o r e esp e c ially

,
. .
,

t h e l att e r w h o q uo t e s a v a s t n u m b er o f t h e m i n hi s an no t at i o n s c h i efly
, ,

o n t h e P r o ph et s Th e J ew s in a ll p r o b ab i l it y i n ven t e d m o s t o f th es e
.
, ,

t r a di ti o n s w h en t h ey ha d n o s e tt l e d o r a c l es t o c o n s u lt a n d t h at s o on
, , ,

aft er t h ei r r et u r n fr o m Babyl on t o J e r u s al em T hei r R abb i s fo n d o f .

,

ai n i n a pp l a u s e b y th ei r n ew i n t e r p r et at i o n s o f t h e la w a n d h en c e
g g ,

ar o se a ll t h o s e fa b l e s an d i d l e a ll ego r i es w h i ch ar e n o w fo u n d i n th e

b o o k s o f t h e Tal m u d Th e fo llo wer s o f t h ese t ea chin gs es p eci ally th e

.
,

Ph a r i s ees b ecam e at l a st t h e m o s t p r eva i l i n g s e ct am o n g t h e J ews

, , , .

Th er e w er e h o w ever a fe w R abbi s w ho w er e o p p o sed t o t hese tr a

, ,

d it i o n s a n d w er e i m p at i en t t o s ee s uc h a n u m b er o f idl e c hi m er as s t an d
,

i n c o m p et i t i o n w i th t h e tex t o f t h e la w Th es e t h en w h o are o pp o sed .

, ,

t o t h e t r a di t i o n s o f t he R abb i s w er e des ign a t ed b y t he n am e o f C ar ai t es

, ,

a se c t th at h as a l r eady b een n o t i c e d .

A l th o u gh t he J e ws pr et en d th at t h eir t r a di t io n s wo u l d n e v er have
a pp ear ed i n w r itin g h ad it n o t b een fo r the m i sfo r tun es o f t he t i m es 3
,

ye t w e c an n o t c o n c ei v e h o w t h ey c o u l d ha v e av o ided i t fo r t h ey wer e ,

s o n u m er o us t h at e v en t h o u gh t h e y a r e w r i tt en ye t t h r o u gh c ar el ess
, ,

n es s o r o t h er w i s e t h ey l o s t s o m e o f t he i r p r i n c i p a l t r a dit i o n s
, , 3 am o n g
o th er s t h o s e r el at in g t o t h ei r sac r i c es fo r t h ey a r e p er fe c t s tr an er s t o
, g ,

t h e n a m es o f s ev er a l an i m a l s t h ei r law p r o hi b i ts t h e m fr o m eat i n
g .

N o t w ith s t an di n g t h ei r ign o r an c e t hey s t i ll t ak e t h e l ib er ty t o a sser t

, ,

t h at t hey ha v e o b ser v ed t h e L aw o f M o s es i n a ll i ts pu r i ty an d p er fe cti o n

,

as h e r e c ei v e d i t fr o m t h e m o u t h o f G o d up o n M o u n t S i n ai .

W wo u l d h er e j u st m en t i o n a S i n gl e fact by wh ich w i l l b e seen

e , ,

t h at t h e J ew s w er e n o t a b l e fr o m t h e t i m e o f t h e d es tr uc ti o n o f t h ei r
,

S e co n d T em p l e t o o b ser ve t h e law o f M o ses

, W h at an s wer can t h e y .

i v e o r w h at e xcu s e h a v e t h ey t o o ffer fo r n o t o in t h r i c e ev er y y ear

g , g g ,

t o v i s it t h e C i t y o f J er u sal em at t h e gr eat fea s t s o f Pa sso v er P en t ec os t

, , ,

an d Tab er n a c l es w hi c h i s a di r ec t c o m m an dm en t i n
, t h eir la w a n d fo r ,

wh i ch n egl igen c e n o excu se c an b e m a de fo r i n t hat v er y law i s i t n o t ,

'

w r i t ten C ur sed i s e ver y o n e t hat c o n ti n u eth n o t i n all t hin gs t ha t ar e

wr itt en i n t he b o o k s o f t h e law t o do th e m an d s ti ll t ho ugh n o t ab le t o , ,

k eep Judai s m r efu se t o r ecei v e Ch r ist

,
.
 J UD A I S M . 57

O n the b i r th of a son ,
t h e fa th e r i s c o n gr at u l a ted b y all hi s r e at il v es
an d fr i en ds , i n t h e fo ll o w i n g m an n er ,

M a zo l T o v e , D VD Stn whi ch
i es go o d l uck , o r
s i gn I gi v e yo u j o y Th e J ew s w r i t e t h e n am es o f
.

A dam an d Ev e up on a ll s l i p s o f p a p er , a n d la
sm
y t h em i n ea ch c o r n er
of t he m b edr o o m o r n ai l th em o n do o r s an d w in do ws
o th er s

, .

S o m e w r i t e t h e w o r ds L i l et b e go n e w ho w as a cc o r di n
g t o , ,

J ewi sh t al es A dam s r s t wi fe 3 b u t b ei n g dis o b e di en t an d an et er n al

,

sc o l d ,
l eft him an d ew up i n t o t h e a ir w h er e sh e i s co n s ider ed as a ,

n o c ti u n a l fu r y
'
an d a n ,
en em y t o n e w b o r n b ab es Bu t m o st o f t h em -
.

wr ite do wn t h e h u n dr ed an d t wen ty r s t P s al m wi th th e n am e -

,

S h adai 97 w ,
A l m igh t y an d t h e n am es o f t h e p at r iar ch s an d t h r ee
, ,

u ar di an an el s as a c h ar m t o se cu r e t h e chi l d fr o m all h u r t o r an
g g , y ,

i m p io us i n c an t at i o n s Th ey ar e i n n o wi s e en j o in ed o r o b l iged t o o b s er v e
.

t h es e c er em o n i es 3 ye t t hi s i s o n ly t h e effe ct o f t h ei r s up er s t it i o n a n d a ,

t en der r egar d fo r t h e i n fan t s w e l fa r e T he fa th er i s u n der an i n desp en .

s ab l e o b l iga t i o n t o hav e h i s s on c i r cu m c i s e d o n t h e e igh th d ay i n o b edi ,

e n c e t o t h e c o m m an d whi ch r u n s t h u s H e t h at i s eigh t days o ld sh all

b e c i r cum c i s ed am o n g yo u ev er y m a n ch i l d in y o u r gen er at i o n
,

Bu t i n .

c as e t h e c h i l d b e S i ck o r i n r m t h e r i t e m ay b e d efer r ed u n t i l h e i s
, ,

p er fe ct ly r e c o v er ed Th e n ight b efo r e t h e day app o i n t ed fo r th e ci r cum

.

c i s i o n o f t h e ch i l d i s c all ed t h e ,
wat ch n igh t b e ca u se the wh o l e fa m ily ,

s i t u p t o t a k e c ar e o f t h e i n fan t fo r t h e y i m agi n e t h a t o n t hi s p ar t i c u l ar
,

n i h t t h e c hi l d i s i n d an ger t o b e s n at c h e d a w a y b y o n e o f t h o se n oc
g , ,

t u r n al fur i es 3 an d i n deed i n s o m e p la c es i n G er m a n y t he J ew s ar e s o
, , ,

s up er s tit i o u s o n t hi s p o i n t that t h ey p l a c e t h e kn ife w it h whi ch th e

, ,

chi ld i s t o b e cir c u m ci s ed u n der hi s h ead 3 b e l i evi n g t ha t th e kn ife p o s

,

s es s es t h e p o w er o v e r s uch i n c an t at i o n s Th ey ch o o se a go dfath er t o .

s tan d b y th e ch i l d at t h e t i m e o f i ts c ir cum c i s i o n an d a
go d m o ther t o ,

c ar r y i t t o th e s yn ago gu e an d ba ck h o m e .

E v er y J ew is a ll o w ed
c er em o n y o f cir cum ci si on ,
to p e r fo r m th e
p r o vided h e u n der stan d th e o p er at io n O n e w h o u n ders tan ds t hi s ar t .

t h or o u gh ly i s l o ok ed up o n am o n gs t t h e J ew s as an i n gen i o us a n d v a l u
,

a b le m an an d o ft en t he i n fan t s fat h e r p er fo r m s t h e o er a ti o n h im s elf
, p .

Th echai r up o n wh i ch th e chi l d i s p lac ed o n t h at o cc asi o n is ca lled

The chai r o f t he pr oph et Elij ah wh o m th ey
,

,
i m agin e to be p r esen t ,

th o u gh in v i s i b l e .

Th e c l es w hi ch ar e u sed ar e a r a z o r o r k n ife w hi ch i s m ade fo r

ar t i , , ,

t he p u r p o se a k in d o f p o w der a s m all p iec e o f l i n en an d so m e o i l

, , Th e .

c h i l d i s u s u ally w ell i n a b o u t t w en t y fo u r h o u r s -
.
 58 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V E H I S R A EL .

The p er at o r b efo r e h e c o m m en ces th e o p er ati on pr on o un c es a

o

, ,

blessin g in t h e fo ll o w i n g t er m s : Bl es sed b e Thy n am e 0 L o r d, w ho ,

h ast i n s ti t ute d fo r u s t h e c i r cu m c i s io n A fter th e o p er a tio n i s c o m .

p let ed h e t ak es a cup o f wi n e a n d r ep eat s a b en edic ti on fo r th e ch i ld

, ,

a n d at t h e sam e t i m e i v e s h i m a n a m e o f wh i ch hi s fath er b es t app r o v es

g .

O n t he sam e day as t h e chi l d i s c ir cu m c i sed t h e fat h er o f i t en t er tain s ,

.

h i s r el at io n s an d fr i en ds i n as h an ds o m e a m an n er as his c i r cum s tan c es

w i ll a l lo w A ft er t h e en t er t a in m en t b en edi c ti o n s an d p r ayer s ar e added
.

fo r t he in fan t an d t h ey b eg o f G o d t o bles s h im w it h h eal th a n d p r o s

,

p er i ty an d gi v e h i m gr a c e t o l i v e i n t h e faith an d fear o f G o d
, S om e .

o f t h e Jew s s p en d s uc h day s i n p l ayi n g c ar ds an d o th er l i k e a m u s e m en t s , .

E ver y o n e w h o p er fo r m s t h e o p er at i o n o f c i r cu m c i s io n h as a m em o ,

r an d um b o o k i n t o w hi ch h e c h r o n i c les t h e n a m es o f t h o se h e h a s c i r

c u m c i s ed Th i s b o o k i s p la c ed i n hi s c of n wi th hi m wh en h e i s bur i ed
.
,

fo r th ey i m agin e t hat if t h e n u m b er i n t h ei r m em o r an du m b o o k
c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e n u m b er s c o n t a i n ed i n th ei r o w n n a m e t h ey ar e ,

di s char ge d fr o m pu r gat o r y F o r i n s t an c e i f t h e n am e o f t h e c i r cu m
.
,

c i se r i s D a v id w h i ch n a m e i s e q u a l t o 1 4
,
an d if h e h a v e c i r cu m c i se d ,

1 4 ch i l d r en h e feel s c er t ain t hat h e i s en t i t l ed t o t h e gl o r i es o f h ea v en

, ,

Th er e ar e n o c er em o n i es wh en t h e n ewb o r n child i s a gir l exc ep t ,

i n g t h at as s o o n as t h e m o th er i s fu lly r e c o v er ed t h e fat h er i n fo r m s t h e ,

R abb i an d h e r ep eats a S h o r t b l ess in g fo r th e c h i l d an d t h e m o th er an d

, ,

a t t he s am e t i m e t h e R abb i gi v es t h e c hi l d a n am e s uch a s h er fat h er ,

h as design at ed I f a m al e ch i l d S h o u l d h app en t o di e u n c i r cu m c ised

.
,

t h ey c i r cum ci se hi m b efo r e h e i s bu r i ed .

I f t he r s t b o r n c h i l d b e a b o y it i s cu s to m a r y as s oo n a s h e b e 30
-

, ,

days o ld, t o s en d fo r o n e o f t h e d es c en dan ts o f A ar o n wh o m t h ey c a ll a ,

p r i est , an d u n t o wh o m all t h e r st b o r n i f t h ey ar e m al es b el o n g t o -
, , ,

r edeem
3 i t i s i n c o m p l i an c e w i t h t h e i n j un c ti o n : S an c t i fy u n to m e all
t h e r s t b o r n all t h e r s t b or n o f m an a m o n gs t th y ch i l dr en s h al t t h o u
-
,
-

r ed ee m .

Thi s c er e m o n y i s p er fo r m ed i n t h e fo ll o w in g m an n er : t h e
a pp o i n t ed s e c all e d p r i est s ev e r a l fr i en d s an d r e l at i o n s b e i n g a ss e m b l e d
,
-

, ,

i n th e h o u s e t h e fa ther b r i n gs a c o n s ider ab l e s u m o f go l d an d s i l v e r i n
,

o n e di sh o r b a s i n an d t h e c hi l d i n ,
an o t h er t o d el i v e r hi m i n t o th e ,

h an ds o f t h e p r i es t w h o t u r n i n g t o t h e m o th er s ays w i t h a lo u d vo i c e
, , , ,

M adam i s th i s bo y y o u r s 2 t o wh i c h sh e r ep l ies Yes

H ad yo u

.
,

n o chi l d b efo r e t h i s e i t h e r m a l e o r fem a l e ? To t h i s s h e r ep l i es N o

, .

Th en adds th e p r i est Th e ch i l d b ein g yo u r r s t b o r n i t i s m y r ight

,
-

a n d p r o p er t y Tu r n i n g t o t h e fa th er h e s ays I f yo u ar e i n c l i n ed t o

.
, ,

h av e t h i s chi l d agai n yo u m u s t r e deem i t T hi s gold an d s i l v er .
,
 J UD A I S M . 59

1
r ep lies t h e fat her w as b r o u ht fo r t h at pu r p o s e
g Th e p r i est t h en

.
,

t ur n i n g t o war ds t h e as s em b ly says l o u dly Thi s ch ild i s a r st b or n

, ,
-

a n d i s m y p r o p er t y a cc o r din g a s i t i s w r i t t en N u m b xvi i i 1 6 And

, ,
. .

t h o se t h at ar e t o b e r e deem ed s h a l t th o u r edeem fo r t h e m on ey o f v e

s h ek el s i n s t ead o f wh i ch I c o n t en t m y s el f with t hi s
, t ak i n g o n e o r ,

t w o o f t h e go l den o r s i l v er p i e c es, an d r et u r n s t h e chi l d t o hi s p ar en t s .

Th i s day i s also o n e o f gr eat j o y a m o n g t h em .

I n c ase t h e fat h er o r m o th er ar e des c en dan t s of p r i es ts or L e vi tes ,

t h ey b l iged t o r edeem th eir r s t b o r n

ar e n o t o -
.

This o b ser van c e i s c all ed P i dyo n H ab en
W e S h o u l d h er e m en t i o n that t h ese se
.

call ed P r i est s w h o clai m t o

, ,
,

b e des c en dan t s o f A ar o n ar e h on o u r ed b y t he r es t o f t h e Jews a n d ar e

, ,

p er m itted o n th eir festi va l days t o r ep eat th e b en edi c ti o n o f A ar o n i n

t h ei r s yn ago gu e s Bu t sin c e t he gen eal ogy o f th e J ew s w as l o st fr o m
.
, ,

t h e t i m e o f o u r blessed S a v i o ur n o J e w in o u r day s can p ar ti cu l ar i ze o r

,

d i s cr i m in at e hi s t r i b e 3 an d c o n seq u en t ly t h os e ass u m i n g s uch t it les a r e

, ,

m uch m i st ak en as t o t heir r igh t s t o t h em M an y h av e c all ed th em sel v es .

d es c en dan t s o f A ar on w h o em igr at ed to a s tr an ge c o un t r y b u t h av e ,

o ft en a fter war ds p r o v ed t h em s e l v es t o b e i m p o st er s .

Th e r st S c r i pt u r e l esson t au gh t t o a chi l d "

a s s o on as i t i s a b l e t o ,

s p eak an d wh i ch e v er y fath er an d m o th er i n
,
I sr ael t r i es t o en gr av e
u po n t h e h ear t s o f t heir ch i l dr en i s as fo ll o w s : H ear O I sr a el
, ,

Th e L o r d o u r G o d i s o n e L o r d an d t h o u sh a l t l o v e t h e L o r d t hy G o d

w i th all t hi n e h ear t an d w i th a ll t h y s o u l an d wi t h all t hy m i h t
, g , .

D en t v i 4 5
. A t t h e s am e t im e th e chi l d i s t aught t h e c er em o n y o f
.
, , .
,

th e F r i n ges This co n si s ts i n putti n g u p o n i t a l ittl e garm en t h avi n g

.

fo u r fr i n ges o n e at ea ch c o r n er wh i ch fr o m th en c efo r th h e m u s t wear

, , , ,

c o n t in u ally 3 an d a s o ft en as h e r ep eat s t h e ab o v e m en t i o n e d p r ay er
,
he ,

m u s t k i s s t h ese fr i n ges A cc or di n g t o t h e R abbi s t h e fath er o f t h e

.
,

c h i l d i s h el d r es p o n s i b l e fo r i t i n all m at ter s t i l l i t r ea ch es t h e a e o f
g
thir t een an d wh en t h e b o y attain s t h at age h e b ec o m es a Ba r m zi tzv a h
, , , .

A fter t hi s all r es p on si bi l i ty i s t ak en aw ay fr o m hi s p ar en t s an d h e ,

bec o m es r esp o n sib l e fo r hi m s elf Fr o m this t im e fo r th th e b o y i s .

o b li edt to w ear hil t er i es d ur i n t h e t i m e o f m o r n i n g p r ay e r an d

g p ac g ,

m a k e u s e o f t h e c er em o n y o f t h e F r in ges o n w hi ch o ccas i o n h e

,

p r o n o un c es th e fo ll owin g b l ess in g : Bl essed b e Tho u J eho vah o u r , ,

G o d w h o h ast s an ct i ed u s an d c o m m an ded u s t o o b s er v e t h e o r din an c e

,

o f F r i n es
g .

F em al es ar e e xem p t fr o m ob s er vi n g th e c er em on y o f fr i n ges an d p hilact er i es .

i S abbath an d fest i val days exc ep t ed

.
 60 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

A cco r din g t o th e Ta l m u d ev er y o r tho do x J ew i s u n der o b l igati o n s

,

t o m ar r y at th e age o f eigh t een a n d h e w h o r em ain s s in gl e after t h is

,

t i m e i s c o n s i der ed a s li v i n g in t h e a ct ua l c o m m i ssi o n o f s i n
,
A cc o r din g .

t o t h e la w o f M o ses a J ew i s p er m i tt ed t o m ar r y a s m an y w i v es a s h e
,

cho o s es bu t at the p r esen t day t hey d o n o t m ar r y m o r e t han o n e

, , , .

T h ey ar e allo w ed t o m ar r y t h eir b r o th er s o r s i ster s daughter s o r th eir ,

r s t c o u s in s b u t a J ew dar e n o t m ar r y h i s a u n t
,
H e m ay h o wev er i n .
, ,

c ase o f hi s w i fe s de c ea s e m ar r y h er s i st e r
,
A w i do w o r a w o m an .
,

di v o r c ed fr om h er h u s b an d c an n o t m ar r y agai n u n t i l n in et y days aft er

,

t h e d eat h o f t h e o n e o r th e sep ar at i on o f t h e o th er i n o r der t h a t i t m ay

, ,

b e k n o wn wheth er sh e b e p r egn an t o r n o .

I
If a m an die, an d hi s wido w h av e s ti ll an u n w ean ed b ab e , sh e

c an n o t m ar r y a ai n
g b efo r e t h e c h i l d b e t w o year s o ld .

W h en th e p ar en ts of an i n t en d e d c o up l e h av e c om e to an r ee
a
g
m en t wi t h r ega r d t o m o n ey th e m ar r i age ar ti c les ar e s ign ed b y t h e
,

fu t ur e h u sb an d an d r e l at i v es o f t h e wife aft er wh i ch t h e fo r m er p ays a , ,

fo r m a l v i sit t o hi s i n t en d ed br ide an d a r e so l em n ly en gaged fo r si x o r

,

t w el v e m o n t h s s o m eti m es e ven fo r t w o y ear s a cc o r di n g t o t h e agr eem en t

, ,

m a de b et w een t h e p ar t i es D ur in g t h i s t im e t h e y o u n g l o v er p ays
.
,

fr e q u en t v i sit s t o h i s fut u r e m i s tr es s an d u ses t h e u t m o st fa m ili ar it y

,

c o n s i st en t wit h d e c en c y i n h er c o m p an y .

W h en t h e m ar r i age day i s pp oin t ed w hi ch i f sh e be a m aiden i s

a , , ,

on a W edn es day o r Fr iday 3 o r if a w i do w on a T h u r s day I t is , .

i n si s te d t h at t h e i n t en ded c o up l e s h o u l d fas t o n t h e day o f t h e m ar r iage,

u n t i l t h e b l es sin g i s pr o n o un ced up o n th em Th e n up t ia l s o l em n i ti es ar e .

p er fo r m ed in t h e fo ll o win g m an n er Th e y o u n g h u s b an d t ak es a go l d
r in g a n d i n t h e p r es en c e o f t h e R abb i p l a c es i t up o n t h e t h i r d n ger o f
, ,

h i s b r ide an d s ays
,
Be t h o u san cti ed t o m e w i th t hi s r i n g
A ft er .

w h i ch t h e R abb i s r ea ds t h e m ar r i age c on t r a c t an d gi v es t h em t h e b en e ,

di c t i o n . D ur in g t his s o l em n c er em o n y the y o u n g h u s b an d i s o b l iged t o ,

k eep h i s h ead c o ver ed w i th a s i l k c ap m ade fo r t hat pur p o s e an d p r e , ,

s en t ed h i m by h i s b r ide W h en all i s o v er t her e i s s o m eti m es a sh or t

.
,

a ddr ess del i v er ed t o t h o s e p r es en t .

If a l eav e n o i s s u e h i s br o th er (if h e h av e o n e
h u sb an d di e, an d ,

liv in g) h as fu ll a uth o r i t y o v er th e W i do w an d m ay ei ther m ar ry h er ,

hi m sel f o r p er m i t h er t o m ar r y again as s h e choo s es

,
Thi s cu sto m i s , .

fo un ded o n t h e p r ec ep t c o n t ain ed i n th e law o f M oses , wh i ch r eads as

fo ll o w s : I f b r eth r en dw ell t o get h er an d o n e o f t hem di e, an d have ,

n o ch i l d t h e w i fe o f t h e d ead shal l n o t m ar r y wi th o ut u n t o a s t r an ger ;

,
62 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

C . w h o h as t fo r m er ly b een my w ife ,
an d I do h er eb y giv e t hee fu l l

an d fr ee p er m i s si o n y wh o m to m ar r
'

t h o u p l eases t Th er e ar e ten .

p er so n s p r es en t at t h e s ign in g o f t he b i ll b es ides t h e t w o w h o s ign i t ,

.

A ft er t hi s th e c er em o n y c o m m en c es Th e R abb i b ids t h e wo m an t o .

h o l d o p en h er h an d s in o r der t hat sh e m ay r ec ei v e t h e b i ll an d c l o se ,

th em t igh t ly aga in n o t t o dr o p i t fo r if i t h app en s t h at i n h er c on fu s i o n

, ,

s h e let i t dr o p an o th er b i ll h a s t o b e w r i tt en
,
an d th e t i m e p os tp o n ed , .

Th e h u s b an d t h en gi v es h er th e b i ll s ayi n g T his i s thy div o r ce 3 I p u t , ,

t h ee a wa y fr o m m e an d gi v e t h ee fu ll l i b er t y t o m ar r y w h o m s o ev er
,

t h o u wi lt Th e w o m an t ak es t h e b ill an d d eli ver s i t t o t h e R abb i
.
,

w h o r ea d s i t o v er a a i n an d t hen s h e i s di v o r c ed ; b u t t h e R abb i
g ,

ex h o r ts h er n o t t o m ar r y t i ll a ft er t h r ee m o n th s fr o m t h e t i m e o f

d i v o r c em en t .

Th er e i s n o festi va l day fo r whi ch Jew s h a v e s uch a v en er ati on as

t h ei r S abb at h d ay t h at i s s uch w h o k eep s tr i c tly t o t h ei r r el igio n fo r
e -

, ,

a r eat n u m b e r pub l i c ly v i o l at e t hi s day es p ec i a lly i n A m er i c a T h e

g , .

a n c i e n t R abb i s r ed uc ed all th o s e t hi n gs w hi ch G o d h ad fo r b i dden t o b e

do n e o n t h e S abb at h day t o t hi r ty n in e arti cles w h er eo f eac h h ad i t s

-
,
-

p ar ti cu l ar ci r cum stan c e an d dep en den ci es n am ely n o t t o p l o w s o w o r , , , ,

r ea p t o b o t t l e o r t ie up t o w as h o r b ak e or car d o r spi n o r br eak ,

, , , , ,

an y thi n i n to p i ec es o r bu i l d o r d em o l i sh o r b eat w it h a h a m m er or
g , , , ,

h u n t o r s h o r r i de o n h o r seb ack o r w r it e o r k i n dl e o r e x t l n gu i sh o r
, , , , , ,

ki ll o r s l ay o r car r y an yth in g o u t o f do o r s i n t o t he str eet & c & c & c

, , ,
.
, .
, .

Th ey ar e s tr i ct ly fo r b i dd en t o t alk o f w o r l dly affai r s o r m ak e an y ,

b ar gain s w i th r esp ec t t o bu yin g an d s ell i n g A n o r th o do x J ew adher es .

t o t h i s v e r y r m ly an d wi ll fo r b ear fr o m c o n v er sat i on o f a n y k in d
, ,

e xc ep t i t b e o f a r eligi o u s c h ar a c t e r N o J ew i s a ll o wed t o w al k o v er
.

t w o t h o u s an d cub i t s o uts ide o f an y c it y t o wn o r v i ll a e w h ei e i n h e

g , , ,

r es id es o n t h e S abb ath da y 3 n eit h er da r e t h ey t o uch an y m o n ey o n t h at

,
-

day 3 n ei th er ar e th ey p er m i t t e d t o p l a y o n an y m u s i ca l i n st r u m en t .

O n S abbat h ev e t h ey p u t o n c l ean l in en w as h th e ir fa c es a n d h an ds t ak e
-
, , ,

th eir p r ay er b o o k s an d go t o t h ei r s yn ago gu es
-
,
I t i s n e c e s s ar y t o .

r e m ar k h er e t h at n o o r thd o x J e w u s es a r a z o r t o h i s fa c e 3 b u t i n s t ea d , ,

ei t h er a p ai r o f s c i s s o r s o r a so r t o f p o w de r b o i l ed t o geth er w i th l i m e
, ,

whi ch c au s es th e h ai r t o bu r n away A wo m an m u s t l i gh t the l am p o n .

Fr i day ev en in g b efo r e sh e go es t o t h e syn ago gu e an d fr o m t h e m o m en t

, , ,

t h at s h e h as p r o n o u n c ed t he b en edi c ti o n o ver t h e l i gh t ed l a m p t h e S ab ,

b at h b egi n s .

Th e J ew i sh S a bbath i s S atur day .

 J UD A I S M . 63

Th e u su al h y m n s un g r st in th e s yn agogu e o n S abb ath ev e ,

c o m m en c es t hu s C o m e m y b e l o v ed t o m eet t he b r ide 3 th e p r esen c e

, ,

o f t h e S abb at h let u s r e c ei v e &c Th e fo ll o win g i n t h e sam e h ym n i s

.
,

r em ar k ab l e : S h ak e o ff t h e du st 3 ar i s e O m y p eo p l e an d ado r n t hy , ,

s el f w i t h th y b ea u t ifu l att i r e 3 fo r b y t h e h an d o f J ess e t h e B et hlem i te , ,

r edem p t i o n dr a w et h n i h t o m so u l
g y .

A fter t h e n in et y sec o n d P sal m h a s b een c han t ed t h esS ab b at h b egin s

-
,

e v er yw h er e .

A ft er t hi s m eet in g t h e u su a l s al utat i o n s ar e exch an ged n o t w i th a

, ,

G o o d ev en i n g o r G o o d n igh t b u t A G o o d S abb at h t o yo u
, ,
A s .

s o o n as t h e p ar en t s r et u r n h o m e t h ey b l ess t h ei r chi l d r en an d s in g a
, ,

s o n g t o w e l c o m e t h e an gel s w h o t h ey b el i ev e v i s it th em i n th ei r
, ,

h o u ses o n th e S abb ath Th e fat h er t h en t ak es a gl a ss o f w i n e i n h i s

.

h an d an d r ep eat s t h e r s t t hr ee v er s es o f t h e se c o n d ch apt er o f G en es i s
, ,

a fter w hi ch h e r et u r n s t h an k s t o G o d fo r h a v i n
g i n st i t u t ed t he S abb at h ,

a n d b l es s es t h e wi n e o f wh i ch h e t h en
,
dr in k s a p ar t h i m self an d gi v es ,

a s m all q u an t i t y t o t h o s e w h o si t a t t ab l e wi th hi m A ft er t hi s h e .

b l esses th e b r ead an d di st r ibu tes i t t o all w ho t h en eat an d s p en d th e , ,

S ab bat h i n a j o yfu l an d h app y m an n er .

S o m e J ews b el i ev e t h at t h ey p o ssess an addit i o n al so u l whi ch en t er s ,

i n to t hem o n F r i day ev en in g a n d dep ar t s fr o m th em o n S at u r day n i ght 3

,

t h er efo r e t h ey s ay t h eir a pp et i t es b ec o m e st r o n ger an d h e n c e m u s t

, , , , ,

e at t w i c e a s m uch o n t hos e day s a s o n o ther s .

T hey go t o th e s yn ago gu e o n S at ur day m o r n i n g w h er e t h ey r ep eat ,

s ev er a l p s a l m s an d p r ay er s i n c o m m en d at i o n o f t h e S abb a t h whi ch ar e ,

in t er m i x ed w i t h t h ei r c o m m o n p r ay er s Th e v e b o o k s o f M o ses .
,

wh i ch ar e wr itt en o n p ar ch m en t an d n eatly ar r ay ed ar e th en t aken o u t

, ,

fr o m t h e ar k an d sev en p er s o n s c all ed up t o t h e a l t ar t o h ear t h e

,

M in ist er r ead t h e a ll o tt ed s ect i o n fo r t h at day fo r th e law o f M o ses i s ,

d i v ided i n to ft y t w o p o r t io n s ;a p o r ti o n fo r e v er y S ab bath i n t h e y ear

-
.

A ft er t h e r ea din g o f t h e s ec ti o n t h e M i n i s t er r eads a s o l em n b en e~
,

d i c ti o n fo r th e S o v er eign u n der wh o se go v er n m en t t h ey liv e wh er ei n h e ,

b eseech es A l m i ght y G o d t o k eep h i m o r h er i n j o y an d p eac e 3 th at all

hi s o r h er u n der tak i n gs m ay p r o s p er 3 t h at hi s o r h er do m i n i o n m ay b e
i n c r eas ed 3 a n d t h at h e o r s h e m ay l o v e t h ei r p eo p l e A t th e c o n c l u s i o n .

o f t h i s p r ay er h e so m et i m es r ep ea t s a p r ay er fo r t h e d ep ar t ed s o u l s an d
, ,

t h en t h e law i s c ar r i ed b a ck t o t h e a r k I f th e M in i s t er i s q u al ied
.

en ou h h e del i v er s a sh o r t a ddr es s i n whi ch h e c om m en ds v i r t u e

g , , ,

di s c o u r ages v i c e & c il l u st r at i n g h i s i deas b y p a s sages t a k en o u t o f t h e

,
.
,

T a l m u d M ost o f th e J ewi sh M in i s t er s h o we v er p r each o n ly m o n th l y

.
, , ,
64 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

or q u ar ter ly an d a l so o n thei r fest i va l o ccasi on s W h en this i s over , an

, .

a ddi ti on al s er vi c e i s h el d i n st ea d o f s ac r i c es i n w hi ch t hey r ep eat th e

, ,

o r der o f t h e s a cr i c es , an d p r ay t h at G o d m ight r est ore t h em t h ei r

T e m p l e an d en ab l e t h em all o n c e m o r e t o b r in g t h eir s acr i c es i n t o t hat
,

h o ly p la c e This en ds th e m o r n in g s er vi ce I n the after n o o n t her e i s

. .
,

a n o th er sh o r t s er v i c e i n t h e s y n a go gu e 3 b u t , as s o o n a s e ve n i n g
a pp r oa c h es an d t h ey c an di s c o v er t h r ee s tar s o f an y c o n s id er ab l e m a
, g
n i t u de t h eir S abb at h i s o v er an d t h ey ar e p er m i tt ed t o w o r k a s o n an y
, , ,

o t h er day Yet they a l w ays p r o lo n g t h e S abb ath as m uch as p o s s i b l e 3

.
,

fo r t h ey h av e a s up er s tit i o u s o p i n i on am o n g t h em t h a t t h e s o u l s o f t h e
d am n ed as w ell as t h o s e i n pu r gat o r y en du r e n o p ain o r t o r m en t s o n
, ,

t hi s day .A t t h e c l o se o f t h e S abb at h th ey s in g h y m n s t o w el c o m e
,

E lij ah th e p r o p h et w h o t h ey i m agi n e, v i si ts t h ei r h o u s es e v er y S abb ath

, , ,

e v en i n g ,
an d w h o m t h ey e xp ec t t o c om e with t h ei r l on g exp ec t ed -

M es s iah .Th ey th en s al u t e ea ch o th er agai n w it h a G o d gr an t you a

lu ck y w eek .
 C HA PT ER III .

W h en t h e S an h edr i m , th at i s t o s ay, th e
j u dges o f J er u sal em b or e ,

s w ay an d e x er c i s ed t h ei r a u t h o r i t y t w o m en w er e a pp o in t ed b y t h em
, ,

s p e c i a lly t o gi v e n o t i c e o f t h e r s t a pp ea r an c e o f t h e m o o n
,
an d up o n ,

t h eir r ep o r t t o t h e S an h edr i m , pub l i c n o t i c e w a s gi v en th at t h e m o n th ,

b egan fr o m t ha t day, an d th er eb y t h ey x ed th eir h o lidays wi th r el a ,

t i o n t o t h e t i m es p r e s c r i b ed fo r t h ei r fest iv a l days Bu t s in ce t h e.

T em p l e w as des t r o y ed t h ey s ett l e i t b y c o m pu tat io n an d p r in t a c alen

, ,

d ar ev er y year w hi c h s h o w s t h em t h e t im es o f th e n ew an d th e fu l l

m o o n t h e s ea so n s o f t h e y ear an d th ei r fes ti v a l s
, ,
Th ey al s o s et do wn
.

t h e fes ti v al days o f t h e C hr i s t ian s i n o r d er t o k n o w wh at days ar e m os t

,

s u i t a b l e t o t r ade wi t h th em .

Th e ft een th day o f th e m o n t h N i s a n an s w er i n g t o o u r A p r i l i s

, ,

th e r s t day o f t h ei r fea s t o f t h e P as s o v er w h i ch t h ey c all ,
P a s eck ,

i n c om m em o r at io n o f t h e J ew s dep ar t u r e fr o m Egy p t I t c on ti n u es a .

w h o l e w eek , d u r i n g w hi ch t im e th ey m u st e at u n l eav en e d b r ead 3 t h ey

d ar e n o t e v en h av e l eav en ed br ead i n t h ei r h o u ses Th e b r ead t h ey eat

.

i s c all e d l a tz o t/L .

Th e ev e o n w h i c h t h e Pa s so v er c o m m en c es t lre t ab l e cl o th b ein g
,

lai d as u s u al , t h r ee p l at es ar e p l a c ed t h er eo n 3 in o n e i s p u t t hr ee ,

Pa s so v er c ak es , i n an o th er th e sh an k b o n e o f th e sh o u l der o f l am b an d
, ,

an e b o t h r o a s t ed o n t h e c oa l s 3 i n t h e t hi r d s o m e l et t uc e an d c el er y
gg , , ,

o r c h er v i l an d p arsley 3 an d a cup o f v i n e ar , o r s al t wat er 3 l i k ew i s e a

g ,

c o m p o u n d fo r m e d o f a l m o n ds a pp l es & c wo r k ed up t o th e c o n s i sten ce
,
.
,
,

o f l im e .

Th e t ab l e b ein g t h u s fo r m ed ev er y o n e at t ab l e h as a gl as s o r c u p
,

o f w i n e p l a c e d b efo r e h i m 3 fo r o n t h ese n i h t s ev er y p er s on i s o b l i ed
g g
t o dr i n k fo u r gl a s ses o r c u p s o f w i n e ca ll ed D ID }: z T h
, y x e .

fo u r cup s w hi ch ar e in c o m m em o r ati o n o f t h e fo u r differ en t e xp r es

,

s i o n s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i th t h e r edem p ti o n o f th e Jew s fr o m E yp t Th e
g .

w h o l e fa m i ly t h en t a k e h o l d o f t h e di sh w hi ch c o n t ai n s t h e u n l eav en ed

b r ead an d s ay t he fo ll o w in g : L o ! thi s i s as th e b r ea d of afi ct io n

, ,

w hi ch o u r an c e s t o r s at e i n t h e lan d o f Egy p t : let all t ho se w h o ar e

h u n gr y en t er an d eat t h er eo f 3 an d all w h o ar e n ec es si t o u s c o m e an d
c e l ebr at e t h e P as s o v er . A t p r esen t w e c el eb r at e i t h er e b u t th e n ext ,

y ear w e h o p e t o c el ebr at e i t i n t h e lan d o f I sr ael Th is year w e ar e .

s er v an t s h er e , b u t n ex t y ear w e h o p e t o b e fr ee m en i n t h e l an d o f

6
66 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

I sr ael . Th u s i s i n it i at ed t h e
Pass o ver I n pr ep ar atio n
s er vi c e of the .

fo r t hi s feast t h ey m u st ch an ge all t h ei r ki t chen u ten si l s an d ar e n o t ,

a ll o w ed t o t as t e an y b eer b r an dy o r an y thin t h at h a s leav en i n i t

g , ,
.

Fr o m t h e day aft er the Pa sso v er i s c o m p l eted t o th e t hi r ty thir d -

day fo ll o wi n g t h ey s p en d t h e t i m e i n a s o r t o f m o ur n in g n ei th er

, ,

m ar r y i n g n o r cutt i n g t h eir h air n o r sh av i n g th em s el v es

, n or
,
e v en ,

dr essin g t h em sel v es i n an y n ew c l o th es o r s h o w i n g an y p u b l i c d em on ,

s tr at i o n o f j o y fo r t h ey s a t h at d u r in t hi s t i m e t h er e w a s a r eat
,y , g , g
m o r t a l i t y am o n g t h e pup i l s o f a m o st c eleb r at ed R abb i t en t h o u san d o f ,

wh om p er i sh ed i n o n e d ay .

S ev enweek s after th e r s t day o f th e P asso v er th ey cel ebr at e t he

Feas t o f W eek s
Thi s feast i s l i ke w i se call ed i n S cr ip t u r e Th e
.

day o f r s t fr ui t s 3 b e ca u se t h e r st fr u i t s o f th e y ear w er e o ffer ed i n
t h e T em p l e up o n th at d ay Bu t t h e R abb i s gi v e an o th er r eas on fo r thi s
.

fest i v a l Th ey s ay th at o n this day t he la w w as gi ven t o M o ses on

.
, , ,

M o un t S i n ai an d h en c e m an y J ew s ar e a ccu st o m e d t o sp en d th e who l e
, ,

n i h t o f t hat fes ti v a l i n r eadin t h e w h o l e law

g g .

Th e Tal m u dists do n ot agr ee as t o t he t im e wh en t h e w o r l d c am e

i n t o exi s t en c e S o m e i n s i s t that it w as i n t h e S p r in g an d o th er s again
.
,

t h at i n w as i n A u t um n Th e l att er n o tio n h a s s o far p r evai l ed t h at t h e y

.
,

b egi n t o c o u n t th e m on th s o f th e year fr o m A u t um n an d th o u gh i t i s

,

i
wr i tt en i n S cr pt ur e o f th e o n th o f N i s an
m
( pr l)
A i This m o n th ,

sh a l l b e u n t o yo u t h e b egin n i n g o f m o n t h s

Yet they n otw i th stan d .
,

i n g c o m m en c e t o c ou nt t he y ear fr o m t h e m o n t h Ti shr i (S ep t em b er )
, , .

Th e Jews h o l d fr o m t r a diti o n t h at p ar ti cu l ar ly o n t h e r st day o f ,

t h ei r r s t m o n t h G o d A l m ight y j u dges th e a ct i o n s c o m m i tt ed th r o u gh
,

t h e p as t year an d o r der s t h o s e t h i n gs t o h app en in t h e c o m in g y ear

, .

Thi s day b ein g as i t w er e t h e v er y p o in t o f t i m e o f t h e w o r l d s b ir th
, , ,

t h ey i m agi n e t h at G o d t h er eo n car efu lly r evi ew s all t h e o ccu r r en c es o f

t h e p r ec edi n g y ear This day th ey ca ll t he F eas t o f th e N e w Year an d
.
,

i s k ept v er y s o l em n ly b y al m o s t a ll J ew s O n t hi s day t h ey p r o m i se .

r ep en t an c e an d s o u n d t h e t r u m p e t o r h o r n i n t h e s yn a go gu e
,
S o m e o r th o .

dc x Jew s b el iev e t h at ev er y s o un d which p r o c eeds fr o m th e tr u m p et i n ,

so m e m ys t er i o u s w ay s en ds fo r th s o m e an gel s w h o a ft er wa r ds gh t w i t h ,

S atan o r s o m e o th er e vi l
,
sp i r i t w h o o ccup i es t h e do o r o f H eav en
,
to p r e ,

v en t pr ayer s fr o m r ea ch in g t h e th r o n e o f G o d They a l so c all up o n c er .

t ai n a n ge l s b y n a m e an d b eseech t h em t o c ar r y t h eir p r aye r s H ea v en war d

,
.

O n t h e s am e day aft er ev en in g s er v i c e t h ey go t o a r i ver an d cast

, , ,

s m all c r u m b s o f b r ead o r an
y o th er p ar ti c l es t h ey m ay hav e i n t h ei r
,

p o ckets i n to t he w at er a t th e s am e t i m e r ep eat in g th e w o r ds o f M i cah

, ,
 J UD A I S M . 67

W ho i s a G o d lik e u n t o T h ee ,
t hat p ar do n eth i n i q u i t y, an d p as s eth by
t h e t r an s gr es s i o n s of th e r em n an t of H i s h er it age ? He r et ai n eth n ot

H is an
ger fo r v er b ec au se H e de ligh t ed i n m er cy H e wi ll t u r n again 3
e , .

Ha w c o m pass i on up on u s 3 H e w i ll s u b d u e o u r i n i qu i t i es 3 an d
i ll h av e

t h o u wi l t c ast all t h ei r s i n s i n t o t h e d ep t h s o f th e sea A ft er t hi s .

c er em o n y t h ey i m agin e all t h ei r s i n s ar e c a st in t o t h e d eep t o b e

, ,

r em em b er e d n o m o r e a ai n st t h em
g A t t h i s feas t t h ey u s u a lly e at th eir

,
.

br ead wi th h o n ey whi ch s ign ies t o h av e a s w eet year T h ei r s a l u t a

.
,

t i on o n t h i s o cc as i o n i s m ay a go o d y ear b e wr i tt en do w n fo r th ee
,
.

Th e t en t h day o f t h e s a m e m o n t h , t h ey c el ebr at e th e day o f exp iati o n ,

w h i ch i s a l s o c a ll e d th e da f a t o n e m en t T h ey keep t hi s da v e
y o y r
y .

s t r i c t ly , fo r t h ey b el i ev e th at o n thi s da y all t h ei r s i n s an d c r i m es are

b l o t t ed ou t, a cc o r din g t o v i t i cu s
L e xxi ii , 27 :
A l so on t h e t en t h day
o f thi s ven th m o n th
se t h er e sh a ll b e a da y o f a t o n e m en t it sh a ll be an

h o ly c o n v o c at io n u n t o yo u 3 & c .

O n t h e day b efo r e t h i s fest i v a l , th ey p r act i c e a v er y cu r i o u s c er e

m on y Ev er y J e w t ak es a l iv i n g fo w l , an d s wi n gs i t t h r i c e ar o un d hi s
.
.

h ead, at e a ch t i m e r ep eati n g, L et thi s b e s a c r ic ed i n m y s t ead T hi s .

cu st o m call ed C ap m o t/o an d t ho u gh i t i s n o t a c t ua lly c o m m an ded an d

is '

, ,

i s a gr o u n dl es s a n d idl e s u p er s t it i o n yet a l m o s t e v er y J e w p er fo r m s t hi s
,

c er em o n y Th es e fo w l s ar e after war ds k i ll ed an d eat en 3 fo r t h e Jews

.

i n d u l ge t h em se l v es i n eat i n g m uc h m o r e o n t hi s day o n a cc o u n t o f t h ei r ,

h avi n g t o fa s t t h e w h o l e o f t h e n ex t day O n t h e e v e b efo r e t h e day o f .

a t o n e m en t m an y o f t h e m r ec e i v e thi r t y n i n e s t r i p es w i t h a l e at h er st r a p
,
-

w hi ch i s d on e as fo ll o ws A c er t a i n m an w h o m u st b e a p i o u s J ew an d , ,

a pp o i n te d fo r ha t o fc e s t an ds at t h e d o o r o f t h e s yn agogu e a n d as k s
,

e a c h o n e as h e p as s es i n
,
i f h e wi sh es t o r e c ei v e t h e t hi r t y n i n e s t r ip es ?
,
-

I f t h e an s w er b e Yes h e p r o str at es h i m self o n t h e o o r an d r eceiv es

, ,

t h em fr o m t h e ex ecu ti o n er .

I n fo r m er t i m es t h e c er em o n y w as p er fo r m ed u n d er t h e r u l e o f t h e
,

S an h edr im an d p er s o n s w h o c om m i t t e d
,
c r im es wer e c o n dem n ed to
r ec ei v e t h es e th i r ty n i n e s tr i p e
-

O n t hi s day t h ey a sk p ar d o n o f th o s e w h o m th ey h a v e i n j u r e d an d
, ,

fo r giv e t h o se w h o h av e i n j u r ed t h e m Th ey a ls o gi v e a l m s an d s ho w a ll
.
,

t h e de m o n st r at i o n s o f a s i n c e r e r ep en t a n c e M an y p u t o n t h ei r gr a v e .

c l o th es
(i
,
n w h i c h e v er y J ew i s m ar r ied an d w e ar s t h em o n c e e v e r
y ,
y e ar ,

wh i ch i s o n t h i s day o f at o n em en t) an d a r e o b l iged to s tan d sh o el es s i n

,

t h ei r syn ago gu es wh en t h e w h o le da y i s s p e n t i n p r ayer a n d w eep i n

,
o

.

S o m e e v en r em ai n t h ei r o v er n ight an d s i n g p sa l m s They a l so r ea d .

t h e ac c o u n t o f t h e s a c r ic es an d r e l a t e t h e c e l eb r a t e d c e r e m o n y o f th e
,
68 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

H igh P r i est, w ho w as n e v er p er m itted bu t o n this day to en ter ,

in to t he
h o ly of h o li es, t h er e t o bur n fr an kin c en se an d cast lo ts u p on , the t w o :

e of whi ch fo r t h e L o r d an d th e o th er for A sa s el
go at s 3 on w as .

Th ey c o n fess t heir t hi s day t en t i m es , an d so ~

cr i m es an d s in s on

lo u d t hat all m ay h ear th em 3 i n do in g whi ch t h ey s tr i ke th eir b r eas ts ,

an d w eep b it ter ly , s o m e e v en a s l o u d a s t h ei r s tr en gth p er m i t s .

C hi ldr en v er t wel v e year s old ar e a l so o b li ged t o fast o n

w ho ar e o ,

t h i s da y A s ev en i n g app r oa ch es an d th e t hr ee s tar s ar e v i si b l e t h ey
.
, ,

s o u n d t h e h o r n wh i ch d en o t es th at th e feast is en ded
,
Th en t h ey r et ur n .

h o m e fr o m th e s yn agogu e an d wi sh ea ch o th er l o n g l ife wi t h i t s b les

, ,
r

s in gs i n a v er y c or di a l m an n er
,
P ar en t s a l so b l ess th ei r chi l dr en an d
.
,

t h en s it do wn t o a h ear ty m eal .

O n th e ft een th day of c el eb r at ed again th e

th e s am e m o n th , is
feast o f t en t s o r t ab er n ac l es w h i ch th ey c all S u ka tk in c o m m em or ati on
, , ,

o f en c a m p m en t in t h e w i l der n ess w h en jt h ey d ep ar t e d o u t o f Egyp t an d

, ,

i s fo u n ded o n t h e i n s tit ut i o n whi ch is w r itten i n th e xxiii c h 4 2 v o f

L ev i ti cu s Ye s h all dw ell i n b o ot h s s ev en day s dzc
. .

E ver y fam i ly, ,
.

t h er efo r e m ak es a t en t i n s o m e o p en p l a c e n ear t h e h o u s e w hi ch i s t h en
, ,

c o v er ed w i t h l eav es an d ado r n ed i n si de in t h e b est m an n er p o ss ib l e w i t h

, ,

fr uit an d b eau tifu l o w er s Th e J ews eat an d dr in k i n t h ese t en t s an d

.
,

s o m e e v en s t ay t h er e o v er n ight Th i s feast i s c el eb r at ed a wh o l e w eek

. .

O n t h i s fea st th ey s e cu r e th em sel v es w i th a b r an c h o f t h e p al m t r ee an d ,

t h r ee s m all t wi gs o f t h e w i ll o w p er fe ct an d c o m p l et e a cc o r din g t o S cr ip ,

t ur e,
A n d ye s h all t ak e you o n t h e r s t day t h e b ough s o f goo dly
t r ees b r an ch es o f p al m t r ees an d t h e b o u gh s o f t hi ck t r ees an d w i ll o ws
, , ,

o f th e b r o o k .

Dur in g t h e r ep et it i on o f s ev er a l p sal m s i n their s yn ago gu es th ey ,

h o l d th es e br a n ch es in t h ei r r igh t h an d an d a c i tr o n i n th ei r l eft a ,
n d ,

s h ak e t he m t o w ar ds t h e fo u r q u ar t er s o f t he ear th I n s in gin g s o m e .

p ar t i cu l ar hym n s th ey m o ve i n s o l em n o r der r o un d th e a ltar o n c e a day3

, ,

b u t o n t h e s even t h day o f t hi s feas t th ey t ak e w i ll o w br an ch es an d , ,

m o v e i n s o l em n o r der s ev en t i m es r o u n d t h e a l tar wh i c h i s er ec t e d in t h e ,

s yn a o u e s i n i n H an n ah w h i c h w r d o ccu r s i n t h e N ew T e s ta
g g g g, os o ,

m en t a n d w as s u n g w h en o u r b l es s ed R e dee m er en t er ed i n t o t h e C i ty
,

o f J er u s al em Th e w o r d H o san n ah i s a H eb r e w w o r d an d s ign ies

.
, , ,

H el p ! O L o r d l o r a s c o m m on ly t r an s lat ed S av e ! 0 L o r d ,
I

O n t h e eigh th day o f t hi s fea st , t h ey n ish th e r eadin g o f t h e v e

b o o k s o f M o s es , an d s p en d t h e r em ai n der o f t h e day i n am u s em en t s o f
v ar i o u s k in ds .
70 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

W h en t h e ck i s i n i m m ediate dan ger o f death th ey n ever

p er s o n si ,

leav e h i s b edside b u t wat ch o v er h i m b o t h day an d n ight i n o r der t o

, ,

b e p r esen t a t t h e s epar a ti on o f t h e s o u l fr o m th e b o dy Th e p er s o n .

w h o i s p r es en t wh en t h e dyin g m an exp i r es r en ds so m e p ar t o f h i s ,

c l o th es an d i t i s cu sto m ar y am o n g th e m t o t h r o w o u t i n t o t h e s t r e ets all

,

t h e w ater t h er e i s i n t h e h o us e; o r t h at c an b e fo u n d i n t h e n eigh b or
h oo d wh i ch den o t es th at so m e o n e l i es dead n ot far fr o m t h e p l a c e
,
.

Th e dead pp ed i n a sh eet an d l aid u p o n th e fl o o r wi th

b o dy is w ra , ,

t h e fa ce c o v er ed A l igh t ed can dl e i s p la c ed at i ts h ead

. A ft er t h e .

c o r p s e i s t h or o u gh ly w ash ed w i th war m wat er h e i s dr essed i n hi s gr av e ,

c lo t h es o f w h i ch h a s a l r ea dy b een s p o k en an d i s c o v er ed w i th hi s
, ,

T a li tk . Th us dr es s ed t h e b o dy i s p la c ed i n a c o fn m ade sp e ci ally fo r
,

i t w i th a li n en c l o th o v er i t an d an o th er b en eat h
,
A s m all b ag o f
, .

ear t h i s p l a c ed u n der t h e h ead an d t h en t h e c o fn i s c o v er e d wi th b l a ck

,

a n d c ar r i ed o u t o f t h e h o u se A ll t h e p eo p l e att en din g c r o w d ar o u n d
.

i t an d as it i s c o n si der ed v er y m er it o ri o u s as m an y as c an c ar r y i t up o n
, , ,

t h ei r sh o u l der s t o th e gr a v e I n so m e plac es t h e m o ur n er s fo llo w t he

.

c o i n w i t h l igh t ed am b eau x i n th eir h an ds an d s i n g m o u r n fu l h y m n s ,

as t h ey m ar ch a l o n g Th e n ear est r elati v es o f t h e d ec eased m u st a l s o ~

.

r en d a s m a ll p ar t i n o n e o f t h ei r
g ar m en t s W h en t h i s i s o v er t h e .
,

c o fn ,
n ai l ed up isl o w er ed i n t o t h e gr a v e an d ea ch o f t h e fr i en d s t hr o w
, ,

a h an dfu ll o f ear t h up o n i t u n t i l t h e gr a v e i s ll ed up , O n t h eir d ep ar .

t u r e fr o m th e gr a v e ea ch o n e t ear s up t w o o r t hr ee lian dsfu l o f gr a ss o r

, ,
'

s o m eth i n g el se an d t h r o ws i t b eh i n d h i m at t h e s a m e t im e r ep eat in
, g ,

t h e s ev en ty s e co n d p sal m
-
Th en th ey w ash th eir h an ds an d r et ur n t o
.
,

t h eir r es p ecti v e ab o d es fo r n o J ew i s all o w ed t o e n t er a h o u s e b efo r e h e

,

h as wash ed h i s h an ds W h en t h e c o r p s e i s c o n v ey ed a wa y t o t h e gr av e
.
,

a l igh t ed l a m p i s p l a c ed a t t h e h ea d o f t h e b ed w hi c h bu r n s fo r s ev en ,

d ay s wi th o ut i n t er r up ti on S o m e Je w s w i l l e v en h av e i t bur n in g fo r
.

t h i r ty days Th ey a lso p l ac e a glassfu l o f w ater an d a t o wel w ith t h e

.
, ,

lam p for th ey b el i ev e th at th e s o u l o f th e dep ar ted c o m es t o wa sh th er e

,

e v er y n igh t .

Th e l v es o f t h e dec eased p ar ty after r etu r n in g h o m e

n ear est r e at i ,

fr om th e bu r i al s er vi c e i m m edi ately s it do wn u p on th e fl o or an d h avi n g

, ,

t ak en o ff t h eir s h o es , ar e s er v ed wi t h br ead w i n e a n d h ar d eggs wi th , , ,

w hi ch th ey r efr esh t h em s el v es Th ose w h o ar e the n ear es t r el at i ves .

r es i de i n t h e h o u se for s even day s d u r i n g w h i c h t i m e t h ey s i t an d eat ,

u p on t h e o o r exc ep t on t h e S abb ath day

,
w h en t h ey wi th a s el ec t , ,

c o m p an y go t o t h e s yn ago g ue
,
D ur in g t h es e s even days t h ey ar e n o t
.
,

p er m itted t o do an y m an n er o f bu s in es s Th e h u sb an d m u st s ep ar ate .
:
 J UD A I S M .
71

hi m sel f fr o m h i s wife an d e v er y m o r nin g an d even i n g t en p er s o n s go

,

i n to th e h o u s e o f m o ur n in g t o pr ay w it h th em an d o ffer up an addi ,

t i o n al pr ayer for t h e s o u l o f t h e dep ar t e d o n e o n w hi ch gr eat s t r es s i s

,

laid . Th e Jews dr ess i n s uch m o u r n i n g c l o th es as i s cu st o m ar y a cc or d ,

i n g to t h e c o un tr y i n wh i ch th ey li v e fo r n o di v in e dir ect i o n s ar e gi v en
,

c on c er n in g t hi s m att er .

xpir ati o n o f th e s even days t hey l eave t h e h ou se an d

A fter th e e ,

go t o t h e syn ago gu e wh er e t hey o r der l am p s t o b e l ight ed p r o cu r e

, ,

r aye r s t o b e r ead an d p r o m i se char i t ab l e c o n t r i bu ti o n s fo r th e s o u l o f

p ,

t h e d ep ar t ed This i s r ep eat ed at th e cl o s e o f ea ch m o n th
. .

I f t h er e b e a s on of lly go es dai ly t o t he
t h e de c eas ed, h e gen er a

s yn ago gu e b o t h m o r n i n g an d e v en in g an d t h er e r ep e at s a p r ay er c all ed
, ,

K a di s/t for t h e s o u l o f hi s dep ar t ed p ar en t fo r el ev en m on th s

-
, ,
Chi l .

dr en ar e o b l i ged t o v i s it t he gr av es o f t h eir p ar en t s ev er y y ear an d p r ay ,

t h er e Th e dai ly p r ayer s fo r a dep ar t e d so u l c eas e at t h e c l os e o f t h e

.

e l ev en m o n th s fo r so l o n t h ey b el i ev e t h e s o u l s u ffer s i n Pu r ga t o r y
,g , , .

In so m e p l a c es ,
t h ey set a m on u m en t o v er t h e gr av e, an d cu t n ot

on ly th e n am e o f th e d e c eased u pon i t, b u t ch ar ac t er
l
a s o an i n d ex t o hi s ,

s o t h at a m an i s ab l e t o di s co v er fr o m t h e d es c r i p t i o n o n t he t o m b s t o n e
, ,

w h at so r t o f a p er s o n t h e bu r i ed w a s an d j u dge o f hi s m o r al an d r el i gi o u s
,

c har ac t er .
 C HA P T E R I V .

S YN A G OGU ES .

O ri gi o f S yn agoguesA
n La wful A ssem blyA C ar ai t

s Pr ayer s .

S YN A G O G U ES .

A lt h o u gh t h e wo r d S yn ago gu e is r ar e ly fo u n d i n t h e O ld T es ta
m en t , p el led with s o m an y l et t er s i n o u r En gl i sh Bib l es
s , y e t b o th

r eas o n an d eq u i v alen t e xp r es s i o n s u se d t her e do m o r e t h an

, , ,
p r o b a b ly ,

p er sua de u s t hat s uch c o n v en t io n s an d m eet in g p l a c es w er e n o s tr an gers

,

t o I s r ael i n t h o se d ay s f

R P hi n eh as i n th e n am e o f R H o sh ai a s ait h T h er e w er e fo u r
.
,
.
,

h un dr ed an d s ixt y s yn ago gu es in J er u s a l em e v er y o n e o f w h i ch h ad a .

h o u se o f t h e b o o k an d a h o u se o f do c tr in e th at i s w h er e t h e S c r ip tu r e , ,

m i gh t b e r ea d an d a h o u s e o f d o ct r i n e fo r t r a di ti o n s t h a t i s t h e B
,
eth , ,

M i dr ash Th eir p r e ci s en es s i n n o t c o m m en cin g pub l i c w o r shi p b efo r e

.

h av i n g t h e n u m b er o f t en adu l t m a l e m em b er s p r es en t ar o s e fr o m t hi s ,

b ecau se t h ey h el d t hat n o t t o b e a l awfu l c on gr ega tio n n or p l easin g t o

,

G o d i n whi ch t h er e w er e n o t t en p er s on s
,
A n d t h ey r ead n o t i n t h e ,

law n o r i n th e p r o p h e ts o r i n t h e s v n agogu e n or l ift ed u p t h ei r h an ds

, , ,

( P r i es t s
) u n l es s t h er e w e r e t en
,
p er s o n s p r es en t F o r t h ey t h o u h t
g .

n o t t h at G o d w as p r es en t th er e if t her e w er e n o t so m an y p r esen t
, .

Th e D i v i n e M aj est y d w ell eth n o t a m o n g l es s t h an ten W h en t h e .

h o ly, b l essed G o d c o m e th i n t o t h e s yn ago gue an d n det h n o t t en t h er e

, , ,

h e i s p r esen t ly an gr y : as i t i s s ai d W h er efo r e cam e I an d t her e w as n o

, ,

m an i

A C A R A I TE P R A YE R .

Ca n to r O n cc o u n t o f t he p al a ce wh i ch i s l ai d wa ste :
a

P eop leW e si t do wn a l o n e an d w e ep
Ca n tor O n a cc o u n t o f t h e t em p l e wh i ch i s dest r o yed :
.

P eop leW e s it do w n al o n e an d w eep .

C a n tor O n a cc o u n t o f th e wall whi ch i s pu ll ed do wn :

S yn agogu es m ust h ave b een i n exi sten ce b efoxe th e r st r es torat i on . C o m m o n ly

th ey wer e call ed Batch K n esio th S in g .
 C HA PT ER V .

TUN ES ,
MUS IC ,
A N D M EL O D Y
.

M usi c o f th e Tem p le wh i ch sur vi v esO bscur i ty o f th e subj ect N atur e o f Heb r ew

n o t at i o n Ch ar act er o f Heb r ew M el o di es Ch r i st i an Ch an t s adop ted fr om
,

Tem p le
M elo di es S p eci m en s r educed t o m o der n n o t ati on .

T UN E S M U S I C M E L O D Y
, ,
.

A fte r t h e des t r ucti o n of t h e T em

p l e b y th e R o m an s u n d er Tit u s
t h e v o i c e an d h ar p o f b o th L evi t es an d p eo p l e b eca m e m ut e an d th e ,

s u ffer i n gs t h e I s r a el i t i sh n at i o n u n d er wen t du r i n g t h e r s t y ear s o f th ei r

c ap t i vi ty an d d i s p er s i o n l eft t h em n o l ei s ur e fo r th e cu l ti vat i on o f m u si c
, ,

d ev o ti on a l o r o th er w i se 3 b u t as soo n a s pub l i c w o r shi p c o u l d b e again

r e es t a b l i s h e d a n d
,
The u tter a n c e o f t h e l i ps

h ad r ep l ac ed t h e fo r m er

of fer in gs o f bu ll s t h e an ci en t w ell r em em b er ed an d t r a dit i o n ally
,
-

r e ser v e d t em p l e m el o di es w e r e a l so r e i n t r o d u c ed an d t h e sel e c t i o n o f
p , ,

P s al m s whi ch th en an d s in c e h av e fo r m ed an i n t egr al p ar t o f t h ei r
,

r ay er s w er e s u n g t o t h em I t i s s c ar c ely t o b e d o ub t ed t h a t th e
p ,
.
,

a c k n o w l edged efc a c y o f m u s i c as a h an d m a id t o d ev o t i o n
,
an d t h e ,

e n er a l i n c l in at i o n an d a p t i t u d e o f t h e I s r a el it e n at i o n fo r t h at s ub l i m e
g
ar t, led t h em ,
ev en d u r i n g t h at p er i o d o f c ap t i v i t y an d di s t r ess t o r ep eat ,

i n t h eir ser vi c es at l eas t v o c a lly t h e an ci en t t r a dit i o n al an d v en er at ed

, , , ,

t o n e s an d s a c r ed m el o di es w h i ch t h ey n at u r a lly th en v a l u ed an d ch er i sh ed
, ,

m o r e a s th e so l e r em ai n s o f t h e fo r m er t e m p l e s er v i c e as c on s o l ato r y ,

t o n es i n t h ei r di s tr es s an d a s th e s w eet r em in i s c en c es o f b ett er t i m es of
,

n a ti on a l gl o r y .

That m o st o f t h ese m el o di es w er e fo r go tten an d l ost i n th e co ur s e

o f t i m e i s a r es u l t wh i c h wi ll n o t s u r p r i s e an y o n e a c qu a in t ed wi th t h e
,

u n p ar all el ed s u ffer i n gs an d di s p e r s i o n s t h e I s r a el i t es h ad t o en du r e ,

d u r in g t h e m an y ages o f th eir s ub seq u en t h i s to r y esp ec i ally wh en i t i s ,

a l s o c o n s i d er ed t h at t h e m o s t s tr en u o u s e x er t i o n s o f t h e l ear n ed h av e
,

h i th er t o fai l ed t o el uc i date th e m u s i c o f t h e G r eek s t h e R o m an s an d o f , ,

o t h er an c ien t n at io n s m o r e p o w er fu l an d p r o s p er o u s t h an t he I s r ae l i t es ,

a n d t h at t h e ar t o f m u s i c al n o t a t i o n w a s n o t i n v e n t e d t i ll t h e fo u r t een th

c en t u r y . S t i ll so m e t h o u gh v er y few o f t h ese m el o di es e x is t o f whi ch

, , ,

t h er e i s r eas o n t o s upp o s e t h at o wi n g t o t h ei r h a vi n g b een t r a di ti o n ally

,

r eser v ed an d t r an s m i t t ed fr o m o n e
p , gen er at i o n t o an o t h er w i th r el igi o u s ,

c ar e an d v en er at i o n h av e r ea ch ed o u r t i m es
, .
 T U N ES , M U S I C , M EL O D Y . 75

Th e r ea din g of th e c
sa r ed S cr ip t u r es w as fr om
,
th e ear li est ti m es ,

always a cco m p an i ed b y th e o b s er v an c e o f c er ta in cc en ts si
gn s o r a

i n t en ded t o d et er m in e t h e sen s e an d as m u s w al n
,
a l th o u h
g o t es , whi c h ,

t h ey h av e a di s t in ct fo r m an d gu r e d o n ot n ev er th el es s p r esen t a
, , ,

d et er m i n at e s o u n d l ik e o u r p r esen t m u s i cal n o t es b u t t h ei r s o u l i s ,

d ep en den t on o r a l i n s tr u c ti o n s in c e t h e sam e s i gn s v ar y i n so un d i n
,

t h e v ar i o u s s c r ip tu r a l b o ok s an d ar e m o du l at e d a cc o r di n g t o t h e t en o r
,

a n d c on t en t s o f t h em .

I n c o n s ider in g t h e str uctu r e an d char acter o f t h e an ci en t m elo di es ,

t r adi ti o n a lly an d o r ally des cen ded t o u s w e n d th at ei th er a s o r i gin a l

,

c o m p o s i ti o n s o r as a d ap t at i o n s
,
t h ey ar e em i n en t ly c a l cu l at ed t o fu l l
,

t h eir in t en ded pu r p o se 3 for t h o u gh s i m p l e i n ch ar a c t er yet t h ey ar e ,

s u i c i en tly m el o deo n s t o p l eas e t h e ear an d att r a c t t h e m u lt i t u d e

,
Th ey .

h av e th e fu r th er m er i t o f a dap t ab i li ty t o t h e u se o f a gr eat m as s an d ,

o f w h o l e c o n gr egat i o n s w h o m i ht p er h ap s b e wi th o u t th e ai d o f
, g , ,

i n st r u m en t a l m u s ic t o gu ide an d dir ec t th em .

H en c e th e caus e o f t h eir s im p l i city i n o r der t o en able th em t o b e

,

a c qu i r e d an d ex e cu t ed b y m o st v oi c es a n d a l so t h e r ea so n
,
o f t h ei r

s h o r t n ess ,
whi ch , t h o u gh it pr o v es m on ot o n o u s es p ecially in l on g ,

p i ec es b y t h e t o o fr eq u en t r e p etiti o n o f t h e s am e m el o dy i s an in con
, ,

v en i en c e o v er l o o k ed b y t h em fo r t h ey feel t h em sel v es am p ly c o m p en sat ed

,

b y th e m o r e i m p o r tan t a dvan t age o f th ei r b ein g eas i ly a c qu ir ed an d

"
e x e cut ed b y a m i x ed c o n gr egat i o n an d a s e asi ly t r an s m i tt ed b y c o n st an t
, ,

r a cti c e t o fo ll o wi n
p , g gen er at i o n s .

I t h as al s o b een c l ear ly p r o v ed th at t h e c h an t s o f t h e ear ly C hr i s

,

t i an s ar e d er i v ed fr o m t h e t em p l e m el o di es an d ar e a do p t ed b y t h em
,

fr om th e J ew s .
 C HA PT ER V I .

A D O R A TIO N A N D PR A YE R .

A Pr ayer of A dor at i on an d S up p l i cat i o n

A M or n i n g Pr ayer A S p eci al Pr ayer for
M on days an d Thur s days
C o n fess i o n an d P r ayer fo r D ay of A t o n em en t .

A D O R A TI O N A N D P R A YE R .

br eat h o f all li vin g b l ess Th y n am e 0 L or d o u r G o d ! Th e

The , ,

s p i r it o f all es h c o n t in u ally gl o r ify an d e xto l Th y m em o r ia l 0 o u r

, ,

K i n g ! Th o u a r t G o d fr o m e ter n it y t o eter n ity 3 b esides T h ee w e ,

a ck n o w l edge n ei th er Kin g R edeem er o r S av i o u r 3 Th o u r edeem es t

, ,

d el i ver es t m ai n tain est an d h a st c om p ass i o n o v er u s , i n all t im es o f

, ,

t r o ub l e an d di st r es s 3 w e h av e n o k i n g bu t Th ee Tho u ar t G o d o f t h e .

r s t , an d G o d o f t h e l as t the G o d o f all c r eat ur es 3 t h e L o r d o f all p r o

,

d u ct i o n s 3 Th o u ar t ado r ed w i th all m an n er o f p r ai se 3 w h o go v er n eth

t h e u n i v er se w i th t en der n es s an d Thy c r eat u r es wi t h m er cy
, L o th e .

L or d n ei th er s l u m b er eth n o r s l eep eth b u t r o u seth t h o se w h o s leep

, ,

a w aken e th t ho s e w h o s l u m b er ; ca u s eth t h e d u m b t o s p ea k ; l o o s eth

t hos e t h at ar e b o un d 3 s u p p o r teth t h e fa ll en 3 an d r ai seth up t h o se w h o

dr o o p 3 an d t her efo r e Th ee a l o n e do w e w o r shi p
,
A lth o u gh o u r m o ut hs .

w er e ll e d w it h m e l o di o u s s o n gs as th e dr o p s o f t h e s ea ; o u r t o n gu es
. ,

w i th sh o ut i n g as t h e r o ar i n g b i ll o ws t h er eo f 3 o u r l i p s w i th p r ais e l ik e
, ,

t he w i de ex t en ded r m am en t ; o u r ey es wi th s p ar k l in g b r igh tn ess l i k e

t h e s u n an d m o o n 3 o u r h an ds ex t en ded l ik e t h e t o w er i n g eagl es ; an d
o u r feet a s th e hin ds fo r s wiftn ess 3 w e n ev er t hel ess ar e i n c a p ab l e o f
, ,

r en der i n g s u c i en t t h an k s u n t o T h ee O L o r d o u r G o d ! an d t h e G o d
, ,

o f o u r fat h er s 3 o r t o b l es s Thy n am e for o n e o f t h e i n n u m er ab l e ben et s

,

wh i ch Tho u has t c o n fer r ed o n u s an d o u r an cest or s F o r Th o u O L or d .

, ,

o u r G o d didst r edee m u s fr o m Egy p t an d r el eas e u s fr o m t h e h o u s e o f

, ,

b o n dage 3 i n t i m e o f fam in e didst Th o u su stain u s 3 an d i n p l en ty di dst

T ho u n o ur i sh u s Th o u did st del i v er u s fr om th e s wo r d 3 sa v ed u s fr o m
.

p esti l en c e 3 an d fr o m m an y so r e an d h eav y di s eases h ast t ho u wi thdr awn ,

u s . Hith er to Thy t en der m er cies h av e s upp or t ed u s an d Thy kin dn ess ,

h ath n o t fo r sak en u s 0 L o r d o u r G o d ! fo r sak e u s n o t i n futur e

.
, .

Th er efo r e th e m em b er s o f whi ch Th o u h as t fo r m ed u s, t h e s p i r it an d
s o u l w hi ch T h o u h as t b r eath ed i n t o u s an d t h e t o n ue Th o u h as t p l aced
g ,

i n o u r m o uth s ; 10 ! t h ey shal l w o r sh i p b l es s p r ai se gl or i fy e xt o l,
, , , ,

re v er en c e s an ctify an d as c r i b e sover e ign

,
p o wer u n to Thy n am e o u r ,
78 M I K V EH I S R A EL

H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
.

Th o u w ho w c y i ll um in at ed th e ear t h an d t ho se w h o dwell t h er ei n
ith m er ,

a n d i n Th y go o dn ess e v er y day c on s tan t ly r en ew e st t h e w o r k o f t h e c r e a

t io n. Tho u ar t t he o n ly K in g t o b e e xt o ll ed p r ai sed gl o r ied an d , , ,

e x al t ed ev er s i n c e t he c r eati o n
,
Th o u ar t th e ever lastin g G o d 3 i n t hi n e
.

abu n da n t m er c y ha v e c o m p as s i o n o n u s 3 O L o r d ! Th o u ar t o u r s tr en gt h ,

t h e r o ck o f o u r fo r tr es s t h e s hi el d o f o u r s al v ati o n b e T h o u o u r defen ce
, ,
.

T her e i s n o n e t o b e co m par ed wi th Th ee 3 n o r i s t h er e an y b esides Th ee ;

th er e i s n o o th er s av e T h ee an d w h o i s l ik e u n t o T h ee ? T h er e i s n o n e
,

t o be c o m p ar e d w it h T hee O L o r d o u r G o d, i n t hi s w o r l d 3 n o r i s th er e
,

an
y b es i de T h ee 0 o u r K i n g ! i n a fut u r e s tat e
,
T her e i s n o o th er save .

Th ee 0 o u r R edeem er ! i n t he da ys o f t h e M ess iah 3 an d w h o w i ll be

,

lik e Th e e, O o u r S av i o u r a t t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n o f t h e d ea d ?

G o d i s t h e L o r d o f all p r o duc ti o n s 3 h e i s p r ai sed an d ado r ed b y t h e

m o u th o f e v er y s o u l b r ea thi n g 3 hi s p o w er an d go o dn es s ll t h e u n i v er s e .

K n o wl edge an d u n der stan di n g en ci r cl e hi m w h o ex a l ted hi m s elf ab o v e ,

t h e a n gel s an d i s ado r n e d wi th gl o r y o n h i s h ea v en ly s eat

,
Pur ity an d .

r ec ti t u d e ar e b efo r e H i s t h r o n e 3 k i n dn e s s an d m er c y c o m p l et e h i s
gl o r y .

Th e l u m i n ar i es whi c h o u r G o d cr eat ed a r e go o d fo r H e fo r m ed t h em
wit h k n o w l edge u n der stan di n g an d wi s do m 3 H e h ath en dued t h em
, ,

with p o wer an d m ight to b ear r u l e in t h e wo r l d Th ey ar e ll ed w ith

,
.

s p l en do r an d r a di at e b r i h tn es s ; t h ei r s p l en do r i s
g gr a c efu l th r o u gh o u t
th e w o r ld T he y r ej o i c e wh en go i n g fo r th an d ar e gl ad at t h ei r r et ur n 3
.
,

a n d w i t h r e v er en t i a l aw e p er fo r m t h e w i ll o f t h ei r C r ea to r ; t h ey as c r i b e

gl o r y an d m aj e st y t o H i s n am e j o y an d s on g t o th e c o m m em o r ati on o f
,

H is k in gdo m H e c a ll ed t h e s u n an d i t r o s e i n r esp l en den t l igh t ; an d

.
,

at H i s l o o k t h e m o o n a s s u m ed i t s v ar y i n
g fo r m Th e w h o l e h eav en ly h o s t .

a s c r i b e p r ai se u n t o H i m 3 t h e ser ap h i m o h an i m
p an d h o ly a n
gel s as c r i b e , ,

glo r y a n d m aj es t y .

W h o i s li k e u n t o T h ee , O L or d ! am on
g t h e m i gh t y ? \V h o i s l ik e
u n t o T he e O L ,
ar d am o n
g t h e m i h ty ?
g W h o i s li k e u n t o T h ee, gl o r i
o u s i n h o l i n ess ,
t r em en do u s i n p r ai s es w o r ki n g m i r ac les ?
,

Tho u g str o nI ro of
s r a e l r i s e i n a s s i s tan c e u n t o I s r a e l a n d r el i e ve
ck , ,

a cc o r di n
g t o T h y p r o m i se J u dah an d I s r a e l ,
A s f o r o u r R e dee m er t h e .
,

L o r d o f H o st s i s H i s n am e t he h o ly o n e o f I s r ael ,
Bl es sed a r t Th o u O .
,

L or d t he R edeem er o f I s r ael .

P R A YER .

O L or d ! o p en Th e n m y l ip s ,
an d m y m o ut h sh a ll d e c l a r e T hy
p r ai se .
 A D O R A TI O N AN D P R A YER . 79

Bl ess ed ar t Tho u , O L o r d o u r G o d an d the G o d of o u r fath er s t he

, , ,

G o d o f A b r ah a m t h e G o d o f I saa c an d th e G o d o f Ja c o b 3 t h e gr eat G o d !
, ,

p o w er fu l a n d t r em en do u s ; th e m o s t high G o d ! b o un ti fu lly di sp en sin g

b en ets t h e C r eat o r o f all t hin gs w h o r em em b er i n g t he p iety o f th e
, , ,

fat h er s w ill sen d a R edeem er t o t h ei r p os t er it y fo r H i s n am e s s ak e in

, , ,

lo v e . 0 K i n g Th o u ar t o u r s upp o r t er S av i o u r an d p r o t ect o r Bl essed , .

ar t T h o u O L o r d ! t h e s hi e l d o f A b r a h am
,
Th o u O L o r d ar t fo r ev er .
, ,

p o wer ful 3 Th o u r est o r est l ife t o t h edead a n d ar t m igh t y t o s av e S u s , .

t a in in g b y Thy b en ev o l en c e t h e l i vi n g an d b y Thi n e abu n dan t m er c y

, ,

a n i m at i n g t h e d ead 3 s upp o r tin g t h o s e t h at fa ll 3 h ea l i n

g t h e s i ck 3 s ettin g
at l i b er t y th o s e t h at ar e i n b o n d s 3 a n d p er fo r m eth Th
y fai th fu l w o r ds
:

u n t o t h o se that s l eep in t he d u st W ho i s li k e un to Thee O L o r d ! .

,

m ost m i gh t y ? o r w h o m ay b e c o m p ar e d w i t h Th ee t h e K i n g w h o k i ll eth

an d a ain r es t or eth l ife a n d c a u set h s a l v a t i on t o o u r ish W h o i s l i ke

g ,
.

un t o Th ee m o st m er cifu l Fath er ; w h o r em em b er et h H is cr eat ur es I n

[

life . Th o u ar t a l s o fai thfu l t o r e v i v e t h e dead Bl ess ed ar t Th o u O .

,

L o r d ! w h o r ev i v es t t h e dead Th o u ar t h o ly an d h o ly i s Thy n am e
.
, ,

a n d th e s a in t s p r ai s e T hee d ai ly S elah Bl essed ar t Tho u O L o r d ! .

,

h o ly G o d

R et ur n u s, 0 F ath er ! t o th e o b ser van c e o f Th y la w an d dr aw u s

ou r
,

n ear
,
O ou r K i n g ! t o th y s er v i c e ; an d c on ver t u s t o Th ee b y p er fect ,

re p en tan c e . Bl ess ed ar t Th o u O L or d w h o v o u ch safest r ep en t an c e

, .

Fo r giv e u s, w e b eseech t h ee , O ou r Fath er ! fo r w e h av e s i n n ed !

p ar do n u s O o u r K i n g ! fo r w e h ave t r an sgr es s ed 3 fo r Th o u ar t r eady
,

t o p ar do n an d t o fo r gi v e Bl essed ar t t h o u O L o r d w h o ar t gr aci o u s
.
, , ,

an d r ea dy t o p ar do n 0 l o o k up o n o u r a i c t i o n s w e b es ee ch Th ee an d
.

, ,

p l ead o u r cau s e 3 an d r edee m u s s p eedily fo r t h e s ak e o f t hy n am e 3 fo r

Th o u ar t a m ight y R edeem er Bl ess ed ar t tho u O L o r d 3 w h o r edeem est
.
,

I s r ael H eal u s 0 L or d an d w e shall b e h ea l ed 3 s a ve u s an d w e shall

.
, ,

b e s a v ed ! fo r T h o u ar t o u r p r ai se 0 gr an t u s a p er fect cu r e fo r all o u r
.

wo un ds 3 fo r Tho u ar t an o m n i p o ten t K i n g a m er c ifu l an d fai thful

P h y s i c ia n Bl essed ar t Tho u O L o r d ! w ho h ealeth the di sea se s o f H is
.
,

p eo p l e I sr ael 0 L o r d o u r G o d ! b l ess thi s year fo r u s a s a l so ev er y

.
, ,

s p e ci es o f i ts fr u i t s fo r o u r b e n et
3 an d b es t o w d ew an d r ain for a b l ess
i n g up o n t h e fa c e o f t h e ear th 0 s ati sfy u s w i th Th y go o dn ess an d
.
,

b l es s thi s year as o th er go o d an d fr uit fu l y ear s Bl ess ed ar t th o u O .

,

L or d w h o b l es seth t h e y e ar s 0 s o u n d t h e gr ea t c o r n et as a s ign al fo r
.

o u r fr eedo m 3 h o i s t t h e b an n er t o c o ll e c t o u r c ap t i v es so th at w e m a all
y ,

b e gat h er ed t o geth er fr o m t h e fo ur c o r n er s o f t h e ear th Bl es sed ar t .

th o u O L o r d w ho ath er t o et h er t h e o u t c as ts o f h i s p eop l e l s r a el
, g g .
80 H A J EH U D I M A N D
- M I K V EH I S R A EL .

0 r es to r e ou r j udges as a fo r eti m e , an d ou r c o un sell o r s as at the

b egim iin g ; v e fr o m u s s o r r o w a n d sigh in g O L o r d ! r eign T h o u
r em o .

alo n e o v er u s in k in dn ess an d m er cy ; an d j us tify u s i n j u dgm en t .

Blessed ar t Tho u O L or d th e K i n g w h o l o v eth r i ght eo u sn ess an d j u s

,

t i ce . 0 let t he s lan der er s h a v e n o h e p e 3 all t h e w i ck e d b e an n i h i l at ed

s p eedily an d a ll t h e t yr an t s b e c u t o ff q u i ck ly ; h u m b l e T h o u t h em
,

q u i ck ly in o u r days Bl essed ar t Th o u O L o r d w h o d estr o yest

.
,

e n e m i es an d h u m b l es t t y r an t s
,
O L or d o u r G o d m ay Thy t en der.

m er c y b e m o v ed t o w ar d t h e j u s t t he p i o u s an d t he e l der s o f Th y p eo p l e, ,

t h e h o u s e o f I s r ael 3 th e r em n an t o f t hei r s c r i b es t h e v i r tu o u s s tr an ger s , ,

a s a l s o t o war ds u s 3 a n d b es t o w a
go o d r ewar d u n t o all t ho s e w h o fai th
fu lly p u t t h eir t r u s t i n Thy n am e ; an d gr an t t h at o u r p o r ti on m ay e v er b e
w i th t h em Bl ess ed ar t T h o u O L o r d ! w h o ar t t h e s upp o r t an d c o n den ce
.
,

o f th e j u st 0 b e m er c ifu lly p l ea sed t o r et u r n t o J er u salem Thy C i ty 3 an d

.
,

d well t h er ei n as Th o u h ast p r o m i s ed
, O r ebu i l d i t s h o r t ly ev en i n o u r .
,

d ays a s t r uct u r e o f e v er l as t in g fam e an d s p eedi ly est ab l i sh th e thr o n e ,

o f D av i d t h er eo n Bl ess ed ar t Tho u O L o r d w h o r eb u ildest J er u s al em

.
,
.

0 c au se t h e o ffs p r i n g o f Thy ser van t D av id s p eedi ly t o o u r i sh an d let , , ,

h i s h o r n b e ex al t ed i n Thy s al v a ti o n 3 for w e dai ly h o p e fo r Th y s a l v ati o n .

Bles sed ar t t h o u O L o r d w ho cau ses t t he h o r n o f s al v a ti o n t o b u d

, , .

H ear o u r v o i c e O L or d o u r G o d O h av e c o m p ass i o n an d m er c y up o n
,

u s an d a cc ep t o u r p r ay er s w i t h m er cy an d fa v o r 3 fo r T h o u ar t O m n i o
, p
t en t .Th o u h ar ken es t t o pr a yer s a n d s upp l i c ati o n s an d fr o m Thy p r e ,

s en c e O o u r K i n di s m is s u s n o t em p t y 3 fo r T h o u h ear es t t h e p r a y er s
, g
o f Thy p eo p l e I e r a el i n m e r c y Bl es s ed ar t Tho u O L o r d w h o h ar k en
.
, ,

e s t th e p r a er s Gr a ci o u s ly a cc ept O L o r d o u r G o d Thy p eop l e

y .
, ,

I s r ael an d h av e r egar d un t o t h eir p r ay er s R es t o r e t h e s er v i c e t o t h e

, .

i n n er p ar t o f Th in e h o u s e a n d a cc ep t o f t h e bu r n t o er i n g o f I s r a el an d
, ,

t h ei r p r aye r s w i th l o v e a n d fa v o r A n d m ay th e s er v i c e o f I s r ael Th y .
,

p eo p l e b e ever p l easin g t o Th ee O u r G o d an d th e G o d o f o u r fat her s

, .
,

s h all c au se o u r p r ay e r s t o as c en d an d c o m e app r o a c h b e s een a cc ep t ed

, , , , ,

h ear d an d b e t h o u gh t o n 3 an d b e r em em b er ed i n r em e m b r an c e o f u s
, ,

a n d i n r e m em b r a n c e o f o u r fat h er s 3 i n r em e m b r an c e o f T hi n e a n o i n t ed

M e ssiah t h e s o n o f D a v i d Thy ser van t a n d i n r em e m b r an c e o f J er u sa

, , ,

lem Th y h o ly c i t y an d i n c o m m em m o r a ti o n o f Th y p eo ple t h e h o u se o f
, , ,

I s r a el b efo r e Th ee t o a go o d i ss u e W i th fav o r w i th gr a c e an d wi th
, ,
, , ,

m er c y t o l ife an d p ea c e
, O L o r d o u r G o d ! r em em b er u s t h er eo n fo r
.
,

go o d 3 v i si t u s w i t h a b l ess i n g an d s av e u s t o en j o y l ife 3 a n d w i th t h e
,

w o r d o f s a l vatio n an d m er cy h av e c om p as si o n an d b e gr a ci o u s u n t o u s
, ,
.

0 h a v e m er c y up o n u s a n d s av e u s fo r o u r e y es a r e c on t i n u ally t ow ar ds
, ,
82 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

c
a c om p l i sh ed 3 b l es sed i s H e w h o dec r eeth an d estab l ish eth 3 b les sed i s H e
w h o h ath c o m p ass i o n o n all c r eat u r es 3 b l ess ed i s H e w h o co m p en s at eth

ood r ewar d to t hose who fear hi m 3 b l ess e d i s H e w h o l i v eth fo r e v er an d

g
e x i s t et h e v er l a s tin g 3 bl es sed i s H e w h o r edeem et h an d p r eser v eth 3b l es sed

is H i s nam e 3b l essed ar t Thou O L or d o u r G o d K in g o f t he Un i v er se ,

t h e A l m igh ty m er cifu l Fat h er ! w h o i s p r ai s ed wi th th e m outh o f H i s

,

eop l e e x t o ll ed an d
gl o r ied wi th t h e t o n gu e o f H is s ain t s an d s er v an ts 3
p 3 .

th er efo r e wi th t h e p sal m s o f D avi d Th y s er van t w e w i ll p r ai se Th ee O

, , ,

L o r d o u r G o d an d wit h s on gs an d p r ai ses we wi ll m agn ify p r ais e an d

, ,

e x t o l Thee 3 yea we wi ll r em em b er Th y n am e an d p r o c l aim

,
Thee o u r ,

K in g ! o u r G o d ! t h e o n ly o n e w h o l i v eth eter n ally Th e K i n g p r ai s ed .

,

an d gl o r i ed b e H i s gr ea t n am e fo r e v er Bl ess ed ar t Tho u O L o r d !
.
,

a Kin m a n i ed w it h p r ai s es
g g .

S P EC I A L P R A YE R F OR M O N D A YS A N D TH U R S D A YS .

H e, th e m os t m er cifu l fo r gi v eth i n i qui ty an d des t r o y eth n o t 3 yea,

H e fr equ en t ly t ur n eth H i s an ger away an d aw aken eth no t all H i s wr a th , .

O L or d wi thh o l d n o t Th y m er c i es fr o m u s 3 le t Thy b en ign i ty an d t r u th

p r eserv e u s c on t in u ally S av e u s 0 L o r d o u r G o d an d gat h er u s fr om
.
, ,

a m o n g th e n at i o n s that we m ay gi v e t h an k s u n t o T hy h o ly n a m e, an d
,

g l o r y i n Th
y p r ai se I f T
. h o u w i l t m ar k o u r i n i q u i t i es O L o r d ! w ho ,

w i ll b e ab l e t o exi st ? Bu t for gi v en es s i s with Th ee, th at tho u m ayest

b e r ev er ed . 0 d ea l n o t wi t h u s a cc o r din g t o o u r s in s n o r r ewar d u s ,

a cc o r d in g t o o u r i n i q u i t i es A l th o u gh o u r i n i qu i ti es t est ify agai n st u s

.
,

0 L o r d yet gr an t o u r r eq u es t for Th y n am e s s ak e O L o r d r em em ~

.
, ,

b er Thy m er c y an d b en ev o l en c e ; fo r t h ey ar e e v er l a stin g The L or d .

wi ll an s wer u s i n t h e day o f t r o ub l e 3 th e n am e o f t h e G o d o f J a c o b s ha l l
b e o u r r efuge S av e u s 0 L o r d ! The h eav en ly K in g sh all an s w er u s
.
,

o n t he day when we c a ll O u r Fat h er an d o u r K i n g ! b e gr ac i o u s un t o

.
,

u s an d r egar d u s fo r we ar e d e s ti t u t e o f go o d w o r k s 3 ac t th er efo r e c h ar
, ,

i tably b y u s for Thy n am e s s ak e O L or d o u r G o d h ear t h e v o i c e o f
'

.
, ,

o u r s upp l i c at i o n s r e m em b er t h e c o v en an t wi th o u r an c est o r s an d h e l p
, ,

u s fo r Th y na m e s s ak e

O L o r d o u r G o d ! w h o h as b r o ught fo r th Th y
.

p eo p l e o u t o f t h e l an d o f Egyp t wi th a m i ght y h an d, an d di dst a c q ui r e a

g lo r i o u s n am e 3 we a ck n o w l ed e t h at we h a v e s in n ed
g we h av e do n e ,

w i ck ed ly . O L o r d a cc o r di n g t o all Th y r ight eo u sn es s w e b eseech Th ee , ,

t o let Th y an ger an d Th y wr at h b e t ur n ed away fr om J er u s alem , Th y

C it y, a d Th y h oly m o un tain 3 fo r on a cc o un t o f o u r s in s an d th e in i~
n ,
 S P EC I A L PR AY E R F OR M O N D A YS AN D THU R S D A YS . 83

q u iti es o f o u r an c es to r s , J er u s al em , an d t h y p eo p l e, ar e b e co m e a re p r o a ch
t o a ll w h o s ur r o u n d t hem N o w , t h er efo r e 0 o u r G o d
. . h ear th e
y er of
Th y s er van t an d h i s s upp l i cat io n an d cau se Thy c o u n t en an ce
p ra , ,

to s hi n e up o n Th y s an c t u ar y w h i ch i s d eso l at e fo r Th s ak e, O L o r d
y , ,

O m y G o d ! i n c l i n e T hi n e ear ,
an d h ear 3 O pen T hi n e e y es ,
an d b e

h old ou r des o l at i o n s , an d the des o l at i o n o f Th y C it y , wh i ch i s c a ll ed b y

Th y n a m e ; fo r we do n o t p r es u m e t o pr esen t o u r s upp l i c at i o n b efo r e
T hee fo r o u r r igh t eo u s n ess b u t fo r Th y gr eat m er cy O L or d h ea r
, ,
.
,
.

0 L o r d fo r giv e,
O L o r d b e gr a ci o u s ly at t en t i v e an d gr an t o u r r e q u es t 3
.
, ,

d e l ay n o t fo r Thi n e o w n n am e s ak e
,
O m y G o d ! fo r Th y C i ty an d Th y .

p e o p l e ar e call e d b y Thy n am e O u r F ath er w h o ar t a m er ciful .

,

F ath er s h o w u s a go o d t o k en an d gath er o u r di sp er si o n s fr o m the fo u r

, ,

c o r n er s o f t h e e ar th Th en s h all n atio n s k n o w an d a ckn o w l edge th at

'

.
,

T h o u O L o r d a r t o u r G o d A n d n o w ,o u r L o r d T h o u ar t o u r F ath er
, , .
, ,

a n d we ar e b u t a s cla y et h ast Th o u fo r m ed u s an d we ar e t h e w o r k
y , ,

o f Th y h an ds 0 S av e u s fo r Thy nam e s s ak e o u r C r eat o r fo r T h o u

.
, , ,

a r t o u r K in g an d R e de e m er O L o r d ha v e c o m p as si o n o n Th y p eo p l e
.
, ,

a n d del i v er n o t t hi n e h er i t age t o r ep r o a ch s u ffer i n g th e n a ti o n s t o r u l e ,

o v er th em 3 fo r wh er efo r e s h o u l d t h ey sa am o n g t h e p eo p l e, w h er e i s
y
t h ei r G o d ! W e k n o w we have s i n n ed an d t h er e i s n o n e t o i n t er c ede

fo r u s 3 b u t Thy gr ea t n am e we h 0 p e wi ll s u pp or t u s in t i m e o f tr o ub l e
,
.

W e know w e ar e des ti t u t e o f go o d w o r k s a c t t h e r efo r e ch ar it ab ly b y u s , ,

fo r Th n am e s s ak e A s

a fa t h e h t h c o m p as s i o o hi s s o h a v e Th o u
y r a . n n ,

0 h av e

co m p a ss i o n o n u s 0 L o r d, an d sav e u s , fo r Th y nam e s s ak e
,
.

pi ty o n Thy p eop l e an d b e m er c ifu l to thine h er i t age 3 s p ar e u s w e

,

be see ch Thee a cc o r din g t o t hine abu n dan t m er c y 0 b e gr a cio u s u n to

,
.

u s an d an s w er us 3 fo r r i ht eo u sn ess i s t h i n e O L o r d I T h o u er fo r m es t
, g p ,

w on de r s at all t im es .

W e b es ee ch Thee k in dly an d c om passi on at e Th y p eo p l e

t o lo o k ,

s p eedi ly fo r Th y n am e s ak e 3 an d t hr o u h Thine abu n dan t m er c y O L o r d

, g , ,

o u r Go d b e m er ci fu l t o s p ar e an d sav e t h e s h eep o f Thy p ast u r e 3 an d

,

s u ffer n o t T hin e an ger t o p r e v a i l agai n s t u s fo r o u r ey e s l o o k i n s u s p en s e ,

t o w ar d s T h e e O s av e u s fo r Thy nam e s s ak e Hav e m er cy up on u s

.
,
.
,

a n d an s w er u s in ti m e o f t r o ub l e fo r sal v at i o n i s t h in e O L o r d an d o u r
, , ,

h ope is i n Th ee Thou ar t t h e G o d o f fo r gi v en es s O p ar don u s w e

. .
,

b es ee ch Th ee fo r Tho u O G o d ar t go o d an d r eady t o fo r gi v e an d T h o u
, , , ,

O G o d I a r t a m o st gr a c i o u s an d m er ci fu l K i n g .

0 m ost m er ci fu l an d gr ac i ou s K i n g we b es ee ch Thee to r em em b er ,

a n d h av e r e s p ec t t o t h e c o v en an t m a d e b et w een the p ar t s an d let th e ,

bi n din g o f th e h o ly chi d (I s aa c) b e c o n ti n u ally seen b efo r e Th ee fo r th e

l
,
84
H A J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

s ake o f I s r ael Father an d o u r K i n g 0 b e gr a ci o u s un t o u s an d

. Ou r ,

an s w er u s fo r we ar e c a ll e d b y Thy r ea t n a m e 0 Thou who w o r k es t

, g .

wo n der s c o n ti n u ally ac t b y u s a cc o r din g to Thy t en der m er cy 0 Thou

,
.

w h o a r t gr a c i o u s an d m e r c ifu l 3 h av e r es p e c t t o u s an d an s w e r us in t i m e

o f t r o ub l e 3 fo r u n t o T h ee O L o r d ! b el o n geth s a l v at i o n
,
O u r Fath er , .

an d o u r: K i n g who ar t o u r ,
s hi el d we b esee ch T h ee n o t t o d o unto u s , ,

a cc o r di n t o o u r ev i l d o i n s O L o r d r em em b er Th y m er c y an d t en der
g g .
,

kin dn ess an d s ave us a cco r di n g t o T hin e abu n dan t go o dn es s 3 an d h av e

,

c o m p as s i o n o n u s fo r we a ck n o w l e dge n o o t h er G o d b es ides Thee

,
O .

L o r d o u r G o d o u r C r eat o r fo r s ak e u s not 3 n eit h er b e T h o u far fr o m

, ,

u s 3 fo r o u r s o u l i s o pp r es s ed O d el i v er u s fr o m t h e s wo r d c ap t i v i t y
.
, ,

p es ti l en c e p l agu e a n d all m anner o f t r o ub l e an d s or r o w fo r we 11 0 p e

, ,

Thee 3 p u t u s not t h er efo re t o s h am e O L o r d o u r G o d 3 b u t cau se Th y , ,

co un ten an ce t o shi n e o n u s an d r em em b er u n to u s the c o v en an t o f ,

O b eh o l d o u r a tic

o u r an c est o r s a n d s a v e u s fo r
. Thy n am e s s ake ,
.

t i o n s an d h ear t h e v o i c e o f p r ayer s fo r Thou h e ar es t t h e p r ay er o f ev er y

, ,

m o ut h . 0 m o st m er c ifu l an d gr a c i o u s G o d h av e c o m p ass i o n up o n u s , ,

an d o n all Th y w o r k s fo r t h er e i s n o n e l ik e unto T h ee
,
O L or d ou r .
,

G o d o u r F at h er K i n g C r eat o r an d R e d eem er we b esee ch Th ee n o w

, , , ,

t o p ar do n o u r t r an sgr es si o n s T ho u ar t The l iv i n g an d e v er e xi st i n g
.

G o d m igh t y i n p o w er gr a c i o u s an d b en i c en t t o all Th y w o r k s 3 fo r
, ,

Th o u a r t t h e L o r d o u r G o d 0 G o d w h o ar t lo n g s uffer i n g an d fu ll o f
.
,
-

co m p as s i o n d eal b y u s a cc o r din g t o Th in e abu n dan t m er c y an d s a ve u s

, , ,

fo r Th y n am e s sak e

H ear o u r p r ay er s 0 o u r K i n g I an d del i v er u s
.
,

fr om all t r o ub l e an d so r r o w Th o u ar t o u r Fat h er an d o u r K in g an d
.
,

we ar e call ed b y Thy nam e 3 deal th er efo r e k in dly b y u s fo r Th y n am e s ,

sak e . O des er t u s not n or fo r sak e u s o u r fo r m er 3 fo r T h o u O G o d !

, , ,

ar t a m o s t gr a c i o u s an d m e r c ifu l K in
g .

0 L o r d, ou r G o d ! th er e i s
l i k e u n t o T h ee gr a c io u s an d
n on e ,

m er c ifu l O O m n ip o t en t ! t h er e i s none l ik e u n t o Th ee l o n g
. s u ffer in g ,

a n d a bu n dan t i n m er c y a n d t r u th s a v e an d d eli v er er u s 0 O m n i o ten t

p , ,

fr o m s to r m s an d ear th q u ak es Rem em ber Th y s er van t s A b r ah am ,

.
,

I saa c a n d J a c o b : l o o k n o t un t o o u r s t ubb o r n n ess , n o r t o o u r wi ck ed

n es s n o r t o o u r s in s Tu r n fr o m t hy er c e w r ath an d al ter t he de cr ee
.
, ,

co n cer n i n g th e ev i l agai n st Thy p eo p l e 3 an d r em o v e fr o m u s th e str o k e

o f deat h fo r T h o u ar t m e r c i fu l : fo r s u c h i s Th
, y d i v i n e at t r ibu t e t o ,

s h e w m e r c y gr a t u i t o u s ly t h r o ugh o u t ev er y H av e c o m pas
gen e r at i o n
.
.

s i o n o n Thy p eo p l e 0 L o r d ! an d s hi eld u s fr o m Th y wr at h 3 an d
,

r em o v e fr o m u s the a fi c t i v e p l a u es an d ev e r y ev i l d e r ee fo r Tho u
g g , ,

ar t th e u ar di an o f I s r a el R i h t eo u s n es s O L o r d i s T h in e b u t u n to
g g .
,
86 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

an d sweet sav o ur s t h at w er e o ffer ed in Th y pr esen c e for t h e sak e o f Thy ,

w o r d whi ch Tho u h a s t s p o k en 3 fo r t he r e i s no en d t o t he bur n t o ffer in gs

o f o u r s i n s n o r an y n u m b e r t o the s w eet s a v o u r o f o u r t r es p as s e s 3 T h o u
,

k n o west a l s o t h at o u r en d i s t o be fo o d fo r t h e w o r m an d i n se ct 3 th er e
fo r e h a s t T h o u m u l t ip l i ed o u r m ea n s o f p ar do n W h a t ar e we ? W h at .

i s o u r life ? \V h at i s o u r piety ? W ha t i s o u r r i gh t e o u s n es s ? W h at i s

ou r s alv a t i o n W h a t i s o u r p o w er ? W h a t i s o u r m i gh t ? \V h at
s h a ll we s ay i n T h y p r es en c e 0 L o r d o u r G o d ! and the G od o f o u r
, ,

Fath er s ? A r e n ot the m ight i es t h er o es as n o th in g b efo r e T h ee ? A n d

m en o f fa m e a s i f they h ad n o t e xi s t ed 3 wise m en a s i f the y w er e with ,

o u t k n o w l e dge ; a n d the i n t e ll igen t as i f v o i d o f u n d er s tan di n g 3 fo r t h e

,

m aj o r it y o f o u r a ct i o n s i s e m p t i n es s 3 an d t h e day s o f o u r l ife b u t v an i ty
,

i n Thy p r es n c e 3 an d m an s p r e em i n en c e o v er t h e b e a s t i s n o u gh t 3 fo r

e -

a ll i s v an i t y .

Th o u didst di sti n gu i s h m an fr o m th e b egin n in g an d dids t fa vo u r ,

hi m that he m i gh t s t an d in Thy p r es en c e 3 fo r w h o c an s ay u n to Thee ,

wh at d o es t Thou ?
And a l tho ugh H e he r ight eo u s what can H e gi v e u n t o t h ee ? Bu t
,

i n l o v e h a st Thou gi v en u s 0 L o r d o u r G o d ! t hi s day o f at o n em en t
, , ,

a t er m i n at i o n p ar d o n an d fo r gi v en ess fo r a ll o u r i n i q ui t i es that we m ay
, , ,

r e st r a i n o u r h an d s fr o m fr a u d ; an d r et u r n t o p er fo r m t h e s t at ut es o f
Th y w i ll wi t h an up r ight h ear t A n d t h r o u gh Th ine abundant m er ci es
.
,

deign Thou t o c o m p as s i o n at e us 3 fo r T h ou d o s t n o t d el i gh t in t h e
d est r uct i o n o f t he wo r l d 3 as it i s s aid s eek ye the L o r d whi l e H e m ay b e
,

fo u n d 3 c a ll y e upo n H im wh i l e he i s n ear at h an d A n d it i s said let .

,

the w i ck ed fo r sak e his way a n d t h e i n i q u iti o u s m an hi s t h o ugh t s 3 an d

,

le t hi m r et u r n u n to t h e L o r d fo r H e wi ll r e c ei v e hi m with c o m p a s s i o n 3
,

a n d u n t o o u r G o d fo r H e aboundeth in fo r i v e n ess A n d Tho u G o d o f

, g .
,

fo r gi v en es s a r t gr a ci o u s an d m er ci fu l l o n g s uffe r i n g an d abu n dan t i n

, ,
-

m er cy 3 d iffu s i n g go o d a bu n dan t ly Th o u do s t a l s o d el ight i n the r epen t

.

a n c e o f the w i ck ed 3 an d h as t n o p l eas u r e in t h e i r d eat h 3 a s i t i s s ai d

,

s ay u n t o the m as I l i v e s ai t h the L o r d G o d I h a v e n o p l eas u r e in t h e

, ,

death o f the wi ck ed 3 b u t t h at the w i ck ed t ur n fr o m H i s e v i l way an d ,

li ve . Tu r n ye t ur n ye fr o m y o u r evi l way s 3 wh er efo r e w i ll y e di e

, ,

0 h o u se o f I s r a el ? A n d it i s s aid h av e I an y p l ea s u r e in th e death o f
,

t h e wi ck ed s ai th the L o r d G o d 3 b u t r at h er tha t he t u r n fr o m h is e v il
,

w a ys an d li ve A n d i t i s s ai d fo r I ha v e n o p l eas u r e i n t he death o f
.
,

hi m t h at di eth s aith the L o r d G o d t her efo r e t u r n ye and l i v e

, , F or .

Thou ar t t h e p ar do n er o f I s r ae l an d who gr an tes t r em i s s i o n o f s i n s un to

,

the t r i b es in Jer u sal em an d b es ides Thee t h er e i s n o n e t o who m w e

,

a pp ea l fo r p ar don a n d fo r i v en e ss
g .
 PR AY E R A N D C O N F ES S I O N ON T HE D A Y O F AT O N E M E N T . 87

O u r G o d, and G o d of o u r an c est o r s m ay o u r p r ayer s com e b efor e

,

T hee and wi thdr a w not Th ys elf fr o m o u r s upp li c at i o n s for w e ar e n ot

,

s o sha m e l ess o f fa c e o r hardened a s to dec l are in Th y p r es en c e 0 Eter

, ,

n al ou r G o d an d the G o d o f o u r a n c es to r s t h at we ar e r i h t eo u s an d
g , ,

h av e n o t sinned 3 v er i ly (w e c o n fess ) we have sin n e d

,
.

W have tr espassed w e have dealt t r ea ch er o u s ly, we h av e s t o l en ,

e ,

we h av e sp o k en s l an der we h av e c o m m itt ed i n i q ui ty an d h av e d on e
, ,

w i ck edly ; w e h av e a ct e d p r e s u m p t u o u s ly ; we h av e c o m m i tt ed v i o l en c e 3

we h av e fr am ed fal seho o ds 3 w e h av e counsell ed evi l ; w e have uttered

l i es 3 w e h av e s c o r n ed 3 we h av e rebell ed 3 we h av e b lasph em ed 3 w e h a ve
r evo l t ed ; w e h av e acted p er v er sely ; we have t r an s r ess ed ; we h a v e
g
o pp r essed ; we h a v e been s ti f f n e ck ed ; we have a ct ed w i ck edly ; w e
-

have c o r r upt ed ; w e have d one abom inab ly ; we have gone a s tr ay an d ,

c au se d o t h er s t o er r 3 we h av e t u r n ed as id e fr o m Th y e xc ell en t p r e c ep t s ,

an d i n sti t u t i o n s an d which hath not

, p r o t ted u s 3 bu t Thou art j u st c on
c er n i n a ll t h at i s c o m e upon u s f r Thou hast d eal t m o s t t ru ly, b u t
g ; o
-

we ha v e done w i ck edly .

0 ! what shall w e s ay in Th y p r esen c e 0 , Thou w h o dw ell es t , ,

a b o v e t h e U n i v er s e ? O r what sha ll we declar e un t o Th ee who r e

, ,

s idet h ab o v e t h e s k i es ? K n o w est Thou n o t a ll th e sec r et thin gs as w ell ,

a s t he r ev ea l e d ?

Thou kn o wes t a ll th e se cr et s o f th e w or l d an d th e m o s t hidden ,

t r an s a c ti o n s o f all l iv i n g Thou s ear ch est all th e i n war d p ar ts an d

.
,

ex am i n est the v ei n s an d hear t 3 so t h at t h er e i s n o th i n g c o n c ea l ed fr o m

T hee neith er i s there an ythin g h i dden fr o m Th y s ight

,
0 m ay i t t h en .

be acc eptab l e in Th y p r esen ce, 0 Et ernal o u r G o d ! an d th e G o d of ,

o u r fa th er s t o pardon a ll o u r s i n s a n d fo r i v e all o u r i n i q u it i es an d
, g , ,

g r an t u s r em i ssi o n fr o m a ll o u r t r an s gr es s i o n s F o r t h e s in which w e
.

h av e c o m m i t t ed again st T h ee, eit her b y c o m p u l s io n o r v o l u nt ari ly .

A n d fo r the s in w hi c h we h a v e co m m i tted again s t Thee w i th a st ubb or n ,

h ear t .

F or the s in w hi ch w e have c o m m itt ed agai n s t Thee o u t o f ,

ign o
r ance A n d fo r the s in
. which we h ave c o m m i tt ed agai n st Thee ,
w ith
th e u t ter an ce o f our li p s .

F o r the s in wh i ch w have co m m it ted again st Thee with in c es tu ou s

e

leu dn ess A n d for t h e s i n w hi ch we have c o m m i t ted again st Th ee,

.

e ither pub l ic ly o r s ecr et ly .

F o r the s in w hi ch we have c o m m itt ed again s t Thee w it h del ib er ate

d e c eit And fo r the sin which w e hav e c o m m itted again s t Th ee , w i th
.

s p e e c h o f th e m o u t h .
l

88 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

F o r the s in wh i ch we h av e
c o m m i tt ed a ga in st T hee b y o ppr essin g: ,

o u r neighbour A n d fo r t h e sin w hi ch we have c o m m i t t ed agai n st Th ee

.

b y the ev i l c o gitati on o f th e heart .

the S in which we have c om m itted again st Th ee b y ass em b lin g

F or ,

to co m m it fo r n i c at i o n A n d fo r t h e s i n which w e h av e com m itted

.

a a i n s t T h ee b y a ckn o w ledgin
g g o u r m m with o u r m o ut h (but do n o t
, ,

r e pent i n o u r h ea r t
) .

which we have c o m m i tted again st Thee b y despi s in g

F o r t h e s in ,

o u r p ar en t s an d t ea ch er s A n d fo r t h e s i n whi c h we h av e c o m m i tt ed
.

a gain st Thee e i th er p r e s u m p t u o u s ly o r i gn o r an t ly
, .

F or t h e which we h av e c o m m it t ed again st Thee with vi o l en c e

sin ,
.

A n d fo r t h e s in w hi ch w e h a v e c o m m i tted agai n st Thee b y the p r o fan a ,

t ion o f Th y nam e .

F o r t h e s i n which we h av e c o m m i t t ed agai n s t Thee w ith deled ,

li p s A n d fo r t h e Sin w hich w e h av e c o m m i t t ed agai n s t Thee w i th

.
,

fo o l i sh exp r ess i o n s .

the s i n which w e h av e co m m itted again st Thee , with evi l

F or
i m agination A n d for the s in which we h a v e c o m m itt ed agai n s t T h ee
.
,

e ith er k n o w i n gly o r w i th o u t d el i b er ati o n

, .

Yet for all o f them , 0 G od of for gi v en es s , fo r gi v e u s, pardon u s

an d gr an t u s r em i ssi o n ,

F o r the s in which w e h av ec om m itted agai n s t Thee b y den yi n g; ,

an d lyi n g . A n d fo r th e si n whi ch we ha v e c o m m itted agai n st Th ee b y ,

t akin g or gi v in g a bribe .

F or the s in which we ha v e com m itt ed again st Th ee b y s c oi n g; ,

A n d fo r the sin which we h av e c o m m i tted again st Th ee b y cal u m n y ,

.

which we h av e co m m itted again st Thee in tr ai c A n d

F or t h e s i n ,
. ?

fo r t he s in which we h av e c om m i tt ed agai n st Th ee, i n m eat an d dr in k .

F o r t h e s in which w e h a v e c o m m itt ed again st Thee b y e xt or t ion ,

a n d u s ur y A n d fo r t h e s i n whi ch w e h av e c o m m i tt ed agai n s t T h ee
.
,

b y i m m o des t di s c o u r s e .

F o r th e s in which we have c o m m i tt ed agai n s t Thee b y ch att er in g ,

A n d fo r the s in which w e have c om m i tted again st Thee with t h e t w i n k ,

lin g o f o u r eyes .

F o r the s in whi ch w e have c o m m i tt ed agai n s t Thee b y o u r h au ghty ,

lo o k s A n d fo r the s in whi c h we h av e co m m itte d agai n s t Thee , wi t h

.

s h am eless n ess .

Yet fo r all t h em , 0 Go d of fo r gi v en ess , fo r gi v e u s, p ar don u s, an d

gr an t u s r em i ss io n .
90 H A J E HU D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

A n d t h o se which unknown t o u s are known and ev iden t b efo r e

ar e ,

Thee a s it is s ai d t he s ecr et t hi n gs b el o n g u n to T h ee 0 E ter n a l o u r

, , ,

G o d ! bu t t h e r ev eal e d th in gs b el o n g u n t o u s an d o u r p o s t er i ty fo r ev er ,
t o p er fo r m a ll t h e w o r ds o f t hi s la w fo r Thou ar t the p ar do n er o f I s r a el
, ,

an d w h o gr an t et h r em i ss i o n o f si n s u n t o t h e t r i bes o f J es h u r u n in all

a es 3 and b e s i d es Thee t h er e i s n o n e to who m we app eal fo r pardo n

g ,

a n d fo r gi v en ess .

O m y G o d ! b e fo r e I w as fo r m ed I w as u n w o r th y ; an d now t hat I
,

h av e b een fo r m ed a m a s t h o u gh I had n o t bee n fo r m ed 3 du s t I am at m y

,

l ife t im e and m ore at m y de cease Beh o l d I s t an d before Thee as a

-

,
.
,

v es s el fu ll o f s h am e and c o n fusi o n 0 m ay i t b e a cc ep t ab l e i n Th y p r e
.

s en c e 0 Et ern al m y G o d ! an d th e G o d o f m y fat h er s t o a s s i s t m e that

, , , ,

I sin no m o r e ; an d t he S i n s which I have al r eady co m m it ted a gai n st

T h ee b l o t o u t th r o ugh Thy m ercy b u t n o t b y T hy ch as ti sem en t an d
, ,

m al i gn a n t s i ck n es s .

CL O S I N G P RAYE R ON DA Y OF AT ON E M E N T .

Thou do st p u t fo r th Th y hand to t r a n sgr es s or s and Thy r igh t han d ,

i s s tr et ch e d o u t t o r e c ei v e t h e pen itent ; an d Thou h a s t t au gh t u s 0 ,

L o r d o u r G o d t o m ake c o nfession i n t hy presence o f all o u r i n i q u i ti es

, ,

t hat w e m ay r es tr ain o u r h an ds fr o m fr au d 3 for Thou w i lt receive u s ,

wh en we t ur n with p er fec t repentance as t h o u dids t I t h e bu r n t o ffer ,

-

i n gs an d s w eet s av o u r s that w er e o ffer ed i n Thy p r esen c e fo r the s ak e o f ,

Thy w o r d which T h o u has t s p o k en ; fo r t h er e is no e n d t o th e bur n t

,

o ffer i n gs o f o u r s in s n o r an y nu m ber t o t h e s w eet savour o f o u r t r es

,

p asses ; Tho u k n o w est al so t hat o u r end i s to b e fo o d fo r the w o r m an d

,

i n s ect ; t h er efo r e ha s t Th o u m u l ti p l i ed o u r m ean s o f p ar do n

, W hat .

are we ? W h at i s o u r l ife ? W h at i s o u r piety ? W hat i s o u r r ight

e o u sn ess ? W h at i s o u r sa l vation ? W h at i s our p o w er ? W h at i s o u r
m ight ? W hat t h en s h all we s ay in Thy presence 0 L o r d o u r G o d ! , ,

an d the G o d o f o u r fat h er s ? A r e n o t t h e m ight est h er o es as n othi n g,

b efo r e Thee ; the m en o f fam e as if they had n o t e xi st ed 3 wise m en as
, ,

i f they w er e w i th o u t k n o w ledge 3 an d th e i n t elligen t as if void o f u n der ,

.

s t an di n g ? F o r t h e m aj o r i t y o f o u r a cti o n s i s em p ti n es s and the da ys ,

o f o u r l i fe b u t vanity in Th y p r es en c e ; an d m an s p r e em i n en c e o v er -

t h e b ea s t i s n o ugh t fo r all i s v anity

, .

Tho u didst di stin gu ish m an fr o m the b egin n in g, and di dst favo r

hi m t h at he m igh t s tan d in Thy presence 3 fo r who c an s ay u n to T hee,
,
 C L O S I N G P R A YER 0N D A Y or A T O N EM EN T . 91

W hat d o est T ho u ? A n d a l th o ugh h e b e r ight eo u s w hat can he gi ve,

unto Thee ? Bu t i n l o v e hast Thou given u s 0 L o r d o u r G o d t his da y

, ,

o f atone m ent a t er m i n ati o n

,
p ar don an d fo r gi ven es s fr o m all o u r i n i
, ,

u i t i es t h at w e m a r est r a i n o u r h an ds fr o m f r au d ; an d r et u r n to
q , y
p er fo r m t h e st at ut es o f Th y will with a n up r ight heart And .

t h r o u gh Thine a bu n dan t m ercies d e ign Th o u to c o m p a ss i o n at e u s 3 fo r

T h o u do s t n o t del igh t in t h e d es tr uc ti o n o f t h e w o r l d ; as i t i s s aid ,

s eek y e the L o r d wh i l e he i s n ear at h an d A n d it i s said let th e

. .
,

wi ck ed fo r s ak e his W ay and t h e I a u I t io u S m an h is t ho u gh ts 3 an d let

,

hi m r et u r n u n t o t h e L o r d fo r H e w i ll r ec ei v e h i m w i th c o m p as s i o n 3 an d
,

I m t o o u r God fo r H e ab o un deth in fo r gi v e n es s
,
A n d Th o u O G o d of
.
,

fo r giv en ess ar t gr a ci o u s an d m er c i fu l l o n g s u ffer i n g an d a bu n dan t in

, ,
-

m er cy 3 diffu si n g good a bu n dan t ly T h o u do st al s o de l ight in the r ep en t

.

a n c e o f the w i ck e d 3 an d h ast n o p l ea s u r e i n th ei r d eath 3 a s it i s s a i d ,

say unto t h em a s I l i v e s ai t h the L o r d G o d I h av e no p l ea s u r e in t h e

, ,

d eat h o f the w i ck ed ; b u t t h at t h e wicked t u r n fr o m hi s e v i l wa y an d

l i ve Turn ye t ur n ye fr o m yo ur evi l wa ys 3 wh er efo r e wi ll ye di e 0
.
, ,

h o u s e o f I sr ael ? A n d it i s s ai d have I an y p l eas u r e i n the death o f th e

,

wicked saith th e L o r d G o d b u t r ath er that h e t ur n fr o m h i s evi l w ay s

, ,

an d live . A n d it i s sai d fo r I h ave no p l eas u r e in t he deat h o f hi m

, .

t h at di et h s ai th the L o r d G o d 3 t h er efo r e t u r n ye a n d l i v e F o r Th o u
.

ar t t h e p ar d o n e r o f I s r a el an d who gr an t es t r em i s s i on o f s i n s u n t o th e
,

t r i b es in J esu r u n an d b es i des Th ee t h er e i s n o n e t o wh o m we app ea l fo r

,

p ar do n an d fo r gi v en ess .
 C HA PTE R V I I

C O N F IR M A TI O N C ER EM O NY, A S P R A C T I S ED A M O N G T H E
R EF O R M E D J EW S .

can di dat es fo r t hi s o r din an c e if boy s ar e dr essed in b l a ck s ui ts

Th e , , ,

an d i f gi r l s i n w hi t e (am ong t h e O r th o do x J e ws
, , gi r l s a r e n ev er con ,

r m ed ) each b ear a pray er book u n der t hei r ar m an d o n so m e occasions

,
-

a b o qu et o f o w er s in t h e h an d Th e Rabbi receives the c an didat es with.

th e w or ds o f the Psal m ist Bl es s ed be h e w ho co m eth in th e n am e o f

,

t h e L o r d et c after wh i ch t h e y o u n g r e c i t e a p r ay er s u i t ab l e t o th e
,
.
,

s ervice This do n e the Rabbi addr esses t h e con gregation o n the i m

.
,

o r t an c e o f the o cc as i o n At the conc l usion o f t h e a ddr ess h e t ur n s t o

p .
,

t h e y o un g an d q u es t i on s th e m o n t h e o ut li n es an d princip l es o f th ei r
,

r el igion W e wi l l q u o t e s om e o f th e q u es ti o n s and r ep l i es
.

W hat is re l i gion
R el igi on i s a sy s t em o f doctrines t o r egu l at e th e c o n duc t o f m an ,

to w ar d G o d t o war d h i s fell o w m an and t o war d hi m se l f

,
-
, .

W h at i s J u dai s m
Judai sm i s th e r el igio n reveal e d b y G o d t au ght b y M o ses an d , ,

e xp o u n ded b y th e P r o ph et s a n d S age s o f I s r ael ,

.

W li at i s th e r s t fun dam en t al do ct r i n e o f Ju dai s m

There i s o n e G o d w h o i s the C r eato r Go ver n or an d P r eser ver o f
, ,

t h e u n i v er s e a n d t h e o n ly God R u l er or Ki n g a ck n o wledged b y I s r ael

, , , ,

a s S a cr ed S c r i p t u r es t ea ch es : Hear I s r ael G o d is o u r L o r d G od i s , , ,

37
on e .

W h at is o u r second fun dam en tal do ctr in e ?

M an w as c r eat ed in t h e i m age o f G o d 3 h e w as gifted with a divin e
n a t u r e, capab l e o f t h e u tm o s t dev el o p m en t and he p r efer s i f cir cu m , ,

s tan c es do n o t c o r r u p t h i m j u st i ce t o i n j u st i ce v i r tu e t o vi ce an d
, , ,

o d l i n es s t o i m piet y
g .

W h at is th e thi r d fun dam en t al do c tr in e ? I

I t i s th e duty o f m an t o wo r shi p G o d d o Hi s wi ll i m i tate H is , ,

e r fe c ti o n s an d l ove H i m ab o v e a ll t h in gs 3 t o lo v e hi s n eigh b o r t h e
p , ,

s t r an ger an d hi s en e m y
,
and to pr es er ve h is o w n l ife cu l ti vate the
, ,

s en t im en ts o f h i s h ear t dev elo p h i s m i n d s tr iv e at p er fec t i o n , an d

g o d ly , g ,

b ec o m e ho ly as God i s ho ly .

W hat is th e fo u r th fu n da m en tal do ct r in e
 C HA P T ER V III .

THE D A Y OF A TO N EM EN T .

P r ep ar at i on R ep en t en c eC on fess i on H um i l i ati on A t on em en t ln ter p r etati on of

Ps al m s cx , an d I sai ah i x
. 6 . .

THE D A Y OF A TO N E M EN T .

Th e tenth d ay of Ti shr i (S e p tem b er

) s
i
p ar t b y Sacred Scrip set a

t u r e as th e D ay o f A t o n em en t in r egar d t o which i t i s p r o m i s ed
, F or o n ,

t hi s day he w i ll p ar do n yo u t o pu r ify y ou fr om a ll y o u r s i n s th at yo u b e
, ,

pu r e b efo r e yo u r G o d Th e l ast p ar t o f thi s v er s e i s exp o u n ded b v the
.

a n c i en t d o c t o r s S in s c o m m it t ed b et w een m an an d h i s G o d ar e p ar
,

d o n ed o n t h e D ay o f A t on em en t but si n s c o m m i tt ed between m an and

,

m an ,
ar e n o t p ar d o n ed on t h e D a
y o f Atonem ent un t i l s at i sfact i o n h as ,

been gi v en t o t he o ffen ded n eigh b o r .

Bes ides th e a ddi ti o n a l s a cr ic es w hi ch th e Bi b l e prescribes fo r thi s

d ay an d t h e s er vi c es o f t h e H igh P r i est as p er fo r m ed in t h e T ab er n ac l e
, , ,

a n d t h e Te m p l e th e Jews a r e c o m m an ded in S c r i p t u r e
,
A n d ye sha ll ,

a l so a f fli c t y our p er s on s Thi s c o m m an d i s e xp o u n d ed b y t h e an ci en t
.

d o c t o r s o f t h e l aw to h a v e a do ub l e s ign icat i o n a n egat i v e an d a posi

,

t ive o n e The n egati v e c o m m an d i s t o abst ai n fr o m all c ar n a l p l easures

.
,

a n d en j o y m en t s Fr o m e ven i n g t o e v en in g not o n ly a s an afi c ti o n
, ,

o n o u r p er so n b u t a l so as a d e c l ar a t i o n o f i n d ep en den c e an d s o l e do m inion
, ,

o f the m ind over t h e b o dy a n d c ar n e l p r o p en s i t i es The negative n at ur e .

o f t h ese a fi c ti o n s i s w i s ely p r efer r e d t o t h e p osit i v e a s these l atter le d ,

m en t o the m o st e xt r a v a gan t c r u el an d r evo lt in g practices

, ,
T h e sa c ri .

c es o f h u m an l ife t o a p p ease the go ds t h e w o u n ds which t h e fa l s e pro

,

h e t s affli c ted o n each o t h er to the s a m e pu r p o se ; t h e p r a c ti c e o f t h e

p
F lagella n ts who c h ast i s ed each o th er dai ly fo r t h e sa m e r eas on 3t h e c o n fes
,

s ions o f C ath o l i c s an d t h e d iffe r en t acts o f crue l ty i n i c t ed b y t h e o r d er s

,

o f P o p es and P r i est s o n t h e p en i t en t s ar e o n ly s o m e o f th e e xt r av agan c es

,

whi ch ar e pr even t ed b y t hi s n egati v e e xp o siti o n o f th e S cr i pt ur a l t ext

b y the a n ci en t do ct o r s o f law .

Besi des all th is i t m ust be a dm itted th at ab s tai n in g o n e day fr o m

, ,

all c am a l p l eas u r es an d en j o y m en t s i s an e xc e ll en t l e s s o n fo r every m an

,
.

I t t ea ch es hi m th at hi s w i ll an d hi s i n t ell e c t a ctually have do m i nion

,

o v er hi s p er s o n if h e on ly des ir es t o obe y t hem

,
I t teaches hi m h o w .

l ittl e there is n ecess ar y to m ak e a m an happy ; an d few n ec ess iti es ar e

 T HE D AY or A TO N EM EN T . 95

eq u al in th e s cal e o f h appin ess t o e xten siv e wea l th I t t each es hi m .

,

m o r eo v er t h at all e vi l i n c l in at i on s all c ar n a l pr o p en si t i es c o u l d eas i ly

, , ,

be s ub du ed and m an coul d be happ y h er e an d h er eaft er if he a lway s w as

M aster o ver his Sin s
, , ,

Th e p o s it i v e s i gn ic at i on o f this Bibl ica l t xt i s

R ep en t an c e 3 to e
,

a fi ct o n es el f with t h e c o n s c i o u s n ess o f S i n an d t h e d et er m i n ati o n n o t t o

,

fall back again in a s in fu l l ife The c o n s ci o u sn ess o f a S i n fu l l ife to b e

.
,

a sh am e d t h er eo f an d to fee l t h at r em o r se which i s i t s invariab l e r es u l t

, , ,

i s indeed an af i c ti o n o f which C ai n a l r eady exc l aim ed My i n i qu it y i s

t o o gr eat t o bear i t I t m u st a l so be adm i tt ed that a da y set ap ar t fo r
.
,

t h e s o l e pur p o s e o f m an s r en der in g account t o h i m s el f an d h i s M ak er i s

M an s occupation an d as p ir at io n s i n

a wi s e an d b en e c en t i n s t it u t i o n .

t h e s t o r m t o s se d ocean o f l ife ar e o f such a wi l d n at u r e t h at h e b u t s el

, ,

d om aw ak es fr o m hi s i n t o xi cat i on 3 s car c ely e v er s tan ds s t i ll fo r a m o m en t

t o r e ect on h i s c o n duc t a n d h i s course o f l ife .

He dr eam s o n 3 an d r u n s o n in wi l d e xci t em en t and fr equen t ly ,

lo s es a ll his e xc ell en c i es i n the r o ar in g cu r r en t of m utab l e l ife Th er e .

c o m es however the d a o f at on em en t t h e w at ch t o w e r e r e cted b y P r o

y

, , ,

v i den ce an d c a ll s p o w er fu l ly
,
M an stan d s ti ll an d c on sider M an y .

do st an d s ti ll 3 r etir e fr o m t h e e xc it em en t o f l ife w i th i ts n u m er o u s j o y s ,

an d s o r r o w s i t s h o p es and di sapp oin tm en t s i t s t r ea s u r es and d el u si o n s 3

, ,

th ey S p en d o n e day i n p er fe ct do m inion over t h ei r p ass i o n s the s o u r c e ,

o f all s i n s an d s p en d th e da b efor e G o d i n t h H u s e o f G o d an d in
, y e o , ,

t he worship o f G o d .

Th e which the da y o f atonem ent i s b a s ed i s one dis

p r i n ci p l e 0 11 ,

ti n gu i sh i n g J u dai sm fr o m all other cr ee ds Th ey be l ieve r ep en t an ce and

'

a m en dm en t o f c o n d uc t i s a ll t h at is r eq u i r e d t o obtain G o d s fa v o r a a i n

, g .

S o m e o f the w ay s o f r ep en t an ce a r e that t h e p en it en t c all s o n t h e L o r d

,

wi th weeping and supp l icat ion p r a ct i ces acts o f ch ar i ty a cco r di ng to hi s

,

abi l it y 3 keeps hi m sel f far fro m t h e p la c es and o bj e c t s of h i s s i n

3 changes
Hi s nam e as m uch as t o say I am a n o th er an d n o t th e sam e in dividua l
,

w h o c o m m i t t e d t h o se s i n s
3 ch anges hi s a ct i o n s fo r t h e b ett er an d fo r th e ,

wa y o f upr ightn ess and em igr at es fr o m hi s p l a c e as exile i s an expia

, ,

t i o n o f s i n s fo r cin g h i m t o hu m b l e him sel f t o be m eek an d o f a m o dest

, ,

m in d .

They a l so bel ieve i t des er vi n g o f gr eat praise t o be p en it en t t o con ,

fess pub l ic ly m ake known hi s t r an sgr ess io n s u n c o v er h is sin s com

, ,

m i tted o n h i s neighbors a n d sa
y pub l i c ly V erily I h av e c o m m itt ed a
, , ,

s in on t hi s o r t h a t m an I h ave don e h i m s o an d s o and thi s day I d o

, ,

t u r n an d r ep en t .
96 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A E L .

Bu t wh oev er i s t o o h augh t y to a ck n o w l edge hi s fau l t s an d att em pt s

to hide the m has n o t tr uly r ep en ted t h em as it i s said
,

,
W h o h i des h is , ,

t r an s gr es s i o n s w i ll n o t succeed
,
T hi s can b e s ai d i n r egar d t o s in s
.

between m an an d hi s n eigh b o r 3 bu t s i n s com m itted b et w een m an an d

his G o d sho u l d n o t be m ade publ ic 3 he o n ly sh o u l d r et u r n an d st at e hi s
s i n s b efo r e G o d m ak e in pub l i c o n ly a
gen er a l c o n fes s i o n and i t i s fo r

, ,

h i s b es t n o t t o m ake the m pub l ic as it i s s aid Bl essed b e h e who se

, ,

t r an gr ess i o n i s fo r gi v en who se s i n i s hi dden, .

Th e D ay of A t on em en t i s considered b y t h e J ew s a s t h e p r o p er
ti m e o f r ep en t an c e fo r all fo r t h e i n di vi d ua l an d th e c o n gr egati o n 3 i t i s
,

t h e en d fo r gi v en es s an d e xp i a t i o n o f s in s t o I s r ael t h er efo r e a ll s h o u l d
, , ,

r ep en t an d c o n fess t h ei r S i n s o n t h e D a
y o f A t o n em en t The c o m m an d .
,

in t his r es p ect i s t o b egin th e c o n fess i o n t he ev en in g p r e vi o us b efo r e

, ,

e at i n
g t h e l ast m ea l ; perhaps h e m ight die th er eo f w i t h o u t c o n fes s i o n
o f sin s . A l t h o u gh h e h as c o n fes s ed hi s s i n s b efo r e eat i n g t h e l ast h e ,

S h a ll d o s o a ai n i n t h e e v en in m or n in a d di t i o n a l a fte r n o o n an d
g g g , , , ,

c o n c lu di n Th e fo r m u l a o f c o n fes s i o n ado p t ed b y a ll I s r ael

g p r ayer s

,
.
,

is,
Bu t w e have S in n ed an d t hi s i s t he m ai n c o n fess i o n

,
S in s c o n .

fess e d o n c e t he D ay of A t o n em en t m ay h e c o n fessed a gai n t h e o th er

, ,

D ay o f A t o n em en t even if t h ey ar e n o t c o m m i t t ed agai n a s i t is s ai d
, , ,

F o r I know ev er m y t r an sgr es si o n an d m y s in i s a l way s b efo r e m e , .

The y r m ly b el ieve t hat n eith e r th e D ay o f A t o n em en t n o r r ep en t ,

a n c e b r i n gs r em i s s i on o f o t h er s i n s t h a n those b et w ee n m a n a n d hi s G o d ;
,

s i n s b et w een m a n an d his n ei h b o r as w o u n di n g cu r s i n g o r r o bb i n g h i s
g , , ,

fell o w m an a n d th e l ike wi ll n ever b e fo r gi v en hi m u n t i l he gi ves satis

, , ,

fa ct i o n an d p ac ie s hi s n ei gh b o r
,
A l th o u gh a r es t i t u t io n o f m one y b e
.

m a de t o t h e o ffen d ed n eigh b o r he m u s t be p a c i e d also an d r eq u es ted

, ,

t o fo r giv e the o ffen c e I f o n e o n ly o ffen d s hi s n ei gh b o r with w o r ds h e

.
,

m u s t a t t em p t t o r e c o n ci l e h i m and u r ge h i m fo r fo r giv en ess I f hi s .

n ei h b o r r efu s es to fo r i v e h i m
g g h e m u s t co m e t o hi m with three m en
,
of
hi s fr i en ds u r ge h i m an d r eq u es t hi s fo r gi v en es s
, ,
I f h e s t i ll r efu s es .
,

h e m ust r ep ea t i t a s e c o n d an d a t h i r d t im e an d if he t h en w o u l d n o t ,

fo r giv e th e o ffen s e he h i m s el f i s t h e s i n n e r an d the o ffen der n eed d o n o

, ,

m or e . Bu t if the o ffen der i s hi s t ea ch er he m u s t co m e t o hi m even a ,

t h ou san d t i m es u n t i l he i s r e c o n ci l ed
,
.

I f one o ffen ded hi s n eigh bo r who di ed b efo r e he h ad ask ed h i s p ar do n

, ,

he m ust go to his gr av e w it h t en m en a n d s ay in their presence ,

I ,

have s in n e d before I s r ae l s G o d an d t his m a n 3 s o a n d s o h av e I d o n e

, ,

hi m . I f it w a s a m o n ey m a tter h e i s o b l ige d t o m ak e r est i t u t i o n to
,

t h e h eir s o f t h e de c eas ed an d if no h e ir s a r e l eft le t hi m w i t h his c o n

, , ,
.

fess io n d ep o s it i t a ; the pu b l i c c o u r t
'

.
,
98
H A J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R AEL .

L et the wicked fors ake his way and the unrighteous m an hi s: ,

t houghts and l et hi m ret urn u nto God and he wi ll have m ercy upon ,

him and t o o u r God for h e w i ll abundant ly pard on (I saiah x lv

,

. .
,

See o n this t opi c (Ezekie l iii 1 7 to 21 3 xviii 21 to 23 ; and , .

,

x xxiii .1 to
,

IN T E RP RE TA T I ON or TH E 1 1 0 TH P SA L M BY TH E J EW S .

V erse 1 is rendered in the authorised version A Psa lm o f

D avid The L ord said unt o m y L ord sit thou at m y right hand un ti l

.
,

I m ake thine enem ies m y footstoo l Now this phrase The L ord said .

u n t o m y L ord if p r o u n c ed b y D avid (they s ay) wou l d indeed b e
, ,

u nint e ll igib l e W h o can b e m y L ord to whom D avid a ll uded aft er

.
'

s peaking o f G o d as the L ord .

M endel ssohn got rid o f this passage b y attributing the authorship

o f t he Psal m n o t to D avid but t o anoth er addressed to D avid
, ,
sim ilar , ,

t o m an y other psal m s which were addressed t o other persons , an d

,

e vident ly n o t co m posed b y D avid .

T RA N S L A T I ON 0F ISA IA H ix . 6, BY TH E J EW S .

For a chil d w as born unto us A so n was given unto us A n d . .

t he govern m ent shall be o n his shou l ders And His nam e shall be .

call e d W onderfu l ; a sub l i m e counci ll or a coun c i ll or o f t he m i ght y , a ,

possessor o f booty a prince o f peace ,
.

This o u r readers w ill see is different from what is in o u r authorised

, ,

v ersion .Their expl anation for this verse is as fo ll ows

The chi l d or son who w ill govern aft er Ahaz shall be a wonder~
, , ,

fu l m an His wisdo m shall be his power he shall be a sub l im e coun

.

c illor a counci ll or o f the m ight y w h o gh t his battl es still he wi ll b e

,

t h e possessor o f th e boot y m ade o f the defeated He shall be not in wars

,
.
,

lik e a prince but a Prince o f Peace
,

Therefore h e shall be call ed .

W onderfu l becau se he wi ll be a sub l i m e counci ll or a counci ll or o f t h e

, ,

m ight y in ti m e o f war when actu ally he is A Prince of Peace ; sti ll
, ,

h e sha ll carr y th e spoi l n o t b y bravery but b y wisdo m

,
He sha ll m ake , .

w ar on ly to repe l i nvasio n s war fo r the sake o f peace ; but then h e

,

s ha ll be successfu l .
 C HAPT ER I X .

TH E J EW I S H C A L END AR .

T I SHR I S ep ber N ew

zcm ear D ay o f
Y A
ton em en t Feast o f Tab er n ac les MA R
C HE B N EN October K I S EV L N ov em ber F eas t o f edi c ati on T E V ETT O D

D ecem ber S H EE BA T J a n u a r y F ebr u ar yF east o f P u r i m N I S A U
A DAR
Ill a r ch P assover EYOR
A p r i l S I Y N Ilfa y F eas t o f W eek s T
O U
'
AM S

u

J u n e G r eat F astA R J u ly Gr eat F as t D ay for estru cti o n o f J er u salcm D

E U L L A u gu s t Blo w in g o f Tr u m p ets .

T H E J E W I SH C A L E N D A R .

The rst m onth o f the Jewish y ear is generally call ed Tishri , ,

t h e rea l Hebrew nam e however is Ethani m
,
I n this m onth are the
,
.

m ost im portant feasts and fasts according to t h e l aw o f M oses and a

, ,

good m an y additions fro m the Rabbins the precepts of m en even in ,
'
,

at contradiction to th e D ivine ordinances The R abbins arbitrarily .

m ade the rst da y o f this m onth New Year s day whi l e God co m m anded ,

t he m onth Nisan to be the rst o f the t we l ve viz the New Year
, ,
.
, .

They cannot den y this fact and therefore they s ay that Nisan (Apri l )
, ,

is indeed the head o r p r m m p a l a m ong the rest of the m onths 3 b u t the

, ,

rs t of Tishri i s the head o f day s and therefore New Ye a r s da y

\ .
,

According to the la w of G o d this day is the feast of tru m pets t h e

,

Rabbins not on ly added o n e day m ore t o the feast but decl ared it to be the ,

s eason when the Heaven ly S u pre m e Cou rt is in session

,
to j udge t h e
world and p arti cu l arly the Jews and to deter m ine everything which
, ,

s hall occur to ever y individua l Jew l ife death and what kind o f death 3 , ,

h ea l th sickness and even how m uch o n e shall gain o r l ose in business

, ,

& c & c is m inute ly appointed

.
, .
,
N o wonder then that these t w o days
.
, ,

put every Jew in a condition o f great so l em nity and devotion This is .

t h e ver y best occasion to pray fo r l ong l ife hea l th riches and honor , ,
.

The Rabbins al so teach that in these day s every one s sentence i s

,

written the righteous i m m ediately to l ife the wicked to death an d those , ,

who are ha l f and hal f l ike l uke warm waterare kept in suspension -

u nti l the da y o f atone m ent ; an d it d epen ds fro m their conduct durin g

the interva l wheth er they be entered in t h e book o f l ife o r in the b l ack
, ,

book The b l owing of the ram s horn is done in such sounds a s ex
.
6

press nothing neither j o y nor m ourning and are ver y st range to every
,

other ear but that of a Jew Every sound has another na m e ; an d .

a nge l s with q ueer caba l istic nam es are appointed to carr y these sound s
, , ,

up before the Throne o f G l ory He who sits upon it Jehovah is said .

, ,
100 H A J EHU D I M
-
AND M I K V EH IS RA E L .

t o be so p l eased w ith this m usic that He at once turns fro m t he seat o f ,

j ustice to th at o f m ercy and t ears i n pieces all the bands o f I srae l fo r

,

a nother y ear .

O n the third day of Tishri is the F ast o f Gedal iah 3 o n th a t da y w e ,

are to l d that the Jewish chief, who was l eft in the l and o f I srae l as t h e
governor over the few who rem ained there of the poorer c l asses o f th e
,
,

people appointed b y the K ing of Ba byl on was s l ain b y the rebel s

, , ,

I s m eal ben Nethaniah , and his gang (See ii K ings xxv 2 2 . .

,
.
,

On the se v enth w e are t o l d was given the sentence o f God that

, , ,

the who l e generation who t ook part in w orshipping th e go l de n cal f ,

s houl d die in the wi l derness .

The Sabbath which is between the New Year s da y and the day o f

,

a tone m ent is ca ll ed ,
the Sabbath o f Repent ance and is o n e o f th e ,

t wo Sabbaths o n which the Rabbi o f the Orthodox Jews preaches if ,

preaching it can be call ed The Rabbi has s i x m onths tim e to prepare .

an essay o n so m e point in t he Tal m ud in which he shows his wit and ,

l earning 3 and we ll h e m ay prepare because the l earned a m ong his con ,

r e at i o n rally around h i m and watch cl ose ly whether he say s anyt h ing

g g ,

which does not concur with so m e Rabbi who l ived before h i m or m ak e ,

so m e according to their opinion wrong conc l usion

, ,
.

W o e unto h i m if the y catch h im in an y o f these things 3 a con t ro

v er s
y then begins which to a non Jew see m s l ike a vio l ent q uarre l
-
, ,

am ong unciv i l ized peop l e I n form er tim es it was not a rare thing .
, ,

that enraged zeal ots dragged the poor Rabb i down from his pu l pit an d ,

pu ll ed his gre y beard But whether t he der ash ah (preaching ) ended

.

this way o r peaceab ly the un l earned peop l ethe vast m aj ority there
, , ,

forestood in awe and ad m ired the great wisdo m and know l edge which
,

fe ll fro m the l ips of their Rabbi a lthough his l anguage was l ike Chines e ,

t o the m They l eft the s ynagogue and said to each other

. He is a great , ,

m an in I srae l 3 m ay he l ive a hundred y e a rs .

O n the ninth is the day o f preparation for the D ay o f Atone m ent

,
.

This i s a very notab l e day because eating and drinking o n tha t day ar e ,

considered a s m eritorious as fasting on the next The reason which t h e .

Rab bins gave for that not ver y unp l easant good workto eat an d
d rink i s this z Every Jew has if he observes the regu l ar dai ly pra y ers ,

and bl essings to repeat o n e hundred b l essings ever y day

,
this da y .

m m l
however he ought to speak ten ti es as m an y na e y one tho usan d
, , ,

*
Th e w or d
b lessi n
g i s ap p l ied t o th o s e p r ayer s i n w h i c h th e fo r m
Bl d
e ss e .

ar t Th o u , J eh ovah ou r God

o c cu rs ; an d th is i s d o n e wh il e ta in g a dr i n k k of water ,

a bit of b r ead, or a fr u it, & c .

102 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS R A EL .

tree branches o f a pal m tre e a n d t h e b o ughs of thick tre es an d will o w s o f

, ,

the brooks and y e shall rej oice before the L ord
,
he Rabbinical law .

is to take a fruit from a tree the wood o f which sm ell s j us t l ike the
, ,

fruit 3 an d this h as caused the poor Je w s to give so m etim es o n e hu n dr ed ,

d olla r s an d m ore for such a fr u it which i s not even ea tab l e because i t , ,

w a s brought fro m Corfu or so m e other is land in the M editerranean

,

Sea

.

On th e twenty r s t day is another sel f m ade feast call ed Hoshan ,
-

,

nah Rabbah O n this day it is said a ll sentences and decrees which
.
, ,

have been pronounced on the days o n which the Heaven ly Court was in
session are seal ed and every recourse is vain ; no appea l being possib le
, ,
.

O n the twenty second day is the feast o f the So l e m n Congregation

-

, .

The Rabbins added the next o n e the twenty third and ca ll ed it Th e , ,

7
day of rej oicing with the l aw I n o l d orthodox Je w ish s ynagogues, .

there are quite tu m u l tuous p r oceedings The scro ll s o f the l aw are taken .

o u t fro m the shrine 3 o ld and y oung dance and sweetm eats cakes and , ,

brand y are distributed freely i n the house o f worsh ip This cl oses t he .

feast in the m onth of Tishri .

M archeshvan or the m onth corresponding to o u r Novem ber i s
, ,

the next m onth There are severa l fast day s in it b u t the y are n o t
.
,

obser v ed now a day s except three viz o n the 20 th 23r d and 27 th

-

, , , .

These are known am ong t h e Jews as the second the fth and the second 3 , ,

o r M onda y Thursda y and next M onday

,
The origin of these day s m ay .

be found in the Tal m ud Trac t Taan i th On F asts where it is said : I f
, , ,

the seventeenth day o f M archeshvan has passed b y without rain having

fall en during th e m onth they shall fa st o n th e next fo ll owing M onday
, ,

Thursday and the M onday of next week The reader wi ll easily per
,
.

c ei v e that the Jews b eing deprived o f their o w n l and have not t h e ,

s l ightest reason for keeping these fasts whether rain fall s in tim e in that ,

l and or not But it is written in the Ta l m ud

.

On the seventh it is said Zedekiah the K ing of Judah was brought

, , , ,

before Nebuchadn ezzar who com m anded the chil dren of the wretched
,

prisoner to be s laughtered b efore the ey es o f the father and then to p u t ,

o u t his e y es

The third m onth is call ed Before we begin to give a n K is l ev .

a c count o f the notab l e days in this m onth we shall infor m o u r readers of ,

another Rabbinical ordinance o f considerab l e anti quity which has been , ,

scrupu l ously kep t and is b y o r thodox Jews s till observed to this da y

, ,
.

The day before ever y n ew m oon with the exception o f that o f Tishri
-

, ,

in which the New Year taking the p l ace o f t h e new m oon the l att er i s ,
 TH E J EW IS H C A L ENDAR . 103

is a fast day and is call ed

n ot c eleb r at e d, The l esser D ay of Atone, ,

m ent . The serv ice begins at o n e o cl ock P M , connected with the

,
. .

daily evening prayer Those who have fasted put o n the ph yl acteries
.
,

and the t alith which is not custom ar y o n other evenings The scro ll of
,
.

t h e l aw is taken fro m the shrine and a portion o f it read to which three , ,

persons stand up to the al m em r a (an el eva ted p l atform i n the centre o f

-

the s ynagogue where the desk stands o n which the scro ll is unfo l ded
, ,

when read ) The third person reads the m aftir The portion from th e
. .

l aw i s in Exodus 32n d chapter from v 1 1 to 1 5 and 34t h chapter fro m

, ,
.
, ,

v 1 to 1 1 The m aftir is from I saiah from 55 6 to 56 : 9 Both pas

. .
,
.

sages are ver y appropriate for this an d other sim il ar occasions 3 for noth
ing is m ore adapted to convince sel f righteous I srae l o f their frail ty s in -

ful ness , and inconsistenc y than the re m e m brance o f the go l den cal f
,

which their fathers m ade and worshipp ed a few days after they h a d

,

heard I am Jehovah th y God fro m the m outh of the Al m ight y ;
, ,

a n d then the condition upo n which Jehovah granted the m forgiveness .

The second passage i s rst an earnest call to repent and to seek t h e

, ,

L ord whil e He I s y et to b e found and to call u pon H im wh i l e He i s ,

near 3 and then it c l oses with g l orious prom ises and encouragem ents .

A l as that s o very few o f those who so so l e m n ly recite these D ivin e

,

t estim onia l s and other ver y exce ll en t pray ers co m posed for such
,

o ccasions understand n o t a word o f it, and therefore derive no bene t

fro m the so l em n service ! The idea o f a pub l ic day o f fasting and

hu m i l iation ever y m onth is a good o n e and m ight we think be r ec o m
, , , ,

m ended to Christian congregations .

O n the r st day of this m onth i t is said K ing Jeh o iaki m burn t th e

v

, ,

ep i s tle which Baruch

r the s o n o f Neriah wrote fro m the m outh o f
, ,

the prophet Jerem iah There are however diverse opinions as to th e

.
, ,

d ay 3 so m e sa y that it was o n the fth 3 others o n the seventh 3 others

a gain
. on,
the 25th 3 all however agree that this i m p qr tan t act o f t he
, ,

wicked king o f Judah was com m itted during the m onth o f K is l ev O n .

t h e 25t h in the evening the feast o f Chanukah begins The origin

, .
,

o f this feast o f dedication is to be found i n the book o f Maccabees .

W e suppose a ll o u r readers to be ac q uainted with t he histor y o f tha t

fam ily o f Jewish heroes the Hasm oneans w h o freed their l and and their
, ,

peop l e from the crue l M acedonians and then becam e the reigning house ,

o ver Judah unti l the wicked Herod exterm inated ever y branch o f that
,

tru ly great ro yal priestly fa m i ly Had this feast been instituted in

, ,
.

c o m m e m oration o f the wonderfu l d e l iverance fro m a m ighty and cruel

e ne m y
,
b y m eans o f a fa m i ly o f pries ts w h o gathered a hos t o f hal f ,
104 HA J EH U D I M
-
AND M I KV EH IS RA E L .

n aked and al m os t s tarving fugitives in the m ount ains, and who nal ly,
b y the h el p of the God of I srael , becam e the del iverers o f their peopl e ,

i t w ou l d s tand as a m onum en t o f gratitude t o w ards G od and t he nob l e

Hasm oneans Bu t this is n o t the c ase The principal reason whi ch th e

. .

Rabbin s give for instituting th e Chan ukah is the foll owing m iracul ous

,

e vent : W hen An tiochus , genera lly ca ll ed the wicked, enter ed th e
h o ly t em p l e he m ade every thing i n it unc l ean b y t ouchin g it with h i s
,

u nho ly hands The ho ly oi l a l so which was every y ear prepared for :

.
, ,

u se in t he ho ly cand l estick was a ll dele d 3 and the tem p l e w as w ithout

,

o il. After the enem y was co m pe ll ed t o ee fro m the city and the whol e
l and o f Judah the tem p l e and its furniture u nderwent the l awfu l p u r i
,

c ation 3 but as to the o il they were a l together he l p l ess F inally the y

, ,
.
,

suc c eeded in nding a sm a ll bo ttl e o f u n deled o il, which o n e o f th e

priest s had secreted fro m the grasp o f th e ene m y This however w a s .
, ,

s uf c ient for o n e da y on ly and there was no prospe c t o f obtain in g n e w

,

o il before eight day s Sti ll the peop l e p r aised God with great j o y an d
.
, ,

t he priests ll ed the ho ly candl estick and l ighted the t em p l e 3 an d

b ehol d ! the oil l asted fu ll eight days when the tem p l e was supp l ie d ,

with new o il This m ir acl e then is the principa l fo u ndation o f th e

.
, ,

feas t ; i t l ast s therefore eigh t day s

,
The cere m on y observed is si m p ly
, .

this : Every goo d J ew is provided with a chanukah l a m p which ha s -

eigh t s m a ll saucers On the rs t evening o n e o f these saucers is ll ed

.
,

w ith pure o i l and l ighted 3 the second e v ening t w o and s o o n

,
till o n , , , ,

t he eighth evening a ll are l ighted which a l together m akes thirt y six

, , , ,
-

l ights I n the m orning servi c es the Hall e l

.

Song o f praise c o m ~

, , ,

posed o f several psa l m s is insert ed and another s m all piece of thank s

, ,

giv ing is insert ed in t he eigh t een benedictio n s and in t he b l essings at ,

the t ab l e w hich reads as fo ll ows

,

W thank Thee for the m iracl es th e rede m ption m igh ty deeds ,

e , ,

s al v at ion and (victories ) in wars which Thou didst t o our fathers in ,

t hese day s and i ii this season .

l n the day s o f M atthias s o n o f Jo ch an an the high priest the H as , ,

-

m o n ean s and his sons t he wicked govern m en t o f Javan (Greece ) rose up

,
:

a gainst Th y peopl e I srae l causing the m to forget Th y l aws and to pas s

,

b y Th y stat utes 3 bu t Thou in Thine abundan t m ercies didst rise u p i n

, ,

t heir behal f in the tim e o f their troub l e Thou didst gh t their bat tl e
,
.
,

j udge their cause and avenged their wrongs ,

Thou de l iverest th e .

m igh t y into t he hands of the weak great nu m bers into the hands of a ,

few 3 t he i m pure into the hands o f the pure 3 the wicked into the hand s
o f t he righ t eous an d t he evi l doers i nto the han d s of those engaged in
,
-
106 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS RAE L .

however is very l ittl e known a m ong the J ews I nstead o f this t he

,
.
,

foll owing fabu l ous tradition is curren t am ong them They are to l d .
,

that four ti m es in the y ear tw o K elip o t h evil angel s m eet in the a i r

,

and ght with each other until a drop o f b l ood fall s to the earth fro m
,

o n e o f the m N o w this drop o f b l ood generally fall s into a vesse l

. .
,

which contains fat o f an y kind and this fat then is tr ep ha h unl awfu l t o , ,

be used and poisonous too The fall ing o f the b l ood into any one s .

provision o f fat can be prevented b y putting a piece of iron in it I t is .

therefore custo m ar y am ong the Jews to put an iron nai l in the vesse l i n
which they preserve fat of an y kind I n addition to this precaution .
,

the sh a m e sh (sexton ) goes a few days before th e Th eku p h ah fro m

, ,

house to house and writes in l arge l etters o n the door : Beware for the
, ,

Th ek u p h ah which will fall on

,
day and hour
.

The twenty ninth is th e l ast day o f the m onth 3 and the day pre v ious
-

is the l esser da y o f atone m ent
.

Th e fth in order o f Hebrew m on ths is call ed
, , ,
Shevat ,
and
e qual to F ebruary in the Christian A l m anac .

On the fteenth is a day o f recreation par ticu l ar ly for chil dren

, , .

This day is o n e of the four N ew Year s days according to the Ta l m ud

.

I t is said that o n this day trees are ll ed with fresh s ap and begin t o ,

shoot forth n ew t w igs and l eaves W e suppose this was the case i n
,
.

Pal esti ne W hi l e under th e cu l tivating hand o f the Hebrews .

There is no other da y o f very great i m por tance d u ring this m onth

.

The next m onth is call ed Adar and takes the p l ace of o u r M ar c h ,
.

On the 7 th died M oses the ser v ant o f God ; and i t is therefore a

, ,

fast day But as this is very l ittl e known am ong the Jewish peop l e at
.

l arge a fe w on ly keep i t
,
.

On the 9 th there is ano ther Rabbin ic fast day, o n account o f th e

,

division which took p l ace between the two high schoo l s 3 that o f Sha m ai
a n d that o f Hi ll e l which it is said took p l a c e o n that very day
, ( is
Th , .

proves that the ancient Jews knew al ready that s ec ess i on is a great evi l 3 ,

they t herefore constituted a nationa l fast o n that da y on which s ecessi on

, ,

o ccurred ) .

On the 1 3th is the fas t o f Esther in com m e m orat ion o f the fas t
, ,

which that Q ueen ordered to her peop l e before she went to Ab asu
e r u s to m ake petition for the l ives of her kins m en
,
.

On the 1 4th is the day o f Puri m 3 and the fo ll owi ng that o f Susan
,
'

Purim Our readers wi ll doub tl ess know that the nam e o f this national

.

feast Puri m is derived fro m Pur
, ,
l ot because Ham an cas t l ot , ,

a cc ording to heathen superstition which m onth and which da y was to b e

 TH E J E W IS H C A L ENDAR . 107

m ost favorab l e to destro y the Jewish nation Ha m an did not under . .

s tand the counse l o f God a n d stirred u

p b y Satan wanted to destro y
, , ,

that nation of whom according to the esh M essiah the Saviour of th e

, , ,

worl d to destro y h i m the evi l one I t has a l w ay s been and still i s

, , .
, ,

the custo m to cel ebrate the s e day s w ith as good a tabl e a s possib l e and ,

entertain m ents of every ki nd I n m y native country Hungary it is .

, ,

particu l arly c u sto m ary t hat the weal th y prepare tabl es heavily l aden
with good things and wines of different kinds 3 a n d every m an without
, ,

e xception is at l ibert y to enter and to eat and drink what he l ikes

, ,

best I n the rst night and o n the n ext fo ll owing m orning the M e
.
, ,

o r m anuscrip t containing th e book of Esther i s r ead in t urns

gillah , ,

pecu l iar to this subj e c t on ly The chi l dren , several day s before prepare
.

,

the Ham an K lo p p er that i s an instru m ent w hich l ooks l ike a door
, ,

knocker with a doub l e ha m m er beating on a board This they take

, .

a l ong with the m into the s y nagog u e 3 an d whenever the na m e Ha m an is

m en tioned the y knock with that instrum ent which produces a t r e m en

, ,

d u o u s noise
.
The idea of it w as that the y knock down H am an that
.
, ,

arch ene m y o f I srael a d escendant of A m al ek who w a s the rst who

-

, ,

o ffended I srae l after the y had l eft Egyp t 3 and since then the en m i ty

between Am a l ek an d I srae l has conti nued .

This feas t recall s to the Jewish reco ll ection o n e o f those m iracu l ou s

d e l iverances with which the history of I srae l a bounds I f the ora l la w .

o r Ta l m ud si m p ly contented itse l f wi th co m m anding the observance and

, ,

prescribed the m ode o f w orship for such an i m portant season we shou l d ,

have no fau l t to nd but as the ora l l aw c l ai m s fo r itse l f divine origi n

,

a n d authorit y we are co m pe ll ed to exam i n e its pretentions and t o

,

scrutinize its features in order t o s ee whether t h ev really bear the stam p

,

o f D ivinity The fo ll owing la w respecting the m ea l to be provided o n

.
,

this occasion did certain ly not co m e fro m Heaven

,
A m an s duty w ith

regard to the feast is that he shou l d eat m eat and prepare a su itabl e ,

feast according to his m eans a n d d r i n k w in e u n ti l he be dr u n k and falI

, , , ,

asl eep in his dr u n ken n es s The Tal m ud however i s not satised with
.
, ,

s o i n denite a direction but l ay s down with i ts usua l precision t h e

, , ,

exact m easure o f intoxication re quire d A m an is bound to get s o

d runk with wine o n Puri m as not to kno w the difference between th e

(
two sentences ) Cursed be Ham an and B l essed be M ordecai ( M egi ll ah, , .

fo l 7
. I n order however to m eet the obj ections o f so m e m odern
, , ,

cham pions o f the Tal m ud w ho s a y that a ll such t hings are to be taken

,

guratively w e need on ly to refer to the cel ebrated Rabbins R

, .

S alo m an J arch i (generally known under t h e abridged na m e Rashi) an d , ,

108 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS RA E L .

R M oses M aim onides w h o both o f t hem , unders too d l iteral drunken

.
, ,

n ess ,
and have nam ed wine as the l egitim ate l iq uor But not these .
,

c o m m entators a l one b u t the Ta l m ud itse l f a d m its n o gurative i n t er p r e

bat i c n for i m m ediately after that fa m ous precep t it goes o n t o propos e

, , ,

an exam p l e and to furnish an i ll ustration o f its m eanin g, in the fo ll ow

,

i n g history of the very Rabbi o n whose au thority t his tradit iona l

c o m m and rests Rabba and R Zeira t ook t h eir Puri m m ea l together . .

W hen Rabba go t drunk he a rose and ki ll ed R Zeira b y cutting h i s .

,

t hroat Oh the fo ll owing m orning he Rabba pray ed for m erc y and

.
, , , ,

r es t ored h i m R Zeira t o l ife The foll o w ing y ear Rabba proposed t o

,
.
,
.
,

R Zeira again to m ake their Purim m eal together but the l atte r
. ,

r efused , say ing M iracl es don t happen ever y Are we therefore

, ,

bre thren o f the house o f I srae l not y our friends in t rying to persuad e ,

o u t o abandon the doc t rines o f the Ta l m ud being contradictory t o t h e

y ,

l aw of God and to em brace the doctrines o f the New Testam ent that
, ,

ar e in harm on y with God s w i ll and l aw 2

The m onth correspon ding to our Apri l is know n a m ong the Jew s

b y the nam e Nisan a nam e it i s supposed they brought with them

, , ,

fro m Bab yl on The Hebrew nam e however is Abi b a ripe ear as

, , ,
.
, ,

in that m onth the bar l e y b egan to ripen This is the head o r rst
, .
,

m ont h in the y ear 3 in it the m ost i m p ortant events in the won derful

h istor y o f I srae l took p l ace the greatest o f which were the crucixion
, ,

burial and resu rrection of Jesus of Nazareth o u r gl orious M essiah ,

.

The great feast o f u n l eavened bread o r Passover is cel ebrated in , ,

this m onth E very Jew is carefu l to provide him se l f and fam ily with
.

M atzot or un l eavened bread for the week W hen a J e w has thu s , .

provided him sel f he feel s as h appy as a king 3 and as often as he sits

, ,

do w n with his wife and chil dren to their m eal he o r S h e will s ay : ,

Thank God we have M atzoth ,
.

Having been re l ieved fro m that care th e m istress o f the house ,

enters upon her duties o f w hitewashing scr u bbi ng and c l eaning every , ,

c orner fro m t h e top to the botto m 3 and then changin g every thing in
,

the kitchen , as well as the tab l e utensil s pl ates dishes knives forks , , , , ,

s poons &c ,
&c .I t i s m ost rem arkab l e that S he n ever ge ts through
,
.
,

w ith this annua l renovation until the ver y evening o f the feast

O n the 1 2th is the great Sabbath on which the Rabbis o f the ,

o rthodox m ake a S peech in the s y nagog u e in which they try to S how ,

t heir skill in Rabbinical l ore and Ta l m udic tactics O ne wou l d expect .

t hat the l aws and ordinances o r rites o f the approaching feast wou l d be
, ,

t he subj ects o f this discourse but this i s sel dom th e case The Rabb i
, .
1 10 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS RA E L .

t hinks him se l f a king this evening speaks the benediction over it and ,

t h e feast u pon wh i ch ever y o n e drinks a l itt l e fro m his c u p

,
To t h e .

honor of o u r countrym en we m ust here state that they being a sober , ,

and te m perate peop l e do n o t obey their Rabbins who s ay that every

, , ,

m a n m ust drink at l east t w o

thirds o f the contents o f his cup and this , ,

t o o four ti m es d u ring the evenin g ; but m ost of the m S i p on ly a very

,

l itt l e o f the l i quor .

A ft er this the queen for of course if t he husband is king his wife

, , ,

is a queenbrings a wash b a sin a pitcher with water and a t owe l and

-

, , ,

approaches the throne ; the king ho l ds his hands over the basin and the ,

q ueen pours water over the m and dries the m with the towe l Th e,
.

profoundest Sil ence reigns in the roo m He then takes the pars l ey fro m .

th e p l ate cuts as m an y portions a s there are persons at the tab l e dip s

, ,

the m into the sal t w ater and giving a portion to each pronounces the
fo l lowing b l essing : B l essed art Thou Jehovah our God K ing o f the
, , ,

, , ,

u niverse who created the fruit o f the earth
, E ach eats his portion . .

He then breaks the m iddl e o f o n e of the three m atzoth o r th e ,

L evite in twain l e aves o n e hal f on the p l ate and puts the other ha l f
, ,
-

w rapped in a white handkerchief un der one o f the cushions o n his ,

t hrone The egg and the bone the representat ive of the Passah l a m b

.

are taken fro m the p l ate and a ll who can reach it l ift the p l ate u p
, ,

and say the fo ll owing in the Aram aic language : Like this poor bread
i s tha t which o u r fathers ate in the l and of Egy pt W hosoever is hungry, .

l et hi m co m e in and eat 3 whosoever is needy l et h i m co m e in and ho l d ,

P e s s ah with u s This year we are here i n thi s la n d ; but in the y ear t o

.

c o m e w e ho e to be in the l and of I srae l 3 this y ear we are servants : in

, p

t h e y ear to co m e w e h op e to be chi l dren o f freedo m .

The cu ps are n o w ll ed a second tim e 3 and if there is such a chil d

p resent ab l e to read Hebrew it reads a passage fro m H agadah contain , ,

i ng severa l qu estions w h y this fe a st is ce l ebrated and what is the

, ,

m eaning of these cere m onies and wh y the y eat un l eavened bread ,

Then .

the history of the E xodus is ch anted After all this which takes hal f .
,

an hour ha l f o f the H alell co m po sed of the 1 1 3th and 1 1 4th Psal m s is

, , ,

r ea d the cup is b l essed and each drinks a l ittl e o f it The who l e co m

,
.
,

pan y then wash thei r hands as u sual ; saying the b l essing The K ing ,
.

breaks the m atzoth on the top or the Cohen (Priest ) and s o m an y , ,

p ortions are m ade as th ere are partakers of the m eal Then he breaks

.

the third or the I srae l ite m aking again portions of it gives a piece
, , ,

o f both to each m e m b er and repeats the fo ll owing b l essing

, B l essed
a r t th ou Jehovah o u r God K ing of the universe that thou bringest
, , ,
.

,
 TH E J EW IS H C A L END AR . 111

fort h bread fro m the earth B l essed art thou & c & c w h o sanctied
. ,
.
,
.
, ,

a n d co m m an ded us to eat un l eavened bread After that he takes a .
,

l ittl e o f the water cress dips it into the i m itated c l ay and giving t o

, , ,

eac h o f the co m pan y sa y s B l essed art thou

,
& c who co m m anded ,
.
,

u s to eat bitter herbs .

There rem ains y et o n e ar ticl e to be disposed o fthe horse radish -

.

Th is is cut in to s m all pieces put bet w een two pieces of m atzoth and the y
, ,

a r e eaten together as it is said, H ilell t h e great Rabbi did s o

, ,
These .

t hi n ge are th en re m oved fro m the tab l e and the rea l supper is now ,

t aken S piced with friendly conversation After supper, the cup is ll e d

,
.

t he thir d ti m e and the us ual th anksgiving after a m eal with so m e addi

, ,

tions appropriate to the feast is pronounced and the cup over which , , ,

t h e b l essing was spoken goes around the tab l e and each m em ber drinks
, ,

o f it
. The szeder
p l ate is t hen rep l aced o n the tab l e t h e door o f the r oo m ,

t hrown open and the fo ll owin g verses are spoken Psal m 7 9 6 and 7 3
,

Psa l m 69 25 3 and L am ent 3 66 I n referring to th ose p ass ages , the

. .

reader will be startl ed with the terrib l e curse the y contain 3 we m ust
t herefore give them a so m ewhat long exp l anation in order to preven t
, ,

the Christian reader from thinking that o u r Jewish brethren in these ,

d a ys entertain so strong a h atred agai nst their non I srae l itish fe ll ow m en

,
- -

a s to utter against the m such a horrib l e curse 3 a n d second ly to prevent ,

o u r Jewish reader fro m t hi nking evi l of us as if in re l ating this cere m on y , ,

t o the Christian pub l ic we intended to raise i ll fee l ing to w ards the m

,
-
.

W hat we desire i s to S how that the great m aj ority of the Jews are i gn o
, ,

rant o f th e m eanin g o f the cerem onies they continue to perform and ,

induce the m to accept of that l ibert y offered the m b y Jesus Christ the ,

r ea l Passah l am b s l ain in Jerusa l em

-

,
to take away the sins of the wor l d , ,

a n d o f wh ich that in Eg y pt was but a t ype o r shadow W e desire : .

furtherm ore to induce Christians to m ore zea l ous l abor and m ore earnest
, ,

pray er for I srael s del iverance from the bondage o f u nbel ief
, .

The introduction of this t erribl e curse , in the m idst o f praises and

t hanksgivings o f j oy m ay be traced back to the dark ages o f terribl e
,

persecutions which the ancient peop l e o f G o d suffered from the

,

pretended fo ll owers of the s w eet and l ove ly Jesus M essiah No wonder ,

.

that in rem e m bering the m iracu l ous de l iverance o f their fathers rose
, ,

u
p in frightfu l co l ours before their m inds and ll ed their l ips w ith
c urses upon their persecutors The histor y of I srae l in those dreadfu l
.

a ges contains i n nu m erab l e cases in which their ene m ies l urked a t their

doors and w indows to s ee whether th e y used the b l ood o f Christian

c h il dren at their passover
; and not sel do m threw dead chi l dren int o , ,
1 12 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS RA E L .

t he Ghetto s ynagogues or privat e dwe ll ings o f the persecut ed race i n

, , ,

order to have a pretence to fall o n the m sl augh t er and rob their v ictim s ,
.

I n order therefore to be sure that no l istening t rait or wat ched behin d

, ,

the door when that c urse upon t heir ene m ies was uttered t he Rabbin s ,

ordered t he doors to be thrown open .

This rea l cause for op ening th e doors was known to a few chosen
on ly and not to the m asses o f the Jewish peop l e fearing that som e
, , ,

e i t her through ignorance or m al ice wou l d carry t he pass w ord over in t o ,

the ene m y s ca m p The Rabbins therefore invented the fo ll owing

.
, ,

s t or y which the m ore easi ly found a hearing am ong the oppressed Jews
, ,

as i t fu lly coincided with their hopes and expect ati o n s The y said tha t .

E l ij ah the prophet goes about in the two s z eder nights and visit s
, , , ,

m an y Jewish fam i l ies to see wheth er the y perfor m the cere m onies o f
,

the s zeder in due form and of course l eaves great b l essing upon thos e
, , ,

who m he nds doing righ t Every fam ily therefore m ay expect to s ee .

, ,

the ce l ebrated prophet enter their roo m and the y m ust be prepared for ,

that happ y event An additional cup ll ed with wi ne stands upon th e

.
, ,

t abl e and is call ed El ij ah s cup and before ll ing the cup th e fo u r th
,

, ,

a n d la s t t im e the door is opened t o l et E l ij ah co m e in

, 3 and it is this
that m ost of the Jews bel ieve to be the real cause for opening the door .

The cup is n o w ll ed for the fourth tim e and the second part o f ,

Halell co m prising fro m Psal m 1 1 5 to 1 1 8 inc l usive is read and

, , , ,

severa l other songs ar e chanted The b l essing over the cup is the n .

S poken and after each has drank of it the t hanksgivi n g for the fr u it o f
, , ,

the wine o r as it i s generally call ed the a er

, hles s i n g i s said after ,

which it i s not all owed to drink an y m ore wine that night The cere .

m on y is conc l uded with chanting so m e m ore songs in which and , ,

par ticu lar ly in the l ast there is s o very l ittl e or no sense at a ll th at t h e

, ,

Rabbis were co m pell ed to s ay in order to satisfy the peop l e tha t it , ,

c ontains a sacred m ystery too sacred to be unders tood F inally the .

,

Song of Songs is read 3 but the chi l dren and the fem al e part of the
party are generally as l eep at th at tim e .

The second evening s services contain nearly the sa m e There is

.
,

however an a ddition nam ely the count ing of the O m er 3 and we refe r
, , ,
-

o u r readers to L eviticus xxii i 1 0 1 8 the reading of which w i ll give -

, ,

the m the best expl anation .

The 22md of Nisan i s the l ast day of the feast o f u n l eavened

bread They ar e now s o tired of M atzoth the m iserab l e bread as the y
.
,

c a ll i t that the y l ook with great i m p atience for the appearance of the
1 14 HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS R AEL .

Th e m o nt h c om es n ext , i n Bib l e l an guage i s c all ed J zor

S iv on

,

w hi c h m ean s c lea m es s , be c ause i n thi s m on th the atm o sph ere i s pure

an d c l ear .I t c orresp onds with the m onth o f June and has thir ty day s , .

Thi s is one of the mos t im portant s easons in the y ear 3 for the givin g of ,

the law i n the old dispensation and th e pourin g o u t o f the Ho ly Spirit ,

i n the n ew t ook p l a c e in i t O n the rs t i s t he new m oon fe as t 3 the

, .

thi r d fourth an d fth are call ed the thr ee d ays o f H agbalah w hich
, ,

r epr esen t t hose t hr ee da y s on whi c h M o ses prepared t he peopl e of I sra e l

to re c eive th e l aw of G o d On the six th i s the F east of W eeks o n
.
, ,

w hi ch day I srae l re c eived t he Ho ly L aw o f God who him se l f des c en d e d ,

u pon M oun t Sinai an d said
,,
I am Jeh o v ah thy G o d a sol em n s c en e ,

w hich no o t her p eo p l e w as e v er hon o ur ed wit h and which , al as they , ,

fo rgo t bu t a few day s afterwards poin tin g t o t he go l den c a l f, the y said, ,

Th ese ar e th y G od 0 I srael , .

Th e feas t i s al so call ed Mathan T or ah , The giv i ng of th e L aw ,

an d wer e i t n o t fo r the m an y gross superstit ions with which t he

s er v i c es o f t he day ab o un d i t wou l d b e a m os t s ol em n o n e
,
Bu t .

Rabbinic absu r dities w orke d them s el ve s i nt o the v ery l ife b l o od o f the -

Jew i sh peop l e and deled even th eir prayers an d prais es which th ey

,

s end up t o t he grea t Jehovah .

The F eas t of the W eek s o r as it i s call ed in Engl ish , ,
Pente ,

c o st w as al so one o f the thre e F eas t s o n whi c h God com m a n d ed I srae l
,

t hat every m al e shou l d appear before th e L o rd in the p l ac e th at H e

w o u l d cho o se No wonder t hen that when on that very day the poor
.
, , , ,

t rem bl ing di scip l es of Jesus cam e together to pray an d the prom is ed ,

Com forter, for whom they were s o a nxiously waitin g sudd en ly cam e ,

down upon them , there were Jew s fro m e v er y habitabl e p ar t o f the gl ob e

w here Jews had settl ed They all wer e at tha t t im e at Jerusal e m in
.
,

obedience to that c om m an d each o f them speaki ng the l anguage o f th e

,

co unt ry in which he l ived .

N o won d er then that the y w ere s urp ri se d t o hear these i lli te rate
, ,

m en o f Gal il e e speakin g an d prai sin g G o d in t he l an gu age o f eac h o f

t hem .

I t i s t o be w on d ere d at how ev er th at th e br ief an d p l ain s erm on

, ,

of Pe t er r es u l t e d in th e i m m e di ate c o n v ers io n o f thr ee thou s a n d pers on s,

w hi l e in o u r d ay s w i t h all th e l igh t an d kn o w l e d ge w e p oss ess m an y

, , ,

m en sit un d er m i n i s t er ial p r eac hi n g all th eir l ife ti m e w i th ou t b ein g -

c on vert e d
On th e F east o f the W eek s, the pi ou s Jew s adorn their
syn ag o gu e s an d h o us es w i th gr een bo u ghs o f th e for est an d ow er s, an d

str aw fresh grass on the oors , thu s r ep r esen tin g M o u n t S in ai in its

 TH E J E W I S H CA L E N D AR . 115

b eautifu l sp r i n g dress Of all the feasts o f the y ear this i s, un do ub t

.
,

edly, the m ost p l easant a s the seas o n i s m os t d esirab l e

, M ay the L o r d .

h asten the tim e when the t ru e and gen eral Pentecos t shall dawn up on
all chi l dren o f I sra e l and the pr o phec y o f Joe l be fu ll l ed t o its
,

g re a tes t ex t ent
Tam us is the next m onth This n am e i s foreign to the Hebrew .
,

an d m u s t have been brou gh t up from Chal dea or A ssy ria I t m us t have .

been the n am e of som e ido l because it is m ent i o ned in Ezek viii 14

, . .

Then he brough t m e to the door of the gate o f the L ord s house whi ch

was towar d the north , and, behol d, there sat a w om an weeping for the
Som e w rite rs m ain tai n that it w as the nam e o f an ido l
r epresen t ing t he sun identi ca l wit h t he A d onis in Greece and t he Osiris
,

in Egypt This m on th c orresponds with our Ju ly

. .

On the 1 7 th i s one o f the four great fast day s in t he y ear besides

, ,

the D ay of At onem ent The wo m en in I srae l wep t and m our ned for
.

the i m aginary death o f an i m aginary go d n o t even d ream in g that t heir ,

d escen dants wou l d have t o weep and mourn in the sam e seas on , over ,

bitter real ities This fast day as al so the rem ain i n g thr ee, had al ready
.
,

been durin g the se cond tem p l e as we nd them m entioned b y the ,

prophe t Zachariah viii 1 9 where he in the nam e of Jeh ovah Zebaoth ,

, , , .

prophesied that in a future age these fasts shou l d be turned in t o day s

, , ,

o f j o y and gl adn ess and good seasons,
I t is a fact that, in this m onth
.
,
:

th e wall s of Jerusa l em were rst broken down b y the besiegin g forc es o f

the Cha l d eans .

Accor di ng to the record o f the Bib l e this t ook p l ace on the n i nt h ,

day o f the fourth m onth (Tam us ) On that day the city o f Jer usal em
.

w as broken up and a ll the pri nces o f Bab yl on entered 3 Zedekiah was

,

c aptur ed in his ight and his e y es were put out

,
Jerem iah xxxiv 2 . .
, ,

8. The question wh y the fast day is now kept o n the 1 7 th i nstea d o f

,

the 9th is answered b y Baba that the Chal deans broke up the c ity on
, ,

the 9 th an d t h e Rom ans 50 0 years aft erwards broke it up on t he 1 7th

, , ,
.

The Rabbin s however were not satise d w i th thi s Bib li cal and, there
, , ,

fore t rue hi s to rical fact, whi c h al on e is suf c ien t t o m ake a nat ion , on c e
,

rea t an d g l or io us m our n o ver the i r l oss bu t as usual brough t so m e

g , , , ,

tr adi tion s in to ac co un t The fo llowin g is the passa ge in the Talm u d ,

.

Tract Taan it h fo l 27, 1 z F iv e thin gs (evi ls ) have happene d t o ou r

, .
,

fat hers on the 1 7th day of Tam us, an d v e evi l s o n the 9th o f Ab On

.

the 1 7th o f T am us, it happene d that 1st M oses brok e the t w o t ab l es

,
.

o f s ton e, on w hi ch the l aws o f G o d w ere w r itten w ith his o w n nger .

2n d The dai ly sacr i c es w ere s usp en d ed

. 3r d The c it y of Jeru sal em. .
116 HA -
J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R AEL .

w as broken twice 4th A p osto m u s t he wi cked burn t the law and

. .
, , ,

5th The abo m i nat ions p l a c ed in the m ost ho ly p la c e
. The Tal .

m u d t hen con t inues to ca l cu l ate , in so m e wa y or another t hat th es e ,

facts (an d fact s they are ) all t ook p l a c e o n that v ery day .

This m onth has but 29 days .

The next m onth is ca ll ed Ab and this nam e t o o is o f forei gn , , ,

birth I t corresponds with the m onth o f August

. .

On the 9 th day o f Ab is the great fast in com m em oration of the

destruction o f the city o f Jerusal e m and the house of G o d in whi ch , ,

His g l ory dwel t .

The servi c es o f this fas t are t ouchin g and sou l s tirr in g for ev ery -

beho l der who has a heart to fee l and sym pat hize with the woes o f others .

On the eve o f the 8 th the peop l e c ongregate in the synagogue which is

, ,

but dim ly l ighted The dai ly evening pra y er is condu cted in a l ow ,

.

al m os t whisperi ng t one A fter prayer the reader chant s the who l e

,
.
,

book of L am entat ions in dol eful heartrendi ng tunes whil e the c on gr e

, , ,
o

ati o n l is ten in profo u nd si l en c e in t errup t ed on ly b y groanin g sighing

g , ,

and weep ing which m ight soften a heart of s t one Havi n g nished the
,
.

chanti ng of L am entations severa l other h ym ns o f the s am e chara ct er

,

are sung and the con gregation is dis m issed

,
.

W e wi ll here m ent ion an ane c dote which it i s said c om es from , ,

F rederick the Great, K ing o f Prussia The s t ory runs thus the king , .

who l ived o n good ter m s with M oses M endel ssohn the ce l ebrat ed Jew ish ,

philosopher cam e once fro m Po tsdam , hi s residence to the city o f Ber lin
, , ,

and halt ed at the house o f M oses w ishing hi m t o c om e out t o his carriage

,

and have a ta lk with him Th e k i ng w as t o l d that Mr M w as no t in

W here is he in quired the king
. . . .

,
He is in the s ynagogu e w as th e
.
,

rep ly A few m inutes aft erwards the roya l c arriage st opped at the
.
,

door of the synagogue The kin g si l ently ent ered and stood l eanin g on
.
,

hi s thick cane l ooking o n an d l is t enin g t o the heart rending c hant ing

,
-
,

sighing and weeping A t a pause he stepped for w ard raise d his c ane as
.
,

a sign that he wou l d Speak, and then said : 0 y e foo l ish Jews why are ,

y ou sitting here o n the oor cry ing l ike l ittl e c hil dren who have n o t go t
what they wishe d t o have ? B y weeping gr oanin g fastin g and chant ing , , ,

yo u will ne v er regain y our ho ly t em p l e y our l o s t c o un t ry or rebuild , ,

Jerusa l em yo ur city That w ill not d o 3 get up from the oor, take up
.

arm s y ou h av e m on ey and I will give you so l di ers an d general s Go

,
'

,
.

up to Pal es tine c on quer i t, dri ve o ut the ugly Turks, an d then bu il d

,

your city and yo ur tem p l e The o l d king w as r igh t it i s exactly s o
. .

F rom the 1 7 th of Tam us t o the l 0 th o f A b m en ar e n ot all ow e d to

1 18 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EI I I S R AE L .

t o return L e t n o m an say How can I be so braz en faced as to c o m e

.
-

forward before G o d after I have transgressed His ho ly law inn u merab le

,

ti m es and have rebell ed again st H im c o nt in u ally ? A m I not l ik e a

,

t hief apprehended in the deed ? H o w c an I set m y fo ot i n H is co u rts ?

No l et hi m n o t think so The evi l sed u c er sit s like a y in the a venu e
,
.

o f the hum an hear t 3 is every d ay renewed 3 i s l urk i ng an d wa t ching to

avai l him sel f o f every opportunity t o thr ow stum b l in g b l ocks in t he

way and stir u p the hear t to evi l th o ugh t s L et ev ery m an c onsider
, . .

that it is t he attribute o f the Creat or 3 b l essed b e H e t o e xt end H i s

han d t o repen ting S i nners 3 l et every m an therefor e com e fo rw ar d an d
,

repen t .
 CH A PT ER X .

C O MP U T A TI ON O F TI ME S A N D F E S TI V AL S .

C el ebration of th e n ew m o on D if cu lti es of J ew s r esidin g ou t of Palestin ePr esen t

or der o f r ec k on i n g .

COM P U TA T I O N OF TIME AN D F E S T I V AL S .

The cel ebration o f the New M oon e n o t the s o ca ll ed ast r o n o .

,
-

m i c a l new m oon when th e m oon i s in conj unction with the s u n ) w a s

,

n ot denite ly xed un t i l the c rescent s e ) o f the m oon had been

(pha
act ually obse r ve d in t he sk 3 and when this fact was repor t ed by hon es t
y ,

c redi b l e witnesses (wh o had been sent o u t fo r the purpose o f discoverin g

it, fro m the high m oun tain s near Jerus a l e m ) t o the Suprem e Judicia l
Cou r t in Jerusa l em the president o f this b o dy x ed the tim e o f c el ebr a

,

t ion by excl aim in g Hall owed before the who l e assem bly Rosh .

H ashan sh 1 1 1 7 of l 8 l l , 6
, , , , All witnesses who were ab l e t o
, ,
.

an nounce ,
with cert ainty that they had s een the ne wly vi sib l e m oon ,
,
-

were a ll owed to trave l on the Sabbath e ven so that the presc r ibed s er ,

vi ces o f the T e m p l e m ight t ake p l ace at the appointed tim e (L ev x .

After the des t ruction of the second Tem p l e th e negl ect o n the par t ,

of the witnes ses o f the Sabbati cal ordinance w as granted o n ly in the rst
an d s even t h m on ths
(N i s an and T i shr i
) for o n the beginni n g o f t h ese
,

m o nth s depended th e ap p o i n t ing o f the fe s tiva l s o f which noti c e was to ,

be given throughou t th e l an d as well as the tim ely di spatchi ng of t h e ,

m essengers w h o w er e t o go t o S yr ia on th e m orning im m e di ate ly fo ll o w

,

i n g : Rosh Hash, 1 , 4 , 5 1 1 4 c om pare 6 9 I f n o w the m oon was n ot

, , , , , ,
.

v isibl e t ill t he night of 3ls t day t he l as t m onth o f 30 day s was call e d o ver
,

fu ll (m eu ba r ) 3 i f on the other hand the m o on becam e visibl e ear l ier

, , ,

i w as a
t defec t ive (c ha ser
) m o n th of 29 da y s the 30 t h beco m in g t he ,

rst o f the fo ll owin g m onth I t often happened however that the n ew

.
, ,

m oon was visib l e in the nigh t to t he 30 th da y , whi l e the wi tnesses w h o

were ab l e to repor t the sam e, cam e t oo l ate I n that case it was reso l ved .

that their report be accept ed as l ong as th e s u n had not set 3 b u t not in

,

c ase no ti m e w as l eft to perfor m b efore the appearance o f the st ars th e , ,

so l em n proc l am ation o f the n e w m oo n The nex t prece ding m onth w as

.

in the l atter case regarded as over fu ll and the 3 l s t as the day o f ,

New M oon .

On the 3 l st day o f co u r se there w as n o l onger an y necessit y for

, ,

the witnesses to report since no m on th can have m ore than 30 day s n o t

, ,

l ess t han 29 Rosh Hash 25 a

1 20 HA -
J EH U D I M A N D M I K V EH IS R AEL .

Those who l ived far away from Jer usa l em , cou l d no t, in general ,

r e ceive in d ue seas o n info rm at ion in r egar d t o the pro c l am at ion of the

New M oon .

On this account bo th the 30 th an d 31st were in doub tfu l cases

, , ,

c e l ebrated as t he day s of th e N ew M o on I n conse quence o f this t oo .

, ,

t hose who l ive d beyond Pal es t ine were i n doub t as to the proper day on
w hi ch t he h o ly day s in the re l a tive m on t h occurr e d fo r the m essengers ,

w h o procl ai m ed the festiva l c ou l d no t reach the m F rom this resu l ted a

.

t w o fo l d ce l ebration o f the fes t iva l s

-
t h e so call ed second ho ly o f the
-

e xi l ed . Hence the Passover was cel ebrat ed eigh t days 3 the Pentecost ,

t w o ; the F eas t o f Tabernac l es nine d ay s in order t o be sure no t t o

, ,

m iss the proper day Though subse q uently when the know l edge o f
.
, ,

a strono m y was m ore wide ly di ffused this doub t was rem oved and an , ,

i nfall ib l e co m putation o f the N ew M o on int ro duced 3 it was n ev er t h e ,

less thought necessary i n view o f possib l e event ua l i ties that those w ho

, , ,

li v ed ou t of P a les ti n e shou l d , in general ac quiesce in the ce l ebration o f

,

the second ho ly days There were however so m e exceptions and
.
, ,

e xtenuations granted in reference to the O bservances on such days 3 o n

t h e other hand a c er t ain N a tha n ba r A sst was l aid under the ban
,

because h e open ly profaned a second ho ly day A stricter regard . ,

however was at a ll tim es paid to the New M oon which coincides with
, ,

t h e day o f M em oria l (so l e m n ly observed al so a t the New Year ) I n .

this instance no work w as perm itt ed even o n the 30 th day F or the

, .

w itnesses m igh t possibly announ c e t he appearance o f t h e New M oon

s een in the preceding night I f the witnesses actua lly cam e on the 30 th
.

n t hat case the r st o f the next fo ll owing m onth

[ i ,
.

] the m i n cha sacri ,

ces which were t o b e sacriced before the set ting of the su n were y et
,

o ffered the cerem onies and h ym n s o f the da y int roduced

,
and th e day ,

was recognized as actually ho ly On o n e occasion however they .

, ,

r eturned after the m i n cha (evening ) sacrices and ther e w as a doubt in ,

regard to the rites re l ative to the sacrices I t was therefore reso l ved .
,

that h enceforth no report shall be received o n that day if the witnesses

, , ,

c am e after the m i n cha sacrice had been al ready offered W hen .

,

t herefore the witnesses did not appear o n the 30 th da y at all o r when

, ,

t he y cam e t o o l at e the 31 st o f the sixt h m ont h (Ell u l ) was observed as

,

t he day of M em oria l (New Year ) the 30 t h being o f course spent as a

, , ,

d ay o f cessation fro m a ll l abour The Rabbins furtherm ore ordain

.
, ,

that both these day s o f th e fest iva l o f New Year shall be ho ly ; that
t he y shall be so l em n ly observed even in the l and o f I srael and that o n , ,

the second da y even thou gh aft er the rst and proper day o f the N ew
,
 1 22 HA -
J EHU D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

fr o m the progress o f vegetation whether the new festiva l y ear c ou l d ,

begin im m ediately a ft er the 1 2th m o n th 3 for a cc ording t o Scripture th e ,

rst m onth o f the y ear was at the sam e t im e t o be the m onth o f ripene d
ears I f the produce of the e l d had not yet so far m at ure d it w as de
.
,

creed i h the m iddl e o f th e twe l fth m onth that a thirt eenth sha ll be added , .

I n dispat ching a d ecree o f this kind to the i nhabitan t s o f Bab yl onia and
M e dia R Gam a l ie l m entions that the d oves an d l am bs (which were
,
.
,

re quired for the p ascha l sacri c es) were y et too y oung There was sti ll .

another S ign The fu ll m oon dur ing which the Passover was ce l ebrated
, ,

w as not t o pre c ede t he vernal e q uinox ; in l ike m anner, the feast o f

Tabe rn ac l es was no t to precede the autum na l e quinox for according to ,

E xodus xxxiv 22 the tehu p ha (turning revo l ution ) o f the y ear m ust
,
.
, ,

have alr eady tak en p la c e when this feast is cel ebrated The Rabbi ns .

understand b y the term telcu p ha t he ti m e w h en the s u n enter s one of the

,

four signs o f t he Zodiac, v iz Ari es (Sprin g ) Cancer (Sum m er ) L ibra , , , , ,

( Au t u m n ), an d Capric o rn (W inter ) whi c h ,

a t t ha t ti m e deno t ed,a
c hange of the s easons I t i s well known , however t hat n o w owin g t o
.
,

t he p er cessio n of the equ in o ix the signs of the ecl iptic no l onger coin c id e
,

w it h th e c orr es pondin g conste ll at i o n s F rom one tehu p ha t o another

.

there el apse 9 1 days 7 hours 519 thirty on e ninty sixth portions ,
- -
.

Ac c ording to Rosh Hash i t w as avoi d ed m aking the Sabbatical y ea r o n e

,

o f 1 3 m onths that t he cu l ti v a t i o n o f t he soi l m ight not be interrup te d

,

for t o o great a l ength o f t im & This c ir c um stan ce c o u l d n o t o f course, be

taken int o account, in case the seas o n w as n o t yet s u f c iently advan ced,
and the vernal e qu in o x h ad n ot y et a rrived .

Notice o f the cel ebration o f the N ew M oon as determ ined by Sy ne ,

dr i u m in Jerusal em was given t o the i nhabitan ts of Pa l estine and even

, ,

Babyl onia , b y m eans o f bund l es o f am ing com bustibl es These were .

waved to and fro upon the m ountain tops The am ing signal s w ere .

c om m unic ated from heigh t to height 3 the neares t in habitants o f Baby

l onia as soon as t he signal s reached their view, l it t orches o n the roofs
,

o f a ll their houses so t ha t the who l e region presen t ed the aspec t o f bein g

,

in am es The m al evo l ent Sam aritans however b y m eans of fal se s ig

.
, ,

n als , occasioned m is takes in r egard t o the day o f N ew M oon On this .

accoun t it w a s then c eforth procl ai m ed t hrough m essenger s .

 CHAPT ER XI .

A S ER M ON ON T H E CR E A TI ON .

Th ehistory o f o u r rst parents is the his t or y o f all their descend

ants They rst en t ered i nto the battl e o f l ife an d, since their day s
.
, ,

the cont est has continu ed w ithout ces sation Now it has raged with

.
,

er c en ess l ike som e stru ggl e betw een p hal anx and l egion ; now it h as
,

s ubsided into su ll en horror l ike so m e m i dnigh t m assacre o f civi l iz ation

,

b y barbarism 3 but the ght has gon e through t housands of y ears and ,

still the com batan ts are ranged in Op pos ing c o l u m ns nor w i ll victo ry ,

de cl are itse l f til l o n e side b e ut t erly ext erm ina ted .

The G o d of Battl es hi m sel f de cre ed this battl e when h e anim ated

the perishab l e du St of t he ear th with the spiri t of i m m ortal ity H e .

thus p l aced in antagonis m the ev anescent an d t h e eter n a lthe im pu l ses

o f nature an d the r es traints of consci ence passion and pri ncip l e , evi l
,

an d good .Sinc e th en r el igion philo soph y rati on a lism an d i ndel ity

, , ,

h av e don e their best to c o m pl i cat e the dif cu l tie s of th e strugg l e 3 but ,

effec tu ally n o change has occu rre d becau se m an cann o t su persede

, ,

Providence
W hy thi s battl e shou l d ha ve be en ord ere d i s th e ques ti on w hich
'

has m ost agitated mank i n d .W herefor e hu m an ity sho u l d h ave been s o

c on stitu ted that i ts el em ents n at u r a lly m i l ita te against ea ch other has ,

hem m ad e the l astin g p r ob l em of the w orl d .

Bu t thi s is o n e resul t o f thestru ggl e itsel fb l ind j udgm ent against

presci ent wisdo m . The pages o f revel ation so l v e the proposition I t .

h as been said that m an i s b o r n in sin , and that but fo r a vicarious ,

a to nem en t
,
t h e m i ll ions of ear t h h ad b een c reat ed to everlas ting
p er diti on .It has been s ai d that th e all p er fect E ter nal de l egated t o
-

frail m or tal s the righ t t o par d on an d to an ath em atize I t has b een said ,

th at belief is the priv i l ege o f power an d h en c e the s w ord and stake

, , ,

have cl aim ed their victim s 3 an d, in the nam e of that Bei ng design ated

th e God of M ercy m erc y h as a ll bu t be en annihi l at ed I t h as been

.
,

said th at n a ture i s sel f e xis t en t

-
th at ri gh t an d w r on g h av e no higher
s our c e that m an hi m sel f that her e is th e en d o f l ife for that th er e is n o ,

h ereaft er ; bu t the w o rds of the D ivin i ty proc la im th e wo rth l ess n es s

o f t hes e an d all o ther h u m an i n t er pr etat io ns an d ligh t u s t o th at kn o w
,

l edge which al one can l ea d t o th e vi ctor y th at shall te rm in ate the battl e .

1 24 HA -
J EH U D I M A N D M I K V EH I S R AE L .

will m ake m an in o u r im age was the behest whi ch c all ed
W e ,

m an in t o existe nce 3 and he said have dom in ion over the sh of the
, ,

s ea over the fow l o f the heaven an d over the b easts

,
and over all the
, ,

earth w as the at which decl ar ed him the l ord o f creation thus
, ,

pronounced to be for hi s ser vice .

The i m age o f God is et erni ty 3 the spirit o f creation is l ove M an .

,

then m ust hav e been designed et erna l 3 l ove m ust have been the
,

pred o m inate princip l e no t on ly of his bein g b u t o f that of all things

, .

L e t us har m on i ze this w it h th e words of Ho ly W rit There is nothing .

in the organisat ion o f m an which needs to be t erm inab l e W e are so .

a c custom ed to see help l ess i nfancy progress to vigorous m aturity and ,

then degenerate to worn out o ld age to subside in death that we do not , ,

l
pause to reect if this be i nherent o r ac q uired And y et in what does .

the constitution o f m an di ffer fro m that which renders nature perm anent e
.

Grant gravitation inertia and a proj ecti l e force and the orbs o f heaven
, , ,

ro ll through countl ess ages : eternal m otion in i nnite space Grant a .

supp ly o f food as the m aterial for anim al co m bustion , and a supp ly o f

'

o xygen as the m edium in which that c om b u sti o n m ay be carried on and

,

ani m al l ife becom es as endl ess as sum m er and win t er heat and co l d , ,

which cease not The spirit of creation is l ove W hat but l ove inn ite
. .

as the w i sdom which the harm on y o f the universe from th e confusion of

chaos cou l d have im pressed o n m atter that reproductiveness which per
,

e t u at es without t he necessity o f a n ew creation I n ever y thi ng

p
its seed within itself I n everything was displ ayed the boundl ess care
.

of bound l ess l ov e fo r the preservat ion o f that seed so that the em bry o ,

m igh t becom e endowed with the necessary vital ity I n vegetab l es and .

in the inferior anim al s nature and inst inc t stand for this spirit of l ove
, .

I n v egetab l es the husk the bu lb the esh y fruit the horny ower cup ,
, , , ,

and its dem onstrations I n an i m al s i t is seen in the l ai r o f the carni

.

vora the nes ts o f bir ds the m igrations o f sh M an devel ops it in

, ,
.

obedience to the divin e com m and which enj oins m arriage but as he is ,

superior to a ll other productions s o his devel opm en t is higher and m ore

,

conform ab l e t o the reason which constitutes his suprem acy .

The spirit o f creation is l ove W e trace it i n the m utual support

.

which an i m al s and vegetab l es give to each other ; in the adaption o f

things t o the l o cal ities in which they are p l aced 3 in the universal ity of
m an destine d to ru l e all ; in the agen c ies constantly at work to m aintain
the e q uil ibrium bet w een the inanim at e and the anim ate to pro m ote ,

in ter c om m uni cat ion thr ough necessity between the inhabitan t s o f di s ,
126 HA J EHUD I M A N D
-
M I K VEH IS R AE L .

th e b eh es t whi ch prohibit e d the eatin g of the tr ee of goo d an d ev il .

Thi s kn owl e dge o f G Od w as t o b e l im ited by D i vin e w ill t o b e satis ed

w i t h this res tr ain t w as t o be h app y
to str i ve to br eak it w as to sin .

M an , yiel din g t o the ign o b l e p l eadin gs o f app et ite eat o f the forbi dden ,

fr u it, an d t hu s exh ibit ed his d esir e for a kn o wl edge whi ch had b een
dec lar ed in c onsis tent with his bein ga kn ow l e dge o f thos e i nher en t
c on s e qu en c es o f goo d an d evi l whi ch had b een i m pr esse d as m yst er i o us
l aws on cr eat i on
Bu t t he Et er n al had sai d
.

O n the day th o u eat e st th er eof th o u

s ha l t surely be co m e m o r ta l
,
an d m an , wh o had braved this pen al ty w as ,

n ow t o l ea rn t h e r esu l t o f h i s w an t o nn ess The fr u i t he foun d di d no t .

c on fer wh at he had c oveted , but th e l igh tnin g of reason sh ow ed him the

c ro oked way he h ad c hos en , an d t h e t hun d er o f cons c i en c e conde m ne d

hi m t o fear He hid h im se l f Then c am e t o hi s c ower in g sh am e the

s en t ence of hi s d isob edi en c e
. .

no t th e pu nish m en t bu t the i nevi tabl e ,

c onse quences of his all ow i ng m ortal c orru ption to prevail in hi s bei ng .

W o m an the o rigina l i n st igat or o f the w r ong was to b ec om e seco ndar y

, ,

t o m an Having been the m eans o f giving d eath to the w orl d sh e w as

.
,

to provide fo r th e c on tin u ati oh o f her r a c e as th e m o th er o f futur e

generat ions an d in her m at ernity sh e w as t o nd a lik e her dan ger and
, , ,

her dependence M an because he had y iel ded t o be l e d where he

.
,

shou l d have sough t to g u ide was thereafter to as su m e hi s l egitim ate

,

position l ord o f creat ed things 3 b y bringing c or ruption t o him sel f he ,

had brought it to all be l o w hi m The earth is cursed on th y a c count .

Having been the s l ave to his desir es he was thereafter to nd in l abour ,

hi s servitude and his m astery .

But the im age of G o d is ete r nity 3 the spirit o f creation i s l ove

,
.

Man h ad vo l un t ari ly d eprived him sel f o f hi s participation in those

divine princip l es 3 it rem ain ed with the A ll M ercifu l that they shoul d
not therefore cease fro m earth Then cam e the great l aw of c om p en
, , .

sation which preserved m an to et ernity an d l ove t o c reation Sin had

,
.

d oom ed nature to decay l ife to m ortal ity 3 exis tence thus becam e
,

in c om p l ete .

esire had intr o duced t oil and sor r ow ; happi ness thus becam e
D
j eopar di s ed The body w as thus to pay the p ena lty o f these evi l s 3 the
.

s ou l w as t o rem ain im m ortal Through the aire of death the spirit w as

.

to pass b u t beyon d t hat drea d vis itati on b eam ed an eternal fu ture

,
.

Th u s being w as ren dered perfect an d e te r nity w as preserved to t he

, ,

w o rl d W o m an w as to r i sk her life to perpet uat e her r ac e 3m an w as t o

.

spend his d ays in l abou r , bu t w oman w as t o beco m e a m other in obedi

 S E R MON oN THE C R EATI O N . 1 27

en ce t o her l ove an d in her m at er n i ty sh e w as to n d the so l ace for the

,

danger she had passe d an d the aec tion which ren d er e d her happ y ev en

i n t roub l e 3man w a s t o l earn that in l ab our c onsis t e d hi s bes t safeguar d

agains t fu t ure t e m p t at io n s an d that thr ou gh i t al o ne cou l d he pro c ure
,

the activity ne c ess ary t o hi s w ell bein g Thus the dep enden c e o f wo m an
-
.

an d the l ab o ur o f m an w ere ha ll owe d b th e S p i ri t o f l ove

y .

Sin ha d c om e in t o c reation Cons tan t en m ity had been pronoun ced

.

b etween i t an d so c iety : He shall bruis e t h y head an d thou shalt ,

bru i s e hi s hee l An tagonis m has be en ins t itu te d between th e body,
.

which has becom e corr up t an d perishab l e and the s o u l whi c h w as t o , ,

r em ain c apab l e of pe r fe ct ion and im m o rt a l i t y The des ign o f c reation , .

hu m an happiness w as c om prom ised b y this battl e of life 3 thu s v olu n

,

tar i ly engaged in b y m an .

M oreover as m an had fall en from good to evi l and as in th e

'

, , , .

s trugg l e be t ween h i s conten din g nat ur es

(i t i s s o in a ll st r ugg l es
) ba d
passions were t o be excited and therefore furth er ev il w as to ensue i t
, , , ,

becam e n ecessar y that D ivine wis do m shoul d provide m eans for

r egenera t ions Again the spir it o f l ove sp oke th r ough the m outh of
.
,

the Eternal On Adam and E v e w as bestowed one com pensation to

.
,

Cain w as Im parted an other He had taken away a l i fe u nconscious ly

.
, ,

b u t s till wi cke dly becaus e he had y ie l ded to the inuence o f e vil

, ,

thought s W hen the st ern v oice o f G o d announced to hi m the m agni

.

t u de o f hi s c rim e an d t he conse quences whic h conscien c e woul d entai l

A fugitiv e and a wan d erer wi l t tho u b e on earth h e t rem b l ed befor e
the t errib l e fut urehe had evoked and in the bitterness o f his prostra

, ,

tion he excl aim ed : My ini qu i t y is greater than I can bear
,
Then .
,

s aid M er c y : Atonem ent l ieth at the door and to thee is it s desir e 3 and ,

t hro ugh i t thou shal t ru l e A n d wh en the gui l ty o n e, thus to l d tha t
.

the r oad t o h eaven sti ll l ay open before him w as awaken ed t o th e new ,

fear t hat som e act of v i o l ence si m il ar to hi s o w n m igh t prevent hi s

t rea din g that through the gates of repen tan c e But it m ay co m e to

,

pass that an yone m eeting m e m ay s l ay m e
, Go d gav e h im an assur .

an c e of s afet y an d so c on r m e d th e at that expiation is the ant idot e

,

for v i c ef

S in c e t hat t im e , the d awn of th e wor l d , hu m an l ife h as resem bl ed

an Apr i l day Now sunshine, now sho w er ; now th e bright ligh t o f
.

s p r i ng n ow th e so m bre d ar kness o f w in ter

, 3 bu t am id a ll the gl orious ,

daystar r em ain ed r espl endent, although t em porar ily o bscur ed an d t he ,

com i n g s um m er l o om ed in the fut ur e as th e r eal isat ion o f hO p e Sin ce .

that ti m e the b attl e o f life has con tin u ed w i th ou t in ter m i ssi on N ow .

1 28 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AEL .

virtue has prevail e d n ow vi c e h as rul ed 3 now m en h ave yiel ded t o th e

,

divi ne inuence of spirit n o w the y have s u ccum bed befsi e th e debasing

,

contro l o f m att er 3 but around all , atone m ent shone the gr eat M ediator,
and still before us gl itt er ed the prospect o f hum an r oger orat ion and
hu m an happiness as essential to the m ercifu l design o f creatio
,
n

Since t hat t i m e sel f l ove, which in m orta l m inds usurps the pl ace
,

o f genuin e l ove has invented a thousand excuses fo r excesses in the

,

cause o f zeal for shortco m ings in the path o f duty 3 but ever the chara c
,

t er of m an in the aggregate has continued the sam e Power has abused

, ,
.

i t s privil eges crim e has used its opportu nities 3 phi l anthrop y has m i n i s
,

t er ed o n the o n e hand to the sat isfact ion o f conscience on the other hand ,

t o the gratication of vanity 3rel igion in its purity has t augh t the hi ghest
, ,

virtue in its im purity has in cu l cat ed th e l owest vice ; it has preached

, ,

charity and practised atrocities ; it has spoken peace and a cted war .

Progress has been m ade t o m ean the advance m ent o f th e m ass and the ,

advant age of the indivi dual ; either m erit has l ed the van , o r it h as
c eded its p l ace to nepotism ; pub l ic service has been conned to the
worth y o r it has been abandoned t o favoritism 3 it has been w ie l ded for
,

the em ergencies o f the tim es, o r it has rusted i n the fetters o f routine .

Condence in heavenly m ercy has l ed m artyrs to the grave and has con ,

s ec r at ed th em in it 3 c on den ee in m ortal resources h as conducted

c ri m inal s t o the abysses o f si n and has there deserted them ,
Good h as .

risen t o the very type o f the Godhead ; evi l has descended t o the depths
o f per dition ; but am id all no m an has been found pure ,
no m an has ,

been foun d s o c orrupt that at on em ent has n o t at the last proved his , ,

redee m er .

Since that tim e m orta l cunnin g has devised a thousand m eans for
,

deceivin g itsel f o r others an d in every way m an seem ed to have exerted

,

hi m sel f to render void the decrees o f Providence founded o n its o w n ,

inalienab l e l aw But ever t he great princip l es deducib l e from the

.

history before us h ave re m aine d per m anent I n appearin g to shape .

their in dividual courses m en have on ly contri but ed t o o n e harm onized

,

who l e Right has a l ways prevai l ed even though wrong m ay have been
.
,

supported b y prej udice and m aintained b y power .

V o l ition whil e m ost unrestrained is m ost subservient to a superior

, , ,

thou gh uns een , will 3 responsibil ity strives in vain to shake o ff its y oke
because it is obedient to j udgm ent beyond its c ontro l And .

above a ll no hum an eo r ts have been ab l e t o banish fro m earth t he

,

com pensat ion (through a future stat e) o r even for death , or that given
for l abour through atonem ent and regenera tion 3 for the im age o f God i s
eternity the spirit o f er ea ti on is l o ve
,
.
1 30 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

y o u w ho
have com e knee l ing to the steps o f this sanctuary to do ho m ag e
to the King of G l or y Yes w ith j ust pride w ith God inspired j o y .
, ,
-

,

a m idst the organ s roar w ith songs o f rej oicing and a l ternate ch oruses
, ,

w ith ti m bre l and harp w e have asse m b led here at our rst entrance ,

i nto these ha ll s o f devotion and consecration F o r 0 thou band o f .

I srael a house a house o f God has rise n in o u r m idst giving evidence

, , , ,

o f th y piety o f th y de l it y and th y
,
devotion to t hy God Yes .
,

the w ords o f Ho ly W rit H o w beautifu l are th y tents 0 Jacob t h y

, , ,

tabernac l es O I srael w hich greet in go l den sp l endour the visitor upon

, ,

h i s entrance they nd an i m m ediate l iving echo in the breast o f each

,

a n d ever y o n e w h o co m es to this m agnicent house o f G o d Lovely and .

fair ho ly and m aj estic is this te m p l e and pro u d ly and w orth i ly m ay it

, ,

t ake its p l ace a m ong the high and sub l i m e ho u ses o f G o d that have been ,

c onsecrated t o the King o f G l or h ere in the N ew o r y onder in the O l d ,

W or l d But w hat signi es a ll the external m agni cence and beaut y of

.
,

t his e d ice ? What a l l the dazz l ing sp l endour that charm s the e y e and ,

that satises the aesthetic fee l ing in co m parison w ith the inner beauty ,

a n d satisfaction w hich it offers to the ferve n t and devoted be l iever ?

F o r these w a l l s are dead ; these s tones and co l um ns are w ithout

fee l ing 3 t hese externa l for m s the proud l y e l evated d o m es are m ute and , ,

m otion l ess and even that sub l i m e instru m ent w hose l ofty m e lodies
, ,

w ar m the heart and cause devotion to soar o n high is itse l f co l d and i n ,

s ensib l e True beau ty is i m parted to this tem p l e on ly w hen a l iving

.
,

e cho is aroused in the heart o f the p ra y erfu l b y the i i i s p i r e d w ord of the

piou s Psal m ist H o w a m iab l e are Th y tabernac l es O Lord of Hosts ,

l\l y sou l l ongeth y ea even fainteth for the courts o f the Lord 3 m y heart
,

an d m
y esh crieth o u t for the l iving G o c W e fee l t h e fu ll truth o f these
w ords that m eet our e y e there above tha t Th y tents Th y te m p l e 0 , , , .

I srae l are eterna lly unchangeab ly beautifu l on ly 3 w hen the w ho le con

, ,

r e at i o n
g g in profound d evo t ion i n l iving enth u sias m in ho ly har m on y
, , , ,

b ring heart an d m ind to the l iving God True beaut y is i m parted on ly .

t o this te m p l e w hen w e l earn to consider a ll that are here assem b l ed

, ,

Whatever m a v be their faith their rank or station as brethren as chi l dren , , ,

o f o n e F ather 3 w hen w e l earn to un d erstand here and to obey beyond ,

the w all s o f the tem p l e the ad m onishi n g w ords o f the prophet : Have
,

w e n o t a ll o n e F ather ? Hath not o n e G o d created us ? Wh y do w e

d ea l treachero u s ly every m an against his bro t her by profanin g the

, ,

covenan t of o u r fathers ? Yes w e m ay rightfu lly excl ai m Beaut ifu l,

is th y t e m p l e 0 I srae l I On ly w h en the w ords o f truth and w isdom
, ,

t he w ords o f rel igion w hich are proc l ai m ed here before the asse m b l ed
 D ED I C A T O R Y S ER M O N . 1 31

c on g r egation fro m this pu l pit w hen these w ords o f sa lvation sound into
,

t h e chaos o f y our sou l s as t h e w ords inscribed here over the ho ly ark

, ,

Let there be l igh t sounded once into the chaos of the m ateria l w orl d 3
,

w he n y our m ind is en l ightened y our hear t w arm ed y our sou l aroused 3

, ,

w hen the w ord of God inci t es y ou to n ob l e deeds o f piet y 3 t o divine ly

inspired w orks o f l ove and j u stice of gen t l eness and m ercy 3 w hen
,

p recept and practice a gree and harm onize and j us t because w e are s o
,

thorou gh ly and co m p l ete ly convinced n o t on ly o f the externa l but m ore

, ,

e specia lly of the in terna l beau ty o f our t e m p l e this da v is to be a da y of ,

fea stin g and j o y .

F or this o u r song o f j ubi l ee and rej oicin g is so fu lly j ustied fo r

,

t his w e a ll j oin in t h e sub l i m e ha ll e l uj ah o f the Psa l m ist : Oh prais e

the Lord a ll y e nat ions 3 praise h i m a ll y e peop l e 3 for his m ercifu l kin d

n ess is great to w ard us and the t ruth of the Lord endure t h forever
,
.

Praise ye t h e Lord ! Yet here the q uestion is forced upon us

,

D o a ll t h e peop l e j oin u s in this gre a t ha ll e l uj ah 2 D o a ll the nation s

'

sy m pat h i z e fu lly and cordially w ith us i n our c el ebra t ion ? A r e ther e

n o t m i l lio n s upon m i ll io n s opposed to the b a nd o f I srae l w h o ca ll to us , ,

though perh aps on ly i n t h e s t i ll ness of their heart M oderate y our

e xu l tat ion 3 restrain y our j o y 3 for t h e w ay in w hich yo u seek the Lord

w i ll never bring y o u near to H i m Your path to w ard G o d is not the t r u e

.

o n e 3 y our road is not t h e straight and even road The I srae l i t e w h o has .

c l early resigned his higher m ission 3 w h o co m prehends his re l ation to h is

G o d w i ll not be confused by this l angu age
,
But as t he m inority w e .
,

o w e to t h e w or l d at l arge t o the m i ll ions w h o differ fro m us i n their

,

faith an exp l an ation of our j ubi l ee o f v i ctory at this ti m e w he n w e con

, ,

s e o rat e t his m agnicent Te m p l e of th e Eter n a l O ne

- and w e w i ll not
hesi t ate frank ly a n d free ly t o give t his exp l anation b y sub m itting thre e ,

points to a c l ose discussion and exam inat ion We m aintain .

I . O ur Te m p l e is an
n c hangeab l e m onu m ent of the de l ity and
u

d evotion o f I srae l to the Eterna l O ne .

II Our Te m p l e is a m onum ent o fthe de l ity of I srae l to itse l f

. .

III The I sra elitish Tem p l e is a m onu m ent o f the del ity o f I srae l
.

t o m ankind .

l s t O ur Te m p l e is a m onu m ent of the de l it y of I srae l to the

.

E te rna l One Yes thou m ost fa i thfu l m y peop le i n t he da rk a n d

.
, , ,

g l oo m y c enturies o f suffering and oppression 3 m ay es t tho u prove t h e

s a m e de l it y in t h e m i l d sunbea m s of h appiness an d fre edo m He w h o .

is ac quainted w ith the sad history o f o u r p eop l e duri n g the past eigh t ee n
c enturies a history penned w i t h b l o od rep l e te w i th persecut ion an d
,
1 32 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

oppression 3 He w h o kno w s h o w I srae l w as sco ffed and scorned hu m b l ed , ,

an d persecuted H o w it w a s restricted and co n ned in its civi l l ife 3

.

h o w its industria l and inte ll ectua l activit y and deve l op m ent w ere
cripp l ed 3ho w nu m berl ess funera l pi l es w ere kind l ed for its annihi l ation 3
h o w it w as a ccused o f all i m ag inar y cri m es 3 h o w this unfortunate rac e
w a s he l d responsib l e fo r every pub l ic ca l a m it y and a ll these crue l perse ,

c u t i o n s 3 these fa l se accusations fo r the sake o f its faith for the sake o f ,

i ts re l igion 3 h e w h o considers and exa m ines these things ca l m ly an d

de l iberately m ust sure ly grant to I srae l th e honorab l e testim on y o f
,

de l it y and devotion to the Eternal O ne 3 he m ust sure ly adm ire the

po w er o f sacrice disp l ay ed by the I srae l ite w h o sacriced all earth ly ,

e nj o ym ent honor riches rank and station to his re l igion 3 to his faith in
, , ,

the Eterna l One I n the tim e o f suffering w hen the sky o f its fortun e
.
,

w a s vei l ed w ith g l oo m y c l o u ds I srae l did n o t abandon its hope o f a better

,

state o f the tim e o f the M essiah Bu t w a s I srae l the on ly sufferer i n

,
.

this genera l m isery Z No Those nations of the O l d Wor l d that h ad

.
,

put I srae l in chains groan ed the m se l ves under the heav y y oke o f
,

t v r an n y and despotis m Na y even the en l i ghte ned knights o f m ind

.
, ,

w h o h a d recognized the fai l i n gs o f their ti m e and w h o ventured upon ,

the ho ly s t rugg l e for l ight for truth fo r l iberty and for hu m ani t y gen
, , , ,
.

e r a ll
y fe ll vict i m s to the fanaticis m o f their period Constantly t h e .

s w ord o f D am oc l es w a s suspended over the h ead even of gl oriou s

Luth er to w h ose m em or y a few w eeks ago gratefu l Germ an y dedicated
, , , ,

i n the o ld City o f \Vor m s a m agnicent m onu m ent a cere m on y hon

,

ored b y t he presence of kings and princes On ly gradua lly and s l o w l y .

the sunbeam s o f cu l ture and o f civi l ization dispersed the gl oom y shadow s
o f pas t centuries .

E ven the execrab l e gh o st o f d espotis m in its ghastly form

n ow , ,

pro w l s about in the O ld \Vorl d E ven n o w t hose nations w ho once .

,

oppressed and crue lly persecuted o u r innocent peop l e sti ll groan under ,

the y oke o f arbitrar y tyrannica l prin c es w h o fo r se l sh p u r poses con , , ,

d em n th eir peop l e to m iser y w ant and w ret c h e dness ; to b l oody w ar

, ,

w ith i ts t er r o r s to s tanding ar m ies and to enor m o u s burdens o f taxa ,

,

tion A n d n o w h o w bri ll iant ly shin es i n this l and o f l i berty an d o f

.

e qua l ity the sun o f true civi lization and of true hu m anity 3 h o w c on
,

s t an t l
y do his bea m s increase in po w er and in ex tent Here one need s .

b u t to be a hum an bei n g in order to enj o y hu m an righ t s and l ibert y .

Not y our faith but y our act s and dee ds 3 the visib l e fruits o f faith spea k
, ,

a n d t es t ify for y ou Therefore O I srae l this t e m p l e upon the free soil

.
, ,

o f A m e rica is a m onu m ent n o t on l y of the de l ity to the E terna l One ,

1 3a H A J E HU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

t hi s gr e at v el a t io n up o n S in ai 3 i n t he fa c e o f t h es e l ucid t ea ch i n gs o f
re

t h e p r O p h e t s 3 i n t h e fa c e o f t h e ch as t i s em e n t s a n d p u n is h m en t s o f m y
p eo p l e wh en ev e r t h ey a b an do n ed t hei r fa i th i n t h e o n e G o d c an i t be
, ,

p o ss ib l e t h at d ar k v i s i o n s p r o ph et i c s ayin gs o p en t o t he m o s t v ar i ed
, ,

i n t e r p r et at i o n s h o u l d b e a bl e t o p r ej u di c e a n d t o di m i n i s h t hi s fa i th i n
,

t h e s t r i c t es t o n en ess o f G o d ? W h y I sh o u l d c o n t i n u e t o ar gu e w it h ,

m y G od w h
y i,
f i t w er e Th
y ,
i n t en t i o n O G o d t o m o di fy t hi s o n en e s s , ,

i n t h e l eas t w hy di ds t t h o u n o t (les c e n d fr o m Th y s u bli m e t h r o n e b efo r e

, ,

t h e ey e s o f t h e w h o l e p eo p l e i n o r de r t o s i l en c e a ll d o ub t a s T h o u dids t
'

, ,

o n M o u u t S i n ai ?
t C a n Thy r ev e l at i o n u p o n M o u n t S in a i b e r e c a ll e d 0 r
di ed i n a n y p a r t i cu l a r i n a n y w ay exc ep t b y a s i m il ar r ev e l at i o n ?
,

O r s h o u l d m i r a c l es b e a ble t o s h ak e m y st r o n g b el ie f i n t h e Et er n a l O n e ,

w h en M o ses hi m s el f d es t r o y s t he b el ief i n m i r a cl es i n o p p o s i ti on to Thy ,

o n en es s 0 G o d w h e n h e a d m o n is h es u s i n t h e v o i c e o f w a r n i n g n o t t o
, , , ,

t r u s t a n y p r o p h e t o r an y s ee r e v en i f t h e y sh o u l d a pp ea r w i th m i r a c a
l o u s deeds b efo r e u s 3 i f t h ey da r e t o at ta ck t he o n en e ss o f G o d e ven i n
'

t h e s l i gh t e st d egr ee ? I a s k y o u m y fr ien ds if a fa t h e r h av i n g i n a
, , ,

m o s t s o l e m n m a n n e r gi v e n a s t r i c t c o m m an d t o h i s c hi l d w ar n h i m t h a t ,

n o o n e m ay r e c ll t h i s c o m m a n d w o u l d t h e c hi l d n o t b e gu i l t y o f t h e
;t
,

m o s t c r i m i n a l d i s o b e d ie n c e if h e s h o u l d l i s t en t o t h e w o r d s o f e v en t h e

m o s t fa i t hfu l s e r v a n t i f t h e : a t h er h i m s e l f d i d n o t r e c a ll o r ch an ge hi s
,

w i ll 1 A n d s h o u l d G o d be l es s s t r i c t t h an m an ? N o G o d i s n o t a m an
'

t h a t H e s h o u l d li e 3 n e it h e r t h e so n o f m a n t h at H e s h o u l d r ep en t He .

i s n o e r r i n g b ei n g t o r e t o u c n a m n d o r i m p r o v e H is w o r k s o r w o r ds
e
.
,

H e c o u l d n o t b e a p e r fe c t o m n i c i en t G o d s h o u l d H e r ev o k e o r e v en
, , ,

m o dify t h e w o r d o n c e s o le m n ly p r o c l ai m e d
, A n d w i t h p r o u d I s r ael i t i sh .

s el f c o n s c i o u s n es s I s h o u ld c a ll t h e d e fen s i v e l a n u age t o G o d an a m ia b l e
g
-

d e a n c e T her efo r e m y fr ie n ds o n t h i s d ay o f J ub i l ee j o i n i n o u r
.
, , ,

h y m n s o f v i ct o r y a n d i n o u r s o n gs o f r ej o i c i n g fo r t hi s T e m p l e i s a
, ,

m o n u m en t o f th y d e l i ty O I s r ae l t o t h e E te r n a l O n e t h e C r eat o r
, , ,

a n d F ath er o f a ll m a n k i n d .

2n d .
Our Te m p l e is a u m en t
I s r a el t o i ts e l f
m on of th e de l i ty of .

Bu t a l t h o ugh at tem p ts w e r e o ft en m ade i n t h e gl o o m y p a s t t o t r ead , ,

I s r ael u n der fo o t 3 a l th o u gh e ven t o day m an y ar e u n wi ll i n g t o a ck n o w

l edge i ts h i st o r i ca l s ign i can c e I s r a el n ev er d es p ai r ed o f i t s e l f a l wa ys
, ,

r em e m b er ed i t s d ign i ty i ts e x a l t ed m i s s i on n e v e r fo r o t th e w o r d o f
g
I sr a el i s m y r st
, ,

God b o r n s o n 3 y e s ha ll b e a p e culi a r t r eas u r e u n t o

M e ab o v e all p eo p l e an d ye s h al l b e u n t o M e a k i n gdo m o f p r i e st s a n d
, ,

a h o ly n at i o n I A n d m ay yo u m y p eo p l e c o n t in u e t o v i n di c at e t h i s
, ,

p r efer en c e to b e p r o u d o f t h is p r i v i l ege o f b ei ng a n at io n o f p r i es ts a n d
, ,
 D ED I C A T O R Y S ER M O N . 1 35

l et it b e a t t es t ed by th is m agn bu i lt an d
ic i en t T e m p l e w hi ch w e h av e
c o n se c r a ted Bu t h o w i s th is ? M an y a o n e m ight r ep r o a chfully ask :
.

W o u l d yo u i n o u r en l igh ten ed age i n t h i s l an d o f l i ber ty an d e q u a l it y

, , ,

w o u l d yo u att em p t t o estab l i s h an ti q uat ed p r er o gat i o n s ? W o u l d yo u

s t i r up p r i de s el f c o n c e i t an d
,
-
p r e su m pt io n ? H av e n o t p r iv i l eges o f
O N E p eo p l e o r O N E c l a s s i n O pp o s it io n t o O T H ER S b r o u gh t en o u gh
, , ,

m i s er y i n t o t h e w o r ld l S h all n o w e v en r el igio n s er v e a s a c l o ak t o

,
.

p r e sum p tu o u s p r iv i l eges l L et u s s ee m y fr i en ds wh eth er t hi s o bj e cti o n

'

, , ,

t h i s ch ar ge i s j u st ,
L et u s d r aw a c o m p ar i so n b et w een th e p r e
.

r o gat i v e s a n d p r i v i l ege s o f I sr a el a n d t h e p r er o ga t iv es an d p r i v i l eges o f

,

t h e n ob i l i ty o f t h e O ld W o r l d w h o a l s o a ss e r t t h a t t h ei r a n c i e n t p r i vi
,

l eges ar e sa cr ed an d u n im p ea c hab l e L et u s exam in e an d c o m p ar e t h e .

r e s p e ct i v e d o cu m en t s i n o r der t o s e e h o w
,
far t h e r es p e c t i v e c lai m s ar e
r i gh t an d j u s t ied Th e p r i v i l eges o f t h e n o b i l i t y o f t h e O ld W o r l d
.
,

d est r o y t h e r i gh t s o f t h e c i t i z en an d o f t h e p eas an t 3 t h ey d es p i s e t he s o
c a ll e d l o w er c l a s s e s o f t h e i r n at i v e d ign i t y an d o f t h ei r i n d ep en da n c e , .

I n sh o r t t h ese p r i v i l eges o f a few c o n s t i t u t e t h e o pp r es s i o n an d s ubj u ga

,

t i o n o f m i ll i o n s Th e c o de o f t h e o ld Eur o p ean n o b i l it y d e c l ar es : O n e
.

fo r t h e n o b l em an a n d an o th e r fo r t h e c i t i z en a n d fo r t h e
l
aw ,

p easan t w hi l e o n th e o t h er s i de t h e o ld do cu m en t w hi c h ex alt s u s i n to

, , ,

a p r i v i l ege d p eo p l e s ay s
. A s ye ar e, so sh a ll t h e s tr an ger b e b efo r e t h e
,

L o r d : o n e la w an d o n e m an n er s h all b e fo r yo u an d fo r t h e s t r an ger ,

t h at s oj o u r n et h w i th yo u Th e r igh t o f n o b i l i ty O I s r ael do es n o t
.
, ,

a ll o w th e e a s w i t h t h e w o r l d s n o b i l i t y t o t ak e t i t h es fr o m t h e p eas an t
, , ,

b u t o n t h e c o n t r ar y t hy o ld c h ar t er o f n o b i l ity a d m o n i sh es th ee T h o u
, ,

s h a l t t r u ly t i th e a ll t h e i n c r ea s e o f th y s eed t h a t t h e e l d b r in ge th fo r th ,

year b y y ear 3 t h o u s hal t n o t wh o lly r eap t h e c o r n er s o f t hy el d n eith er ,

s h a l t t ho u
gat h er t h e gl ean i n g o f t h y h ar vest 3 t h o u sh al t l eav e th em t o
t h e p oo r an d t h e s t r an ge r Th y c h ar t er e xc lai m s t o t hee : Th o u s h a lt
.

l o v e t hy n eigh b o u r a s t hys el f 3 t h o u s h a l t n o t cur s e t he d eaf n o r p u t a ,

s t u m b li n g b l o ck b e fo r e t h e b l i n d 3 t ho u s h al t n o t w r es t t h e u d m en t o f
j g
-

t hy p o o r i n h i s c a u s e a n d t h o u s h alt t ak e n o b r i b e a n d t h e s tr a n ge r
,

t h o u s h alt n o t O pp r es s 3 an d a h un dr ed s i m i l ar la w s o f gen t len ess an d

l o v e W h er e ar e h er e th e i n j ur ed c l as s es t o c o m p l ai n o f i n j u sti c e an d
.

o pp r ess i o n ? J u s t thi s t h en 0 I sr ael i s t h y p r i vi l ege t h y p r i es t ly

, , , ,

m i ss i o n e v er yw h er e t o p r o m o te th e w e l far e o f th
y fell o w m en t o s ow
-

, ,

h app i n es s an d p ea c e Th er efo r e r em ai n fai thfu l O I s r a el t o t h yself

.
, , ,

an d t o thy m i s s i o n 3 b e pr o u d o f th y t it le o f n o b i l i ty wh i ch n o o n e w i l l ,

d i s pu t e s o l o n g as t h o u r em ai n est fai thfu l t o i t Thy an c i en t p r i v i l eges .

n ev er c an an d n e v er w i ll b e c an c ell e d b y t h e cu l t ur e o f o u r p er io d .
 1 36 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K v E H I S R A EL .

F o r i n t his c o n si st s t h e s up er i o r it y o f o u r r eligi o n t h at i t i s c ap ab l e o f ,

d ev el o p m en t an d p r o gr es s t h at i t b ear s ev er fr esh b l o s s o m s an d fr esh fr u i t

, .

T he n u c l eu s o f o u r r e ligi o n i s n o t m ade up o f dead fo r m al it ies an d

e m p t y c er em o n i es 3 t h e s e b el o n g t o p er i sh ab l e t i m e a n d s h ar e i ts fat e , .

T h er efo r e r em ai n fai thfu l O I sr ae l t o t h e t ea ch i n gs o f M o s es an d t o

, , , ,

t h e t ea c hi n gs o f t h e p r o p h et s w h o t h o u gh yi e l di n g t o t h e r eq u i r em en t s
, ,

M

o f t h ei r o w n a e s t i ll t a ught i n o s es s p i r it I f ou as k m e n o w
g , y .
,

w h a t t h e Ju da i s m o f o u r t i m e r eq u i r es o f u s I an s w er yo u i n t h e v o i c e , ,

o f t h e T a l m u d : J u s t t h e s am e t h a t o u r r el i i o n h a s r e q u i r ed o f u s
g
t h o u s an ds o f y ea r s ago a s t h e m o s t ess en t i a l t h i n g
,
F o r t hi s w e r ead .

M a kk o t s 6 1 3 c o m m an dm en t s an d

a t th e c l o se o f t h e T al m u d t r eat i se .
,

p r oh ib i ti o n s w er e giv en b y G o d t o M o s es t o b e o b eyed b y I s r ael

, , .

D av i d r ed u c ed t h ese 6 1 3 c o m m an dm en t s fo r h i s t i m e t o el ev en a n d t h e ,

p r o p h e t M i c ah t o o n ly t h r ee T hes e e l e ven c o m m an d m en t s o f D av id
,
.
,

w e n d r e c o r d e d i n t h e ft e en t h P s a l m D av i d b egin s w i t h t he w o r ds
.

L o r d w h o s h all ab i de i n Th y t ab er n a c l e 3 w h o s ha ll dw ell i n Thy h o ly

m o un t I s t h i s n o t t h e s a m e q u est i o n w hi ch t o t h i s day i s a s k e d by , , ,

m i ll i o n s ? a b o u t w hi c h t h e r e ar e di s cu s s i o n s an d c o n t r o v er s i es an d ,

w hi c h s o o ft en w i th r i di cu l o u s s e l f c o n c ei t i s a n s w er ed i n c o r r ect ly ?
-

W h o i s en t i t l ed t o s t an d i n t h e h o ly m o u n t o f t h e L o r d i n t h e i m m e
di at e p r esen c e o f G o d ? W ell m y fr i en ds t o w h o m t r u t h i s d ear c o n
, , ,

s id er t h e an s w er w e ll 3 c o n s i d e r w e ll t hi s O N E p o i n t w hi c h c an n o t b e ,

d i s r egar ded . Th e q u es t i o n h as r efer en c e t o G o d an d t h e an s w e r t o ,

y o u r fe ll o w m -
e n . Y o u s t r ive t o r ai s e t o G o d D i r e ct yo u r l o o k s .

b elo w t o yo ur fell o w m en an d i n t h i s a c t yo u a s c en d t o G o d VV h o ~
-

,
.

s h a ll d w ell i n t h e h o ly p r es en c e o f G o d ? H ear th e a n s wer o f t h e

P sa l m is t H e t h at wa l k eth up r i gh t ly a n d w o r k et h r igh t eo u sn es s an d
, ,

s p eak e th t h e t r u t h i n h i s h ear t 3 h e t h at s l an d er eth n o t hi s n ei h b o r n o r

g ,

d oet h an ev i l t o h is n eigh b o r n o r t ak et h up a r epr o a ch aga in s t h i s fell o w

,

m an i n w h o s e ey es a vi le p er so n i s de s p i sed 3 b u t h e h o n o r et h t h e m
,

w h o fear t h e L o r d . H e t h at s w ear et h t o h i s o w n i n j u r y an d chan geth

n o t 3 h e t h at pu tt e th n o t o u t h is m o n ey up o n u s u r y n o r t ak et h a b r i b e ,

a a i n s t t h e i n n o c en t 3 h e t h at d o et h t h es e t hi n s s h a ll n ev er fa ll T h es e
g g .

luc i d t r u th s s at i s fyi n g h ear t an d m i n d ar e u n fo r t un at ely t o day i n a c c es

, ,
-

s i bl e t o th e r eat m as s o f m en w h o t h i n k t o n d th e m aj es t y o f G o d
g ,

o n ly i n t h e m i s t y a n d m y s t i c w h e r eas hi s l o ry ll s t h e w h o l e ea r th
, g .

F o r as k t h o u san ds o f m en : W h at do t h t h e L o r d r e qu i r e o f y o u an d
, ,

h o w c an yo u as cen d h i s h o ly m o u n t ai n ? a n d t h e y w i ll an s wer yo u :
C er tai n m ysti c c e r em o n i es an d r it es ar e t h e m ean s o f sal v ati o n w hi c lr
s u r ely l e a d t o G o d

.Bu t w hat ar e all yo u r o ffer in gs 3 a ll y ou r c er e
 1 38 H A J E HU D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

i n h u m i l it y an d m o des t y wi t h ou r G od ?
l i ve an d a c t i n G o d ? D o w e

D o w e th an k an d p r ai s e H im a l way s n o t i n t hi s T e m p l e o n ly b u t a l s o , ,

a t o u r h o u ses fo r a ll t h e h a pp i n e s s an d a ll t h e p l ea s u r es t h at w e en j o y ?
,

W h en w e a r i s e fr o m t h e s i ck b ed do w e a ck n o w l edge t h at i t i s H e w h o
,

s en d s r e c o v e r y an d l i fe 3 t h at i t i s H e w h o fee d s a n d c l o t hes u s ? A nd
h o w m uch m o r e ex a l t ed t h an y o u r em p t y fo r m a l i t i e s an d r i t es i s t hi s
r e q u i r e m en t t hi s h o l y c o m m an dm en t t o p r a ct i c e j u s ti c e t o e x e r ci s e
, , ,

l o v e an d m er cy an d t o w al k h u m b ly b efo r e G o d i n whi ch a cc o r di n g t o
, , ,

t h e T a l m u d t h e w h o l e M o s ai c law i s c o n c en t r a t e d
,
F o r y o u r c er e .

m o n i e s c a n o n ly b e p er fo r m e d at c e r tai n t i m e s bu t t h es e s ub l i m e c o m ,

m an dm en ts c an an d s h o u l d b e o b s er v ed e v er y m o m e n t o f yo u r l i fe as ,

t h e P s al m i s t u r ges t h e w o r d s i n s c r i b e d h er e : I h a v e s et t h e L o r d
,

a l w ay s b e fo r e m e t h er efo r e r em ai n fai th fu l O I sr ael ev er fai thfu l t o

, , ,

t h i s s ub l i m e do ct r i n e an d let t hi s h o ly T em p l e s er v e a s a t es t im o n i al an d
,

a s a m o n u m en t t o t h y u n c h an gea b l e d el i t y t o t h y s e l f an d t o t h y ev er ,

b l e s s ed t r u th .

3r d O u r T em p l e i s h o w ev er i n t h e t hi r d p l a c e a l s o a m o n u m en t
.
, , ,

of th e d el it y o f I sr a e l t o a ll m an k i n d A s a t t h e t im e w h en .

t h e t em p l e a t J e r u s a l em s t i ll ex i s t ed p r i e s t s an d L ev i t es l i v e d s c at t er ed
,

i n P a l es t in e i n o r der to p r ep a r e I s r ae l fo r i t s h igh m i s s i on t o
,

b eco m e a n ati o n o f p r i es ts s o G o d the A ll wi s e an d A ll go o d a ft er

, ,
-

I s r ael h a d b een s tr en gth en ed i n t h e i dea o f t h e o n en ess o f G o d ,

h as s c at ter ed H i s n at i o n o f p r i es t s o v er t h e w h o l e w o r l d i n o r der ,

r a d u ally t o e d uc a t e t h e w h o l e w o r l d i n t o o n e p eo p l e o f G o d in to
g ,

p r i es t s s o a s t o r eal i z e t h e l a st w o r ds o f A ar o n s p r i est ly b les s i n g :

,
:
v h p c p O r ar e t h e e xp ec t ati o n s a n d h o p es o f
M ay H e gi e t ee e a e

m an k i n d p e r h a p s a l r ea dy fu l ll e d ? H av e w e a l r ea dy r ea ch e d th e
o l d en a ge o f ge n er a l h u m a n i t y a n d b r o th e r l y l o v e ? A n d es p ec i ally
g
i n o u r age o f c u l t u r e a n d en l i gh t en m en t w h en n a t u r a l s ci en c e h as o p en ed ,

t o t h e a s pi r i n g h u m an m i n d n e v er an t i cip at ed an d n e w ,
u n t r o dden ,

p ath s an d i m p a r t s t o i t so b o l d an d s ub l i m e a ight ; do es n o t c o l d
,

s k ep t i c i s m u n der m i n e de co m p o s e an d di s s o l v e all t h at h as b een t r an s

,

m i t t ed t o u s b y p as t c en t u r i es a s s a c r e d a n d u n i m p ea ch a b l e ?
, D o n ot
t h e m at e r i a l i s ts d ee m t h e m s elv es c ap ab le o f s t o r m i n g H eav en an d o f ,

d et h r o n i n g G o d ? W h at an a lar m i n g s tat e o f t hi n gs ; t h e m o r e t h e

n at ur a l c
s i en c es g i
a n in de p t h an d s c o p e , t h e m o r e t h e h u m an m i n d ,

fo r m ed i n t h e i m age o f G o d , u n v ei l s t h e m y s te r i e s o f n at u r e , so m u ch
t h e m o r e th e i n del i t y a n d sk ep t i c i s m W h er e s h a ll w e, i n t hi s gen er al .

c or r upt io n w h o s e,
t h r eat en i n g waves s p r ead w ide r an d w ider , an d sh ak e

faith m o r e an d m o r e, w h er e s h all w e n d a safe an ch o r age ? Th o ugh

 D ED I C A T O R Y S ER M O N . 1 39

m en o f m in d , m a t e r i a l i s t s , m ayb e c o m e t he p r ey o f do ubt 3
fo r a ti m e

t h o u gh w i t h p r o gr es s i n g cu l t u r e t he n u m b er o f s k ep t i c s m a y i n c r ease
,

i n n it ely a n d t h e s m all b an d o f b e l ie v er s m a y d w i n d l e a wa y m o r e a n d
,

m o r e t hi s d o es n o t di m i n i s h th e et e r n a l t r u t h o f t h e ass er ti o n : M an
, ,

p o w e r l es s fr ai l h ea v en b o r n m a n s u s t a n e d b y a h igh e r p o w er i s a
'

-
.
, , , ,

r e l igi o u s b e i n g t ha t c a n n o t d o w i t ho u t r el i gi o n 3 hi s s o u l
,
t h o u gh i t ,

m a y go a s t r a y fo r a t i m e w i ll a l w a y s l o n g fo r t h e h i gh er t h e i n v i s i b l e 3
, ,

i n o n e w o r d r e l igio n t h at i s t h e r e l at i o n o f m an t o G o d w i ll n e v er
, ,

n ev er d i e i n m an Bu t h o w an d w h e r e w i l l t h ese m en o f s c ien c e 3 t h es e
.

m en o f m in d cu l tu r e w h er e w ill t h es e m en o f d o u bt w h o h a ve ,

a l r ea d y r e n o u n c e d all fa i th w h e r e w i ll t h ey n d c o n so l a ti o n
,
t r an q u i l i t y , ,

a n d s a ti s fa c t i o n ? L et u s p r o n o u n c e c o u r ageo u sly an d w i t h o ut fear t h e , ,

b o l d b u t et er n a l t r u th : I t i s t h e r el i gi o n o f I sr ael al o n e t h a t ext en ds
h er l o v in g
c a
m o t h e r ly ar m s a n d t h at gr an t s t o m a n k i n d a ll fo r w h i ch t h e
,

m i n d s t r i v es an d fo r w h i c h t h e h ea r t l o n gs
,
Th e r el igi o n o f I s r ael .
,

m o s t an c i en t ye t e v e r y o u n g i s d e s ti n e d t o b e c o m e t h e r e igi o n o f t h e
, , l

wo r ld a n d t h er efo r e w e s a id Thi s m a gic en t a n d pr o u d Te m p l e wh i ch

, ,

i s s c ar c e ly eq u all e d b y an o t h e r i n o u r c i t y i n s p l en do r an d b ea u t y i s a ,

m o n u m e n t o f t h e d el i t y o f I s r ae l t o a ll m a n k i n d I f y o u a sk m e b y .

wh at a ut h o r i ty I a m j u s t i e d i n t h e b o ld asser ti o n t h at a r el igi o n w h i ch
h as s o o ft en b ee n l o o k e d up o n as s ub du e d t h e r el igio n o f I s r ae l i s ,
:

pr o m i s ed a fu t u r e s o r i ch i n b les s i n gs I an s w er : V ill i n d eed th e , , ,

m at e r i al i s t s t h e m en w h o h a v e a l r ea dy r e n o u n c e d a ll fa i t h ; w i ll t h e
,

t h o u s an d s w h o w a v e r an d ar e v i c t i m s o f s k ep t i c i s m 3 w i ll t h e en l igh t .

e n e d w o r l d w h o c o n s id er o u r age p e r h a p s m o r e fu lly p en e tr a t e d b y t h e
,

div i n e s p i r it t h an w as t h e c as e w it h r e m o t e an ti q ui t y ; w i ll all t h es e
,

feel i n deed i n c l i n e d t o s u p p o r t t h e ir fa it h w i th t h e fr a i l c r u t c h o f o ld
, , , ,

m i r a cu l o u s l egen d s ? N o t h e s i m p l e r a r e l igi o n t h e l ess i t fet ter s t h e

, ,

m i n d 3 t h e l ess i t r es t r a i n s t h e fr e e do m o f th o u gh t 3 t h e l es s i t di s agr ees

w it h r easo n t h e l es s i t d en i es s at is fa c ti o n t o t h e m i n d a n d c o m fo r t t o
t h e h ea r t 3 th e m o r e p r o s p ec t h a s s uc h a r el i gi o n o f b e c o m i n g a u n iv er

s al r e l igi o n ; t h e m o r e r ea d i ly an d t h e m o r e w i ll i n gly w i ll m an k i n d

a cc e p t i t s gen t l e y o k e A n d s uch a r el i gi o n s i m p l e a n d s ub l i m e w e
.
, ,

h av e i n t h e r el i gi o n o f I s r ae l an d t h e r fo r e t h e p alm o f v i c t o r y m u s t an d
, ,

wi ll u l ti m a tely fa ll t o his lo t N o t m ir a c l es w h o s e p o w er an d i n u en c e
,
.
,

w a s d e s t r o y e d al r ea dy b M o s es a d i n hi s s p i r i t b y M a i m o n i d es i n t h e
y n ,

1 2t h a n d b v M o s es M en de l s s o h n i n t h e l as t c en t u r y fo r m t h e s u p p o r t
, , ,

o f an c h o r a e o f o u r r e l i i o n I t s e t e r n al u n i m p e a c h a b l e t r u t h n ds i t s
g g .
,

v er icati o n an d it s p o wer o f c o n v i cti o n in t h e h ar m o n i o u s c o n fo r m i ty

wi th th e t r uth w r itten b y t h e n ger o f G o d i n n at ur e an d i n th e h i s to r y
, ,
1 40 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

of m ankin d Great w a s the o n e m irac l e w hen the Lord reveal ed H i m

.
,

s e l f to I srae l on M ou n t Sinai am idst re s m oke and l ightning and b y , , ,

t his reve l at ion di ffused l ight and ll ed t h e hearts w i t h sa l vat ion and
, ,

happiness Greater I call the ever l astin g and ever active m iracl e w h en
.
-

n o w the Lord speaks to a l m ankind and revea l s Hi m se l f to the w ho l e

l
,

w or l d in the l igh t ning o f the te l egraph and the s m oke of the s t eam ,

veh ic l es a c c o m p l ishing there by not l ess but perhaps m ore genera l br o

, , ,

t h er h o o d and u nion a m ong t h e chi l dre n of t h e w ho l e earth Thi sw o n . .

d er fu l reve l ation of G o d ho w ever w hich has been m a d e in our ti m e

, , ,

a m ids t re s m oke and l ightening w hich gradua lly w i ll unite th e

, , ,

n ations of th e w ho l e eart h in one fam i ly and by w hich t heir spiritual , ,

a s w e ll as their industria l interests w i ll be m ore and m ore in t er w ove n , ,

is a guarantee t o us of t h e ti m e w h ich I saiah and M i cah have a l read y ,

p roph etica lly seen and proc l aim ed w hen the n a tions sha ll beat thei r ,

s w ords into p l o w sh ares and t heir s pears into pruni n g hooks ; nation
- -

s hall n o t l ift u p s w ord a gainst nation nei ther sha ll t hey l earn w ar an y ,

m ore . A n d the w ords of the prophet I saiah w i ll be fu l ll e d : A n d

m an y pe o p l e sha ll go and sa y c o m e y e and l et us go up to the m oun t ain ,

o f the L ord to the h o u se of the G o d of Jacob and he w i ll t each us in

, ,

his w ay s and w e w i ll w al k in his paths
,
Then w i ll t h e pr ophetic w ord .

be rea l ized w ith w hi c h t h e I srae l i t e fro m t i m e i m m e m oria l i n his s yna

, ,

o u es h o p e fu lly conc l u ded h i s m orning and hi s eveni n g pr ay er : A n d

g g ,

t h e Lord sh a ll be king over all the ear th 3 in tha t da y sha ll there be o n e

Lord and His n am e O n e I I f n o w I assert that the w ho l e w or l d w i ll
o n e day be converted t o the re l igion of I srae l I do not w ish to i m p ly ,

that the y w i ll fo ll o w our present cere m on ies w i t h us and ce l ebrat e our ,

fe as t w i t h us N o if the edi ce is co m p l eted the s c a o i di n g m us t fa ll !

, ,
.

I on ly w ish to i m p ly as I srael fro m t im e i m m e m ori a l to th e presen t ,

da y in good an d in evi l tim es has encouraged i t sel f w ith the w ords :

, ,

Hear O I srael the Lord our G o d is one L o rd l So w ill a ll the
, , , ,

c hi l d ren of m en sooner or l ater ca ll unto us

,
Hear y e O I srae l t h e , , ,

L ord is a l so o u r G o d He is o n e Lord I A n d therefore I m ay exc l ai m
,

fro m the dep t hs of m y hear t w i th So l o m on w h o consecrat ed the rst ,

T e m pl e Bu t a l so the stranger w h o is not o f th y peop l e I srae l w hen , ,

h e sh all co m e and pray at this house m ay est Thou l isten in Heaven t h e , ,

p l ace o f Th y d w e ll ing and do according to a ll th at the s tranger w i ll ca ll

,

o n Thee for in order that a l l t h e nat i ons of t h e eart h m a y kno w Th y

,

n a m e and fear Thee as do Th y peop l e I srae l and th a t the y m ay under

, , ,

s tand that this house w hich I have bui l t is ca l l ed b y Th y na m e
,
Yes ,
.
,

t hese doors are open to a ll of w hatever be l ief 3 to y ou w h o are heavi ly ,

1 42 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M IK VEH I S R A EL .

an d in sorro w 1 n th e sunshine o f w ea lth and in the dark da y o f poverty

, , ,

a t t h e house o f G o d be to u s a house o f refuge and o f com fort Ye

, .

fathers and m others w hen a y oung b l osso m o f l ife g l a ddens y our parenta l
,

h eart w h en the A ll M ercifu l b l esses y ou w ith the heavenly b ee n o f a

,
-

so n ,
o f a daughter t hen co m e rej oicing hit her to thank the kind Giver
, ,

a n d to in trust in fu ll faith the fa t e of the t ender o ffs ring to His care

p .

Ye b l oo m ing bo ys and girl s here before the ho ly ark yo u w i l l , , ,

a ppear o n the da y o f y our con fir m ation in order to v o w in the presence , ,

o f y our parents and o f the a ll seei n g God de l it y to t h e re l igion of y ou r

-

fathers Here in this Te m pl e y e w i ll appear y e I srae l itish sons and

.
, , ,

d aughters w hen the v o w of etern a l l ove and de l it y is to in v i t e yo u

,

w hen
yo u ent er t h e ho ly bonds of m at ri m on y so th a t y our houses l ik e , ,

his Te m p l e m ay beco m e te m p l es o f harm on y and peace ! A n d w he n

,

t h e sick l e o f death s w eeps a w a y t h e dear father t h e be l oved m other , ,

fro m hence into the rea l m s of eterna l peace and b l essedness then y e son s , ,

a n d daughters y e w i l l ente r this sanctuary and pronoun ce the great

,

Kadish,
the ho l y pray erpraising God in your sorro w as ye thank

H i m in for tune and in o y Yes one genera tio n passet h a w ay and

. .
,

a nother generation co m e th A s to d ay w e have m ade a pi l gri m age to

.

t his sanctuary s o w e a ll sha ll the one sooner the o t her l ate r m ake a
, , , ,

p i l gri m age to the sanc tuary above for o u r true and perm anent ho m e is ,

n o t here be l o w but t h ere above O ur sou l the heaven bor n rises to

, ,
.
,
-
,

God the source o f life w he n ce i t spran g but our bodies w i ll return to

, , ,

d u st and ashes Nay these ha ll s of s t one and w ood t hey w i ll b y far o u t

.
, ,

last o u r perishab l e fra m e A n d t hen i n l a t er day s y e t t hou O 1 Te m p l e

.
, , ,

o f I srae l w i l t stand here an e l o quen t m o n u m en t of our d eli t v t o t h e

, ,

E terna l One to o u r s elx es and to all m ankind

,
A m en
,
. .
 CH A PTER X III .

A S ER M ON ON S A CR IFI C E S .

R eference to cerem onies w hose existence has b een ob l iterated does

, ,

n ot afford m uch interest to the genera l reader T he in q uisitive and .

c urious ,
m ay turn w ith so m e degree o f excite m ent to t h e m y sterious ,

r ecita l s connected w i t h the na m es E l eusis I sis o r W alhall a 3 but this , ,

e xcite m ent depends entire ly on the m y ster y connected w ith a ll heathen

c e l ebra t ions and on t h e i m portance to be attached to their interpret

,

a t io n s
. The sim p l e unpretending rites o f t h e Levitica l sacrices 3 t heir
, ,

w ant o f a ll th a t can aw aken specu l ation ,o r l eave roo m for con t rovers y 3
the utter cessation not on ly o f such re l igious expositions but o f e v ery
, ,

thin g an a l agous t o the m 3 all co n tribut e to deaden the fee l ings and to ,

forbid specu l ation and therefore to deprive the portion of the law before
,

u s o f m uch t hat can m ake refl ec t ion pro t ab l e

,
But som eth ing sti l l r e .

m ains w hich m ay not be w ho lly uninteres ting an d w hich m ay reso l ve

, ,

itsel f into the fo ll ow ing q ues t ions zVV h y w ere sacrices ordained as

exponents of m an s duties to Heaven ? D i d they t ake the p l ace of t hat
d evotion w hich n o w exhibits i t se l f in p r a v er ? I V h a t w as their m ora l
I

ef fect 2
W h y w ere sacrices ordained as exponents o f m an s du t y to Heaven C

l

I t m u s t not be forgotten th a t t h e D iv i ne l egis l ator adop t ed int o Judais m

,

m an y of the cere m o nies a l read y existing a m on g ido l atro u s na t i o ns Of .

a ll su c h cere m onies sacrices he l d b y far the m ost universa l s w a y

,
n ot ,

o n l y a m o n g heathens but even a m ong those o l der individua l s w h o

,

bo w ed to the true God A l read y in t h e ear l ies t y ears of creation w hen

.
,

A be l and Cain sought to pour out into visib le for m the expres ion o f s

th eir gratitude to Heaven sacrice w a s the m e th od t h e y adopted

,
.

W hen ear th freed fro m t h e o er w he l m ing del uge again bared her
,
v
,

m aterna l boso m to nourish her restored o s r in

g sacrice w a s t h e t ype

p ,

b y w hich Noah disp l ay ed his thankfu l ness for esc a pe fro m t h e u n i v ersa l
d estruction . A braha m I saac and Jacob a ll o ffered sa c rices as proofs
, , ,

o f their devotion to the service o f G o d N o r can w e w onder a t t his .

de v e l op m ent of hum an feel in gs G rati tude is a senti m ent tha t seeks to

.

e xpress itse l f in deeds so m e w hat para ll e l t o the benets w h i c h evoked

,

it. I n those ti m es m e n w ere essentially agricu l tura l 3 their ric hes con
,

s i sted in th e produce o f the ear th an d in do m estic catt l e But the

, .

p roduce o f the earth w a s ei ther speedi ly perishab l e or w a s consu m ed as ,

1 44 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

n ow ,
the ordinary m aintenance of l ife \V hat w e ca ll capita l
fo r .
,

therefore the a ccum u l ation o f past labor consisted then o f catt l e

, , .

Cattl e for m ed the m edium of exchange afforded a read y m eans for t h e ,

i nvest m ent o f s u perabundant vegetab l e production and t h us becam e t h e ,

genera l standard b y w hich w eal th w as esti m ated The possession o f .

cattl e a l so rendered necessar t h e ac q uisition o f grazing l a nd and th e

r
,

c o operation o f n u m erous shep h erds and herds m en

-
and thus contributed , ,

n ot on ly through nu m bers to person a l security but to that sy stem o f

, ,

co l onization w hich w as s o needed to prevent the no m ade habits o f l iving ,

o f id l eness and o f pill age fr o m ho l ding entire do m inion

, , .

To cat t l e m en l ooked therefore as to their highest gifts through

, , , ,

w hich the y beca m e respectab l e and respected To catt l e they o w e d .

m an y advan t ages fe e d m ean s o f drau ght c l othing an d nu m erou s

, , ,

do m estic conven i ences w ere contribu t ed b y t h e q uiet ox t h e gentl e sheep ,

o r goat C an w e be surprised then that in seeki n g to disp l a y grati

.
, , ,

tude to the source of their w ea l th m en shou l d h ave chosen for t h e ,

expression of that gratitude that w hich the y val ued m ost 3 o r that G o d
, ,

in opening as i t w ere re l ations bet w een h im se l f an d m ortal s shou l d

, , ,

h a ve deig n ed to decl are hi m self w i ll ing to a ccept the t ribute w hich t h e

ho l ies t feel i n gs o f hu m ani ty had a l read y san ctied ? A ssured ly not 3
m ore if w e w ere n o w ca ll ed 0 11
,
t deter m ine w h at w ou l d have been t h e

m ost appropriate for m of devotion w e shou l d certain ly pro nounce i n ,

favour of w ha t see m s to have poss essed so m an y c l aim s for t hat pecu l iar
end A l w ays at hand a l w ay s va l uab l e a l w ay s associated w ith com fort
.
, ,

and happiness cattl e w ere a t a ll tim es read y for sacri fice D id so m e

,
.

l ong c ontinued prosperity deter m ine a m an to pour out his grat i t ude
-

the m arks of t ha t prosperit y w ere the best m eans for his so doing D id .

so m e e s cape fro m sudden a ccident or m o m entar y te m ptation evok e ,

thankfu l ness the store o f ho m e at once affo r de i scope for ce l eb ati n g

,

the escape or t h e resistance o f te m ptation I f fam ine t hreatened w ha t .

,

tter to propitiate than the food o n w hi c h in c a se of fam ine existenc e , , ,

depended ? I f w e c o ncede then t ha t m a n is ca ll ed on b y gratitude to

, ,

Providence b y his sense of D ivine protection and hi s w ant of D ivine

, ,

aid t o deve l op i n so m e w ay his t hankfu l ness his dependance o r h i s

, , ,

peniten ce w e m us t at t h e sa m e ti m e a ll o w :t hat n o type cou l d h ave

, , ,

been m o r e appropriate t han the one sel ected .

I t returned i n so m e w a y a portio n o f His di v ine b l essing and b y ,

enab l ing m an t o par t w ith th at w hich w a s va l uab l e to hi m sel f and ren ,

dered hi m val ued in th e e y es of o the r s ; i t prevented s e l shness and

avar ic e and gave p l a y to tho s e w a r m er fe el in gs of gener osity and
,
1 46 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AEL .

b r i ng ox or a l am b with the certainty of it s be in g accept e d A n d,

an , .

t hat this cou l d not hav e been the end of sacrice i s t o o apparent t o ,

r e q uire proo f I t see m s c l ear therefore, that the devot ion o f o u r

a ncestors was to be o f a t w o fo l d nature
.
,

real and idea l the real being

-

t h e visib l e sacri c e and c ere m on y the idea l being the acco m pan y ing ,

s en t i m ent w hich ani m ated the act with a ll that rendered i t ho ly an d , ,

w hich expressed i t se l f the form o f spon taneous pray er There m ust .

h a v e been and doubt l ess there were , certain form u l a which a eco m
, , ,

p an i ed periodica l sacrice such as the two dai ly o fferings the Sabbath

, ,

a n d festiva l o fferings & c these form u l ae were probab ly recit ed b y the

,
.
,

m in istering priests and perhaps repeated b y the surrounding wor

, , ,

s hi ppers 5 but for perso n a l sacri ce the for m o f p r ay er was l eft to the
, ,

fee l in gs o f the individual 3 and a standard was thus furnish ed b y m an

him sel f for esti m ating the sincerity o f his devotion But it m ay be .
,

u rged wh y if pra y er was to be determ ined b y m an

, ,
shou l d the o fferin g ,

a l so be not so decided ? The rep ly will be e v ident fro m a consideration

o f the third point W ha t was the m ora l effect o f sacrices ?
Sacrices were principa lly o f two kinds o f atonem ent fo r sin , and
thus partook of the na ture o f th e punish m ent & c ; o f thanksgiving fo r ,
.

di vine m ercy and thus t h e y assum ed the character of charity

,
N ow as .
,

has been before observed o n e o f the prim ary obj ect s o f punish m ent is to
,

s et an exa m p l e t o the cu l prit o f the conse q uences entai l ed b y m isdeeds

t o the wor l d o f the evi l effects w h ich sin produces

,
There is a lso n o .

doubt that the discovery o f gui l t and its exposure to the e y es of one s ,

fell ow creatures produce m ore sha m e than the gui l t itsel f ; and that
-
, ,

pe rhaps the best m eans to prevent crim e w oul d be to co m pe l every

,

c ri m inal to pu bl ish his sha m e V iewed in this l ight the det er m ining o f
.
,

the expiatory s acrice b y divine co m m and w as al ike necessar y t o

, ,

prevent the sinner from conceal ing his gui l t and i m portant to p l ace h im ,

i n his true character before his fe ll ow m en And this will be the m or e -

.

readily conceded when it is recoll ected that a l though an act of s i n , ,

o ffend on ly an individua l it is essentially a wrong against society

,
and ,

that the su fferer has neither the power nor the right to acq uit the cu l prit ,

w ithout suitab l e reparation to the o f fended m aj esty of the l aw .

Hence t o l eave the form of an atone m ent o ffering to the sinner

, ,

woul d have been to deprive it of one o f its m ost im portant functions ,

v i z : its being the m ediu m for exposing the evi l doer and i t s conse q uent
.
-

t endency to prevent error through sham e Even the m ost hardened .

s i nn er cou l d n o t at so m e ti m e fai l to acknowl edge the o m niscience o f

, ,

God and he wou l d t hus , a l so recogniz e the n ec essity for appeasing hi s

, ,
 A S ER M ON ON S A C R I F ICE S . 1 47

an ger in the wa y ordained b y his m ercy 3 the h ypocri te al so , who under , ,

th e c l oak o f sanctity vio l ated eve r y princip l e o f m oral ity wo u l d at

, , ,

so m e m o m ent o f co m punction fee l i m pe ll ed to attem pt an ex piation ,

.

Both ho w ever w hil e endeavourin g t o m ake their peace with their

, ,

o ffended Maker cou l d on ly do s o b y a ll owing their fe ll ow m en to be t h e

-

witnesses of their contrition and hu m il iation : and thus th e very bes t

s afe guard against recurring cri m ina l ity
-
w as the abase m ent to which a ,

ub l ic act o f penitence co m pe ll ed sub m ission A n d that th is i d ea pre

p .

v a il ed with the D ivine l egis l ator m a y be inferred b y the particu l ar ,

sa crice ordained for the involuntary s i n o r for the s i n o f ignorance ,
.

A broad l in e o f dem arcation was thus drawn between cri m e and error 3
w hi l e the o n e was he l d up in a ll i ts agr a n c y the other was exposed ,

o n ly as a warning against fr ailt v and as a caution to ac quire that tru e ,

knowl edge o f God s l aw which m ight prevent the igno r ance that had

fa ll en But in both ca ses the rel igious nature o f the expiation deprived
.
, ,

i t o f all that co u l d render th e sinner s hu m i l iation a the m e fo r m ocke ry ,

o r a m eans for insul t M en m ay pel t the victim in the stocks but there
.
,

i s so m ething so so l em n and ho ly in an act of devotion to God that even ,

s co er s are si l enced , and unbel ievers can on ly sneer A consciousness

of the genera l weakness o f hu m an nature m ay restrain from an

a cknow l edgm ent o f error to one s fe ll ow m an and m ay support even -
, ,

u nder the ob l o q u y of infective t o which undiscovered evi l doers are t o o

,
-

a p t to resort when an y opportunity o ffers for b l urrin g another 3 but

,

there is no such excuse in confessing frail ty before the perfection o f

h eaven for there is no degradation in divi ne reproof
,
I n regard t o the .

a t onem ent o ffe ri ngs therefore it is evident that the m ora l e f

, ,
fect m us t
h ave been m ost i m pressive 3 the y deprived gu i l t of a ll m eans fo r s u b te r
fuge and ye t awakened no revengefu l fee l i ngs against hum an inj ustice 3
,

the y co m pe ll ed exposure o f cri m e and thus produced sham e but it w a s , ,

a s ham e wh ich l eft no sting in t h e cu l prit because he fe l t that sincer e ,

'

r epentance was ennob lin g an d w h ic h a fforde d no triu m ph t o o thers

, ,

becau se all knew their o w n short 0 0 m in gs and were cons c ious that i t -
,

m i ght but too soon be their duty to atone .

The offerings o f gratitude free will and peace were no l es s

benecial in a m oral sense They were designed to represent m an s
,
.

thankful ness fo r heaven ly goodness an d to be exponent of hi s resources ,

i n the ey es o f the worl d But as has b een said wea lth in those tim es
.
, ,

c onsisted in catt l e and n o t in m o n e y
,
A m an s friends m ay be over o r .

u nder esti m ated b y co m m on report or b y ap p ea l an ces but no m istak e , ,

c ou l d be m ade i n respect to property w h ich was so bu l k y and o f , ,

1 48 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS R AEL .

necessity so apparent to the p ub l ic I f therefore, parsim on y or s elsh

, .
,

ness pro m pted to a scanty o r inade q uate sacrice there was no roo m for ,

p l eading a m istaken e stim ate or the scarcity o f avail ab l e capita l Jus t .

as true charity l eft the corners o f the e l d am p l e whil e niggard ,

econom y contracte d the m to the very corners , s o a free w i ll offerin g -

represented the exact state o f a m an s phil anthrop y, and afforded n o
excuse which the wor l d cou l d n o t we ll appreciate L aws however a r e .
, ,

m ade to bind on ly the dishonourab l e 3 t rue honesty re q uires no bridl e .

Rea l grat itude t o heaven expoun ded in genuine c hari ty needed n o

, ,

ordinance t o enforce the m agnitude of its o fferin g 3 it was on ly th e

pseudo phil anthrop y whi c h se l shness put s o n as a m ask which w as ,

e xposed b y the exten t o f its sacrices And thus as n o w so m e onl y

.
, ,

give that their nam es m ay gure in subscription l ists o r beco m e cel e ,

b r at ed as pat rons s o in a ll tim es there have been pretenders to

, , ,

phi l anthropy a n d traders in charity Our m eans o f convict in g such

.

h y pocrites are fall ibl e bu t before G o d, the y are exposed in their tru e
, ,

co l ours 3 we do not succeed in det ec ting th e fraud an d i m punity begets ,

courage to persevere b u t divine wisdo m is not to be deceived an d

, ,

c onscious dishones ty o f purpose dares n o t prevaricate before its heaven ly

J u dge And so here again , the rel igiou s nature o f the act of charity
.
, ,

its connec tio n with the service o f G o d was the best security for i ts ,

genuineness W hil e the pub l icity o f the sacrice , and the m eans thu s
.

a fforded fo r co m paring its ade quac y with the known r esources o f t he

iver were checks agai n st the parsi m on y of the m iser o r t he niggar d
g ,

li n ess o f t he se l sh , the sanctity attached t o the o ffering was it s safe guar d -

,

a l ike against the pre t ensions of h y ocris y and agains t the vanit y tha t
p ,

a im s at wor l d ly app l ause Bo w we then to the wisdo m which ordain ed

.
, ,

sac rice to be the preservative o f honesty the exponen t of honours , ,

wh i ch opened the door to si n cere repentan c e b y gracious ly s h owing h o w ,

its words m ight be proved b y suitab l e deeds and which se c ured m an ,

a gainst fraud , and e ffecte d sanctim on y b y reecting t he m i n a cts wh i ch

he m igh t safely estim ate , becau se the y were as s ay ed i n the m int of t he

. IJ O I d

.
1 59 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS R AE L .

will derive n o l oss fro m the d is m issa l M an re q uires m enta l and m ora l
.

t rain ing 3 n o t on ly m ust his y ears of infancy and chil dhood pass i n
nec essary education 3but e v en h i s puberty m ust not be without i ts cul tiva
tion He nee ds not on ly precept but practice 3 it is n at enough that he
.

is taught what is right he m ust s ee it perform ed 3 his m ind m ust be fo r

,

t ied b y precept his i m itativeness m ust be gu ided b y exa m p l e

, .

And where but in the hall o w ed precincts o f the hom e o f m arr ia ge ,

can ch il dren receive this re quisite treat m ent Contrast the fate o f those .

unfortunate victim s to t h eir parents weakness who are ush ered into ,

l ife without the pa l e of m atri m on y How m an y fall a prey to disease

.
,

either of m ind o r m ora l s and beco m e the pariahs o f civi l ization 3 h o w

,

few attain to any thing higher than the brute perfection of ph y sic al gr owth .

Bu t in order that m arriage m ay ful l it s l egiti m ate function s it i s ,

n ecessary that there be entire condence between husba nd and wife .

Each is th e depository o f the oth er s honor an d this is a trust so sacred, ,

that i t m ust be guarded even at the sacrifi ce of l ife itse l f Nature an d

, .

s ociet y l eague in so m e respect to give i m m unit y to m an which is d enie d ,

to wo m an 3 but no cl oud m ust obscure the brightness o f her de l ity .

Pure a s the unsunned snow that gl itters eternal o n the m ountain to p ,

s h e l ives only in the inso l ation fro m a ll externa l i nfl uence Yet t h e .

weakness o f m ortal ity oftenti m es operates against her 3 she m ay beco m e

th e obj ect of a suspicion which sh e does not m erit o r s he m ay hav e ,

vio l ated her duties without being suspected G ran t the l atter an d t he .
,

results m ust n o t on ly be fata l to her o w n peace of m ind but to h er ,

h appiness as a wi fe to her ful l m ent o f her charge as a m other

, G r an t .

the form er and the conse quences are n o l ess hurtfu l to her H e r
,
.

husband sees in her affection on ly a ho ll ow m ockery a hideous ske l eton ,

ll s the p l ace o f a l iving love in his heart 3 his chil dren beco m e h atefu l to
him because he doub ts their m other and inste a d o f seeking his ho m e
, ,

fo r co m fort and affection h e ees fro m i t as fro m so m ething too horri b l e

,

t o conte m p l ate W ith these o bsta c l es to hu m an happiness befo r e u s

.
,

can we wonder that Providence ever s o watchfu l in o u r behal f shoul d

, ,

have deigned to interfere in favor o f an institution of i ts own creation and ,

w hich tends so m uch to pro m ote its design Now if th e de m on j ea l o u s y

.
,

invades a househo ld with all its train of attendant ends peace for ever
, ,

d eparts and th ere is no chance that an y future contingenc y can resto re

,

the cal m once broken I n the da ys o f o u r ancestors in the l and of

.
,

prom ise there was a m eans sanctied b y rel igion and dicta te d by o n e
, ,

who , having fashioned the hear t o f m an knoweth all its i m agination s

, .

Th e o ffering of j eal ous y was at once the sure dove o f hope o r the certain ,
 A . S ER M ON ON M AR R I AG E S . 1 51

a rrow o f des truction , between husband and wife Sa y she was innocent .
,

before the evident m anifestation of her purity as ratied b y God even , ,

the m ost inveterat e and deep ly root ed suspicion vanished Restore d .

a gain as sh e deserved , to her husband s arm s and l ove she found herse l f ,

the obj ect o f increased atten tions and care that all past sorrow s ,

m ight be ob l iterated ; her sou l revived under the invigoratin g beam s

o f af fections , and expanded int o a ll tha t i s beautifu l in the wife

,

a ll that is tender in the m other ; roses again b l oo m ed where onc e

had grown weeds and harm on y gave t o l ife a s train o f m el od y
,

t o rep l ace the j arring notes o f do m estic discord Sa y she W e r e .

g ui l ty 3 s ay sh e were t hat sinfu l thing which had crept l ike a parasit e

in t o the boso m o f a husband to t ear therefro m all it s existence an d
, ,

t o l eave the trunk which had supported it sap l ess and dead 3 there
was no retreatin g fro m the punish m ent that await ed her there was n o ,

c o n c ealm en t o f t h e vengeance o f outraged honor To her God s h e .

a ppea l ed as the bitter waters passed her l ips and he answered as sh e ,

deser ved To c rim e against h er husban d s h e added perj ur y before heaven

.
, ,

a n d even a s a ph y sica l di sobedience o f o u r rst parents introduced m ora l

c orruption into them se l ves and t heir d escendan t s s o in her case a m oral ,

deection produced phy sica l disorganization She becam e a m onu m ent .

o f her own dis race and thus convic t ed befor e G o d and m an she c ou l d
g , , ,

n o l onger po ll u t e the ho m e w hich sh e had a l read y ou t raged And by .

this m eans was m an defended fro m the effects o f his unfoun ded suspi c ion 3
b y this m eans was wo m an either preserve d t o her l egiti m ate and hono r
ab l e functions o r she was degraded accord i ng to h er dem erit s , bey on d
,

t h e opport unity o f doing further evi l to her husband or fu rth er wron g ,

to her chil dren .

To m an bel ongs on ly the pr esent and so eeting are th e m o m en ts

,

that pass even as he endeavors to arres t them the y e l u d e his grasp t ill
, , ,

h e can scarce ly ca ll o n e his o w n Even when he begins to act he knows

.

n o t if he sha ll be ab l e t o acco m p l ish He t herefore who O pens his m outh

.

t o say that he wi ll opens his m ou t h t o fo lly 3 he that vows an d thereby

, ,

a ttests his fo lly b y God c o m m its a positive crim e

,
The l aw o f t he .

Et erna l does n o t coerce m an i t seeks to prevent rather than to pun i sh,

, ,

t o restrai n no t to force Bu t Providence de m ands respect and w isely

,
.
, ,

i nsists tha t an y p l edge taken in hi s nam e shall be he l d sacred and in v i o l

ab l e Hence the regul ations affectin g the Nazarite A m an who hav in g
. .
,

arr ived at m at urity m ust have been fu lly cognizan t of hi s o w n inherent

,

i n r m i ti es m u st have fe l t the c o nsta nt s truggl e bet ween the pri ncip l es

,

a n d the passions and m us t ha v e known the strength r e q uisit e t o ensur e

,
 HA J EH U D I M
-
AND M I KV EH IS R A EL .

s tability of purpose v o l untari ly i m pose on him se l f obl igations w hich it

,

m ight even be an im possib i l ity for h i m to perform

,
His fo lly fu lly .

d eserved that he shou l d s u ffer his s i n that he shou l d be a warn i ng t o

,

o thers I t was necessary that he shou l d as m uch as possib l e be sustained

. , ,

in the contest into which he had thrown his nat ure 3 it was m ore n ec es
s ary that o t hers shou l d be ca u tioned against invo l ving t he m se l ves in

s t ruggl es which m ight prove fata l to their happiness .

Hence he was call ed o n t o refrain fro m all intoxicating and s ti m u ~

l ati ng drinks fro m all del icate and l uxurious viands so that h is app c
, ,

t it es n o t being pa m pered h is b l ood m ight per m eate his veins under du e

,

c ontro l and not run l ike l i quid re through his fra m e inviting h i m to
, ,

passion and excess He had set hi m sel f apart t o God and therefore
.
,

God set h im apart from th e worl d and its tem ptations because it w as ,

better that he shou l d a l together be deprived o f the sensual p l easures ,

n atura l to his h u m an it y than that h e shou l d enj o y the m at t he expe n s e

,

o f his honor and truth M an is fra m e d for social in tercourse but h e

.
,

s hou l d rather vio l ate a ll his propensities a s a so li tary her m it than aban ,

d on him se l f to them as a m em ber o f society Besides the I srael ite w ho .

,

t ook the vow o f a Nazarite probab ly knew too we ll the fail ings which
,

he desired thereb y t o correct and i t was wiser to exterm inate thes e

,

fail ings to preven t them fro m again l eading him astray than to per m it
, ,

t hem to exist even t hough in a l atent but still dangerous state Bu t

,
.

i t was neverthe l ess no t c onsistan t with righ t that m an b y vowing hi m ,

s el f to a certain l ine o f conduct shou l d arrogate a right over the fu ture

, .

Hence in the c ase o f the vo l unt ary servant who preferred his d epen
, ,

dant c ondition t o th e free lo t which is m an s birthrigh t so m e externa l ,

d is t inction was n eedfu l to deter o thers fro m i m itating a bad exam p l e .

The Nazarite therefore was to wear his hair differently from the rest
, ,

o f his brother m en and was thus to hol d him se l f up as a constant

,

warning rst to deter m en fro m assum ing votive ob l igat ions i n co n si s

,

tant with their cond ition and not dem anded b y rel igion 3 and se c ondly
, , ,

t o caution them agains t that insane indu l gence in passion which h as

hurried hi m unto excesses to curb which it was necessary to l ean as
, ,

m uch be y ond t h e straight l ine o f right as he h a d before fa ll en short of it

The Eternal bl ess thee and preserve thee 3 the Eternal cause His coun
.

t en an c e to shine u pon thee and be gracious un t o thee 3 the Eternal li ft

,

his countenance to thee and grant thee peace .

These were the ter m s in w hich the priests were com m anded t o
b l ess the I srae l it es N o r are the y im proper ly p la c ed in c l ose connection
.

w i t h t he l aws O f t h e Nazarite Bl essin gs l ike vows be l ong to t h e

.
, ,
1 54 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AE L .

j eal ousy is designed to pro m ote the future happiness o f the do m estic
circl e and to secure the affection and harm on y necessary t o the proper
,

training of another generation The l aw o f the N azar i te rende r s him a

.

tab l et w hereon the past engra v es i n deliab le characters fo r the b enet of

th e fu ture The b l essing o f the priest points out the direc t road b y
.

which m an m ay gain sal vation The rst governs the future b y gi v i n g

.

m an a test whereb y to detect his o w n weakness 3 the second gives hi m a

warning to caution hi m against him sel f 3 the third shows h i m the source
o f his rea l strength to b e dependance o n God And so again bow w e
.
, ,

to the ever vigil an t wisdo m which seiz es o n ever y phase o f l ife an d

-

r enders i t avai l ab l e to our virt ue an d we ll being

-
Again ben d we in
.

adoration b efore the a ll watchfu l m erc y which m akes o u r faili ngs s u b ser
-

vien t to o u r happiness b y showing u s thereb y how t o avoid sin An d

, .

e v er as we fee l ourse l ves the obj ects of this wisdo m and this m erc y let ,

u s p o ur o u t our hearts in gratitude to t he D ivine Parent o f m ankin d ,

wh o has creat e d u s for his gl ory and o ur o w n regeneration .

 CH A PTER X V .

A F U NE R A L S ER M ON .

MY D E AR F R I EN D S , M EN A N D VV
stand here o n t he O M EN ,
VV e

brink o f a grave D eath m akes all equ al rich and poor high and lo w ,
N o w such a one i s al so gone
,
.
_ ,

O ld an d y oung The sa ying is
.
,
what i s ,

gone is gone N o w the m eaning O f this expression does not appear to

.

us q uite c l ear 3 it is even am biguous F or it see m s to i m p ly that ther e

.

is n o d ifference between the departure o f the pious and v i r t u o u s an d v

that o f the un god ly and wicked The pious whose l ife was a co n tinuou s
.
,

e xertion of benevo l ence and god l iness is at the concl usion o f hi s , ,

earth ly career to occup y the sam e position wit h the wi cked and ungodly,
,

whose l ife for m ed o n e chain o f ini q uities and abo m inations I m possibl e 3 .

Such a v iew m ight l ead to questioning the way s of Providen ce Th e .

question m ight be put : F or w hat purpose d oes the Al m ighty conced e

e xistence to beings whose l ife is devoted to m isch ief and cannot b u t ,

raise the incessant an ger o f th e Creator ? To t his query however o u r , ,

sages rep ly in th e treatise o f A b o th , Providence watches over ever yt hing,

,

et to m an the choice is l eft to act according to his free wi ll as it i s

y ,

wri tten (D eut 30 1 9 ) F o r beho l d (say s G o d ) I have p l aced before the e

,
.
, ,

l ife and death b l essi ng and curse an d thou m ay est choose l ife N O W ,
, ,
.

therefore for the very reason because God p l aced m an o n earth fo r hi s

,

h appiness and sa l vation h e has a lso endowed h i m with free wi ll in h i s

,
-

actions 3 fo r had m a n b een created with e qu a l dispositions an d a ptitudes

,

s o that t h eir sphere o f activi ty either fo r good o r evi l,

wou l d have been ,

predeter m ined b y their M aker what m erit wou l d there have b e en i n

,

being good and pious since their proceedings wou l d have been m arked o u t
,

beforehand and what rew ar d cou l d have been c l ai m ed by the virtuous ?

,

Hence the struggl e o f m an with evi l desires which he has to con q uer if ,

he wishes to b e considered as a hero 3 as o u r sages O bserve W ho i s

s trong He that con quers his passions ; and even as a m onu m e n t i s
e rected in honour o f a hero w h o has we ll d eserved o f his country i n ,

order to i m orta l ize an d transm it his m em ory to posterity 3 even so the piou s
e stab l ishes for hi m se l f a er etu al m onu m ent unto i m m orta l ity thro u gh h is
p p ,

godly actions and benevo l ent foundations I t is true so m e peopl e wi ll s ay i .

W hat is the good o f rendering onese l f i m m o rt a l There w as m an y an d

m an y a pro m inen t individua l in his age w h o is not even re m em be r ed

n ow . And was there n o t al so a tyrant o f o l d who en deav o r ed to en s u r e ,

1 56 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
MI KVEH I S R A EL .

to him sel f im m or tal ity by inicting a m ost irreparab l e l oss on m ankind

, ,

t hrough burning a m ost va l uab l e l ibrar y containing works o f Ro m an s

a n d Greeks which cou l d not be rep l aced ?
,
But l et us dispel de l usion ,

m y friends ; l et us exam ine the obj ec t an d w orth o f i m m ortal ity .

K no w in g as we do that b ey ond the grave every passion is hushed fo r

, ,

e ver what good does it do the wicked that the y are re m e m bered afte r
,

t heir death ? The y cannot hear it I t can on ly serve to awaken onc e .

m ore agains t the m the D ivine j udg m ent , t o bring over the m additiona l
to rtures Their i m m ortal ity therefore can on ly tend towards increasing

.
,

t heir sufferings as it is written : But the na m e o f the w icked sha ll

,

r ot. I t is differen t with the pious The re m em brance o f their na m e s .

wi ll al ways recall so m e benevo l ent features or other excell encies in their

virt u ous l ives wherein naturall y ever y w ell disposed person will fee l
, ,

his sentim ents reected and w hereby he w i ll fee l him se l f sti m u l ated
to the l ike The y thus even after their death conti nue to do
.
, ,

g ood . This is the d istinction in th death of the pious Here it e .

c annot be said : God is gone 3 but he l ives and acts continually .

I n this sense m y friends I interpret the words o f K ing So l o m on

, , ,

Proverbs he re m e m brance o f the righteous is fo r b l essing

( x .
,

to posterity .

I f we n o w cast a gl ance at the l ife and activity of the deceased w e ,

s ha ll see at once the rank occu pied b y her Yes m y friends sh e prae .
, ,

t i s ed what was good not l ike so m an y rich who reve ll ing in a bundance
, , ,

a n d enj o ym ents occasionally drop to th e poor a crust o r s o deem ing

, ,

t hus to have discharged th eir dut y kno w ing a s they do th at such is , , ,

e xpected fro m the m , and that the y ought to give so m ething 3 no with her it ,

w a s quite different She did good because her kind heartedn ess i m pell ed
.

h er thereto . Her han d was open at a ll ti m es for those who n eeded

s u ccour irrespective of race o r creed
,
N O doubt s h e wou l d have done .

m ore if the dependant condition conse quent upon her sex had n o t \

c o nned her within certain l i m its Still m ore m y dear l isteners she
.
, ,

d iffered a l so in this fro m other rich persons that sh e never l aid herse l f
, , ,

O pen t o t he charge o f harshness or other o ffences e m p l o ying charit y as

, ,

a m eans for washing out stains that m igh t have attached to her o r as an ,

i n ade q uate ne i m posed as a co m pensation for the breach o f the contract

,

e n t ered in t o w ith Providence since the sacrices m ade bear no propor

,

t i on to t he weal t h ac c u m u l ated N o ; with h er it was n o t thus fo r

.
, ,

fap ar t fro m her charit y sh e was exceedingly pious and God fearing She
whether in her own h ouse or at synagogue
-
, .

n e v er m issed pray er ti m e , .

A s l ate as t he penit ent ia l day s j us t passed s h e was observed to have ,

 PA R T THI R D .

THE L ITER A T UR E OF THE J EW S

C HAPTE R I .

IN TR O D UCTO R Y .

Ex ten t o f J ewi sh L iter atu r eI gn or an c e on t h is subj ec t S tan dard W or s i n Germ an k

a n d F ren c h , b u t n o t i n En glish M i sr ep r es en tation s r esu ltin g fro m th is

C o n tribu tio n s o f J ewis h S ch olars , o f twelfth t o th e s ixteen th c en tu ry, t o Bibli c al
L i teratu r eTh e R ab in i c al L an gu age i ts form ation an d r ich n es sMista en i dea k
th at th e J ew s ar e ign oran t, or th at th eir l earn i n g i s a m ere c ollection o f fab l es
k
L i e estim atin g En gli s h L i ter atu re from th e sto r y o f J ac t h e Gi an t iller k K
R ab i n i c al tr an s latio n s o f A r i sto tl e, Plat o, Eu c li d , St e r igi n al t r eati s es on
.

O
Gram m ar , L o gi c , M etap h ysi cs , an d th e var io u s b r an c h es o f Math em atics T h e
J ew s for fou r an d a h alf cen tu r i es t h e m ost lear n ed m en i n Eu r op eI llu str iou s
- - -

xam p les
e .

J EW IS H L I TE RA T U R E .

Th e Jews have a vast l iterature besides the Bib l e and the Tal m ud .

They have had excell ent w r ite rs in a ll ages and zones o n a ll the differ ,

en t topics of hu m an know l edge and genius

3 but there i s not an E ngl ish
book in existence in which i nform ation cou l d be Obtained on this point
,

Th e worl d knows that Ha l ewi M aim onides Spinoza and M ende l ssohn
, , , ,

were Hebre w phil osophers 3 that I bn Ezra N a ch m on i des R alb ag and , , ,

A b ar b an el in Spain 3 Rashi R ashb a m Redak in F rance 3 M ende l ssohn

, , , , ,

W essely D ubna L ev y Eichel & c i n Germ an y were gram m arians ,

, , , ,
.
, ,

l exicographers exegetics and phil o l ogians 3 but very fe w know wha t

,

t ho s e m en wrote , and sti ll fewer know the vast nu m ber o f poets m a the ,

m a t i c ia n s ph y sicians phil osophe r s j urists an d theo l ogians o f the Jewish

, , ,

p ersuasion who wrote standard and c l assica l works o n their respectiv e

,

b r anches of science .

They have a history o f thirty v e centuries a m ost re m arkab l e o n e -

, ,

t hat presents a ll phases o f universa l histor y in which God s Providence

i s revea l e d as c l ear as sunshine at n oonday 3 a h istory which i s the m ost

a ncient m onu m ent inscribed with the hierogly phic characters o f a ll ages
, ,

a n d variegated with t h e r ai n b o w co l ours o f a ll c l i m es and zones such as

i
n o oth er na t ion has a histor y which records m ore h er o i s n r than that o f
,

Rom e m ore l iterature and phil osoph y than that o f Greece 3 m ore v irt ue
, ,

p iet y an d faithfu l ness than that of an y other n a tion ancient o r m odern 3 ,

b u t there i s n o t o n e standard work in Engl ish l iterature fro m which the ,

1 60 HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

in qui si t i ve c o u l d infor m h i m sel f o n thi s t o p i c G er m an y h as its Jo st,

.

H er zfe l d an d G r ae tz Fr an ce h as i t s Bas n age a n d S a l vad o r ; b u t th e

.

E n gli sh l it er at ur e ha s n o t o n e c o m p l et e an d c l a s s i ca l wo r k o n
t h i s s ubj e ct
. T her efo r e ign o r an c e p r eva i ls o n t hi s s ubj ect an d an y sc r ib
, ,

b l er can w r it e J ewis h hi s to r y T her efo r e wh en ev er j o u r n al i st s s p ea k of

.
,

o u r fo r efa th er s t h ey wi ll i n v ar iab ly m i s r ep r esen t t hem

,
. Th er efor e, n o n e
c o m p r eh en ds t h e J e w i s h ch a r a c t er i n i t s h i s t o r i c t o t a l i t y
. S h o w u s th e
En gli sh b o o k t hat w i ll i n fo r m a m an o f w h at I s r a e l s p hi l o s o ph er s wr o t e

what th ey t a ugh t an d h ow th ey dem o n st r at ed i t ? N o s uch b o o k i s i n

,

e xis t en c e ; t h er efo r e p r e u di c e an d i gn o r a n c e m ay h o w l o f o u r m o n ey
j
m ak in g dis p os i t i o n 5i m p o s ter s m ay w eep an d c r y (an d c u t fan ta sti c t r i ck s

b efo r e high h eav en t o e xt o r t a few di m es fr o m c r ed ulo u s m en wom en ),

,
-

ab o u t th e w r et ch e d an d n egl ec ted st at e o f t h e J ewi s h m in d .

1 62 HA - J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

ti on o f th ei r n am es , w o r ks, an d edi ti o n s , w o u ld o cc u py ten pages . W e

c an o n ly m en ti on a few
Chr on ic les, (c o m p r i sin
g a l so th e
gen e r a l e v en t s o f t h e w o r ld ) co m ~ ,

p r eh en si v e h ist ori c al wo r k s an d ess ays o n the b iogr aph y o f lear n ed m en

, ,

w er e c om p o s ed at th e en d o f t h e p r ecedin
g p er i o d b y J oseph Ben Z adi k , ,
.

a t A r v alo
(1 4 67) 3 S aadj a Ben M ei m u m I bn D an an in S p ai n (1 48 5) 3
, , , , , , ,

an d A b r ah am Z a catb en S am u el wh ose w or k w as pub lis h ed wi th

,

a r bi tr ar y o m is si on s an d addi ti o n s by S a m u el S hu llam at C o n s tan t in o p l e

, , ,

an d a ai n wi th n o tes by M o s es I ss er ls
g (o b The S p an i ar d
, .
,.

J eh u dah I bn V er ga w r o te a his tor y o f th e p er s ecuti on s of th e J ew s

, , ,

w h i c h w as c o m p l et ed b y hi s r el at i v eS o l o m o n an d hi s s on Jo s eph , ,

an d w as s ubs eq u en t ly t r an s lat ed in t o Jew i sh G er m an an d i n

-
,

S p an i sh b y M ei r D eL io n O f Elia K ap soli s v ar io u s hi st or i cal

, .

c om p i latio n s , an d i n t er est i n
g n ar r at i v es co n t in u ed t o hi s o w n t im es
, ,

th er e exi sts a M S co p y i n I taly an d an i m p er fect o n e has lat ely

.
,

b een pu r ch as ed b y th e Br iti sh M u seum J o s eph C o b en wr o te a hist o r y

.

o f Fr an c e an d Tu r k ey c on tain in g an acco un t o f t h e r eb el li on
,

o f Fi es c o at Gen o a ,
wh er e t he a u th or li v ed in s er ted w i th a G er m an
, ,

t r a n s l at i o n i n t h e A n th o l o gy o f Z edn er w h o p o in t s o u t t h e s tr an ge
, ,

b lu n der s o f Bi allob lo tzky th e En gl i sh t r an sl at o r o f th e w h o l e w o r k fo r

,

th e O r i en tal Tr an s l ati o n F u n d .

H e also gav e an ac co u n t o f t h e p er sec u tio n o f th e J ew s ,

w hi ch w as c o n ti n u ed b y an an on ym o u s wr i te r do wn t o t h e y ea r 1 60 5 ,

an d h as la t ely b een pub l i s h ed w i th t h e v a lu a b l e n o t es o f p r o fess o r S D . .

L u zzat o A s D e R os si i n v estigat ed an ci en t his tor y an d c r o n o logy

. . .

O n t h e J e w i sh l ear n in g o f th e Eas t an d S o u th i n th e 1 6th an d 1 7 th ,

c en t ur i es th e ch r o n o l o i ca l w o r k o f D av id C on for te
, g ( 1 6 7 7 i s a

v alu ab l e a u th o r i ty A p r o fo u n d c r i ti c a l w o r k o n th e l ear n ed m en o f t h e
.

Ta l m u d m ade u se o f an d p l agi ar i sed b y m an y r ec en t a uth o r s w as pub

, ,

li sh ed b y J echi el Hei lp r i n a R abb i at M in sk (o b after th e y ear

'

w h o a l s o t o o k up an d c o m p l et ed b u t wi th l es s ab i l it y an d k n o w l edge
, ,

t h e Bib l i ogr aphi cal L is t o f S abb at ai Bass (Bass is t s ubcan t o r o f P r agu e , ,

Th e J ew i sh p o et s i n th e S p an i sh l an gu age w er e c el ebr at ed b y ,

D r L D e Bar r i o s
. A b io gr aph i cal an d Bi b li o gr aphi cal L exi co n ,

.
,

c o l le ct ed i n m an y an d di s tan t j o u r n ey s 1 7 77 1 7 w a s w r i tt en b y C h
( .

D J A s u l ai o f J er u sa l em at L egh o r n
. .
, ,
.

L EA R N I N G A N D S C I EN C E O F TH E J E WS .

A m on g th ev ar i o u s i n u en c es th at h a ve p r o duced t he p r es en t s tat e
of B i b l i c al k n o w l edge thr o ugh o u t C hr i s t en do m w e ar e n o t t o o v er l o ok ,

t h e el em en t th at h as b een c o n t r ibut ed b y the J ewi sh R abbi s fr o m the ,

 L I TER A R Y M EN A MON G T HE H EBR EW S . 1 63

tw e lfth c en tu r y ,
do w n w ar d p er i od o f the R efor m at ion
to t he For m in g .

a lan gu age of their o w n s i m p l e b u t yet c o m pr eh en si v e sev er ely p hi losop h i

, ,

c al an d e xac t bu i l t up on t he b as i s o f t h e S c r i p t u r a l H ebr ew 3 yet b o r r o w

,

i n g i t s n o m en c l at u r e fr o m t he lan guages o f ev er y c o u n tr y of th ei r cap ti

r i t y and ex i l efr o m t he r u in s o f B ab yl on t o t h e w h ar fs o f A m s t er dam

t he R abbi s like t heir an c ien t father s h av e m ade th em s elv es p osses s o r s

, ,

o f t he t r ea su r es o f th e G en t iles t a k i n g an d fab r i c ati n g i n t o a dia l ec t c on

, ,

fo r m ab l e t o th e gen i u s o f th eir o w n v en erab l e t on gu e t er m s o f l ife an d , ,

lear n in g an d s c i en c e an d ar t fr o m th e A r ab i c a n d C h a l dee an d S yr i a c
, , , , ,

an d the G r eek an d t h e L at i n a n d t he I t al ian ,

an d t he G er m an an d t h e , ,
'

D u t ch an d t h e S p an ish an d th e P o r tu g uese

, ,
T hey h av e em b o di ed i n .

t ho s e m ys ti c s y m b o l s l i k e s o m an y e m b l e m s o f v i c t o r y o v er G en ti le
'

n a t i o n s t h e r es u l ts o f t h ei r l ab o r s i n t h e c r iti c is m
,
an d i n te r p r etat i o n o f

t h o se s a c r ed r e c o r ds wh i ch i n m an y r es p e c ts t h ey m u st b e a ll o wed
, , ,

b e s t t o u n der st an d as b ei n g o r igin ally wr i tt en i n t h ei r n at i v e t on gu e o f

, ,

w h i ch t h e y w er e m ade t he ear l i es t dep o s i tar i es an d i n r el at i on t o w hi ch ,

w e m ay sti ll s ay t h ey ar e t he li b r ar i an s o f t h e w o r l d .

Th er e i s a str o n g an d w i de spr ead pr ej udi ce agai n st t h e lit eatu r e

-

an d i n t e ll igen c e o f t h e J ew s an d ev en a m on g C hr i st ia n m en
,
i t h as b een ,

t oo gen er a lly s u pp o s e d t h at l eav i n g o u t o f c o n sider ati o n t h e i n spir ed

,

r o duc t i on s o f t h e H eb r e w S c r i p t u r es w i s do m h as en t i r e ly p er i sh ed
p ,

fr o m th e s o n s o f A b r ah am The c o n c l u si o n l ik e o th er p r ej u di c es h as
.
, ,

i ts o r i gin i n ign or an c e Beca us e th ey h av e h ear d o f th e fab l es o f t he

.

Ta l m u d h o w tha t th e o st l er o f R abbi Judah t h e h o ly w as m or e r i ch

, , ,

t h an t h e K in g o f t he P er si an s ; o r h o w ev er y m em b er o f t h e gr eat
S an h e dr i n w as ski ll ed i n s ev en t y l an gu ages 3 o r h o w R abb i J o hn Ben
N ar b ai di sp at ch ed th r ee h un dr ed c al v es an d t hr ee h un dr ed ago n s o f
w i n e a t di n n er 3 o r h o w th r ee h u n d r ed as s e s w er e s c ar c ely a ble t o c ar r y

t he k ey s o f the tr eas ur e h o u ses o f C o r ahi 3 o r h o w D av i d by t h e ight ,

o f a s i n gl e ar r o w ki ll ed ei ght h un dr ed m en a t o n ce 3 o r h o w t w o th o u
,

san d so l di er s i n t h e a r m y o f C o z i ba w er e en du ed w i th s u ch a dr o it n es s
,

t hat w h il e th ey r o de p a s t b y a s i m p l e t wit ch o f t hei r r i ght h an d th ey

, ,

c o u l d ea ch p l uck up a c e dar o f L eb an on
3
s uch p er so n s t i ck l ed w i t h ,

c u r i o u s m ar v e l s l i k e t h es e an d b e i n g at o n c e s t r an er s t o t h e gen i u s o f
, g
t h e East ab o u n di n g i n cti o n an d all ego r y h a ve h a s t i ly c on c l u de d th at all
, ,

t h e l ear n i n g an d a c q ui r em en t s o f t h e m o der n H eb r ews ar e n o thin g b u t a ,

c o ll ec t i o n o f fa l s eh o o d an d i n fat u at io n A j u dgm en t as fa ll a c io u s an d
.

u n fo u n ded i n r e ar d t o H e b r ew l it er at u r e as i f fr o m t h e A d v e n t u r es
, g ,

o f J a ck t h e G i an t Ki ll er o r th e E xp l o i t s o f K i n g A r th u r an d th e
,

K n ight s o f th e R o un d Tab l e a s t r an ger t o t h e c o m p r eh en s i v e l iter at ur e
,

o f ou r c o u n t r y sh o u l d c o n c l u de t hat t h e l i ter a t u r e o f E n l an d w as u t t er ly
; g
1 64
H A J EHU D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

u n a c quai n ted wi th r i ch an d i n tell e ct ual p hi l o so phy The fa ct is .

t her e i s n o dep ar t m en t o f p hilo so ph y i n wh i ch the m o der n Jew s ha v e

n o t exc ell e d Th ey hav e en r i ch ed their lan guage b y a t r an slatio n i n to
.

t hei r p e cu l iar di al e ct o f t he n es t w o r k s o f G r ee c e P er s ia an d A r ab ia ,
.

A r i st o t l e P l at o Euc l id H i pp o c r at es an d G alen ; A v i en n a A v er r o es
, , , , , ,

an d S a cr o b o s c o ar e fo u n d c l o thed w i th th e di gn it y o f a H eb r ew
, d r ess .

O r igin al t r eat i es i n gr am m ar an d lo gi c an d m et aphy si c s an d cr i ti ci sm

, , ,

in ar i th m etic an d algebr a an d geom etr y an d as tr on om yan d the

,

m o s t s ub t l e an d l ear n ed q u es ti o n s i n h er m en u eti cs an d t h eo l o gy s tar t ,

up i n th e o ld lan gu age o f th e R abb i w ith an a ccu r ac y an d a s k i ll, wi th

,

a p r e c i s i o n t h at m ay w ell c o m p ar e wi th th e w o r k s o f t h e a ccu test s ch o o l

O

m en o r t h e m o s t a cc o m p l i shed m athem at i c ian i n an y c o u n t r y o r in an v

,

age .

Ther e can b e n o q uesti o n t hat fr om th e t i m e o f th e disp er sio n o f

,

t h e H ebr ew s fr o m t h e C o ll ege o f t he G eon im in C o r do va i n 10 39 , , ,

do wn t o th ei r expu l s i o n fr o m S p ai n i n 1 49 2 wh en a cc o r din g t o M ar i an a , , ,

ei h t h u n dr ed tho u s an d w er e b an i sh ed t h e Je w s w er e th e m o s t l ear n ed
g , ,

s c i en t i c an d en ter p r i s i n g m en i n Eu r o p e Th ey ll ed th e chi ef o fces .

in t he c o ur t o f S pain 3 ado r n ed th e a cadem i es o f C o r do v a an d S ev i ll e , ,

an d G r an ada 3 w er e th e chi ef assi s tan ts o f A l o n zo t h e T en t h s u r n am ed ,

t h e W i se i n m a k in g hi s s id er al o b s er v ati on s c o m p i l in g h i s a st r o n o m i cal
, ,

t ab l es an d pub l i s h in g hi s Bo o k o f C i r c l es i n t hat Chal d ean s c i en c e 3

,

t h ey w e r e t h e i n s tr uc to r s o f th e M o o r s an d th e fo r er u n n e r s o f th at ,

b r i llian t c o u r se o f di s c o ver y w hi ch u n der H en r y D uk e o f V i s eo an d

,

V as c o da Gam a r e v ea l ed t h e h eadl an ds o f A fr i c a do ub l e d t h e C ap e o f
, ,

G oo d Ho pe an d o p en ed up a m ar i tim e r oad t o th e co m m er c e an d r i ch es
,

o f I n di a I t w as t h e J ew s w h o car r i ed th e ast r o n o m y o f C haldea t he

.
,

dia l e c ti c s o f G r ee c e an d t he ch em i s tr y o f S p ai n i n t o t he Un i v er si ti es o f
, ,

Fr an ce an d En gl an d Th ey t aught i n t he Un i v er s it ies o f P ar is an d o f
.

O x fo r d an d st u den ts fr o m d iffer en t par ts o f th e w o r l d c am e o ck i n g t o

,

t h e p la i n s o f A n da l u sia .

The wo r k s Jew s h a ve pub l i sh ed in V en i ce i n T hes sal on i c a

t hat t h e , ,

i n C o n s tan t i n o p l e an d t hr o u gh o u t t he t o wn s an d c iti es o f G er m an y ar e
, ,

a s uf c ien t r efu tat i o n o f t h o se w ho i m agi n e t h at t h i s b r an c h o f l i ter at u re

a b o un ds i n few au tho r s M an y t h o u san ds o f v o l u m es o f R abbin i cal
.

l iter at u r e i n e ver y s p ecies o f e xc ell en c e ar e to b e fo un d i n the J ewi sh

, ,

c at a l o gu es A n d o n e m ay b o l dly a f r m o f t h e m u lt i t ude o f R abb in ical

.

b o o ks ex i s tin g at th is day, i n ever y dep ar tm en t o f ar t an d s cien c e that ,

t h e H ebr ews e ven i n t hi s r esp ect m ay w i t h p er fe ct fa ci l ity b e c o m

, , , ,

p ar ed w ith an y G en tile n atio n .

1 66 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

Babyl o n ian weights , or S assan ian c o in s

c er ta i n to n d thi s ,
w e ar e

m yst er i o u s w o r d N o r i s i t m er e ly th e r es t o r er s o f t h e l o s t i d i o m s o f
.

C an aan an d A ssy r ia o f H im yar a n d Z o r o as tr ian P er s ia t hat a pp eal to

, ,

t he Tal m u d fo r a ss is tan c e ; b u t t h e m o der n s ch o o l s o f G r eek a n d L at in

p hi l o lo gy ar e b egin n in g t o a vai l them sel ves o f the cl assi c al an d p o st
c las s i ca l m ater i a l s t hat li e s c at t er ed t h r o u h i t J ur i s pr u den c e i n i ts
g .
,

tu r n h as b een r o u s ed to th e fa ct t hat a par t fr o m th e b ear in g o f th e

, ,

Tal m u d o n t h e st udy o f th e P an dects an d t he In stit ut es th er e ar e a lso

M edes an d P er sian s hith er t o bu t a
,

som e o f t h o se v er y l aw s o f t he ,

vague s o u n dh i dden away i n i t s lab y rin th s A n d s o t oo wi th m edi cin e, .

, ,

astr o n o m y m ath em at i c s an d t he r est

, ,
Th e h is to r y o f these s ci en ces ,.

d u r in g th at p eo d o ver wh i ch t h e c o m p o s iti on o f t h e T a l m u d r an ges

an d i t r an ges o v er a b o u t a t h o u s an d y ear s c an n o lo n ger b e w r i tten

w i th o u t so m e r efer en c e t o th e i tem s p r es er v ed a s i n a v as t bu r i ed c i t y ,
,

in t hi s c y clo p ean wo r k Yet apar t fro m t he facts that b elo n g em p h ati

.
,

c al ly t o t h e s e r es p e c t i v e b r a n ch es
,
i t c o n tai n s o ther fa ct s o f lar ger
, ,

m o m en t s ti l lfa cts b ear in g up o n h u m an cu l t u r e i n i ts w ides t sen s e .

D ay b y day t h er e ar e e xc av at ed fr o m t h ese m o tl n ds p i ct u r es o f m an y
c o u n t r ies an d m an y p er io ds p i ct u r es o f H ell as an d B ,
yzan t iu m Egyp t ,

an d R o m e P er s ia an d P al estin e o f t he t em p l e an d t h e fo r u m
, ,
w ar an d ,

p eac e j oy an d m o ur n in g pi ct u r es t eem in g w it h l ife gl o wi n g wi th c o lo u r

, , , .

These ar e in deed s ign s o f th e ti m es A m igh t y chan ge has c o m e

, ,
.

o v er u s .W e childr en o f t h i s l at t er age ar e ab o v e all t hi n gs u tiltar ian , , .

W e do n o t r ead t he K o r an th e Z en d A ves ta t h e V eda s w ith t h e s ole

, , ,

vi ew of r efut in g t hem W e l oo k up o n all liter at ur e r el igi o u s l egal,

.
, ,

an d o th er w i se w h en s oev er an d w h er es o e v er p r o d uce
,
d as a p ar t an d ,

p ar cel of h um an ity W e in a m an n er feel a k i n d o f r esp on s ibi li ty fo r

.
, ,

i t W e s eek t o u n der s ta n d th e p h a se o f cu l t u r e w hi ch b ego t t h ese i tem s

.

o f o u r i n h er i t an c e th e s p ir i t th at m o v e
,
s up on t h ei r fa c e A n d w hi l e .
,

w e bu r y t h at whi ch i s dea d in th em w e r ej o i c e i n t hat w h i ch l i es i n

,
v

t h em . W e en r i ch o u r s t o r es o f k n o w l edge fr o m t heir s w e ar e s tir r ed ,

b y t heir p o etr y w e ar e m o v ed to high an d h o ly tho ughts wh en t hey

,

t o uch th e di v in e cho r d i n o u r h ear ts .

I n th e sam e h u m an s p ir it w e n o w s p eak o f th e Ta l m u d ,
T her e is .

even dan ger at h an d that t h i s c hi v a l r es que fe el i n go n e o f t he m o st

t o uchin g ch ar act er i sti c s o f o u r t im es whi ch i s e v er m o r e p r o m p t in g u s

,

t o o ffer h o l o cau st s t o t he m an es o f t h o s e w ho m fo r m er gen er at i on s ar e

t h o ugh t to h av e w r on ged m ay l ead t o i t s b ei n g ext o ll ed s o m ewhat
,

b eyon d its m er it A s these ev er n ew t es t i m o n i es t o i t s val u e cr o wd

.

u p on u s w e m i ht b e led in t o ex agger a tin g i ts i m p o r t an c e fo r t he hi s to r y

, g
 '

TH E r A L M U D
'
. 1 67

Yet an
'

of m an kin d . bo v e all th in gs s t udy,

o ld a dage o f i ts o w n sa ys , A
W hether for th e sake o f lear n i n g o r fo r an y o ther r eason s t u dy F or , , .

w hat ev er t h e m o ti v es that i m p el yo u at r s t yo u w i ll v er y s oo n lo v e
'

,

s t u dy fo r i t s o w n
: sak e A n d th u s even exagger at ed exp ec tat ion s o f
.
, ,

t he t r eas u r e tr o ve in the Talm u d w ill ha v e t h eir v alue if they lead

-
,

t o th e st u dy o f th e w o r k i t s el f .

F or let u s s ay i t at o n c e t h es e t oken s o f i ts exi s ten c e that app ear

, , ,

i n m an y a n ew p u b li cat i on ar e fo r th e m o st p ar t bu t w i ll o the w i s p s

- -
, , , .

A t r s t sight o n e wo u l d fan c y th at t her e n ev er w as a b o o k m or e p o p u lar ,

o r t hat fo r m ed m o r e e xclu s i v ely t h e m en tal c en t r e o f m o der n s ch o l ar s ,

O r ien tal is ts th eo lo gi an o r j u r i sts W hat i s the r eal t r uth ? P ar adoxi cal

s
.
,

a s i t m ay seem , th er e n ev er w a s a boo k at o n c e m o r e u n i v er sally

n egl ected an d m o r e u ni v e r sa lly ta l k ed o f W el l m ay w e fo r giv e H ein e .

,

w h en w e r ea d th e gl o w in g d es cr i p ti on o f th e Talm u d c o n t ain ed i n

his R o m an cer o fo r n ev er h av in g seen the s ubj ec t o f hi s p an egy
, ,

r ic s

L i k e hi s c o u n tr y m an S chi ll er w h o p in in g v ain ly fo r o n e gl im p se
. ,

o f th e A l p s pr o duced th e m ost gl o w i n g an d faithful p i ctur e o f th em

, ,

s o h e w i th t h e p o et s un er r i n g in s tin c t gath er ed tr uth fr o m h ear say

.
, ,

a n d des cr i p ti o n Bu t h ow m an y of th ese ubi quito u s lear n ed q uotati on s

.

r eally o w fr om th e fo un ta in h ea d ? To o o ften an d to o p alp ab ly i t is

'
-

m er elyto u s e S am p s o n s agr i c u lt ur al s i m il e

th o se an c i en t an d w ell
w o r k ed h eifer s h
t e Te l a i gn ea S,
a ta n ae

the A bgezo gen er , ,

S ch lan gen balg an d all th eir ven em o u s kin dr ed whi ch ar e o n ce m o r e

.
, ,

bein g dr agged to th e p l o ugh b y so m e o f t he l ear n ed w e s ay l ear n ed, .

for as t o the p eo p l e at lar ge o ft en as t h ey h ear th e w o r d n o w w e

'

r m ly b el iev e t h at n u m b er s o f t hem s t i ll h o l d
o
wi th that er u di t e ,

C ap u c in fr i ar H en r i cu s S egn en si s t hat th e Talm u d i s n ot a b o o k b u t a

as s ay s R abb i Tal m u d
, ,

m an U t n ar r a b R abbin as Tal m u d
. c r i es

h e an d t r i u m ph an tly c l in ches h is ar gu m en t
,

A n d o f t ho se w h o kn o w t hat i t is n o t a R abb i h o w m an y ar e t her e ,

t o w ho m i t co n v eys an y b u t t h e vagu es t o f n o ti o n s ? W h o wr o te i t ?

W h at i s i ts bulk ? I t s dat e ? I ts c on ten t s ! I ts b ir th pla ce A c on
tem p o r ar y lat ely c alled i t a S phi n x t o war ds whi ch all m en s eyes ar e

di r ec t ed at thi s h o ur s om e w i th eager c ur io sit y so m e w i th v ague an x i ety

, ,
.

Bu t w hy n o t for ce o p en i ts lip s How m uch l on ger ar e w e to li ve by

q u o tati o n s al on e qu ot ati on s a tho u san d tim es u sed a th ous an d tim es
,
-
,

a bu s ed 1

W h er e, h o wev er ar e w e to look even fo r p r im ar y in s tr u c ti on ?

,

W her e l ear n th e s tor y of the b oo k i ts p l ace in l it er atur e, it s m ean in g ,

a n d pu r p or t an d ab o v e all i ts r elat i on to o u r s elv es ?

,
, ,
1 68 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

If w e t u r n t o the t i m e- ho n
ur ed a u thor i ti es w e shall m ostly n d
o ,
"
t h at i n th eir eager n es s fo r so m e cau s e they h av e t o r n a few pi ec es o il
, ,

t hat gigan ti c liv i n g b od y 3 an d t h ey h av e p r es en ted t o u s th ese ghas t ly

a n a t om i c al p r ep ar ati on s t wi s t ed an d m u t i l at ed o u t o f a ll sh ap e a n d

,

s em b lan c e s ayin g , Beho ld t hi s i s the book 1 O r t hey h ave don e wo r s e

,

, .

Th ey hav e n o t gar b l ed t hei r sam p l es b u t h av e gi ven th em exact ly as ,

t h ey fo un d them 3 an d t h en st oo d a s ide p o in t in g at th em wi t h j eer i n g ,

c o u n t en an c e F o r th eir s am p l es w er e l u di cr o u s an d gr o tes q u e b ey o n d

.

e xp r ession Bu t th ese wi se an d p i ou s in ves tigat or s u n fo r t un ately m i s

.
, ,

t o o k t h e gu r go yl es t h o s e gr i n n in g s t on e c ar i c at ur es t hat m o u n t t h ei r
,

u ar d o v er o u r c ath edr al s fo r t h e gl eam in g s t at u es o f t h e sai n ts wi thin 3

g

,

an d h
,
o l i
d gn t h e m up t o m o ck er y a d
n d e r i i
s o n t h e y c r i ed T h es e b e , ,

t hy go ds 0 I sr a el 1
'
,

L et b e m i s u n der s to o d W h en
c om p lain o f th e la ck o f

u s n ot . w e

gu i des t o th e Ta lm u d, w e do n o t w i sh t o b e u n gr at efu l t o t h o s e gr eat

a n d ear n es t s ch o l ar s w h o s e n a m es ar e fam i l i ar t o e v er y st u den t an d ,

w h ose l ab o u r s h av e b een ev er p r es en t t o o u r m i n d F o r t h o u gh i n th e .

w h o l e r ea l m o f lear n in g t h er e i s s c ar c ely a s i n l e b r an ch o f s t u dy t o b e
g
c o m p ar ed fo r i t s di fcu l t y t o t he T al m u d yet , i f a m an
, ,
h ad t i m e an d ,
l

at i en c e an d k n o w l ed e ther e i s a b s o l u t ely n o r eas o n w h h e sh o u l d n o t

p , g , y ,

u an d do w n an ci en t an d m o der n l i br ar i es at h er m ost exc ell en t h in t s

p g ,

fr o m es s ays an d t r eati s es m on ogr ap h s an d s k et ch es in b oo k s an d p er i o di

, ,

c al s w ith o u t n u m b er b y din t o f whi ch , aided b y th e st u dy o f th e wo r k

,

i t s elf h e m ight ar r i v e a t s o m e c o n c l u si o n as t o i ts es s en c e an d t en den c i es

, , .

i ts o r igi n an d d ev el o pm en t Yet so far as w e kn o w t hat wor k e v er y

.
, , ,

s t ep o f whi ch i t m u st b e c o n fessed i s b es et wi th fata l p i t fal l s h as n o t

, ,
-
,

y et b een d on e fo r th e w o r l d at lar ge I t i s for a v er y go o d r eas on t h at

.

w e h av e p l a c ed n o th in b u t th e n am e o f t he Ta l m u d at th e h ead o f o u r
g
a r ti c l e W e h av e so u ght far an d n ear fo r so m e o n e s p ec ial b o o k o n th e
.
, ,

su bj e ct , wh i ch w e m ight m ak e t h e t h em e o f o u r o b s er v at ion sa b ook

w hi ch s h o u l d n o t m er ely b e a ar bled t r an slati on o f a cer t ain t w el fth ~

g

c en t u r y I n tr o ducti on i n t er sp er sed wi th vi tu p er ation s an d s u pp l e
, ,

m en t ed w i th b l u n der s b u t w hi ch fr o m t h e platfo r m o f m o der n cu l t u r e

, , ,.

sh o u l d p r o n o u n c e i m p ar tially up o n a p r o d uc tio n w hi ch i f fo r n o o th er ,

r easo n c l ai m s r esp ect thr o u gh i t s agea b ook th at w o u l d lead u s thr o u gh

,

t h e st up en do u s l abyr in th s o f fa c t an d t h o u gh t an d fan c y o f whi c h t h e

, , ,

Ta lm u d c on si sts 3 t hat wo u l d r ej o i ce even in h ier oglyph i ca l fair ylo r e in ,

a b s tr u se p r o p o siti o n s an d s yll o gis m s 3 t hat c o u l d fo r gi v e w i l d o u tbu r s t s .

o f p a ssio n an d n o t j u dge h ar sh ly an d h as ti ly o f t h i n gs th e r ealz

,
m ean in g , ,

o f wh i ch m ay h av e h ad t o be h idden u n der t h e foo ls cap an d b ell s .


f
1 70 H A J EH U D I M
-
AN D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

t h e li gh t I t th er efo r e s eem ed ad vi sab le to r efer to the Editio P r in c ep s,

.

a s o n e t hat i s at lea s t fr ee fr o m th e blem ish es , c en sor i al o r typ o gr ap hi c al,

of la ter a
ges .

ll d o es th e Tal m u d s upplem en t th e Hor atian H aben t s u a fate

W e
"
lib elli b y t he w o r ds ev en t h e sa c r ed s c r o ll s i n t h e Tab er n acle W e .
,

r ea lly do n o t w on der th at t h e goo d C a pucin o f w h o m w e s p oke, m is to ok

i t fo r a m a n E v e r s i n c
. e i t e x i s t ed a l m o st b efo r e i t e xi ste d i n a
p al
p ah le sh ap eit h as b een t r eat ed like a h u m an b ein g Fr o m Justin ian , .

w h o a s ear ly as 553 A D h o n o ur ed i t b y a s p ec ial in ter di cto r y N o vella,

.

w
do n t o C l em e n t V III a n d l a t e r a s p ac e o f o v er a th o u s an d y ar s
.
e .

b o th t h e s ecu lar an d th e s pir it u al p ower s k in gs a n d em p er or s p o p es .

, ,

a n d an t i p o p es vi ed w i th ea ch o th er i n h u r lin g an ath e m as a n d bu l ls and

-
, ,

e di ct s o f wh o l es a l e c o n s ca ti o n an d c o n flagr at i on again s t t hi s l uck les s

b o ok T h u s w i t hi n a p e r i o d o f l ess t h an ft y y ear s an d th ese fo r m i n

g

.

l
t h e att er h a l f o f t h e s i x t e e n t h c en t u r y i t w as pub li cly bur n t n o less
t h an si x di ffer en t t i m es an d n o t b y s i n gl e c o p i es b u t wh o l esal e b y the
, ,

waggo n lo ad J u l iu s III i ssu ed hi s p r o cla m ation again st wh at h e gr o

. .

t esqu ely c a ll s t h e

G em ar o th Thalm u d i n 1 553 an d 1 555 Pau l I V in , .

1 559 , P i u s V i n 1 566 C l em en t V III i n 1 59 2 an d 1 599

.
,
Th e fear o f . .

i t w as gr eat i n deed E v en P i u s I V . i n gi vin g p er m is s i o n fo r a n ew .

,

e dit i on s t ip u l at ed e xp r es s ly t h at i t sh o u l d app ear wi t ho u t t h e n am e

,

T al m u d I t a lm o s t s eem s t o h av e b een a k in d o f S h ibb o l eth b y whi ch

. ,

e v er y n ew p o t en t at e h ad t o p r o v e t he ri go u r o f h i s fai th A n d v er y .

v igor o u s it m u st hav e b een t o j u dge b y t h e l an guage whi ch even the ,

h i gh est dign it ar i es o f th e C h u r c h di d n o t di s dain to u se at t i m es Th u s .

H o n or iu s I V w r ites t o t h e A r ch bi sh o p o f C an t er bur y, i n 1 28 6 an en t
.
,

r av e ly,
dam n ab l e b o o k ( l i b er d a m n ab i li s
) a d m o n is hi n hi

t h at g m g ,

a n d desi r i n g h i m v eh em en t ly t o see that i t b e n o t r ead b y an yb o dy

,

S i n ce all o th er e v i l s o w o u t o f i t V er i ly t h es e do c u m en t s ar e sad .

r eadin g o n ly r eliev ed o c ca s i on al ly b y s o m e w i l d b l u n der t hat li ghts u p ,

,

a s w ith o n e a sh , t h e a b y ss o f i gn o r an c e r egar din g t hi s o bj e ct o f w r ath .

W e r em em ble exc ep tio n in this Bab el o f m an i fes

b er bu t o n e s en si

t oes . C lem en t V in 1 8 0 7 b efo r e c o n dem n in g t h e boo k w i sh ed to

.
, , ,

k n ow s o m eth in g o f i t an d ther e w a s n o o n e t o t el l hi m , W h er e up on .

h e p r o p os ed b u t in l an gu age so o b s cur e that i t left t he do o r o p en fo r

,

m an y i n t er p r etatio n s that t h r ee ch air s b e fo un ded for H eb r ew C hal dee,

, , ,

d A b i c t h t h t o u es n ear est t o th e i di o m o f t he Tal m u d

an r a as e r
,
e e n
g .

Th e s p o t s c h o s en by h im w e r e t h e Un i v er s it ies o f P ar i s
,
S alam an ca,
.

Bo l o gn a an d O xfo r d I n tim e h e ho p ed t o b e ab l e t o p r o duc e a t r an s

,
.

lati o n o f thi s m y ster i o u s b o ok

'

N eed w e say t hat t hi s c on s um m ati on .

 THE T A L M U D . 17 1

n e v er cam e to p as s ? The m or e e xp edit io u s p r o c es s o f des tr uc ti o n w as

r es or ted to agai n an d a a in
g ,
n ot m er ely i n t h e s i n gl e c i ti es o f I ta ly an d

F r an ce ,
b u t t h r o ugh o ut the en ti r e H o lv R o m an Em p i r e .

l en gth a chan ge t o ok p la ce i n G er m an y
A t a m i s er . O n e P feffer k o r n ,
.

a b l e c r eat u r e b egan i n th e t i m e o f t h e Em p er o r M ax i m i l ian t o agit ate

, , ,

for a n ew de cr ee fo r t h e exter m in atio n o f t h e Ta l m u d Th e E m p er o r lay, .

with his h o st s b efo r e Par ia wh en th e evi l t o n gu ed m essen ger ar r i v ed i n th e

, ,
-

c am p , fur n i s he d w i th goo dly l e tt er s b y Ku n igu n d e t h e Em p er o r s b eau

t ifu l s iste r M axi m i lia n wear i ed an d u n s u s p ecti n g r en ew ed t hat t i m e

.
, ,

h on o ur ed dec r ee fo r a c o n s c ati o n to b e d u ly fo ll o w ed b y a c o n agr a , r

t i o n r eadi ly en o u gh
,
The c o n s cat io n w as c on s c ien t io u s ly ca r r i ed o u t
.
,

for P feffer k o r n k n ew w ell en o u gh w h er e h i s fo r m er c o r el igi o n i st s k ep t -

t h ei r b o o k s Bu t a c o n agr a ti on o f a ver y differ en t k in d en s u ed S te p

. .

'

b y s t ep , h o u r b y h o ur t h e G er m an R efo r m at i o n w as dr awi n g n ear er

, .

R euch lin t h e m o st em in en t H el len i st an d H eb r ai s t o f h i s t i m e, ha d

,

b een n o m i n at ed t o s it o n th e co m m it tee w hi ch w as t o l en d i ts l ear n ed

a u th o r i ty to t he Em p er o r s de c r ee Bu t h e d i d n o t r el ish thi s t ask

He . .

d id n o t l i k e th e l o o k o f Pfe er ko r n

h e say s Besi d es whi ch h e w as a

.
, ,

lear n ed an d ho n es t m an an d, h avi n g b een t h e r es to r er o f c l as s i ca l G r eek

,

i n G er m an y, h e di d n o t car e to p ar t i c i p ate i n t h e wh o l es al e m u r der o f a .

bo ok wr itten b y Chr i st s n ear es t r el ati o n s P er hap s he s aw t h e c u n .

n in l la i d t r a p
gy
-
H e had l o n g b een a th o r n i n t h e esh of m an y o f his
.

c o n t em p o r ar i es His H eb r ew lab o ur s had b een l o o k ed up o n w i th bi tter

.

j ea l o u sy if n o t fear N o th in g l ess w as c o n t em p l at ed in t ho s e days the

.
,

t h eo l o gi c a l Fa cu l t y o f M ayen c e d em an ded i t o p en ly t h at a t o t a l R ev i
s io n an d c o r r e c t i o n

o f t he H eb r ew B ib l e in as m uch as i t differ ed fr o m ,
I

t h e V u l gat e R eu c hli n o n hi s p a r t n ev er l os t an o pp o r t un i ty o f p r o
.
, ,

c lai m i n g th e high i m p o r t an c e o f t h e H eb r ew t r uth as h e em ph a ti cal ly ,

ca ll ed i t H i s en em i es tho u gh t o n e o f t w o thin gs w o u l d fo llo w

. By , .

o ffi c i al ly p r o n o u n c i n g u p o n t h e Ta l m u d, h e w a s s u r e ei th er to c o m m i t

h i m s el f dan ger o u s lyan d th en a s p eedy en d w o u l d b e m ade o f h im o r

t o s et at n au ght , t o a c er t ai n ex t en t hi s o w n p r ev i o u s j u dgm en t s in ,

fav o u r o f t hese st u di es H e dec l in e d t he p r o p o s al sayin g h on estly

.
, ,

e n o u h , t hat h e k n e w n o th in f t h e bo o k n d t h a t h e w a s n o t a w ar e
g g o a ,

o f t h e ex i s t en c e o f m an y w h o k n e w an yt h in g o f i t L east o f all di d its .

d etr ac t o r s k n o w i t Bu t he c on tin u ed ev en if it shou l d c on tain at tack s

.
, ,

o n C h r i s ti an i t y w o u l d i t n o t b e p r efer able t o r ep l to th em ?
, y B u r n in
g

i s bu t a r u f an ly ar gu m en t W h er eup o n a w ild o ut cr y w as r ai sed .

a ai n s t h i m a s a J ew a J u dai zer , a b ri b ed r en e ad e an d so o n R eu ch
g , g , , .

lin n o thi n g da u n t ed s et t o w o r k o n th e b o o k , in hi s p at i en t har d wor k

, , ,
-
1 72 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

in g m an n er . N e xt he
b r ill ian t defen c e o f i t W hen t he
wr o te a .

E m p er o r as ked hi s O p i n i o n h e r ep eat ed C l em en t s p r o p o sa l t o fo un d

,
.

T al m u di ca l c h ai r s A t ea ch G er m an u n i ver s it y t her e s h o u l d b e t w o
.

r o fes s o r s s p ec i ally app o i n t ed fo r t h e s o l e pu r p o se o f en ab l in s t u den ts

p ,_ , g

t o b ec o m e a c q uain t ed w it h this b o ok A s t o bu r n in g i t h e c on ti n u es

.
, ,

i n th e fa m o u s m em or i al a ddr es sed t o t h e Em p er o r if s om e fo o l c am e ,

an d s ai d M ost m igh ty Em p er o r ! y o u r m aj esty sh o u l d r eally s uppr ess

,

a n d bu r n t h e b o o k s o f a lch em y b e cau se th ey c on tai n b l as ph em o us , ,

w i ck ed an d ab s ur d thi n gs again s t o u r fai th wh at sh o u l d his I m p er i al
, ,

M aj esty r ep ly t o s uc h a bu ffa l o o r ass b u t thi s ? Th o u ar t a n i n n y , ,

r at h er t o b e l a u gh ed a t t h an fo ll o w e d N o w b e c au s e his feeb l e h ead .

,

ca n n o t en t er i n t o th e dep th s o f a s c i en c e an d c an n o t c o n c ei v e i t an d d o e s , ,

u n der s t an d t h i n gs o th er wi s e t h an t hey r eally ar e w o u l d

yo u deem i t t ,

t o bu r n s uch b o o k s 2

F i er c er anwa xed t h e h o wl an d R euch l in t h e p ea c eful

d er cer , ,

s t u den t fr o m a w i t n es s b e c am e a d el i n q u en t
,
W h at h e s u ffer ed fo r an d .

t h r o u gh t h e T al m u d c an n o t b e t o l d h er e ,
F ar an d w ide all o v er .
,

E u r o p e t h e c o n t est r aged
,
A w h o l e l i ter atu r e o f p am ph l ets yin g
.
,

s h eet s,
c ar i cat u r es s p r an g up ,
Un i ver s it y after u n i v er s it y w as
.

a pp ea l ed t o a gain s t h i m N 0 l es s t h an fo r ty s ev en s itti n gs w er e h el d
.
-

b y t h e t h eo l o gi c al F a cu lt y o f P ar i s w hi c h en ded b y t h eir fo r m a l c o n ,

d em n at i o n o f R euch l i n Bu t h e w as n o t l eft t o ght al o n e A r ou n d

. .

hi m r alli ed o n e b y o n e D uk e U l ri ch o f W u r t em bu r g t h e E l ect or
, , , ,

F r edr i ck o f S a x o n y U l r i ch v o n Hut ten F r an k v o n S i ck i n gen h e w ho

, ,

n ally m a de t h e C o logn ian s p ay t h ei r c o st s i n t h e R euch l in t r ial

E r a sm u s o f R ott er dam a n d t h at w h o l e b r i ll i an t p h a l an x o f t h e
Kn igh ts o f th e H o ly Gho st the Ho st s o f P allas A th en e t he
,

, ,

Ta lm u tp hi li a s t h e d o cu m en ts o f t h e p eri o d v ar i o u s ly st yl e t h em
'

t h ey w h o m w e call t h e Hu m an i st s .

A n d th ei r P all adi u m an d th ei r w ar c r y w as o h w o n dr o u s w ay s -

o f H i st o r yth e Ta l m u d To s t an d up fo r R euc h l in m ean t to t h em t o

.
, ,

s tan d up fo r t h e L a w 3 t o gh t for t h e T a l m u d w a s t o fight for the

C hu r ch . Th e r est o f th e st or y is w r itt en i n t h e Ep i st o l ae O bs cu r u m

V ir or u m an d i n
,
t h e ear ly p ages o f t h e G er m an R efo r m at io n Th e .

T a l m u d w a s n o t bu r n t t hi s t i m e O n t h e c o n t r ar y i ts r s t c o m p l ete
.
,

e di t i o n w a s p r in t e d A n d i n t h e s am e y ear o f gr a c e 1 520 A D
. w h en ,
. .
,

t h i s r s t e dit i on w en t t h r o u gh t he p r ess at V en i c e M ar ti n L u th er bu r n t ,

th e P o p e s bu ll at W i tt en b er g

.
1 74 HA - J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

an d har m o n i sed wi th t he s p ir i t o f o u r t im es Bu t t he Talm u d i s m o r e .

t ha n a Bo o k o f L aws I t i s a m i c r o c o s m em b r acin g e v en as do es the

.
, ,

Bi b l e h eav en an d ear th I t I s as I f all t he pr o s e an d p o etr y, th e s ci en ce

,
.
,

th e fai th and S p e culat io n o f t h e O ld W o r ld wer e t ho ugh o n ly i n fain t , ,

r e ec ti o n s b o u n d up i n i t i n n u ce Co m p r i s i n g t h e ti m e fr o m th e r ise
, .

t o th e fall o f an t i qu it y an d a go o d dea l o f it s aft er gl o w th e his t or y an d

,
-
,
.

c u l t ur e o f an t i q ui t y h a v e t o b e c o n s i d er ed in the i r v ar i o u s s t a es
g Bu t .
,

a b o v e all it i s n e c es s ar y t o tr an s p or t o u r s el v es fo ll o w in

, g G o et h e s a d v i c e ,

to i ts b i r th p l a c eP a l es ti n e an d Bab yl o n th e go r geo u s Ea st i tself

,

w h e r e all t h in gs gl o w i n b r igh t e r c o l o u r s an d gr o w i n to m o r e fan t ast i c

,

s h a p es .

Th e o r igin o f t h e Ta l m u d i s c o eva l wit h t h e r et u r n fr o m t h e Bab y

lo n i sh cap ti vi ty O n e o f th e m o st m ys ter i o u s an d m o m en t o u s p er i o ds in
.

t h e hi st o r y o f h u m an i ty i s t ha t br i ef sp a c e o f t h e ex i l e
, W hat w er e the .

i n u en c es b r o ugh t t o b ear up o n t h e c apt i v es d u r in g t h at t i m e w e k n o w ,

n ot . Bu t t his w e k n o w th at fr o m a r eck l ess l awl es s go dless p o pu l ac e

,
/
, , ,

t h ey r e t u r n e d t r an s fo r m ed i n t o a b an d o f Pu ri t an s Th e r el igi o n o f .

Z er du r s ht th o u gh i t h as l eft i ts tr a c es i n J u dai s m fails t o a c c o u n t for

\

, ,

t hat ch an ge N o r do es th e e xile i tsel fa cc o un t fo r i t

. M an y a n d i n t e n s e .

as ar e t h e r em in is c en c es o f i t s b itt er n es s a n d o f y ear n in g fo r ho m e t hat

, ,

h av e s u r vi v e d in p r ayer an d i n s o n g yet w e k n o w t hat wh en th e h o ur, .

o f l i b er ty s tr uck t he fo r c ed c o l on i s t s w er e lo th t o r et u r n t o t h e lan d o f

Yet t h e chan ge i s th er e p al pable u n m is takab l ea chan ge

,

t h ei r fat h er s .
, ,

w hi ch w e m a
y r egar d as a l m o st m i r a cu l o u s S c ar c ely aw ar e b efo r e o f .

t h e e xi s t en c e o f t h ei r gl o r i o u s n at i on al l it er at u r e th e p eo p l e n o w b ega n ,

t o p r es s ar o u n d th es e b r an ds p l uck e d fr o m t he r et h e s can ty r eco r ds

,

o f t h ei r fa i th an d hi s t o r ywi t h a er c e a n d p as s i o n at e l o v e a lo v e ,

s t r o n ger ev en t h an t ha t o f w i fe a n d c hi l d Th ese sam e do cum en t s as .

,

t h ey w er e gr adu ally fo r m ed i n t o a c an o n b e cam e t h e i m m u tab l e c en tr e

,

o f t h eir l i v es t h eir a c ti o n s t h eir t h o ught s t heir v er y dr eam s

, ,
F r om , .

t h at t i m e fo r th w i t h s c ar c ely an y i n t er m i s s io n t h e k een est as w el l a s

, ,

t h e m ost p o eti c al m i n ds o f t h e n at i o n r em ai n ed xed up o n t h em ,

Tur n .

s ays t h e Ta l m u d w i t h r egar d t o t h e B

i t an d t u r n i t agai n , ,
ibl e for ,

e v er y th in g i s i n i t S ea r ch t h e S cr i p t u r es i s t h e di s t i n ct u t t er an c e o f
.
,

t h e N ew T est am en t .

Th e ur al c on sequ en ce en s u ed G r adu ally i m p er c eptib ly al m ost

n at .
, ,

fr o m a m er e exp o un din g an d i n v es tigati on fo r pur p oses o f edi cati on o r

i n s tr uc ti on on s om e s p ecial p o in t thi s a ct i vi t y b ego t a s ci en c ea s c i en c e
,

t h at ass u m ed t h e v er y w ides t dim en sio n s I ts t e chn i cal n am e i s alr eady

.

c o n t ai n ed in t he b oo k o f C hr on i c l es I t is M i dr a sh (fr om da m sh to

.
,
 m s TA L MU D s 175

t dy
s u , e xp o und )a t erm w h i ch the a ut horise d vers ion renders b y
n

There i s scarcely a m ore fruitfu l so u r ce of m isconception s u pon this

s u bj ect than th e l i q ui d nat ure s o t o speak of i t s t echn ical term s
,
The y, ,
.

m ean an y an d ev er yth i ng at on ce m os t gen er a l an d m os t specia l

,
Nearly .

all o f th em s ign ify in t h e rs t in s tan c e, s i m p ly s t ud y

,
Next they ar e .
,

u s e d for s o me o n e v er y s p ec i al bra nch o f this s t udy Then the y indi cate .

,

a t t im es , a pecul i ar m e tho d at o t hers t he w o rk s which have grown o u t

, ,

o f thes e e ith e r gener al or s p ecia l m ent a l l abo urs:

,
Thu s M idra sh fro m ,

th e abstr act ex pounding c am e t o be app l ied rs t to the expo s it ion it se l f

, , ,
"
e v en a s our t er m s work investigat ion in quiry im p ly both pro
, , ,

c es s an d produ c t ; and na lly as a speci a l b ran c h o f exposi t ion t h e ,

legendar ywas m ore popu l ar than t h e rest to this o n e branch on ly an d , ,

to th e books that chie y represen t ed it

.

F or there had sprung up al m ost in nu e r a b l e m odes o f searchin g

m

t h e Scrip t ures I n the quaintly ingen io us m an ner of the tim es fou r
.
,

o f th e chief m et hods were found in the Persian w o rd Paradise spe l t in ,

v o we ll ess S em eti c fashion 1 R D S

Each o n e of these m ys t eri o u s
, .

lett er s w as taken m nem onica lly as the initia l o f som e technica l w o rd ,

t h at indicated on e of those four m e thods The one call ed P (p esha t) .

ai m ed a t the sim p l e under stand in g o f words and things in accordan c e

,

w i t h t he pri m ary exegetica l l aw o f the Ta l m ud th at n o verse o f th e ,

S cripture ever pra ct ically trave ll ed be y on d its l it era l m eaningtho u gh

i t m i ght be exp l ained , ho m i l eti c a lly an d o therwise in innu m erab l e new ,

w ay s.

The second R (n am es ) m eans Hint i e the discovery o f th e
, , ,
. .
,

i n dicat ions contained in certai n see m in g ly super u ou s let ters and sign s
i n Scr ip t ur e Th ese were taken t o r efer to l aws not distinctly m en
.

t i on ed b u t either exis tin g traditionall y or new ly pro m u l gated

, .

Th i s m ethod, when m ore genera lly app l ied bego t a kind of m em o r i a ,

tec hn i cq a stenogr aph y ak i n to the
, Notarikon o f the Rom ans .

P oin ts and notes were added to the m argins o f scriptura l M SS and t he

,
.

fo un dation o f the M assorah o r dip l o m atic preservation of the text w as , ,

t hus l aid The third D (d er u sh) , w as h om i l eti c app l ication o f that

.

w hich ha d been to that which was and wou l d be o f prophetica l an d

,

h is tor ica l dicta to the con d ition of th i ngs I t was a pecu l iar kind of .

s erm on wit h all the aids o f di a l e cts and po etry of parab l e gno m e
, , , ,

p r overb l egend and the res t exact ly as we nd it in t he N ew Testa

, , ,

m ent . The fourth S stood fo r s od secre t m y s t ery This was the

, , , , .

s e cret science into which but few were initiat ed

, I t w as theosoph y .
,

S ee 2 Chr on xiii
.
,
.
, 22 l
a s o, xxi v .
, 27 .
1 76 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R AE L .

m e taph ysics ange l o l ogy, a host o f wil d and g l owing visions of things
,

bey ond earth F aint echoes of this science survive in N eo P latonism in

.
-
,

Gnosticism in the K abbal ah i n
,
Herm es Trism egis tus But few
,
.

were initiated into these th in gs of the Creatio n and o f the chariot ,

a s it w a s a l so c a lle d in a ll usion to Ezekie l s vision
,
Yet here again th e .

power o f the v ague and m ysterious was s o strong tha t the word Paradi se ,

gradually indicated this l ast branch the s e cre t science on ly L ater , i n

, , .

Gnosticism it c a m e t o m ean the spirit ua l Chris t
,
.

There is a weir d story in the Tal m u d which h as given rise t o t h e ,

wil dest exp l anations bu t which wi ll be inte ll igib l e b y the foregoin g

,

l ines . F our m en it says entered P a r a di s e One behel d and die d
, ,
. .

O n e behe l d and l ost his senses One dest ro yed the y oung p l ants O n e
. .

o n ly en t ered in pe ace and cam e o u t in peac e The nam es o f all four .

are given The y are a ll exal ted m as t ers o f the l aw The l ast but on e
. .
,

h e who dest ro y ed the y oung p l ants is El isha ben A b u zah the F aust o f , ,

the Ta l m ud who whil e sitting in the acade m y, at the feet o f his t eachers,
, ,

to stud y the l aw kept the profane books o f H o m er o s to wit
, , ,

hidden in his garm ent and fro m whose m ou th Greek songs never
,

c eased t o ow H o w he notwi thstanding his early scep ticism rapidly

.
, ,

r ises to e m inence in that sa m e law nally fall s away and beco m es a ,

traitor and a n outcast a n d his very nam e a thing o f unutterab l e h o rror ;
,

how o n e day (it was the great day o f a tone m ent ) he passes the ruins of
the Tem p l e and hears a v oice within m urm uring l ike a do v e
,
all m en ,

s ha ll be forgiven this da y save El isha ben A b u z ah who knowing m e ,

,

h as betrayed m e how after his dea th , the a m es wi ll not cease to

,

hover over his gra ve unti l h is o n e faithfu l dis cip l e the L igh t o f t he
, ,

L aw M eir throws him sel f over it swearing a ho ly oath that he will
, , ,

not partake o f the j oy s in the worl d to co m e without his be l ove d m aster ,

a n d that he w i ll n o t m ove fr o m

that spo t until his m aster s sou l shal l
have found grace and sal v ation before the Throne of M erc yall this ,
a n d a nu m ber o f other i ncidents for m o n e o f the m ost stirring poet i cal
,

ict u res in the who l e Ta l m ud The l ast o f the four is Aki ba the m os t
p .
,

exal ted , m ost ro m antic and m ost heroic charac te r perhaps , in that vast
, ,

gall ery of the l earned o f hi s ti m e h e who in th e l ast revo l t under Traj an ,

a n d Hadrian expiated his patriotic r ashness at the hands o f the Rom an

,

exec u tioners andthe l egend adds whose soul ed j ust when in h i s

, ,

last agon y his m out h cried o u t the l ast word o f the confession o f God s
,

unity : Hear O I srae l the L ord our G o d is O n e ,
.

The Tal m ud is the storehouse o the M idrash in its wides t sens e
f

,

an d in all its branches . \V h at we said of the uctuation of te rm s

178 H A J EH U D I M
-
AN DH I K V EH IS R AEL .

sense o f the word though a great part o f its contents co m es under that

,

head but beca use it was On ly a saying a thing withou t authority a
, , ,

p lay o f fancy an all egory a parab l e a tal e that pointed a m ora l an d

, , , ,

i ll ustrated a question that s m oothed the bill ows o f erce debate rouse d
,

the s l um bering att en tion and was generally t o use its o w n phrasea
,

com fort and a b l essing .

The Tal m ud which is com posed of these t w o el em ents the l ega l

, ,

and the l egendary is divided in to M l sH N A H and G EMARA : two ter m s

,

again o f uncertai n shifting m eaning Originally indicating l ike t h e

.
, ,

technica l words m entioned al ready study the y both becam e term s fo r , ,

specia l studies an d indicated special works The M ishnah from sha m o

,
.
,

(ta m ) to l earn to repeat has been o f o ld trans l ated second l aw Bu t

, , , ,
.

this d erivation correct as it seem s l itera lly is incorrec t in the rst i n

, ,

stan ce I t sim p ly m eans L earning l ike Gem ara which besid es

.
, , ,

indicates co m p l e m ent to the M ishnah

itsel f a co m p l em ent to
the M osaic code but in such a m anner that in deve l oping an d
, ,

e n l arging it supersedes it The M ishnah o n its o w n part again

,
.
, ,

for m s a kind o f text to which the Ge m ara is not so m uch a scho l iu m

,

a s a critica l expansion The Pentateuch re m ains in all cases the back

.

ground and l atent source o f the Mishnah But it is the business o f t h e .

G em ar a t o exa m in e into the l egitim ac y and correctness o f the M ishni c

deve l op m ent in singl e instances The Pentateuch rem ained under a ll .
,

c ircu m stances the i m m utab l e

,
divinely given constitution the w r i tten , ,

la w in contradistinction to it the M ishnah , together with the Gem ar a , ,

was call ed the ora l o r U nwritten la w n o t un l ike the Ro m an L ex N o n ,

Scripta the Sunnah o r the Engl ish Co m m on L aw
, , .

There ar e few chapters in the w ho l e history o f j urisprudence m ore ,

o bscure than the origin devel op m ent an d co m pl etion o f this O r al

, ,

L aw There m ust have existed fro m the very beginning o f t h e M osaic

.
,

l aw a nu m ber o f corollary l aws which exp l ained i n detai l m ost o f t h e

, ,

ru l es broad ly l aid down in it Apart fro m these it w as but natura l that .

,

the enactm ent of that prim itive Counci l o f the D esert the El ders an d , ,

their successors in each period together with the verdicts issued b y t h e ,

l ater u dges w i thi n th e gates to who m the Pen tateuch distinctly refers
, .
,

s ho u l d have beco m e precedents and have been handed down as such ,

.

Apocry phal w ritingsnota bly the fourth book o f Ezram o t to m en

tion Phi l o and the Church F athers speak o f fabu l ous nu m bers o f book s ,

that had been given t o M oses together with the Pentateuch thu s ,

indicatin g the com m o n bel ief in the divine origin o f the suppl em enta ry
l aws that ha d exis te d am on g the p e opl e fro m ti m e i m m e m orial Jewi sh .
 THE TAL M U D . 1 79

tradition trac es the bul k o f the oral inj unctions thro ugh a chai n of di s

,

t in c t ly nam ed authority to
-
Sinai itsel f I t m ent ions in d eta il h ow
, .
,

M oses com m unicated those m inutiae o f his l egis l ation in which he ha d ,

been instructed during the m ysterio us forty day s and nigh ts on t h e ,

M ount to the chosen g uides o f the peop l e in such a m anner that they
, ,

shou l d fo r ever rem ain en graven on the tab l ets of their hearts '

A lo n g space in tervenes bet w een th e M osai c period and that o f th e

M ishnah The ever gro w ing wants o f the ever dist urbed co m m onweal th
.
- -

necessitated new l aws and regu l ations at ever y turn A dii cu lty h o w .
,

ev er arose unknown t o o ther l egis l at ions

, , I n despo t ic s tates a decree .
,

is issued pro m u l gatin g the new l aw I n constit ut ional s tat es a bill i s

, .
,

b ro u gh t in The suprem e au thority if it nds it m eet and right t o m ak e

.
,

t his new l aw m akes it The case was differen t in the Jewish com m on
, .

wea l th o f the post exil ian tim es A m ongs t the things that were irre
-
.

deem ab ly l ost with the rst tem p l e were the U rim and T hu m m im o f
th e high pries t
,

the orac l e W ith M al achi, the l ast prophet died Both . .

fo r the pro m u l gation o f a n ew law and the abrogation o f an o ld on e a , ,

hi gher sanc tion was re q uisite than the m ere m aj ority o f the l egis l ative
council The new act m us t be proved directly o r indirectly from th e
W ord o f G o d
.
, ,

proved to have been pro m u l gate d b y the Supre m e K ing

hidden and bound up as it were in its very l etters fro m the beginnin g
, , ,
.

Thi s w as n o t easy in all cases 3 especially when a certain nu m ber of

herm etical rul es n o t un l ike those u sed in the Ro m an schoo l s (inferences
, ,

conc l usions from the m inor to the m aj or and v i ce v er sa anal ogies o f ideas , ,

or obj ec ts general and specia l statem ents

, had co m e to be l ai d ,

down .

Apar t fro m the n ew l aws req uisite in sudden e m ergencies there ,

were m an y o f those o ld traditiona l ones for which the p o i n t d ap p a i had ,

to be found when as estab l ished l egal m atters the y ca m e before th e

, , ,

critical ey es of the schoo l s And these schoo l s them se l ves in their ever
.
,

restl ess activit y evo lved new l aws according t o their l ogica l rul es even
, , ,

when they w ere not practically wanted n o r l ikely ever to co m e into ,

practica l u se si m p ly as a m atter o f science Hence there is a doub l e , ,

action perceptib l e in this l egal d evel op m ent Either the scriptural verse .

fo r m s the ter m inus a qu e o r the t erm inus a d qu em I t is either the

,
.

starting point fo r a discussion which ends in the production o f so m e new

-

enactm ent 3 o r o n e never before investigated is tra c ed back to the divine ,

s ource b y an outward h i nt howe v er insignicant

.
,

This process o f evo l ving n ew precepts fro m o ld ones b y signs ,

a word curious ly e n ough used a l so b y B l acksto n e in h is D eve l op m ent
180 HA -
J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R A E L .

of t h e law msom e ins tan c es, have been app l ie d w ith t o o m u ch

a
y, in
fr ee d o m Yet. wh i l e
the Talm u d ical Co d e pra cti cally differ s from the
,

M osai c as m uch as our D iges t wi ll so m e day differ fro m t he l aws o f the

,

t im e of Canut e an d a s the Justi nian Code differs fro m t he Twe l ve Tab l es

, ,

i t canno t be denie d t ha t these fundam en ta l l aws ha ve been consu lte d ,

c arefu lly and im partially, as t o their spirit their l ett er being often but ,

the vessel or out ward s ym bo l The often uncom prom isin g severity of th e .

Pent ateuch especially in the provin ce o f the penal l aw ha d cert ain ly

, ,

becom e m uch softene d down under the m il der in uences of the cu l tu r e

of l at er day s Several o f it s inj unct ions which had b eco m e i m practicab l e
.
, ,

W ere circu m scribed or a l m o s t cons t itut io n a lly abrogat ed b y t he in t r o

, ,

duction o f except ion al form a l ities Som e of its branches al so ha d .

d evel oped in a dir ection other than wh at at rst sigh t see m s to h av e

been ant icipated But the power v ested in the j udge o f those days w a s
.
,

i n genera l m ost sparingly and conscientious ly app l ied This who l e pro

.

c ess o f the d ev elop m en t o f t he l aw was in the hands o f the S c ribes , who ,
"
a ccordi ng t o t he New Testam ent s it in the seat o f M oses W e S hall
,
.

speak presently o f the Pharisees with who m th e wor d is often coup l e d ,

.

Here m eantim e , we m us t once m ore distin guish bet ween th e differen t

,

m eanings o f the word Scri b e at differen t periods F or there are .

three stages in the oral com pi l ation o f the Tal m udical Code each o f ,

which is nam ed after a specia l cl ass o f doct ors .

The task o f th e rs t cl ass o f th ese m asters the
Scribes b y wa y ,

of em inence whose ti m e ranges fro m the return from Bab yl on down t o

the Greco Syrian persecutions (220 B C )was above all to preser v e
,

-
. .

the sacred Text as it had survived after m an y m ishaps They en u m er

,
.

ated not m erely the precepts but the words the l etters the signs o f th e , , ,

Scripture thereb y guarding it fro m all future int erpo l ations and corrup
,

t ions The y had further to exp l ain these precepts in accor dance with
.
,

t he co ll atera l tradition of which they were the guardians The y had t o .

ins truct th e peop l e to preach i n the s ynagogues t o teach in the schoo l s

.
, ,

They further o n their o w n a u thority , erected certain
, ,
F ences 73 e ,
. .

such new inj unctions as they dee m ed necessar y m ere ly for the better

,

keeping of the old precepts The who l e work o f these m en ( M en o f the

.

gr eat synagogue ) i s well su m m ed up in their adage Have a care in
l ega l decisions send forth m an y discipl es and m ake a fence around th e
, ,

l aw .

M ore pregnant still is the m otto of their l ast representativeth e
,
v

only o n e whose nam e besides those of Ezra and Nehem iah th e supposed
, ,

founders of this body has survived Si m on the Just ,

On th ree th ing s .

stands the worl d o n the law on worship and o n charity
, , ,
.
182 HA -
J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

which necessitate d for their pre cision a knowl edge o f a ll the m edi cal '

s cience o f the tim e

The seasons and the feast days were regul ate d
.

b y the phases of the m oon and astrono m yif on ly in its elem en t s h ad

,
a

t o be studied A n das the c o m m onwea l th successively cam e in contact

.
,

h owever m uch against its wi ll a t rst with G reece and Ro m e their ,

h is tory geogra ph y and l anguage cam e to be added as a m a tter o f

, ,
.

i ns t ruc tion t o those of Persia and Bab yl on I t was on ly a handfu l o f .

w e ll m ean i n g bu t narrow m inded m en

-
lik e the Essenes who woul d n o t,
-

, , ,

fo r t heir own part l isten t o the repea l o f cer tain tem porary D ecrees o f
,

D anger . W hen He ll enic s c epticis m in i t s m ost seduct ive for m had, , ,

d ur in g the S y rian t roub l es begun t o seek its victim s even in the m idst

, ,

o f the Sacred V ineyard and threatened to underm ine all patriotism
,

a n dN a II in d e en dan ce a c u rse was pronounced upon He ll enis m 3 m uch a s

p ,

Ge rm an patriots at the beginning o f this century l oat hed the very sound

, ,

o f the F rench l anguage 3 o r as not s o very l ong ago a ll things foreign ,

were regard ed with a certain suspicion i n Engl and But the danger .
,

o ver the Greek l an guage and c u l ture were restored to their previous
,

high position , in bo th the schoo l and the house as indeed the uni on of

,

Hebrew and Greek the Talith and Pa ll i u m
,
Sh em and Japheth .
,

who had been b l essed together b y Noah , and who wou l d a lway s b e '

b l essed in union was strongly insisted u pon W e shall return to th e

, .

po lygl ot character of those day s the com m on l anguage o f which was a n

,

o dd m ixtu r e o f Greek Ara m aic L atin S y riac Hebrew 3 but the m e m be r

, , , ,

of the Sanhedrim had to be a good l ing u ist He was no t to be .

d ependent o n the possi bly tinged version o f an i n t er p r et o r But .

n ot o n l y was scien ce in its widest sense re quired in hi m bu t

, , ,

e ven an ac q uaintance with its fantastic shadows, such as a stro l ogy ,

m ag ic and the rest i n order that he as both l awgiver and

, , ,

j udge sho u l d be ab l e to enter a l so into the popu l ar feel ing about thes e

,

w i de spread
-
arts Prose lytes eunuchs freed m en w er e rigid ly exc l ude d
.
, , ,

fro m the Asse m b ly So were those who cou l d not pro v e themse lves the
.

l egi tim at e offspring o f priests L evites o r I srael ites and so further

, , , , ,

W ere gam b l ers bettin g m en , m oney l enders

, and dea l ers in i ll egal pro ,

d uce T o the provision abou t the age viz , that th e senator shou l d be

.
, .

n ei ther t oo far advanced in age l est his j udgm en t m ight be enfeeb l ed

, ,

n o r t oo y oung ,
l est it m ight b e i m m ature an d hasty 3 and to the proofs
r e quired of hi s vas t theore t i c a l and practica l know l edgefor he was on ly

b y s l ow degrees prom o t ed fro m an obscure j udgeship to his native ham l et

t o t he sen at oria l dign itythere cam e to be added al so that wonderfu lly
n e r u l e, t hat he m ust be a m arr ie d m an an d hav e chil dren of his o w n ,
 THE T ALM U D . 183

D eep m iseries o f fam il ies wou l d be l ai d b efore him , an d h e shou l d bring

w ith him a hea rt full o f s ym path y .

Of the pract ica l adm inist ration o f j ustic e by the Sanhedri n we have ,

e t t o speak when we co m e t o t he corpus j uris itsel f I t n o w behooves

y

, .

u s to pause a m o m ent a t those schoo l s an d academ ies o f which we ,

ha ve repeated ly m ade m ention and of whi ch the San hedrin for m ed as

, ,

i t were the crown and th e highest consum m ation

, .

Eighty y ears before Chri st schoo l s ourished th roughout the l ength

,

a n d the breadth o f the l and education had been co m pu l sory W hi l e

.

t here is not a sing l e ter m for school to be found before the captivi ty , ,

t here were b y that tim e about a dozen in co m m on usage

, ,
Here ar e a .

few o f the innu m erab l e popu l ar sa yings o f the period betokening the ,

para m ount i m portance which pub l ic instr uction had assum ed in the l ife
o f the nation :
Jerusal e m w a s destro y ed because the i n st r t u c ti o n o f

t h e y oung was negl ected The w orl d is on ly saved b y the breath o f
.

t h e schoo l chil dren E ven for th e r e buil ding of t h e Te m p l e the

.
,

s c hoo l s m ust not be interrup ted Stu dy i s m ore m eritorious than
.

s acrice A scho l ar i s greater than a prophet

Yo u shou l d revere .

t he teach er even m ore than y our fath er The l atter on ly bro u ght y ou .

i nto th e worl d the form er indicates t h e w ay into the next

,
But bl essed .

i s the s o n w h o has l earnt fro m hi s father h e shall revere hi m both as

his father and hi s m aster ; and bl essed i s t h e father w h o h as instr u cted

hi s son .

K a llah s on l y m et duri ng so m e m onths

The High Coll eges o r ,

the y ear Three weeks b e fo re the term the D ean prepared the st u
.
,

d ent for the l e c tures to be de l ivered b y the Rector 3 and s o arduous

be cam e the task as the num ber of discip l es increased that i n tim e no
, ,

l ess than seven D eans had to be appointed Yet the m ode of teachin g .

w a s not that o f o u r m o dern U niversities The professors did not del iver
.

l ectures which the discip l es l ike the student in F au st coul d c o m
, , ,

fo r tab ly take ho m e i n b l ack and white
,
Here a ll w as l ife m ove m ent
.
, ,

d ebate 3 question was met b y counter question answers were given wrap -

p e d u
p in a ll egories or parab l es the i n q uirer w as l ed to deduce th e
,

q uestionab l e point for hi m se l f b y ana l ogy the nearest approach to the

So cratic m ethod The New Testam ent furnishes m an y specim ens o f this
.

c onte m porar y m ethod o f inst r uc tion .

The highest rank in the estim ation o f the peop l e was n o t reserve d ,

fo r the Priest about whose rea l position so m e extraordinary notions
Nob l es but for these M asters o f the L aw
,

a e
r sti ll a o at nor for the ,

the W ise the D iscip l es o f the W ise
,
.
184 HA -
J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R AEL .

M an y of the m ost e m inent D octors were but hu m b l e tr adesm en .

They were tent m akers sanda l -

m akers weavers carpenters tanner s
, , , , ,

bakers cooks A ne w ly e l ected President was found b y his predecessor

,
.
-

who h ad been ign o m i n o u s ly deposed for his overbearing nature all grim y ,

in the m idst of his charcoa l m ounds Of all things the m ost hat ed wer e .
,

id l eness and a sc et i s m 3 piety and l earning the m sel ves on ly received their
proper esti m ation when j oined to heal th y bodily work I t is we ll t o

.
,

add a trade to y our studies 3 y ou wi ll then be fr ee fro m S in Th e .

trades m e n at their work need n o t rise before the greatest doctor ,
.

G reater is he who derives his l ive l ihood fro m work than he who fears ,

God ,

are so m e o f the m ost co m m on dicta of the period .

The exa l ted p l ace thus given to W ork as o n the o n e hand it pre ,

vented an abj ect worship o f l earning so o n the other hand it kept all , ,

as cet i e eccentricities fro m the bod y o f the peop l e And there was a lways .

som e danger o f them at hand W hen the te m pl e l a y in ashes m en .

,

wou l d no l onger eat m eat or drink wi ne A Sage re m onstrated with .

them but they rep l ied wee p ing

,
Once the esh o f sacrices was burnt
upon th e al tar o f God The a l tar is thrown down Once l ibations o f
.
,

wine were poured o u t They are no m ore . But yo u eat bread 3 there .

Yo u are right m aster we sh all eat fruit on ly "

'
i
were bread o er in gs .
, ,
.

But the rst fruits were offered u p W e sha ll refrain fro m them . .

But y ou drink water and there were l ibations o f water
,
And the y .

knew not what to reply Then he co m forted them b y the assur a nce th at
.

He who had destro y ed Jerusal e m had pro m ised to rebui l d it and that , ,

proper m ourn ing was right and m eet but that it m ust not be of a nature ,

to weaken t h e body fo r work .

Another m ost striking story i s that o f the Sage who wa l king i n a , ,

m arke t p l ace crowded with peop l e sudden ly encountered t he Prophe t

-

El ij ah and asked hi m who o u t of that vas t m u l ti tude shou l d be saved

, , ,
.

W hereupon the prophet rst pointed to a weird l ooking creature a turn -

ke y because h e was m ercifu l t o h is prisoners 3 an d next two co m m on

,

l ooking trades m en who cam e wa l king through the crowd p l easantly

, ,

chatti n g The Sage instantly rushed t owards them and asked them

.
,

what were their saving works But they m uch puzz l ed r ep l ied : W e .
, ,

are but poor w ork m en who l ive b y o ur trade A ll that can be said fo r
, .

us is that we are alw av s o f good cheer and are good

, natured W hen w e , .

m eet an ybod y who see m s s a d w e j oin hi m and we ta l k to h i m and chee r

, , ,

hi m so l ong that he m ust forget his grief And if w e kno w o f t w o peopl e .

who have q uarrell ed we t al k to them and persuade the m unti l we ha ve

, ,

m ade the m friends again This is o u r who l e l ife . .
18 6 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS R A EL .

of V en geance had sudden ly succeeded a God o f L ove cannot be t o o oft en ,

protested against Thou sha l t l ove th y neighbour as th ysel f is a pre
.
,

c ept of the O l d Testam ent as o u r Saviour Hi m se l f taught His discip l es

, .

T he L aw as we hav e seen and shall further see was devel oped to a
, ,

m a rve ll ous ly and perhaps oppressive ly m inute pitch ; but on ly as a

, , ,

r egu l ator o f outward actions The faith o f the h eart th e dogm a

.

ro m inent ly d w el t upon b y Pau l was a thin that stood m uch highe

p g r

w ith the Pharisees than this outward la w I t w as a thing the y said .

, ,

n o t to be co m m anded b y an y ordinance yet was greater than a ll

.
,

E very thing is o n e o f their ad ages
,
is in the hands of Heaven save , ,

t h e fear o f Heaven
Six hundred and thi r teen inj unctions says the Tal m ud w a s
.

, ,

M oses instructed to give the peop l e D avid reduced the m all to e l even ,
,

i n the fteenth Psa l m : L ord who S hall abide in th y tabernacl e w h o , ,

s hall dwe ll on th y ho ly hi ll 2 He that wal ket h u prightly dzc
'

,
.

The prophet I saiah reduced th e m to six (33 He that wal keth ,

r ighteous ly &c
The prophet M icah reduced them to three (6
.
,

W hat doth t h e ,

L ord re q uire o f thee but to do j ustly and t o l ove m erc y and to wa l k , ,

h u m b ly with th y God 2
I saiah once m ore red u ced them to two (56

K eep y e j udgm ent ,

a n d do j ustice
A m os (5 4) reduced the m all to one Seek y e m e and y e shall
.

,

l ive
But l est it m ight be supposed fro m this that God coul d not be
.

found in the ful l m ent o f his w ho l e l aw on ly Habakkuk s aid (cap 2 v ,

. .

The j ust shall l ive b y his F aith

.

Regarding these Pharisees o r Separatists t h em s elv es n o greater

, ,

o r m ore anti q uated m istake exists th an that of their being a m ere sect
,

h ated b y Christ and the Apost l es They were n o t a sect an y m ore

.

t han Ro m an Catho l ics for m a sect in Ro m e o r Protestants a se c t in ,

E ngl and and the y were not hated so indiscri m in ately b y Chris t and
the Apostl es as woul d appear at rst sight fro m som e sweeping passages
, ,

i n the New Testa m ent F o r the Pharisees as such w ere at that tim e

.
, ,

Joseph us notwithstandingS im p ly the peopl e i n contradiction to t he

,

l eaven o f Herod Those upper c l asses of free thinking Sadducees
.
-
,

who in opposition to the Pharisees insisted on th e p ar am ount i m port~

, ,

a nce o f sacrices and tithes o f which they were the receivers but de n ied
, ,

th e i m m orta l ity o f the sou l are bare ly m entio n ed in the New Testa

,

m ent The who l esal e denunciations of Scribes and Pharisees have
.
,
 A LM U D 187
'

TH E T .

be en greatly m isunderst ood There can be abso l utely no q uestion o n .

this poin t that there were am ong the genuine Pharisees , the m ost
,

patriotic the m ost nob l e m inded the m ost advanced l eaders o f the part y
, ,

o f progr ess The devel ope m ent o f the law itse l f was nothing in their
.

h ands but a m eans t o keep the S pirit as opposed to the word the o u t

ward fram e i n full l ife an d am e an d to v indicate fo r each tim e its o w n ,

r ight t o interpret the te m pora l ordinances accordi n g to its o w n n ec essi ,

t ies and ac qu irem ents But that there were m an y b l ack sheep in the
.

o c km an y w h o tra ded o n the h i gh repu tation o f the who l e bod yis

m at ter o f reiterated denunciation in th e who l e conte m porar y l iterature .

Th e Ta l m ud inveighs even m ore bitterly and caustica lly th an the New

T esta m ent again st what it ca ll s the
,
P l ague o f Pharisaism the ,

d y ed ones who do evi l deeds l ike Zi m ri , and re quire a good ly reward

,

l ik e Phineas they who preach beautifully but do not act beautifu lly
, , .

Parody in g their exaggerated l ogica l arran gem ents their scrupu l ous ,

divisions and s u b division s the Tal m ud distinguishes seven cl asses o f

-

Pharisees o n e o f them on ly is worth y o f the n am e W e have described

,
.

t hem under their respective head and shall therefore but briefly m en , , ,

t ion them They are

. 1 Those who do the wi ll o f God fro m earth ly
.

m otives . 2 The y w h o m ake s m a ll steps o r s ay j ust wait awhil e fo r

.
, ,

m e 3 I have j ust o n e m ore good work t o perfor m 3 The y who knock . .

their heads against wall s in avoiding the sight o f a wom an 4 Saints . .

i n o i ce
. 5 The y who i m p l ore y ou to m ention so m e m ore duties which
.

they m ight perfo rm 6 The y who are pious because the y fea r God
. . .

The rea l and on ly Pharisee i s h e who does the wi ll o f hi s F ather w h o

i s in Heaven beca u s e he lo v es H i m
, Am ong those chie y Pharisaic .

m asters o f the M ishnic period whose nam es an d fra gm ents o f whose l ife ,

have com e d own to u s are som e o f the m ost i ll ustriou s m en m en at

, ,

whose feet the rst Christians s at , whose say in gshouseho l d words in

t h e m ouths o f the peop l e prove them to have been endowed with no
c o m m on w isdo m piety kindness and h igh and nob l e Co u rage 3 a cou r
, , ,
'

a e and a piet y the y

g had often enough occasion t o seal with their l ives .

F rom this hast y outl ine o f the m ental atm osphere o f the tim e when
t he M ishnah w as gradua lly buil t up w e now turn to the Code itsel f , .

The bul k o f ordinances inj unctions prohibitions precepts the o ld and

, , ,

traditiona l derived o r nacted o n the spur o f the m o m enthad

,

n ew e
, , ,

a fter about eight hun dred y ears risen to gig a ntic proportions proportion s
,

no l onger to b e m astered i n their scattered and be it rem em bered c hi ev , ,

u nwri tten form Thrice at different periods the work of reducing them
.
, ,

t o s y ste m and order was undertaken b y three e m inent m asters the third ,
188 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AE L .

a l one su c ceeded F irst b y Hi ll e l I under whose presid enc y Christ w as

.
, ,

born This Hi ll el , al so call ed the se c ond Ezra was born in Babylon

.
, .

T hirs t for know l edge drove h i m t o Jer usa l e m He w as s o poor t h e .

,

l egend tell s us , that once when he h ad n o t m one y enough to fee th e

port er o f the academ y he c l im bed up the w ind o w sill one bitt er wint er s
,
-

e vening A s he l a y there l istenin g the co l d gr adu ally m ade h i m insen

. ,

sib l e and the snow covered h im u p

,
The darkn ess o f the room r st .

call ed the attention of t hose inside to the m otion less form without H e .

was rest ored to l ife Be i t observed b y the way that this w as on a S ab

.
,

bath as according t o the Tal m ud danger a lw ays supersedes the Sabbath

, , , .

Even for the sake o f the tiniest babe , it m us t be broken withou t the

s l ightest hesitation , fo r the babe will it is added , keep m an y a Sab ,

bath y et for that o n e that was broken fo r it
,
.

A n d here we canno t refrain fro m entering an e m phat ic pro t e s t

a gainst the vu l gar notion o f the

Jewish Sabbath being a th i ng of gri m
a usterit y I t was precisely the contrary a day o f j o y and de l ight a feast
.
, ,

d ay , honoured b y n e garm ents , b y the bes t cheer b y wine l igh ts ,

, ,

S pice and other j oy s o f pre e m inently bodily im port ; and the highest
,
-

e xpre ssion o f th e fee l ing o f se l f re l iance and i n dep en dan c e is contained in

-

the adage Rather l ive o n y our Sabbath as y ou wou l d on a week day

,

than be dependant o n others But this is on ly b y the way . .

About 30 Hi ll e l becam e Presiden t Of his m eekness hi s .

,

piety, his benevol ence the Talm udical records are fu ll A few o f hi s
,
.

say ings w i ll characterize h i m better th a n an y sket ch o f ours c oul d do

Be a discipl e o f Aaron a friend of peace a pro m oter o f peace a frien d
, , ,

o f a ll m en and dra w them near unto the l aw
,
D o n o t be l ieve i n .

t h ysel f till the day of t hy death D o not j udge t h y neigh bour until .

thou hast stood in his p l ace W hosoever does n o t increase in know
.

l edge decreases
,
W hosoever tries to m a ke gain b y t he crow n o f
.

l earni ng perishes ,
I m m edia t ely after his l ect ures he used t o hurry
.
,

ho m e Once asked b y his discip l es what caused him to hast en away h e

. ,

r ep l ied that he had to l ook af er his guest

t W hen the y pressed him for .

the nam e o f his guest he said that he on ly m eant his sou l which w as
,

h ere t o day and there t o m orrow

- .

One day a heathen went to Sham m ai the h ead o f the riva l academ y, ,

an d
asked h i m m ockingly to convert him to the l aw whi l e he stood o n
on e l eg The.
irate m aster turned h i m from his door He then wen t to .

Hill el who r eceived h i m kind ly and gave h i m this rep ly, sin c e so wide ly
,
,

propagated D o n o t unt o another what tho u woul dst no t have ano th er

d o unto thee This is t he who
. l e L aw t he res t i s m ere co m m en tar y , .
1 90 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS R AE L .

Section S eeds : o f Agrarian L aws com m encing with a chapt er o n ,

pray ers I n this section the various tithes a n d donations d u e to th e

.
,

Priests the L evites and the poor fro m the products o f the l ands and
, , , ,

further the Sabbatica l y ea r and the prohi bit ed m ixtures in p l ants , ,

a ni m a l s and garm en t s are treated o f

, ,
.

S ection II F ea s ts o f Sabbaths F east and F ast days the work pro

.
, , ,

hi bi ted the cere m onies ordained the sacrices to be o ffered o n the m

, ,
.

Specia l chapters are devoted t o the F east o f the E xodus from Egypt t o
t he New Year s D ay to the day o f atone m ent (o n e o f the m ost i m pres

sive parts o f the whol e book ) t o the F east o f Tabernac l es and t o , ,

that o f Ham an .

Section W o m en : o f betrotha l , m arriage divorce & c ; al so of , , .

vows .

Section I V , D a m ages : inc lu ding a great part o f the civi l and

.

cri m ina l law I t treats o f the l aw o f trover o f b u ying and selling an d

.
, ,

t he ordinar y m onetar y transactions F u rthe r of the greatest crim e .

,

known to the l aw viz ido l atry Nex t o f witnesses o f oaths o f l egal

,
.
,
.
, , ,

punish m ents and o f the S anhedrin itse l f This section con c l u d es with
,
.

the s o call ed -
Sentences o f the F athers containing so m e o f th e ,

sub l i m est ethica l dicta kno w n in the history o f rel igious phi l osoph y .

Section V S a cr ed thin gs o f sacrices the rst born

.
,
a l so o f , ,

the m easurem ents of the Te m p l e (M iddo th ) .

Section V I P u r iea ti o n s o f the various L evitical and other

.
,

h ygienic l aws o f i m pure things and persons their purication he

, , ,
t .

There i s i t cannot be denied m ore s y m m etry and m ethod in th e M ish

, ,

nah than i n the Pandects ; al tho u gh we have not found that m inute
l ogica l se quence in its arrange m ents which Mai m onides and others have , ,

disco v ered I n fact w edo not bel ieve that we have it in i t s origina l
.
,

shape Bu t as far as the singl e trea ties are concerned th e M ishnah i s

.
, ,

fo r the m os t part free fro m the b l e m ishes o f the Ro m an Code There .

are un question a b ly fewer contra dictory l aws fe w er repetitions fewer

, , , ,

interpo l ations tha n i n the D igests which notwithstanding Tr i bo n i an s
, ,

efforts abound with s o call ed G e m in at i o n es and so for th 3 and as
, ,

regards a certain outspokenness in bodily things it has a t l ast been ,

acknow l edged b y a ll co m petent authorities that i t s l anguage is innite ly ,

purer than that for instance of the m edize v a l casuists

, ,
.

The regu l ations contained i n these s ix treatises are o f very different ,

kinds They are apparently i m portant and unim portant intended to b e

.
,

perm anent o r t e m porary They are either c l ear ex p ansions o f Scriptura l .

precepts o r independent tradit ions l inked to S cripture on ly h er m en eu ti

, ,
 THE T ALM U D .
'

191

ally They are decisions

c . fences , inj un c tions,
ordinances o r , ,

si m p ly M osaic Ha l a chah fro m Sin ai .

The uniform reverence fo r all the m anifo l d contents o f the M ishnah ,

i s best expressed i n the Red actor s o w n words the m otto to the who l e

co ll ection Be e q ually conscientious in s m a ll as in grea t precepts fo r

, ,

e know n o t their individua l rewards Co m pute the earth ly l oss s u s
y .

t ain e d b y th e fu l l m en t o f a l aw b y the heaven ly reward derived ,

through it and the gain derived fro m a transgression b y the punish m ent
,

that is t o fo ll ow it A l so conte m p l ate three things and y e shall n o t fa ll

.
,

into s in kno w what is above yean ey e that seeth , an ear that heareth
a n d a ll y ou r works are written in a book .

The to ne and tenor o f the M ishnah is except in o n e specia l division , ,

d e vo t ed to ethics e m phatica lly practica l

,
I t does not concern itsel f .

w it h m etaph y sics b u t ai m s at being m ere ly a c i vi l code

,
Ye t it neve r .

m isses an opportunity o f incu l cating those higher eth eti c al principl es ,

which l ie beyond the strict l etter o f the l aw I t l ooks m ore to the .

intention , in the ful l m ent o f a precept , than to the fu l lm en t itsel f .

He who cl aim s ce r tain advantages b y the l etter o f the l aw though t h e ,

s pirit o f hu m anit y shou l d urge hi m n o t t o insis t upon the m is n o t

bel oved b y God and m an On the other hand he who m akes good
,

.
,

b y his o w n free will dem andswhich the l aw coul d not have enforced
,

h e in fact who does not stop short a t the G ate o f Justice but p ro

, , ,

c eed s within the L ine o f M ercy in h i m the Spirit of the wise h as ,

p l easure Certai n duties brin g fr uits (interest) in this worl d ; b u t the

.

r ea l reward the capital is paid back in the worl d t o co m e such a s
, ,

reverence for fa ther and m othe r charity early app l ication to study h o s , , ,

i t ali t doi n g the l ast honour to the dead pro m oti n g peace between
p y

,

m an and his neighbor The M ishnah knows nothing of Hell
. F or .

a ll and an y transgressions there were on ly the xed l ega l

.
, p unish m ents ,
o r a m y sterious s u dden V isitation o f G o d
the scriptura l rooting ,

ou t .D eath atones fo r all sins M inor transgressions are redee m ed b y
.

repentance charity sacrice and the day o f atonem ent Sins com m itted
, , , .

a gainst an y m an are on ly forgiven when th e inj ured m an has had fu ll

a m en d s m ade an d dec l ares him sel f reconciled
,
The highest virtu e .

lies in the stud y o f the la w I t is n o t on ly th e badge o f high cu l ture

.

but there is a specia l m erit bound u p in it that wi ll assist m an bot h in ,

this and in the worl d to co m e .

To d iscuss these l aws , their spirit and their detail s in this p lac u , ,

w e cannot u n dert ak e But this m uch we m ay s ay that it has a lway s

.
,

b een th e unanim ous opi nion o f bo th friends and foes that their gene r a l ,
192 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS R AEL .

ch aracter is hum ane in the extre m e ; in spite o f c ertain harsh and ex c ep

ti o n al l aws issued in tim es o f dang
,
er an d m iser y o f revo l ution an d ,

r e action 3 l aws m oreover which

,
for the m ost part never were an d
, , ,

n ever cou l d be carried into practi c e There is an al m ost m odern l iber

.

a l ity o f view regarding the ful l m ent o f the L aw it sel f expressed b y
h e shall l ive b y them
,

s uch fre q uent adages as the Scripture say s that

, ,

m eans he sha ll not d i e thr o u gh them They sh all not b e m ade pitfall s
.

o r b u rdens to hi m th a t sha ll m ake hi m ha te l ife
,
He who carries out .

?

t hese precepts t o the fu ll is decl ared to be no thing l ess than a
,
Sain t

The l aw has been given to m en an d not to angel s , .

Respectin g the prac tical adm inistration of j ustice a sharp distin o ,

t inction is drawn b y th e M ishnah between the c i v al and crim inal l aw .

I n both the m ost carefu l investigation and scrut iny is re quired 3 bu t

,

whi l e in the form er three j udges are co m petent a tribunal o f l ess than
, ,

tw ent y three is re quired for the l at ter

-
The rst duty o f t he civil .

j udges is al ways however cl ear the caseto ur ge an agree m ent W hen .

,

s ay s the Ta l m ud do j us t ice and good wi ll m eet ?

,
W hen the contending
parties are m ade to agree peaceab l e There were both special lo cal

.

m agistrates and casua l j ustices o f peace chosen a d hoc b y the par ties , .

Paym en t received for a decision annu l s the decision L oss o f tim e .

o n ly was all owed to be m ade good in cas e o f trades m an j udges Th e .

p l aintiff wh o was proved to have asked m ore than his due wi th a view o f ,

t hus obtaining his d u e m ore readi ly was non suited Th r ee partners in an

,
.

a ction m ust not d ivide t he m se l ves into one p l ainti ff and two w i t n ess es s .

T h e j udge m us t see that both parties are p retty e qually dressed i e not ,
. .

o n e in ne gar m ents the othe in ra gs and h e is furth er particul arly

,
r

c autioned not to be biassed i n fa v o r o Th

f th e p o or a a i n s t the r i ch
g e .

j udge m ust not h ear an yt hing o f the case save in the presence of both ,

p arties . M an y and s trikin g are al so the adm onitions regardin g th e

j udge . He who u nj ustly hands over o n e m an s goods to another h e

,

s ha ll pa y God for it with his own sou l I n the hour when th e Judge
.

s it s in j udg m ent over hi s own fe ll ow m en he shall fee l as it were a -

, , ,

s word poin ted at h i s o w n heart W o e unto the Judge who convinced
.
,

i n his m ind of the unrighteousness o f a cause tries to throw the b l am e

,

o n the witnesses F ro m him God will ask an account
. W hen t h e .

p arties s tand before y ou l ook upon both ,

as gui l ty 3 but when the y ar e

dis m issed l et them both be innocent in thine ey es for the decree h as

, ,

gone forth .

I t woul d not be eas y to nd a m ore hu m ane a lm ost rened pena l , ,

l egisl ation fro m the day s of the o ld worl d to o u r o w n

,
W hi l e in civil .
1 94 HA -
J EH U D I M A N D M I K V EH I S R AE L .

day again s t the Sa dd u c ees, wh o insist e d u pon the l it eral i nt erpr etation

o f that verse The ex t re m e punish m en ts agellatio n an d d eath,
.

,

as ordered in the M osaic Code were in i ct ed i n a hu m ane m ann er , ,

u nknown as we have said n o t on ly to the con t em porary c ourts o f

,

an t i q uit y but even t o those of E urope up t o wi thin t he l ast genera t ion

Thirty nine w as t he utm ost num ber of s trokes to be inic te d 3 bu tth e

, ,

l oving one s neighbor l ike onesel f bein g constantly u rged by the penal

c ode itsel f even with regard t o c rim inal si f th e l ife of the cu l prit w as
,

i n t he l east degree endangered this num ber w as a t once reduce d ,

H ow .

e ver nu m erous the de l i n quent s transgressions , but o n e punish m ent cou l d

be decreed fo r them all N o t even a n e an d agellati o n coul d be pro

.

n o u n c ed u p o n the s am e occasion .

The care o f hum an l ife was extrem e indeed The Judges of capita l .

of fences had to fast a ll da y nor was the sent en c e exec u ted on the da y o f
,

the verdict but it was once m ore subj ected to scrutin y b y the San hedri n
,

t he next day E ven to th e l ast som e favorabl e circu m s tance that m igh t
.
,

t urn the scal e in the prisoner s favor was l ooked for ,
.

The pl ace o f execution was at som e distan ce fr om the Cour t in ,

o rder that ti m e m ight be given to a witness o r the accused hi m se l f fo r , ,

nam ing an y fact fresh in his favor A m an was stationed at the entrance .

t o the Court with a ag in his hand at so m e dis tance another m an , o n ,

horseback w as stationed in order to stop the execution instantly if an y

, , ,

fa v orab l e circu m stance shou l d still co m e to l ight The cu l prit him sel f .

was all owed to stop four o r ve tim es and to be brought back before ,

the j udges if h e had sti ll any thing to urge in his defence Before hi m

.
,

m arched a heral d cry ing The m an M M son o f N M is being l ed

, ,
. .
, . .
,

to execution for having com m itted such and such a crim e 3 such and
,

s uch are the witnesses against h i m 3 whosoever knows aught to his favor ,

l et h i m co m e and procl ai m it Ten yards fro m the p l ace o f execu tion?
.

they said to h i m Confess th y sins 3 everyone who confesses his part in

,

the worl d to co m e ; for thus it is written o f Achan to who m Joshua

,

said My so n give now gl ory to the G o d o f I srael I f he cou l d not

, , .

o ffer an y for m al confession he need on ly s ay M ay m y death be a

, ,

r ede m ption for a ll m y s i ns To the l ast the cu l prit was supported b y
.

m arks o f profound and a w fu l sy m path y The l ad i es o f Jerusal em form ed .

a society which provided a beverage o f m ixed m y rrh and vinegar that

, , ,

l ike an opiate benum bed the m an when he was being carried to

,

execution
There were four kinds o f capita l p u n ish m en tstoning bu rning
.

, ,

s l ayi ng with the swor d, and strang l ing Cr u c ixion i s utter ly unknown .
 4

TH E T A LM U D . 1 95

t o th e Jewi sh l aw The house o f s toning w as two storie s high ,
s tonin g in the M ishnah being m erely a term for breaking the c ul prit s
.

n eck . I t was the part o f the chief witness to precipi tate the cri m ina l
w ith his o w n hand I f he fe ll o n his breast h e was t urned o n hi s back 3
.
,

if the fa ll had n o t ki ll ed h i m o n the spot the second witness had t o cast ,

a stone on his hear t 3 if he sti ll survived then and then on ly the who l e , , ,

p eop l e hastened his death b y casting s t ones upon hi m The m odes of .

s trang li ng an d burning were a l m ost identica l 3 in both cases the cul pri t

was buried to his waist in soft m u d and two m en b y tigh tening a cor d ,

w r ap p ed i n s oft c lo th round his n eck caused instantaneous death

,
In , .

th e burning a l ighted wick w as thrown do w n his throat when he

, ,

o ened his m outh at his l as t breath The corpse was buri ed in a specia l
p .

p l ace appropriated to cri m inals A fter a ti m e however the b ones were

.
, ,

gathered together and t ransferred to th e burial p l ace o f the cul prit s k i n .

The re l ations then visited the Judges and witnesses as m uch as to say

, ,

W e bear no m al ice against yo u for a righteous j udgm ent have y e j udged , .

T h e ordinar y cere m onies o f outer m ourning we re not o bserved in such

c ases , b u t l a m entation was not prohibited during the rst period o f grief

for sorrow is fro m the heart There was no conscation o f th e .

cu l prit s goo ds .

Practically capital punish m ent was abrogat e d even before the

,

Ro m ans had t aken it o u t o f the hands of the Sanhedrin Here again

, ,
.

t h e hum anising inuences o f the Traditions had been at work c o m m u t ,

i n g the severe M osaic Code The exam ination o f witnesses had been m ade
.

s o rigorous th at a sen t en c e of capita l punish m ent beca m e a l m ost i m possib l e

,
.

W hen the gu il t had notwithst anding a ll these di fcu l ties b een ab so

, ,

lu t ely brought ho m e so m e form a l aw was sure to be found and th e

, ,

s en t ence was co m m uted to i m prison m ent for l ife The doctors of a l at er .

per io d notab ly Akiba who in the m idst of his revo l utionary drea m s o f
, ,

a n ew independence kept his ey e steadily o n a reform o f the whol e

,

j urisdiction did not hesitate t o pronounce open ly for ;the abo l ition of
,

c apital puni s h m ent A court which had pronounced o n e sentence o f

.

d eath in seven o r sevent y y ears received t he nam e o f Court o f m u r,

d er er s .

So far the M ishnah that brief abstract of about eight hundred y ears
,

l egal production J ehu dah the Redactor had excl uded all but the
.
,

best authenticated traditions as we ll as a ll discussion and exegesis , ,

un l ess where particu l ar ly necessary The vast m ass o f these m aterial s .

was now al so co ll ected as a sort o f apocryphal ora l code W e have ,

,
.

da ting fro m a few genera tions after the redaction o f the o fcia l M ishnah ,
.1 96 HA - J EHU D I M A N D M I K VE H I S R AEL .

a alled ext ernal M ishn ah (Bo r ai ta ) 3 further the dis cu ssion s an d

so -

, ,

a dditions be l onging b y righ t s t o the M ish n a h ca ll ed T o s eft a (Supp l e , ,

m ent) 3 and nally the exegesis and m etho d o l og y of t he Ha l ach a (Sifr i

, , ,

Sifra M ech ilta) m uch of which w as aft erwards e m bodied in t he

, ,

Tal m ud .

The M ish n ah being form ed in t o a code be c am e in its t urn wh at

, ,

the Scripture had been a basis o f devel op m ent and discussion I t had ,
.

to be l inked t o the Bib l e i t becam e im pregnat e d with and obscured b y ,

spe c ul ations 3 n ew t ra di tion s sprang up new m ethods were invented , ,

casuistr y assu m ed its sway as i t di d in the l ega l schoo l s that ourishe d

at that period at Rom e a t Al exandria at Ber yt u sand the Ge m ar a , ,

e nsued A doub l e Gem ara o n e th e expression o f t he school s in Pal es

.

tin e call ed that o f Jerusal em redact ed at Tiberias (n o t at Jer usal em ),

, , ,

abou t A D 39 0 and writt en in wh at m ay be call ed East Aram aean 3
.
,

the other redacted at S yria in Babyl onia edited b y R Ashe (A D 365

, ,
. . .

This nal c l ose o f this codex however the co ll ecting and sifting , ,

of whi ch took j us t sixty y ears is d u e t o t he schoo l o f the Saborai m , ,

at the end o f the fth century A D The Babyl onian Gem ara is t he ,
. .

expression o f the ac adem i c s o f Syra N eh ar dea P u m V edi th a M ab usa, , ,

-

an d other p l aces duri ng s i x o r seven genera t ions o f continuous deve l op

,

m en t

This Bab yl onian Tal m ud is couched in W estern Aram aean
.
.

Neither o f the t w o codes were writ ten down at rst and neither ,

has survived in its co m p l eteness W hether there ever was a doub l e .

Ge m ara to a ll the s i x o r even th e rs t ve divisions o f the M ishnah

, ,

( the sixth having ear ly fa ll en into di suse ) is at l eas t ver y doubtfu l , .

M u ch however that existed has been l ost The Bab yl onian Tal m ud is
, , .

about four tim es as l arge as that o f Jerusal em I ts thirty si x treatises .

-

now cover in o u r editions printed with the m ost prom inen t o om m en

, ,

t aries (Rashi and To safo th) exactly fo l io l eaves in twe l ve folio , ,

vo l um es the pagination o f which is kept unifor m in al m os t all editions

, .

I f however the extraneous portions ar e substracted it i s on ly about t en

, , ,

o r e l even tim es as l arge a s the M ishnah which was redacted j ust as m an

, y
generations before the Ta l m ud .

How the Tal m ud itsel f becam e b y degrees what the M ishnah h ad

been to the Ge m ara and what th e Scripture had been to the ear ly Scribes
, ,

v iz A Text 3 h o w the Saboraim and G ao n i m those Epigoni o f the ,

Scribes m ade it the centre of their activity fo r centuries 3what en dl ess
,

co m m entaries dissertations expositions responses nove ll ae abstrac t s

, , , , , ,

& c grew o u t o f i t we canno t here te ll

.
,
On ly this m uch we wi ll add
,
.
, ,

that th e Tal m ud as such was never form ally a cc ep ted b y the nation, b y
, ,
1 98 HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS R AE L .

the Gem ara but al so to th ose profoundlyp oetical conceptions o f a daily

,

phenom ena which had penetrated even i nto the cry o f the watch m en
, ,

the p a ss w ar d o f th e te m pl e g u ards and the routine form u l a o f the critical

,
-

functionary U nfortunate ly it was too poetica l at tim es M atters o f a

.
,
.

purely m etaphy sica l na ture , which afterwards grew into dogm as through
its v agu e p h r a seo lo g assum ed very m onstrous shape s indeed But i t .

had becom e in the hands o f the people a m ongre l idio m 3 and though
, , ,

gifted with a ne feel ing fo r the distinguished characters o f each o f th e

languages then in co m m on u se 3 ( Ara m aic l end s itse l f best to e l egies ,

Greek to h y m ns Hebrew to prayer Ro m an to m artial com position as
, , ,

a com m on saying has it) they get m ixed up all o f t he m som ewhat i n
, , ,

t he m anner of the Pennsyl vanians o f tod ay After a ll it was but t h e .

,

faithfu l reex o f those who m ade this idio m an endurin g l anguage .

These M asters o f the L aw for m ed the m ost m ixed asse m b ly in t h e
wor l d There were not on ly natives o f all the parts o f the worl d wide
.
-

Rom an Em pire am ong them bu t al so denizens o f Arabia and I ndia ; a

,

fact which accounts for m an y pheno m e n a in the Tal m u d But there i s .

hardly an ything o f dom estic o r publ ic purpor t which was not call e d ,

either b y its Greek o r L atin nam e o r b y bo t h and generally in s o , ,

q uestionabl e a shape and in such obso l ete form s that both c l assical an d
, ,

Se m itic schol ars have often need t o go through a W ho l e course o f arch ae

,

o l ogy and antiq u ities before unravell ing it Save only o n e provinc e
,
.
,

that o f agricu l ture This al one together with so m e other trades h ad

.
, ,

retained t he o ld ho m ely Se m itic words thereb y indicating not as I gn o r , ,

ance m ight be l ed to conc l ude that the nation was averse to it but ex
, ,

ac t ly t h e c ontrar y 3 that fro m th e early days o f Joshua they h ad never

ceased to cherish the thought o f sitting under their own vine and fi g tree -
.

The Tal m ud does indeed offer us a perfect p icture o f t h e cos m o

, ,

o lit an i s m and l uxur y o f those na l da y s o f Ro m e such as b u t fe w c l as

p ,

s i ca l o r pos t c l assical writings contain W e nd m ention m ade o f .

Spanish sh of Cretan app l es Bith y nian cheese Egy ptian l entil s an d

, , ,

beans Greek and Egyptian pu m pkins I tal ian wine M edian beer ; gar
, , ,

m ents were im port ed fro m P elu si u m and I ndia shirts from Cil icia an d
.
, ,

v ei l s fro m Arabia To the Arabic Persian and I ndian m aterial s c on

.
, ,

t ai n ed in a d dition t o t hese in the Ge m ara a bare a ll usion m ay sufce

, , , .

W had l ong pondere d over the best wa y o f ill us trating to o u r

e

r ea d e

rs th e ext raor di nary m anner in which the Haggadah that secon d ,

c urr en t in the Ta lm ud s u d den ly in t e r rupts the course o f the Hal ach a

, ,

wh en we bethought ourse lves o f the device o f an o ld m aster I t w as .

a ho t Eas t er aft ernoon an d whi l e he was expounding so m e intri c ate

,
 T HE T AL M U D . 1 99

subtl ety o f the l aw, his hearers quietly fe ll awa y in d rows y sl um bers .

A ll o f a sudden he burst o u t , There was once a wo m an in Egypt , ,

who brought forth at o n e birth six hundred thousand m en 1 And
, ,

o u r readers m ay fanc y how his audience started up at this rem arkab l e

t al e o f the pro lic Egyptian wo m an Her nam e the m aster cal m ly .

,

proceeded was J o ch eb ed and s h e was the m other of M oses who w as

, , ,

worth as m uch as all those s ix hundred thousand arm ed m en together ,

w h o went up fro m Egy p t Th e professor then after a brief l egendar y

.
, ,

di gression proceeded wi t h his l ega l int ricacies and his hearers s l ept n o
, ,

m ore that afternoon A n eastern m i nd seem s pe c u l iarly constitut ed

. .

I ts passionate l ove for things wise and witty for s t ories and ta l es for , ,

parab l es an d apol ogue s does not l eave it even in its severe st udies The y
, .

a r e constantly needed it wou l d appear to keep the currents o f i ts

, ,

tho u ghts in m otion the y are the p l ayth i ngs o f the grown u p chil dren of -

the Orient The Haggadah too has an exegesis a system a m ethod of

.
, , , ,

its o w n . The y are the pecu l iar fantastic thin gs W e wou l d rather no t
, .

fo ll ow too c l osely its l earned divisions into hom il etica l ethical hi s , , ,

t o r i c al genera l and specia l Haggadah

, .

The Haggadah in general transfor m s Scripture in to a thousan d

, ,

the m es for its variat ions Everyt hing being bound up in the Bib l ethe
.

b e gin ni ng an d the end 3there m ust be an ans w er in it to all q uestions F in d .

the ke y and all the riddl es in it are so l ved The persons o f th e Bib l e
the kings and the patriarchs, the h er oes an d the prophets the wom en
, .

.
,

a n d the chi l dren , wha t t he y did and wha t the y suf fered their happ i nes s ,

a n d their doo m their words and their l ivesbecam e apar t fro m their
, ,

presupposed hist o rica l real ity a s ym bo l and an alego r y And what t h e

,

.

n arrative had o m itted the Haggadah supp l ied in m an y v ariations

, It .

ll ed up these gaps as a prophet l ooking into the past m ight do 3 it

,

e xp l ain ed the m otives 3 it en l arged the story 3 it connection s

found .

between the r em otest countries ages and peop l e often wi th a startl in g

, , ,

r ea l is m 3 it drew sub l im e m oral s fro m the m os t co m m onp l ace facts Yet .

it did this b y quick and sudden m otions t o us m ost foreign 3 and hence ,

th e fre q uent m isunderstanding o f its stran ge and wayward m oods .

Those who l ook with an ey e of di sfavor upon a ll thes e extraneou s

m att ers as represen t e d b y the Haggadah i n t he Ta l m ud the fairy tal es,

a n d the j ests the stories and the parab l es and a ll t ha t s t range aggl o m era
, ,

tion of foreign thin gs c hr ysta lized around the l ega l kernal s houl d
r e m e m ber above a ll o n e fa c t
, A s this t angl ed m ass l ies before u s it
, .
,

r epresents a t best a seri es o f pho t ographi c s l ides ha l f broken m u t ilat ed ,

20 0 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M IK V EH I S R A EL .

an d fade d ; though w ha t rem ain s of the m is startlin gly faithful t o th e

W e shall devote a brief space to this Haggadah A n d fo r a generai .

pi ct u re o f i t w e shall refer to Bu ny an w h o speakin g of hi s o w n book

, , , ,

which is very Haggadistic unk now in gly describes the Haggadah ,

ac c u rate ly a s can be

uldst th ou divert th yself fro m m el an ch oly

W o

W ouldst th ou b e p l easan t y et b e far fr o m fo lly ?

W o ul dst th ou r ead r i ddles an d t h eir exp lan ati o n
O r els e b e dro w n ed i n th y c o n t em plat i on
D o s t th ou love p i ckin g m eat O r w oulds t th ou s ee
A m an i t h e c l o u ds an d h ear h i m s p eak t o t h ee

,

W o u l dst t h ou b e i n a dr eam an d yet n ot sleep ? ,

O r w ou l dst th ou i n a m om en t lau gh an d w eep ?

,

W o u l ds t l os e th ys el f an d c at ch n o h ar m
,

A n d n d t h ys elf agai n w i th out a ch a rm

W ou ldst read t h yself an d r ead t h ou kn ow est n ot w h at

,

A n d yet k n o w w h eth er t h ou ar t b l essed o r n o t

By r eadi n g th e s am e lin es 0 th en c om e h i th er ,

A n d lay t h i s b ook t h y h ead an d h eart t ogeth er

, .

W e w ou l d n ot reproach thos e w h o often w ith the best in tentions i n ,

th e w orl d have b r o u ght z

,
a lm os t the entire Haggad istic province into d i s

p ute W e really do n o t w o nder that the s o call ed R abbini cal stories
.
-

that have from ti m e to ti m e been b igu ght before the pub l ic have n o t ,

m et w ith the m ost attering reception The Ta l m ud w hich h as a drasti c .

,

w ord for every occ a sion sa y s They dived into an ocean and brough t
, , ,

u p p otsherd .F irst o f a ll these stories for m on ly a s m al l part in the
,

vast m ass o f all egories parab l es and the l ike that m ake up the Haggadah
, , ,

an d the y w ere part ly i l l chosen , part ly bad ly rendered and part ly di d

-
,

n o t be l ong to the Tal m ud , b u t to so m e rece nt Je w ish stor y book It -

.

s eem s o f m ore m o m ent to ca ll attention to an entirel y n ew branch o f

in vestigation , n am e ly talm udical m etaph ysics an d ethics such as m ay b e
, ,

l eaned fro m the Haggadah o f w hich w e shal l n o t take a g l ance

g ,
.

Beginnin g w ith the Creation 3 w e nd the grad u al deve l op m en t o f

t he C os m os fu ll y recognized b y the Ta l m ud I t ass um es destr u ctio n .

a fter d es truction , stage after stage A n d i n their q uain t ly in ge n io u s

.

m a n ner the M asters refer to the verse in Genesis A n d G o d s aw a l l ,

that he had m ade an d beho l d it w as very good an d to that other in
, ,

E cc l es III 1 l G o d created every thing in i ts proper season and argu e
He created w orl ds upon w orlds and destroy ed them o n e after another
.
, , ,

, ,

u n ti l he created this w or l d He then said Th is p l eases m e, the others

.
,
 20 2 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K VEH ISR AEL .

I f so m e evi l happen s t o h i m he does not enter sud den l y into the pre
,

sence o f this p atron b u t he goes and stands at ;the door of his house
, .

He does no t ask for the pa tron but fo r h i s favorite s l ave o r his s on , , ,

w h o then goes and te l l s the m aster inside The m an N N is stan din g .

, . .
,

at the ga te o f the hall shal l he co m e in o r n ot ? Not so the Ho l y,

praised be He I f m isfortune com es u pon a m an , l et h i m not cry t o
.

M ichae l and n o t to Gabriel but unto M e l et hi m cr y an d I w i l l ans w er

, , ,

hi m right speedi ly as it is said every o n e w h o sha l l ca l l upo n the nam e

,

o f the Lord sha ll be saved .

The end an d ai m of creation i s m an w h o therefore w as create d , , ,

l ast w hen every thing w a s rea dy fo r his reception W hen he has

.
,

reached the perfection o f virtue he is higher than the ange l s them ,

s e l ves

M irac l es are considered b y the Tal m u dm uch as Leibnitz regard s

.

a ll the m ove m ents o f every l im b o f o u r bod y

' as on l y possib l e thr ough
a sort o f p r es tab ili t ed har m on y ; i e th e course o f creation w as not

. .
,

d istu rbed b y them but they w ere al l p r i m er ally existing
, pre ,

o rdained The y w ere created at the end of a ll other thin gs i n the
gl oam ing o f the sixth day A m ong the m how ever w as and this w i l l
.
,

.
, ,

in terest our p alagr ap h er s also the art o f w riting : an invention c on

s i der ed be y ond a l l arts nothing sh ort o f a m irac l e C reation toge ther .
,

w i t h the s e s o ca l l ed exceptions once estab l ished nothing cou l d be

-

, ,

a l tered in it The l aw s o f nature w ent b v their o w n i m m utab l e force

. .

how ever m uch evi l m ight spring therefro m These w icked ones n ot ,

o nly v ul garize m y coin say s the Haggadah w ith reference to the p r o
, ,

a at i o n o f the evi l doers and their kin bearing the hu m a n face divi n e
p g
-

, ,

but the y actua lly m ake m e im press base coi n w it h m y o w n stam p .

God s rea l nam e is in e ab le 3 bu t there are m an y designations indi

'

c ative o f his q ua l ities such a s the m ercifu l (R ach m an a na m e o f fre quent

, ,

o ccu rence both in the Ta l m ud and Koran ) the Ho ly O n e the P lace, , ,

the H eavens the W or d Our Father w hich i s in Heaven the A l m ighty,

, , ,

the Shechinah o r Sacred Presen ce ,

.

The doctrine o f the sou l bears m ore the im press o f the P l ato n ic
,

than o f the A ristotel ian school I t i s he l d to be pre existing A ll .

-
.

s ou l s th a t are ever to be united t o bodies have been created once fo r all, ,

and are hidden aw ay from the rs t n o m en t o f creation They bein g .

creatures o f t he hi ghest real m s are cognizant o f al l thin gs but at t he , ,

hour o f their bi rth in a hum a n bod y an an ge l touches the m outh o f th e ,

c hild , w hi ch cause s it to forget all that has been V ery striking is th e .

c om pariso n betw een the s ou l an d G o d a co m p a riso n w hich has an al m ost ,

 TH E TAL MU D . 20 3

p
v
i i
l ook
ar th e s t c A s G o d lls the w ho l e un ivers e say s the Haggada h
.
, ,

so the sou l ll s the w ho l e bod y 3 as God sees an d is n o t see n as G o d

nourishes the w ho l e universe so the so u l nourishes the w ho l e bod y ; as

,

G o d i s pure so the sou l is pure
,
This purity is specia lly d w e l t upo n
.

in contradistinction t o the theor y o f hereditary sin w hich is d eni ed

, .

There i s no death w it hout in dividua l sin no pain w ithout individual

,

transgression Tha t sa e spirit that dict ted in the Pentateuch an d

. m a ,

p arents sha ll n o t die for their chi l dren \

n or the chi l dren for their ,

p arents has ordained that no o n e shou l d be punished fo r another s

t ransgressions I n the u dgm en t o n s i n the a n i m u s i s taken into

.
,

c onsideration The desire t o co m m it th e vice is h el d t o be m ore w icked

.

th an the v i ce itse l f .

The fear o f G o d o r a virtuous l ife the w ho l e aim and end o f a

, ,

E verything is in Go d s

m an s existen ce is e ntirely in m an s hand
, .

h and save the fear of G o d But o n e hour o f repentance is better tha n
.

the w ho l e w or l d to co m e The full est l ibert y is granted in this respect

.

t o every hu m an being thoug h the he l p o f God is necessary for carry ing

,

it o u t .

The dogm a of the resurrection and o f im m ortal ity vague ly indi cated ,

in the various parts o f the O l d Testam ent has been xed b y the Tal m ud , ,

an d traced to severa l Bibl ical passages Various are t h e sim i l es b y .

w hich the re l ation o f this w or l d to the w orl d to c o m e is indicated This .

w or l d is l ike unto a P r o s do r a t o the next Prepare th yse l f in the

ha ll that thou m ay est be ad m itted into the P a l ace o r This w orl d is
, ,

like a road side inn (hospitiu m ) but the w or l d to co m e is l ike a rea l

-

ho m e . The righteo u s are represented as perfectin g them sel ves and
d eve l oping a ll their highest facu l ties even in the next w or l d F o r th e ,

righteo u s there is n o rest n either in this w orl d nor in the next for
, ,

t hey go say the Scriptures
,
r
fro m host t o host fro m striving to st r iv
, ,

ving they w ill s ee G o d in Z ion H o w a ll i t s deeds and the hou r .
,

w he n they w ere co m m itte d are unfo l ded t o the sight o f the departed sou l,
,

the terrors o f the grave t he ro l l ing back t o Jerusa l em o n the day o f the
,

great tru m pe t w e need n o t here te l l in detai l These h a lf m etaph ysi cal

,
.
-
,

h al f m ystica l specu l at ions are throughou t in the m anner o f the m ore

-
,

poet ica l early church fathers o f o ld an d o f Bun yan o f o u r o w n ti m es ,

.

The R esurrection is t o take p l ace b y the m ys tic po w er o f the D ew o f

Life in J er u salem o n M ount O l ivet and the Targ um s .

There i sn o e v erl astin g dam nation according t o the T al m ud There , .

is on l y a te m porary punish m ent eve n fo r the w orst sinners ,

Genera .

t ion s u p o n generations s hall l ast the dam nation o f ido l aters a p osta te s , ,
 20 4 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M IK VEH I S R A EL .

an d traitors Bu t there is a space o f on ly t w o n gers breath betw ee n

.

He ll and Heaven 3 the sinner h as but t o repent si ncerely and the gates ,

t o everl asting b liss w ill spring open No hum an being is exc l uded from .

the w or l d to co m e Every m an o f w hatever creed o r nation provided

.
,

h e be o f th e righ teous sha ll be ad m itted into it The p u nish m e nt o f the

,
.

w icked is not speci ed as indeed a l l th e descriptions o f the next w or l d

,

a r e l eft vague 3 y et w ith regard to Paradise the idea o f so m eth ing i n c o n

, ,

c ei v ably g l o ri ous i s convey ed at every step The passage Eye has n ot

.
, ,

s ee n n o r has ear heard i s app l ied t o its unspeakabl e b l iss
,
I n th e .

n ext w or l d there w i ll be no eating no drinkin g n o l ove and n o l abour , , ,

n o env y n o hatred n o contest

,
The righteous w i l l s i t w ith cro w ns o n
,
.

their heads gl oryin g in the sp l endor o f God s m aj esty
,
.

Th e essence o f prophec y gives rise t o so m e specu l ation O ne decisive

Tal m udica l dictu m is That God does not cause h i s spirit to rest upon
an y o n e but a strong w ise rich an d hu m b l e m an ,
Strong and rich ar e
,
.

e xp l ain ed in the M ishnah in this w ise W h o i s strong ? He who

,

s ubdues his passion W ho is rich ? He w h o is satised w ith his lo t
. .

T here are degrees a m o n g prophets M oses sa w every thing c l ear ly 3 t h e .

o ther prophets as in dark m irrors ,

E zekie l and I saiah s ay the sam e .

t hi n g 3 but Ezekie l l ike a to w n bred m an I saiah l ike a vi ll ager

-
.
, ,

The phi l osoph y of religion w ill be best com prehended b y so m e o f

t h o se sm all coins the popu l ar and pith y say ings gno m es proverbs
, , , ,

a n d the rest w hich even better than street so gs characterise a ti m e

n , .
, ,

W ith these w e sh al l concl ude this articl e W e have thought it prefer .

ab l e to give the m at rando m a s w e found the m instead o f bui l ding u p

, ,

fro m the m a s y ste m o f eth eti c s or D uties o f the heart W e hav e .

n atu rall y preferred the better and m ore characteristic ones that com e in

S AYIN GS OF T H E T AL M U D .

Be tho u cursed not he w h o curses Be o f them that are perse

,
.
o

o
u ted n o t o f the m that persecute Look at Scripture ; there is not a
,
.

i g l e bird ore pe r secuted than the dove et G o d hath chosen her t o

s n m y ,

be offered o n his al tar Th e h u ll is hun ted b y the l ion the sheep b y the
. ,

o l f the goat b y the tiger A n d G o d said Bring m e a sacri ce n o t , ,

w
.

fro m the m that persecute but fro m the m that are per secuted
,
W e .

ad xvii that hi l e i n the contes t w ith A m a l ek M oses l ifted

re , (E x . .
w ,

,

u p
his ar m s I srae l prevai l ed D id M oses ha n ds m ake w ar o r break
.
,
,

'
But this is to te l l o u that as l ong as I sra e l are l ook i ng u p w ards
w ar ! y , ,
20 6 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH ISR A EL .

There i s am p l e tim e the kin g w ill l et u s kn ow beforehand B u t th e

, .

"

k in g su m m oned them o f a sud d en 3 and those that w ere in their best

ar m ents w ere w e l l r eceived but the foo l ish o n es who cam e i n their
g
R epent to day l est to
, ,

s l oven l iness w ere turned aw a y i n disgrace

, m or .
-

r o w y e m ight be su m m oned The aim and end of al l w isdom are repen

,

t ance and good w orks Even the m ost righteous s h all n o t atta in to s o
.

high a p l ace in heaven as the truly rep entant The rew ard o f goo d .

w orks is l ike dates s w eet and ripening l ate The dyin g benediction o f
,
.

a sage to his discip l es w a s I pray for you that the fear o f heaven m ay ,

be as strong u pon y ou as th e fear o f m an You avoid s i n before the face .

o f the l atter avoid it before the face of the A ll seeing I f y o u r Go d -

.

h ates ido l atr y w h y does he n o t destro y it

,
a heathen asked A n d they .

a n s w ered hi m 3 Beho l d they w orship the su n the m oon the stars 3

, , ,
.

w ou l d
yo u have hi m d estro y this beautifu l w orl d fo r the sake o f the .

foo l ish ? I f y our God is a friend o f the poor asked another w hy doe s

, ,

he not support them Their case a sage a n s w ere d i s l eft in o u r hands

, , ,

that w e m ay thereb y ac qu ire m e r i ts and forgiveness o f sin But w hat a .

m erit it is ! the other rep l ied ; suppose I a m angr y w ith o n e o f m y

s laves and forbid h i m food and drink and so m e o n e gives it h i m furi

, , ,

t i v ely sha ll I be m uch p l eased ? N o t so the other rep l ied

,
suppose you ,

a r e w roth w ith y our on ly so n and i m prison hi m w ith out food and som e
, ,

good m an has pity o n the child and saves hi m from the pangs o f h u nger , ,

w ou l d yo u be so very an gr y w ith the m an ? A n d w e i f w e are ca ll ed ,

servants of G o d are a l so ca l l ed his chi l dren He w h o has m ore l earn ing

,
.

th an good w orks is l ike a tree w ith m an y branches but few roots w h i ch

, , ,

the rst w ind throw s o n its face 3 w hi l st h e w hose w orks are greater than
his k n ow l edge is l ike a tree w ith m any roots and fe w er branches b ut
, ,

w hich a ll the w inds o f heaven cannot u proot .

Love your w ife like y oursel f honour her m ore than yourse l f ,
.

W hosoever l ives unm arried l ives w ithout j o y w ith out co m fort w ithout
, , ,

b l essing D escend a step in choosin g a w ife I f th y w ife is s m a ll

. .
,

bend do w n t o her and w hisper into her ear He w h o forsakes the l ove .

o f his y outh God s a l tar w eeps for h i m
,
He who sees his w ife die .

before him has as it w ere been present at the destruc tion o f the sanc
, , ,

t u ar y itse l f around h i m t h e w or l d gro w s dark I t is w o m an a l one .

through w ho m God s b l essings are vouchsafed to a house She teaches .

t h e chi l dren speeds the husband to t he pl ace o f w orship and i nstruction

, ,

w e l co m es hi m w h en h e returns keeps the house god ly and pure ,

and ,

God s b l essings rest upon a ll these things He w h o m arri es fo r m oney

.
,

h i s chi l dre n s h a ll be a curse to h i m The house that does n o t open to .

 T H E TA M L UD . 20 7

t he p oor shal l ope n the ph y sician The b irds in the ai r eve n d espis e
to .
, ,

t he m is er He w ho gives charity in secret i s greater than M oses him sel f

. .

H on our the s on s o f the p oor it i s they w ho b ring scien ce in to sp l endor , .

L et the ho n our o f th y neighbour be t o thee l ike th ine o w n R ather b e .

t hrow n i n to a ery furn ace tha n bring a ny one to pub l ic sham e H os .

i t ali t i the m ost i m porta n t part o f divine w orship There are thre e
p y s .

o f the law the priesthood the kin gship 3 b u t the cro w n o f a

, ,

good nam e is greater than them a ll I ron breaks the stone re m e l t s .

,

t h e iron w ater extinguishes re the c l ouds dri n k up the w ater a storm

, , ,

d rives aw a y the c l ouds m an w ithstands the storm fear u nm ans m an , , ,

w in e dispe l s fear s l eep drives aw a y w ine and death s w eeps a l l aw ay

, ,

even s l eep Bu t So l o m o n the w ise say s C harity saves from death

. .

How can you escape s in ? Thin k o f three things w hence thou com est ,

w hither thou goest and to w ho m tho u w i l t have t o acco unt for a ll th y

,

d eeds : even to the K i ng o f kings the a ll ho ly praised b e He F our ,

-

,
.

s ha l l not enter Paradise the scoffer the liar, the h ypocrite and the , ,

s l anderer To s l an der is t o m urder

. The cock and the o w l both aw ait .

t h e day l ight The l ight says the cock brings del ight to m e b u t w hat
.
, , ,

a r e y ou w aiting for ? W hen the thief h as no opportun i ty fo r steal ing ,

h e considers hi m se l f an honest m an I f th y friends agree in cal l in g thee .

a n ass o and get an h a l ter around thee Th y f iend h a frie n d and

g , r a s .
,

th y friend s friend has a friend : be dis creet The do g sticks to y ou o n .

a ccount o f the cru m bs in

y our pocket He in w hose fam i l y there has .

bee n o n e hanged shoul d n ot s ay to h i s n eighbour Pray hang t his l itt l e

, ,

sh up fo r m e The cam e l w anted to have horns and the y took a w ay hi s

.
,

ears The so l diers ght an d the kings are the heroes The thief invoke s
. .

God w hen he breaks i nto the house The w o m an o f sixty w i ll run after .

m usic l ike o n e of s i x A fter the thief runs the theft aft er the beggar
.
, ,

poverty W hi l e th e foot i s shod sm ash the thorn D escend a step i n

.
, .

c hoosing a w ife m ou n t a step in choosing a friend , I f there be anything .

bad about yo u s ay it y ourse l f Luck m akes rich l uck m akes w ise Beat
, .
,
.

the gods and the priests w i l l trem b l e W ere it not for the existence o f
, .

p assions no o n e w ou l d buil d a house m arry a w ife beget chi l dren o r

, , , ,

d o an y w ork T h e su n w i ll go do w n all by h im se l f w ithout y our assist

.
,

an ce . The w or l d cou l d not w e ll get o n w itho ut perfum ers an d w ithout

tann ers 3 but w o e to the tanner and w e ll to the perfum er ! F oo l s are ,

n o proof No m an is to be m ade responsib le for w ords w hich he utter s

.

i n his grief One eats another says grace He w h o is asham ed w i l l

.
, .

n o t easil y c om m it s in There i s a great di fference betw een h im who i s

.

asham e d befo re hi s o w n s e l f an d hi m w h o i s o nly asham ed before others .

,
20 8 HA -
J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH IS R AEL .

I t i s a good sign in m an to b e capab l e o f bein g asham ed One contrition .

i n m an s heart is better than m an y agellati o n s I f o u r ancestors w ere

.

l ike ange l s w e are l ike m en ; if o u r an cestors w ere l ike m en w e are l ike

, ,

a sses . D o n o t l ive n ear a pious foo l I f you w ish to han g y ourse lf .

,

choose a big tree R ather eat onions and sit in the shado w an d do n o t
.
,

eat geese and pou l try if it m akes th y heart u neas y w ithin thee A .

s m a ll stater
( )
coin i n a l arge j ar m akes a big noise A m y rt l e eve n i n .

the desert rem ains a m y rtl e W hen the pitcher fall s upon the stone
.
,

w o e unto the pitcher ; w hen the stone fall s upon the pitcher w o e unto ,

the pitcher ; w hatever befal l s , w o e unto the pitcher Even if the bu l l .

have his head deep in hi s trough hasten u pon the roof and drag the ,

l adder after yo u Get your l iving b y skinnin g carcasses in the street if

.
,

y o u cannot do other w ise and do not say, I am a priest I am a great

, ,

m an 3 this w ork w ou l d not b et m y dignit y Youth i s a garl an d o f .

roses age is a cro w n o f thorns U se a nob l e vase even fo r o n e day

, .

l et it break to m orro w The l ast thief is han ged rst Teach th y

. .

tong ue to s ay I do not kn o w
,
The h e art o f our rst ancestors w as as
.

l arge a s the l argest gate o f the te m p l e that o f the l ater ones lik e that o f ,

the next l arge one ; ours is l ike th e e y e o f a needl e D rink not an d .

,

y ou w i ll not sin Not w hat yo u s ay ab o ut y ourse l f but w hat other s

.
,

s ay. N o t the p l ace honours the m an but the m an the p l ace The cat
,
.

an d the rat m ake peace over a carc a se A do g aw a y fro m h is native .

ken n e l dare not bark for seven y ears He w h o w a l ks dai ly o v er his .

e states nds a l itt l e coin each ti m e He w h o hu m i l iates h i m se l f w i ll be

.

l ifted up 3 he w h o raises hi m sel f w i ll be hum i l iated W hosoever r un s .

after greatness greatness r u ns aw a y fro m h i m 3 he w h o runs fro m

,

greatness greatness fo ll o w s hi m
, He who curbs h i s w rath his sins w i ll
.
,

be forgiven W hosoever does not persecute them that persecute hi m

.
,

w hosoever takes an offence in si l ence he who does good because o f l ove ,

,

he w h o is cheerfu l under his sufferi n gs the y are the friends o f G o d ,

a n d o f the m th e Scripture say s A n d they shall shine forth as does th e

,

s u n at noonda y Pride is l ike ido l atr y Com m it a si n t w ice and yo u

. .
,

w i l l think it perfect ly a ll o w ab l e When the end o f a m an i s com e

.
,

e ver bod y l ords it o v er h i m

y Whi l e our l ove w as strong w e l ay o n the
.
,

e dge o f a s w ord
3 n o w it is no l onger strong a sixty y ard w ide bed is t o o
-

n arrow for us A G alileair said : When the shepherd is angry w ith his
.

ock he appoints to it a b l ind be ll w eth er The day is shor t and the

,
-
.
,

w ork is great but the l abourers are id l e

,
though the rew ard be great, ,

a n d the m aster o f the w ork presses I t is not incum bent upo n thee t o
.

com p l ete the w ork but thou m us t not therefore cease from i t I f thou
,
.
21 0 H A J EH U D I M
-
AND M IK V EH IS R AE L .

m akes part o f his serm on o n the M ount M att 5 But h e to u ched t h e . .

J e w s freeho l d w hen he touched their Ta l m ud for greater treasure in

, ,

their conceits they had non e 3 l ike C l eopatra in P l utarch m aking m uch
, ,

o f the viper that destro y ed the m .

The chief end o f both Ta l m uds the J erusal e m and Bab yl on the y s ay , , ,

i s to exp l ain the o ld Testa m ent W e sha l l give an instance o r t w o .

Judges ix 1 3 it is said b y the vine

, ,
Sha ll I l eave m y w ine w hi ch , ,

cheereth God and m an ? H o w do th w ine cheer God ? R abbi A kiba .

saith Because m en give God thanks for it There they al so q uestio n

.

o r controvert Whether a m an shou l d give thanks o r s ay grace for h i s

, , ,

m eat a n d drink before he taste it ?,
A n d other w ise 3 W hether a m an
m ay b l ess God for the s w eet s m e ll o f incense w hich he s m e ll s o ffered to

,

ido l s Whether a m an m ay l ight a can d l e at another cand l e that ,

b u rns in a cand l estick that hath i m ages o n it ? Whether a m an at ,

h i s devotions if a serpent co m e and bite hi m b y the hee l m ay turn an d

, ,

s toop to shake her o ff o r no Which q uestion R abbi Tan ch u m ans w ers

,

v er v profound ly that they m ust n o t s o m uch as shake the foot to get

,

a serpent o ff 3 and gives a strong r eason

F or (saith he ) such a o n e
w as pray ing and a serpe n t co m es and catcheth hi m
,
b y t h e hee l 3 h e
ho l ds on his devotion and stirs not 3 and present ly the snake fall s a w ay

s ta rk dead and the m an not hurt
, .

F or
their a ll usions take a piece o u t o f , the book M incha Ou r .

R abbins teach I srae l is be l oved because God hat h favored the m w ith
,

ph yl acteries upon their heads and upon their ar m s fringes upon thei r ,

garm ents and m arks upo n their doors A n d concerning t he m D avi d

, .
,

s aith ,Seven tim es a day do I praise thee because o f t hy righteou s ,

j udgm ents A t the tim e that D a vid w ent into the bath and s a w h i m
.

s e l f n aked h e said
,
W o e is m e that I stand naked w ithout the c o m ,

m and m ent (o r w ithout m y

, Bu t w hen he re m em bered
the circum cision in h is esh h i s m ind w a s at q uiet A fter w ard w hen h e
, .
,

w ent o u t he m ade a song of it as i t i s said :

, To h i m that excell eth upo n
,

Shem inith (or an eigh t) a Psal m o f D av i c 3 because o f the circu m cision ,

that w a s given o n the eighth day R ab bi El iezer t h e son o f Jacob

,
.
,

saith : \V h o so ev er hath ph yl acteries upon his head and ph yl acterie s ,

upon his ar m and fringes upon h i s garm ents and a m ark o n his door
, , ,

a ll this w i ll keep h i m fro m sinning 3 as it is w ritt en a threefo l d cord is ,

n o t easi ly broken and he saith the ange l o f the Lord p it c h eth roun d
,

,

about t h ds e t hat fear hi m to de l iver the m

, .

The Ta l m ud has a l as shared the sam e fate under w hich even

, , , ,

n ow , the Je w ish natio n s uffers in m ost em p ires in the O l d W or l d I t is ,

.
 TH E T A LM U D . 21 1

ell kn o w n that w he n o n e I sra e l ite co m m its any w rong o r cri m e, it i s

w

n o t said that X o r Y has perpetrated an evi l act but w hat great rogues ,

th e Jew s have proved the m se l ves o r w hat a lo w and cunning peop l e ar e

,

t h e Jew s
The sam e m isfortune b efel the Ta l m ud I f o n e o r the other R a bb i .

has m isspent h is l ife w ith use l ess studies and sophis m s and in estab l ish ,

i n g paradoxica l opinions it is not said that this R abbi w as a sophist but

, ,

w hat a s et of deceivers and foo l s have the R abbi s been o r w hat a n on ,

s e nse is the a ncie n t J udais m .

Shou l d o n e o r the other superstitious V l eW be found in the Gem ara ,

fo r in stan ce w itchcra ft and de m ons and s hou l d even o n e or the o ther

, ,

i nj u rious opinio n have been expressed the y m u st neverthe l ess be , , ,

regarded as n othing e l se except w hat they are in real it y nam ely the , ,

e rrors o f a few individua l s aberr ations o f the inte ll ect sprung fro m a
, ,

fe w fanatics fro m w ho m no re l igious sect is a l together free

,
.

F o r ins t an c e C hristian theo l ogians o f the fteenth century busie d

, ,

them se l ves w ith the in q uiry w he t her G o d cou l d co m m it a s in if H e

,

w ou l d 3 w hether it w ou l d be possib l e for God t o assu m e a hu m a n n ature ,

and especially that o f a w om an A very distingu ished F rench t h eolo

.

gian has sho w n the derivation o f the w ord D iabo l us in this w ay
D ia m eans t w o bo l us a bite hence diabo l us two bites
,

, , , ,

because the devi l m ak es on ly t w o bites w hen he w ou l d s w a l l ow u s Th e .

rs t is the bod y the second is the sou l A gain there w as a dispute b y

, .
,

Christian theo l ogians n early three hundred years w hether in a certai n ,

p ray er if said in the Germ an l an guage a pronoun m ust be said before

, ,

o r after the noun .

U nj ust as it w ou l d be to conc l ude fro m this that al l Christia n ,

theo l ogians o f the fteenth century w hi l ed a w ay their l ife in so foo l ish

a m anner 3 j us t so ab s urd w ou l d it be to rej ect
.
at the present day th e ,
,

ancient J u dais m as represente d in the Tal m ud as sophistry becau se

, , ,

s o m e few R abbi s w ere sophists .

It is true it reads S a n hedr i n p 59 R abbi J o h an an said : A S am

, , ,
.

a r i t an who s t udies the la w

. is gui l ty o f death R esh Lakish said : A
, .

Sam arit an w h o keeps the Sabbath i s gui lt y o f death ,
But these strange .

s tate m en t s o f t hese t w o R a bbis are con t rad icted b y a m ost ancie n t p a s

,

sage R abbi M air taught that a G en t i l e w h o studies t he la w o f M oses

shou l d b e a s highly appreciat ed as the High Priest Sanhedrin 59 Baba ,

K a m m a 58 .
, A gain i t read s Treat Sabbath 1 18 R abbi Chiza .
, ,

s o n o f A b b a t aught in the na m e o f R ab b i J o c h an a n
, ,
W hosoever keep s
the Sabbath day ho ly accordin g t o law al t hough he w orshi p ped ido l s,
, ,
21 2 HA - J EHU D I M A N D M I K VEH IS R AEL .

li ke th e ge n er a tio n o f En och , hi s sin s w ill be for give n A gain , w e r e ad,

.

P r i kta R ab ati , ch ap ter 25 The S abbath w as c om m an de d to Genti l es ,

in t he r st ten co m m an dm ents an d t o the I sr ae l ites i n the l atter
, , .

A gain , Treatise C hu llin 9 4 it r e ads , Sam u el tau ght w e dare n o t

, ,
.

d e c eiv e anyb o dy n o t eve n an ido l atro u s pers o n
, A gai n t o t h e p a s sage .
, ,

G en esi s xxii , 1 2 F or n ow I k n ow th at tho u fea rest G o d, the M i d
r ash R abbah a dds becau se ou r p atriarch A br aham of b l essed m e m o ry
, , ,

o p e n e d hi s ho us e t o all the heathe n s , a n d gave the m foo d .

T H E M I S H NAH A N D G EM A R A H .

R abbi J ehu dah im m o rta liz e d him sel f b y co ll ectin g an d arr angin g , ,

i n t o s ystem m ati c ord er all the R abbin ica l l aw s an d exp l anati on s as w e ll

, ,

as the rem arks an d exp o sitio n s giv en i n the variou s acade m ies d uring ,

p revio u s ce nturies The ri tual cerem on ia l an d j u dicia l ordinan ces ha d

.
, ,

n o t heretofore been w r itte n dow n b u t acc o rdin g t o the custom o f th e

,

t i m e they w ere ora lly hande d over fro m o n e gen eratio n to the other
,
.

R abbi Jehu dah as su m ed the great w ork o f reducin g them to w riting fo r ,

w hich p u rpose he u sed so m e w orks prepared b y Hill e l R abbi A ki ba , , ,

an d b y others . The innovatio n w as decried b y m an y a fanatic as heres y .

They con sidered this R abbinical co ll ection a n un l aw fu l undertakin g an d ,

i nj u riou s t o the M osaic law Bu t R abbi J ehu dah w ith undau nte d
.
,

c o u rage , carried hi s vie w s m aintain in g that the tradition w ou l d be fo r

,

otten i n the g l oo m y day s o f exi l e u nl ess co ll ected i n a w ritten form

g , .

F o r the scattered rem n ants of the Je w s w ere co ntinuing to e m igrate into .

t h e m ost distan t co u ntries 3 had to stra i n every n erve to earn a scan ty

livin g an d w ere thus prevented fro m fre q u e n tin g the acade m ies an d
, ,

ap p lyin g the m se l ves to th e st u d y o f law Hence he preferred t o reduce .

t h e tradition to w ritin g than to expose the w ho l e to the risk o f being

,

m isunderstood o r forgotten He nished h is book about 1 8 0 A D

. . .
,

c all ed it the M ishnah (repetitio n o f the law ) divided it i n to s i x principal ,

a r s S ed a m m each o f these again i n to sing l e books ca ll ed M a sec h et

p t , , , .

The co ll ection of the M ishnah concl udes the period o f the Th an ai m (thi s ,

a s t he co ll ective na m e o f al l the R abbis from the day s o f Si m o n the

w ,

J ust dow n to the ti m es of R abbi J ehu dah ) The R abbis and chiefs o f
,
.

A cadem ies hen ceforth are ca l l ed A m or a i m com m entators The text ,
.

o f the M ishnah how ever w as too vague and did n o t p rovide for a l l
, , ,

e m ergencies the l etter o f this n ew

,
code w as agai n subj ect to conicti ng
e xp l anations . Un favorabl e pol itica l circu m sta n ces p revente d the correct
21 4 HA J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

TA L M U D I CA L I TE MS .

The A u thor s of the Bible(Old T es ta m en t

.
)
A ccor din g t o Tr eat i se Bab a Bathr a p age 1 4, ar e th e fo ll o w i n g r
,

M oses wr o t e h is bo o k t h e ch ap t er o f Z ileam an d Jo b ; Jo sh u a : his

,

b o ok an d the la s t ei ght v er s es of the P e nta teu ch ; S am u el : h i s b ook

,
'
,

J u dges an d R uth ; D av i d : th e P sa l m s (bu t assis ted b y o th er s 3)

,

Jer em i ah : h i s b o ok t h e Bo ok o f Kin gs an d the L am en t atio n s ; H ez e

, ,
r

ki ah an d hi s c o n tem p o r ar i es c o ll e ct ed I saiah P r o v er b s C an t i c l es an d
, ,
:

E ccles i astes ; th e M en o f th e G r eat S yn ago gu e : E zek i el t h e Tw el v e ,

M in or P r o p h ets D an i el an d Esth er ; Ez r a : h i s b ook an d th e

, ,

Chr on i c l es
.
 C HA PT ER IV .

TEA C H IN G S O F THE R A BBI E S .

C o n s i s ti n g o f var ious p r overbs o r m or al s ayi n gs s el ected fr om th e tea h c i n gs of th e

m os t c el eb r at ed R abb i es o f all ages .

TE A C H I N G S OF TH E BA BEJ E S .

M o ses c ved
r e ei th e law fr o m S i n ai , an d del i v er ed i t t o Josh u a 3
an d J os h ua to t he e l der s ,
an d th e e l d er s to p r o p h et s ; an d t h e
the

p roph et s t o t h e m en o f th e gr eat S yn ago gu e Th ey s ai d t hr ee thin gs

.

b e d eli b er a te in j u dgm en t 3 t r ai n up m an y dis ci p l es an d m ak e a fen c e ,

fo r t he law .

S i m o n t h e J u st w as th e l ast of th e m en of t h e gr eat s yn ago gu e .

H e u s ed to wo r ld e xi s ted b y v ir t u e o f t h r ee t hi n gs v i z :
s ay, t h at t h e ,
.

t h e law t h e t em p l e ser vi c e an d a c t s o f b e n e cen c e

, , .

A n tigo n o n s o f S o ch o r e c ei v ed th e o r a l la w fr o m S i m o n t he J u s t
,
.

He u sed t o say b e n o t l ik e s er van t s w h o s er v e t h ei r m as t er fo r t h e

,

sak e o f r ec ei v in g a r ew ar d 3 b u t b e l ik e s er v an t s w h o s er v e t h ei r m a st er

W i th o u t a v i e w o f r e c ei v i n g a r ewar d 3 a n d let t h e fear o f h ea v en b e

u p o n yo u .

J o s e Ben J o z er o f T s er edah an d J o s e Ben J o c h an an o f Jer u s a l em

, , , ,

r e c ei v ed t h e o r a l la w fr o m t h em J o s e Ben J o ez er o f Ts er edah s ai d .
, ,

L e t t hy h o u s e b e t h e h o u s e o f as sem b ly fo r th e w i s e m en 3 a n d du st
t h ys e l f w i th t h e d u s t o f t h ei r fe et 3 an d dr i n k t h ei r w o r ds i n thi r s t i n es s .

J o s e Ben J o ch an an o f Jer u s al e m said L et t hy h o u s e b e wi de o p en 3 an d

, ,

let th e p o o r b e t h y do m es t i c s er v an t s ; an d b e n o t p r o n e t o m uch di s
c o u r s e w i t h w o m en k i n d 3 n o t ev en w i t h t h y w ife
-
m uc h l es s wi t h t h y ,

n e igh b o u r s w ife 3 h en c e t h e wi s e m en s ay w h o e v e r c o n v e r s es m uc h w i t h ,

w o m en ,
b r in geth e vi l o n him sel f an d t h u s n egl e c ts t he s t udy o f t h e law , ,

a n d at l a s t w i ll i n h er it h ell J o sh u a Ben Be r e ch i ah an d N at a i t h e
.
, ,

A r b elit e r ec ei v e d i t fr o m t h e m
, J o sh u a Ben Ber e chi ah s ai d Pr o cur e .

t h ysel f a m a s t er an d o b tai n an as s o ciat e 3 an d j u dge all m an k i n d

,

fav o u r ab ly N at ai th e A r t elit e s ai d W i t h dr aw fr o m an e vi l n eigh b o u r

.
, , ,

a n d as so ci at e n o t wi th t h e w i ck ed 3 n ei th er att er t h y s el f t o es c a p e p u n

i s hm en t Judah Ben Tab a i s ai d C on s ider n o t t hy s el f as t h e ar r an ger o f

.

t h e law an d wh en t h e p ar ti es ar e b efo r e t h ee i n j u dgm en t c o n si der t h em

, ,

as gu i l t y 3 b u t wh en t h e} h a v e depar t ed fr o m t hee c on sider t h em as

,
r
,

i n n o c en t wh en th ey h av e ac qu i esed i n th e s en t en c e S im eon Ben S h etach

, .
21 6
H A J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

s a id : Be xtr em ely car eful in t he ex am in at io n o f t he wi tn ess es

e ,

an d b e ca u t i o u s i n t hy w or ds least t hey fr o m th en c e s h o u l d l ear n t o

,

utter a fa l seh o o d S hem aiah an d A b t alyo n r e c ei v ed i t fr o m th em ;

.

S h em aiah sai d L o v e thy bu s in es s an d h at e d om i n i o n 3 an d thu s

,

m ake t h ys el f n ot k n o wn to go v er n m en t A btalyo n s aid Yes sage s be

.
, ,

ca u t i o u s o f y o u r w o r ds lea s t ye b e do o m ed t o c ap t ivi t y
, an d c ar r i ed ,

ca p ti v e t o a p la c e o f i n fe c ted wat er s an d t h e di s c ip l es w h o fo ll o w you

,

s h o u l d d r in k o f th em b y whi ch m ean s th e n am e o f G o d m ay b e p r o fan ed

,
.

H i ll el an d S h am ai r e cei ved i t fr o m t h em 3 H i ll el s aid : Be o f t h e di s ci p l es

~
o f A ar o n w h o l o v e d p ea c e an d pu r s u ed p ea c e 3 so t hat th o u l o v e m a n
,
,

kin d an d all u r e t h em t o t h e s t u dy o f th e law 3 he u s ed t o s ay wh o ever

, ,

i s am b it i o u s o f a gr an di zin g hi s n am e dest r o ys hi s n am e an d w h o do th
, ,

n o t i n c r eas e i n t h e k n o w l e dge o f th e la w s ha ll b e c u t o 3 an d w h o do th

n ot s t u d y t h e la w i s des er v i n g o f death 3 an d h e w h o ser v es hi m s elf w i th

,

th e c r o w n o f t h e law w i ll b e co n s u m e d
, H e a l s o s ai d i f I p er fo r m n o t
.
,

o o d w o r k s m y sel f w h o c an do th em fo r m e ? an d wh en I fu lly c o n s i der

g ,

m yse l f w h at a m I ? an d if n ot n o w
,
wh en s ha ll I ? S h am ai s ai d
,

L et th y s t u d y o f t h e law b e xed 3 s ay l i tt l e a n d d o m uch 3 a n d r e c eiv e ,

all m en w i th an o p en r es p e ct ab l e c o u n t en an c e
, R abb an G am l i el s aid .

P r o cur e t hys el f a n in str uc to r t hat t ho u m a yest n o t be i n d o ubt ; an d

,

ac cu s to m n o t t h ys el f to gi v e t yt hes b y c o n j ec tu r e S i m eo n hi s so n .
, ,

sai d : I h av e all m y life b e en b r o ugh t up a m o n g t h e w i s e m en an d ,

n ev er fo u n d an y thin g s o sa l u tar y t o th e w ell b ei n g o f th e b o dy as s i l en c e

-

n ei th er i s t h e s t u dy o f t he la w t he p r i n c i p a l b u t t h e p r a c ti c e t h er e o f an d
,

wh o ev er i s pr o fu se o f wo r ds caus et h s in R abb an S im eo n Ben G am l iel

.

s aid : Th e d u r at io n o f t h e w o r l d d ep en ds o n t hr e e t h in gs : v i z j u s t i ce .
, ,

tr u th , an d p ea c e ; as i t i s s aid t r u t h an d t h e j u dgm en t o f p ea ce s hall

, , ,

b e i n y o u r gate s .

R abb i C ha n an ya Ben A kas hya s aid : Th y b l es sed G o d w a s p leas ed to

r en der I sr a e l m er i to r io u s 3 h e t h e r efo r e m u lt ip l i e d t h e law an d th e p r e

ce p t s , as i t i s said t h e L o r d w as p l ease d fo r h i s r igh t e o u s n es s s ak e t o

, ,

m agn ify t h e law an d a do r n i t .

R abb i s ai th W hi ch i s t he m o s t el igib l e path fo r m an t o m ak e ch o i ce

of 1 all s uch as a r e an or n am en t t o t ho s e w h o t r ea d t h er ein ; an d p r o
v

cu r eth t h em h o n o ur fr o m m an k in d Be also c ar eful o f t h e o bser van ce

.

o f a ligh t p r e ce p t a s a w ei ght y o n e ; b eca u se t h o u k n o w est n o t t he

,

d u e r ewar d o f t h e p r ec ep ts ; an d b alan c e t he lo s s s u s tai n ed b y the

n on p er fo r m an c e o f a p r e c ep t aga in st i t s r ec o m p en s e ; an d t h e r ewar d
-

of sin a ga in s t it s loss o f h app in es s C o n s ider a l so t h r ee t hi n gs an d

.
,

th ou w ilt n o t co m m i t s in U n.d rs
e ta n d w h at i s a b o v e t h ee ; a n a ll~
21 8 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

Hyr can u s R abb i J o sh ua Be n C han an ya R abb i J o s e, t he P r i es t, R abb i

, ,

S i m eo n Ben N ath an eal R abb i El eaz ar Ben A r ach

, H e u s ed t h u s t o .

a pp r e c iat e t h ei r m er i t v iz
,
E l eaz e r Ben H yr can u s i s a w el l p l as ter ed
, .

p it , wh i ch l o s eth n o t a dr o p ; J o sh u a Ben C h an an ya , h app y ar e t h ey

w h o b e at h i m ; J o se , t h e P r i es t , i s a s ai n t ; S i m eo n Ben N ath an eal
g
fe ar eth s i n 3 El eazar Ben p o w er fu l s pr i n g H e u s ed t o say
A ra ch is a .

I f all t h e s ages o f I sr a el w er e in o n e s cal e o f t h e b al an c e a n d R abb i ,

E l eazer Ben H yr can u s i n t h e o th er h e w o u l d o v er ba l an c e t h em a ll

. .

A bb a S au l s ai d i n h i s n am e i f all t h e s age s o f I s r ael w er e i n o n e s c al e

, , ,

an d ev en R abb i E l ea z er Ben Hyr c an u s w i t h th em a n d R abb i El eaz er B en ,

A r a ch i n t h e o t h er he w o u l d o v er b a l an c e t h em all H e a l s o sai d t o t h em :
, .

G o fo r t h an d c o n s i der wh i ch i s t h e go o d p at h fo r m a n t o a dh er e t o 3 t o
,

t hi s R abb i El eaz er an s w er ed a go o d eye 3 R a bb i J o sh u a sai d a w o r t h y

, ,

a s s o ci at e ; R a bb i J o s e s aid a
go o d n ei gh b o u r ; R abb i S i m e on s aid h e
, ,

w h o fo r s ees t h e c on s e q u en c es o f a n u n d er tak i n g ; R abb i El eaz er s ai d ,

a b en evo l en t h ear t He th en s ai d u n t o t h e m : I p r efer t h e s en t i m en t o f

.

R abb i Eleaz er Ben A r a ch a bo v e yo ur s as hi s w o r ds i n c l u de th e wh o le o f

,

y o u rs
. H e a l so s ai d u n t o t h e m : G o fo r t h an d c o n s ider w hi c h i s t h e e v i l
,

w a
y t h at m an sh o u l d s h u n 3 to w h i ch R abb i El ea z er s a i d a n e vi l ey e 3 ,

R abb i Jo s h u a S id an ev i l ass o c i at e 3 R abbi J o s e s aid an ev i l n eigh b o u r 3

a
, ,

R abbi S i m eo n s aid h e w h o b o r r o w eth an d p aye

,
t h n o t ; fo r w h en o n e
,

b o r r o weth o f m an i t i s equ a l a s i f h e b o r r o w ed fr o m G o d 3 a s i t i s s ai d :
T h e w i ck ed b o r r o w et h an d p ay e th n o t agai n 3 b u t t h e r i gh t eo u s s h eweth
,

k i n dn ess an d gi vet h R abb i El ea z er sa i d a n ev i l h ea r t H e t h en s ai d

.
, .

u n t o t h em I p r efer th e s en ti m en t o f R abbi E l ea z er Ben A r a ch ab o ve

yo u r s a s h i s wo r ds i n c l u de th e w h o l e o f yo ur s T h ey al s o s aid t hr ee
,
.

t hin gs R abb i E l eaz er sai d : L et t h e h o n o u r o f t h y a s so c i at e b e a s dear t o

t h ee as t hin e o w n 3 an d b e n o t eas i ly m o v e d t o an ge r 3 a n d r ep en t o n e
d ay p r ec edin g th y dec eas e 3 an d w ar m t hy s el f b y t h e r e o f th e s ages 3
b u t b e c ar efu l t hat t h eir b i t e i s a s t h e b it e o f a fo x a n d t h eir s t in g a s t h e ,

s tin g o f a s co r p i o n ,
an d t h ei r bu r n a s t h e bu r n o f a e r y s er p en t 3 an d a ll

t h ei r w o r ds as er y c o al s R abb i J o s hu a s aid A n ev i l eye an ev i l im a

.
,

i n a ti o n an d m i s an th r o p y c a u s e t h e d eat h o f m an R a bb i J o s e s aid :
g , ,
.

L et t hy ass o cia te s p r o p er ty b e as dear t o t h ee a s th i n e o w n p r ep ar e th y

,

s el f t o s t u dy t h e la w as i t c o m eth n o t t o t h ee b y i n h er i tan c e 3 an d let

'

a ll t hi n e a c t i o n s b e in t h e n am e o f G o d R abb i S i m eo n s ai d Be c ar efu l
.

o f r ea di n g t h e S hem ang an d t h e o th er p r ay e r s ; an d w h en
,
t h o u ar t

r ay i n g c o n s i d er n o t t hy p r ay er a s o r di n a r y b u t as s upp l i c at i n g m er c y
p , ,

i n t h e p r es en c e o f t h e S up r em e ; as i t i s s ai d for he i s m er c ifu l an d ,

ra c i o us l o n g s uffer in g an d o f abu n da n t k in dn es s an d r ep en t eth o f t he

g , , ,
 T EA C H I N G S O F TH E R A BBI ES . 21 9

e vil 3 an d depr e ci ate n o t thysel f in thin e o w n m in d R abb i Eleaz er s ai d .

Be exp editi o u s t o st u dy th e law t hat t h o u m ay es t k n o w h ow t o c on fut e

,

t h e e pi cur ean 3 c on s ider a l so i n wh os e p r es en c e t h o u ar t l ab o ur i n g an d

, ,

i n wh ose s er v i c e t h o u a r t em p l o y ed w h o w i ll p ay t h ee t h e r ew ar d o f
,

t h y l ab o u r R abb i Tar p h on s aid : Th e day i s s h o r t b u t t h e l ab o ur i s

.
,

m uch a n d t h e l a b o u r er s s l o t hfu l 3 t h o ugh t h e r e war d i s gr eat an d t h e

, ,

m as t er o f t h e h o u s e p r es s eth fo r d i s p at ch H e u s e d t o s ay i t i s n o t
.
,

i n cu m b en t o n t h ee t o c o m p l et e t h e w o r k n eit h er ar t t h o u at l i b er t y t o
,

a b s t ai n wh o l ly fr o m i t 3 if t h o u h as t di l igen t ly s t u di ed t h e law t h o u w i l t ,

r e c ei v e
gr eat r e war d 3 fo r t h e m a s ter w h o e m p l o y ed t h ee i s fai t hfu l t o ,

p ay t h ee t h e r ew ar d o f t hy l ab o ur b u t k n o w t h a t t h e p ay m en t o f t h e
,

r ew ar d o f t h e r i h teo u s i s i n
g a fu t u r e s t at e A kdb ea Ben M ah alallel .

s aid P o n d er o n thr ee thi n gs an d t ho u w i lt n o t b e led t o t h e co m m i s s i on

,

o f si n 3 c o n s i der fr o m w h en c e t h o u c o m es t an d w hi th er t h o u
go est an d
, ,

i n w h o s e p r es en c e t h o u m u s t i n fu t u r it y r en der an a cc o u n t i n j u dg
m en t . Fr o m wh en c e c o m es t t h e n ? fr om a feet i d dr o p 3 an d whi th er ar t
t h o u go i n g ? t o a p l a c e o f du s t w o r m s an d r ept i l es 3 an d i n wh o s e
, ,

p r es en ce ar t t ho u in fut u r i t y t o r en der an a cc o un t i n j u dgm en t ?

e v en b efo r e t h e H o ly S up r em e K i n g o f K i n s b l es s e d i s h e R bb i
g a , .

C han een a a p r i es t o f t h e s ec o n d o r d er sai d : P r a y for t h e p ea c e o f th e

, ,

k in gdo m fo r w er e i t n o t i n d efer en ce t h er eo f m en w o u l d s wa ll o w each

, ,

o t h er a l i v e T w o w ho ar e s it tin g t o geth er an d h a v e n o di s c o u r s e c o n
.
,

c er n i n
g t h e law a r e a cc o u n t ed t o an as s em b ly o f s c o r n er s 3 as i s s ai d I n
,

Bu t t w o w h o s it t o get her a n d di s
i

t h e seat o f t h e s c o r n er s do n o t s i t .
,

c o u r s e o f t h e la w t h e D i v i n e P r es en c e m ay b e s aid t o r es t o n t h em 3 a s
,

i s s ai d : T h en th ey w h o fea r ed t h e L o r d s p ak e ev er y o n e t o h i s n eigh
bo ur an d t he L o r d ga v e ear an d h ear d 3 an d a b o o k o f r em em br an c e w a s
,

wr i tt en b efo r e h i m fo r t h em w ho fear ed t h e L o r d an d fo r th em w h o
, ,

t h o u gh t o n H i s n am e Thi s r efer s t o t w o 3 b u t w h en c e can w e i n fer

.
,

t h at if b u t o n e s i ts en gaged in t h e st u dy o f t h e law t h at t h e h o ly b l es s ed , ,

G o d w i ll app o i n t h i m a r ew ar d Becau s e i t i s sai d L et hi m sit a l on e

.

a n d b e s i l en t b e c a u s e h e h as la id i t
,
u p o n h im R abbi S im eo n s aith : .
'

T h r ee w h o h av e eat en at o n e t ab l e an d h av e n o t di s c o u r sed o n t h e s u b
,
.

ec t o f th e law ar e t o b e c o n si der ed a s if t h ey h a d eat en o f t h e s a c ri c es

j ,

o f i do l s 3 fo r i t i s s ai d : F o r a ll t h ei r t ab l es a r e fu ll o f v o m i t a n d lt hin ess ,

s o t h at n o p l a c e i s fr ee Bu t thr ee w h o h av e eat en at o n e t ab l e an d
.
,

h av e di s c o u r sed o n t he s ubj e ct o f t h e law ar e c o n si der ed as i f t h ey h a d ,

A n d h e s ai d u n t o m e t h i s i s t h e tab l e

e at en a t G o d s t ab l e 3 as i t i s s aid ,

w hi ch i s b efo r e t h e L o r d R a bbi ec hu n ya B
. en H akan a sai d : W h o ev er

lays o n hi m sel f th e yo k e o f t he law shall be r eli eved fr om the yoke o f

i

,
 220
H A J EHU D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

t he ki n gdo m an d th e custo m o f t he wo r ld 3 b u t who ever di v ests him

, ,

s el f o f th e yo ke o f t h e la w sh al l b e bu r den ed w i th th e yo k e o f t h e ki n
, g
d o m an d t he cu s tom o f th e wo r l d R abbi Chan een a Ben C h ac h een ai sai d
,
.

h e w h o w alk e th i n (o r all) th e n i ght t ra v ell e th in th e r oa d alon e an d , ,

t ur n eth h i s h ear t t o v an it y i s gu i l t y o f hi s o w n s o u l
, R abb i C halap h ta .
,

an in ha bi t an t o f th e v i ll a e o f C h an an ya s ai d Ten w h o ar e ass em bled

g ,

t ogeth er an d en gaged i n t h e s t u dy o f t h e la w th e S he chi n a p r es ideth

, ,

am o n g t h em ; a s i t i s s ai d : G o d s t an deth in t h e c o n gr egat i o n o f th e

m igh t y 3 an d h en c e i t i s i n fer r ed t h at i t i s al so w i th r e 3 b eca u se i t i s

,

s ai d an d h at h fo u n ded h is t r o o p o n (
,
or a b o v e
) t h e ear th A n d h en c e i t .

i s s aid t hat i t i s l ik e wi s e s o w i th th r ee 3 b ec a u s e i t i s s ai d h e j u dgeth

, ,

a m o n g j u dges ; an d h en c e i t i s i n fer r e d t hat i t i s a l s o wi th t w o ; b e ,

c a u s e i t i s s a i d : T h ey w ho fear ed t h e L or d s p ak e e v er y o n e to hi s ,

n ei ghb o u r ; a n d t he L o r d ga v e ear a n d h e ar d 3 an d h en c e i t i s in fer r ed

t hat i t i s l ik ewi s e s o w i th o n e ; b eca u se i t i s s ai d : I n ev er y p l a c e

w her e I r e c o r d m y n am e I wi ll c o m e u n to t h ee a n d I wi ll b l es s t h ee
, ,
.

R abb i E l eazer an i n h ab itan t o f Bar to tha s ai d Gi v e u n to H im (G o d)

, ,

o f H i s o w n 3 for t h o u an d a ll t h o u p o ssessest ar e Hi s
,
A n d th u s s ai d ,
.

D av i d fo r all thin gs ar e fr o m t h ee ; an d fr o m th e gift o f thi n e han ds

,

h av e w e gi v en u n t o Th ee R abb i J a c o b s ai d : H e w h o j ou r n eyeth o n
.

t h e r o ad m e di tat in g o n t he law
,
an d c ea set h t h er efr o m i n o r der t o
, ,

a dm i r e thi s b ea u t ifu l t r ee o r t hat h an ds o m e v i ll a e i s c o n s ider ed i n

, g ,

s cr i p t u r e as en dan ger i n g h is life

,
R abb i D o r s eth ai th e s o n o f J on ai
.
, ,

in th e n am e o f M y er s aid : W h o ev er fo r getteth an ythi n g o f wh at h e h ad

,

o b tain e d b y s t u dy i s c o n s ider ed in s c r i p t ur e as h av in g en dan ger e d hi s

,

life ; a s i s s aid : O n ly t ake h eed t o thys elf an d gu ar d thy s o u l dilli ,

en t ly l es t t h o u fo r get t he thi n gs wh i ch t hi n e eyes h a v e seen P er h ap s

g ,
.

o u m ay i m agi n e t h at e v en hi s s t u dy h a s b een to o p o w e r fu l fo r hi m
y ,
.

N o b e c au s e i t i s s aid an d l es t they be p u t away fr o m thy h ear t all t he

, ,

d ay s o f t h y life H en ce he en dan ger s n o t hi s life, t ill h e de l ib er ately

.
,

r em o v es th em fr o m h i s h ear t R abb i C han c on a D en D o s e s ai d : W hos o

.
,

e v er s fear o f s in
.

hat h p r e c eden c y o f hi s w i s do m hi s w i sdo m w i l l be ,

er m an en t 3 b u t who s o ev er s w is d o m h ath p r e c eden c y o f h i s fear o f S in
p ,

his w i sdo m w ill n o t b e p er m an en t H e a l so u s ed t o s ay who s o ev er s

.
,

oo d d e eds e xceed h i s wi s do m hi s w is do m w ill b e p er m an en t ; b u t h e

g ,

w h o s e w i s do m e xc eedeth h is go o d w o r ks r hi s w i s do m w i l l n o t be p er m a

n en t . H e als o u s e d t o say, w i th w ho m soev er th e s p ir i t o f m an k in d i s

r atied t he s ir i t o f t he S up r em e i s lso gr atied 3 b u t w ith w h o m so

g p
,
a
e v er the s ir i t of m an kin d is n o t gr a tie d, t he s p ir i t o f t he S up r e m e
p
i s n o t gr atied R abb i D o s e Ben H ar c hen as sai d : That the m o rn i n g
.
2 22 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A E L .

b ar r en l an d an d u n i n hab i tab l e Bu t t o wh at i s h e l i k e who se goo d

,
.
,

d ee ds exc eed h i s w i s do m ? To a t r ee W h o se b r an ch es ar e fe w an d i t s
r o o t s m u l t ifa r io u s s o t h at if t h e m o s t v i o l en t t em p es t di s ch ar ge s i t s fu r y
,

a gai n st i t i t w i ll n o t b e ab l e t o m o v e i t fr o m i t s p l a c e 3 a s i s sai d
,
For
h e S h a ll b e l ik e a t r ee p lan ted b y t h e w at er s ide w hi ch b y th e s i de o f , ,

t h e s t r ea m s en deth fo r th i t s r o o t s an d i s n o t sen s i b l e w h en h eat c o m eth

, , ,

b u t i t s l eaf i s gr een an d i n a y ear o f d r o ugh t i t i s w i t ho ut c o n c er n n or

, , ,

d o th i t dec l in e b ear in g fr u i t R abbi Elea z er Ben C hi s n a s ai d Th e l aw s

.

o f t h e s a c r i c es o f t h e d o v es an d t h e c o m m en c em en t o f t h e m en ses ar e
, ,

i m p o r ta n t c o n s t i tu t io n s 3 a st r o n o m y a n d geo m etry ar e t he o r n a m en t s o f
w i sd o m .

Be n Z o m a s aid W h o i s wi s e ? h e w h o i s w i ll in g t o r e c ei v e in s tr u o
t i o n fr o m a ll m en 3 a s i s s ai d O f all m y t ea ch er s I gat h er ed u n der s tan d
In W h o i s m i gh t y ? h e w h o e n d u r e th h i s e v i l i m agi n at i o n 3 as i s
g.

s ai d : H e w h o i s S l o w t o an ger i s b et t er t h an t h e m i gh t y an d w h o r u l et h ,

h i s s p i r i t t h a n h e w h o t a k e th a c i ty W ho i s r ic h ? he w h o r ej o i c eth
.

wi th hi s lo t 3 as i t i s s ai d F o r t h o u sh a l t eat t h e l ab o u r o f th y h an ds 3
t h e n h a pp y sh al t t h o u b e a n d i t sh all b e w ell w it h t h ee 3 h app y sh alt
,

t ho u b e i n t hi s w o r ld ; an d i t S h a ll b e w ell w i t h th ee i n th e fut u r e
on e . W h o i s h o n o ur a bl e ? h e w h o h o n o u r eth m an k i n d ; a s i t i s sai d :
fo r t h ey w h o h o n o u r m e I w i ll h o n o u r 3 an d t h ey w h o des p i se m e s h all
,

b e ligh t ly es t ee m e d Ben A z a i s ai d : R u n t o t h e p er fo r m an c e o f th e
.

s l igh t es t p r ec ep t an d e e fr o m t h e c o m m i s s i o n o f s i n 3 fo r th e p er fo r m
,

an c e o f a p r e c ep t c a u s et h a n o t h er a n d t h e c o m m i ss i o n o f a S i n c a u seth
,

a n o th er S i n 3 as t h e r ewar d o f a c o m m an dm en t i s a n o th e r
pre
c e p t a n d t h e r e w ar d o f a s i n i s an o t h er S i n
,
H 0 u s ed t o s a y D es p i s e .

n o t all m en n o r o pp o s e a ll t hin s 3 fo r t h e r e i s n o m an w h o h a th n o t
, g
h i s h o u r n e it h e r i s t her e a t hi n g t hat h a t h n o t i ts p l a c e
,
R a bb i L es ee .

T a s an i n h ab it a n t o f J ab n a said Be exc eedi n gly h u m b l e o f S p ir it a s

, , ,

a ll t h e h o p e o f m a n i s t o b e fo o d fo r w o r m s R abbi J o n an n a n Ben .

Ber e ka sa id : W h o s o ev er pr o fan eth Go d s n am e i n s ec r e t w i ll b e p u n

i sh ed p u b l i cly 3 wh et h er i t b e do n e i gn o r an t ly o r p r es u m p t io u s ly i t i s ,

a ll o n e i n th e
p r o fa n a t i o n o f G o d s n a m e R a bb i I s h m ae l sai d H e w ho

.

lear n et h t h a t h e m ay b e ab l e t o t ea c h o t h er s w i ll be en ab l e d t o s t u dy
, ,

an d t o t e a c h o th er s 3 b u t h e w h o s t u di eth i n o r d e r to p e r fo r m t h e re
p
c e t s w i ll b e e n ab l e d to s t u dy t ea c h o b s er v e a n d d o t h e c o m m an d m en t s
p , , , ,
.

R abb i Z ad o c s ai d : M ak e n o t t h e s t u dy o f t h e la w s ub se r v i en t t o t h y
a
ggr an di z e m en t ; n eit h er m ak e a h at ch et t her efo r e t o h o w t h e r ew i th , .

A n d t h u s s ai d K u llel W h o s o ev er r e c e iv et h an y p r o t o r e m o l u m en t)
fr o m t h e w o r ds o f t h e la w dep r i v et h h im s e l f o f l ife
,
R abbi J o s e sa i d : .
 TE A CH I N G S or T HE R A BBI ES . 223

He w ho honoureth the law shall be persona lly honoured by m ankin d ;

but w hosoever profaneth the law sh a ll be personally despise d b y m an
k ind . R abbi I sh m ae l said He w h o avoids being a j udge de l ivere th
.
,

h i m se l f fro m en m ity robber y and fa l se s w earing ; but h e w h o is arro

, ,

g ant in j udging is a,
proud w icked f oo l
,
He used to sa v Judge n ot .

s ingly b y t h y se l f for none ought t o j udge but O N E

,
neither s ay a u th o r i
t ati v ely : R eceive y e m y opinion fo r the y are at l iber ty to accept it but
, ,

thou canst not co m pe l them R abbi Jonat han said : W hosoever per
.

form eth the law in poverty shall in the end perform it in riches b u t he
,

w h o negl ects the law o n account o f riches w i ll in the end negl ect i t o n , , ,

a ccount o f poverty R abbi Hy er said : D i m inish y our w or l d ly affairs

. ,
,

a n d engage in the stud y o f the la w and be hu m b l e spirited in th e

,

presen ce of al l m en and if thou neg l ect t h e la w there are m an y ,

h indrances to oppose thee 5 but if thou has t l aboured in the stud y

o f the law ,
there i s m uch reco m pense to be given thee : R abbi
El iezer t h e son o f Jacob said : He w h o perfor m eth but one pre
, ,

c ept obtaineth fo r hi m se l f an adv oca t e

,
and he w h o co m m its a singl e
s in,
procures hi m se l f an accuser 3 repentance an d good d eeds ar e a shiel d
before the divine punish m ent R abbi J o h an n an th e shoem aker said :
.
, ,

Every asse m b ly that is for m ed for God s sake w i l l be perm anent but

, ,

t hose w hich are not for God s sake w i ll not be durab l e R abbi El ea zer

.
,

Ben S ha m u an g said Let t he honour o f th y di s cip l e be as dear to thee a s

t hine o w n and the honour of th y co m panion as the fear of th y m aster
, ,

a n d t h e fear o f th y m aster a s the fear of th y God R abbi J udah s a id .

Be carefu l in the stud y of t he la w for the error of it is acco u nted as pre

,

s u m ptious s in R abbi Si m eon said There are three cro w ns 3 t h e cro w n

.

o f the la w ,
t h e cro w n o f t h e pries t hood and the cro w n of the m onarch y , ,

but t h e cro w n of a good na m e is superior to all of t h e m R abbi N ep o r ay .

said Fl ee to a p l ace w here the law is studied and do not s ay that i t w i l l ,

fo ll ow thee for th y associates w i l l estab l ish it for t hee and depend n o t

o n thine o w n understand i ng R abbi Yanai said w e experience n o t the
.

prosperity of the enriched nor t he chastise m ents of the righteous

, .

R abbi M at hy ta Ben Ch a rash said : Be for w ard to greet a ll m en and

be rather at the tai l of the l ion than t h e hea d of the foxes R abbi Jacob .

said This w or l d m ay be l ikened to a court yard in com parison w ith t he -

,

future w or l d therefore prepare thy sel f in the ant e cha m ber that
,
-

thou m ayest enter into the dining roo m He used to say : One ho ur
-
.

e m p l oy ed in repentance and good deeds in this w or l d i s preferab l e ,

t o the w ho l e l ife in t h e future o n e ; and o n e ho u r s refresh m ent o f

S p i rit i n the future o n e is preferab l e to the entire l i fe o f this

, R a bbi .
224 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AEL .

S i m eo n Ben El eazer sai d A tte m pt n ot to pacify y ou r neighbour in the

m o m ent o f h is anger ; and do n o t conso l e h i m w h i l e h is dead l i eth befor e

hi m ; e n q ui re n ot of h i m i n the m o m en t o f hi s vo w ing 3 nor be desiro us

o f s e ein g hi m i n the ti m e o f hi s c al a m ity The m eek Sau l us e d to say .
,

r ej oic e n ot w hen thine ene m y fa ll eth a n d l et n ot thin e hear t be g l a d ,

w hen h e st u m b l eth
; l est the Lord sho ul d s ee it and i t be evi l in hi s ,

s ight and he turn his w rat h from h i m

, El isha Ben A b u y a said He w h o
.

t eaches a chil d i s l ike to o n e w ho w rites o n c l ean paper 3 b u t he w h o

,

t eaches o ld peop l e i s l ike to o n e w h o w rites o n b l otte d paper

,
R abbi .

J ose the s on o f Judah an inhabitan t o f a vi ll age n ear Babyl on sai d

, , ,
.

T o w hat m ay h e w ho lear n eth the law from l ittl e chi l dr en be l ik e n e d

'

To o n e w h o eateth so u r grapes and drinketh n ew w in e ; b u t he w h o ,

lear n eth from the o ld m an m ay be com p are d to o n e w h o eats rip e

,

gr apes, an d dri nks o ld w i n e R abbi M y er said Look n ot at the a sk

.
,

b u t that w hi ch i s therei n for there are n ew asks full o f old w ine an d ,

o ld asks w hich have n o t eve n n ew w in e in them R abbi E l eazer .

H akkap ar said Env y l ust and am bition take m en o u t o f the w orl d

, , ,
.

He used to say, those w h o are born are doom ed to die the dead to l ive , , ,

an d the y w h o are risen fro m the dead t o be j u dged 3 to m ake u s k n ow , ,

u nderstand an d be infor m ed that he is God 3 he is the F orm er C reator

, , ,

i n tel l igent bei n g Judge w itness and suing party ; and w ho w i l l j udge
, , ,

thee hereafter ; for in H i s presence there i s no unrighteo u sness forget~ ,

fu lness respect of persons nor acceptance of a bribe ; fo r everyth i ng i s

, ,

H is . Kno w a l so that everything is done according to the account : an d

, , ,

l et n o t thine evi l i magination persuade thee that the grave i s a p l ace o f ,

refuge fo r thee ; for against th y w i ll w ast thou for m ed and against th y ,

w i ll w ast tho u bor n ; and against th y w i l l dost thou l ive ; and against

th y w i ll m ust thou hereafter render an accou n t and receive j udgm ent i n , ,

.

the presence o f the supre m e K ing o f kings the hol y God b l essed is he , ,
.

W ith ten expressio n s the w orl d w as created 3 but w herefore i s thi s

redicted for veri ly God cou l d have created it w ith o n e expression ?
p ,

but this w as to punish the w icked w h o destroy the w or l d that w as , ,

c reate d w ith ten expressio n s There w ere ten generations fro m A dam
.

t o N o ah to m ake us kno w that God i s long suffe ring as a l l thos e

,
-

g enerations provoked h i m before he brought the de l uge u pon

them There w ere ten generations fro m Noah to A braham to shew u s

.
,

that God is l ong su ffering as all those succeeding generations provoked

-

h i m unti l A braham appeared and received the re w ard o f all

,
Ou r .

father A braha m w a s proved w ith ten proofs a n d in a ll o f the m he stood ,

r m 3 and w hich sh o w s h o w great the l ove o f o u r father A braham w as

 226 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

j u stice and the perversion thereof 3 and o n account o f those w h o exp lai n
,

the la w con t rary to the true sense thereof Evi l devourin g beast s co m e .

i n to the w orl d o n accou n t o f fa l se s w ear i ng and the profanation o f God s

n am e . Captivity entereth the w or l d o n account o f ido l at ry w horedo m , ,

b l oodshed and not s u ffering the l and to rest o n the Sabbatica l Year A t
,
.

four seaso n s t he pestil ence is preva l ent 3 in the fourth y ear the seve nth , ,

and the end o f the seventh an d the end o f the feast o f tabernacl es in
,

ever y y ear I n t h e fourth year fo r n ot giving the poor s tithe o f the
.
,

third y ear 3 in the seventh for w ithho l ding the poor s tithe o f the sixth
,

y ear and at the end o f the seventh o n accou nt o f the fruits o f the
, ,

s eventh y ear 3 and at t h e end o f the feast o f tabernac l es y earl y on ,

acco u nt o f robbing the poor o f the gifts due to them .

F our q ua l i t ies are t o be m et w ith a m ong m ankind he w h o saith ,

\ That w h i ch is m m e i s m ine and that w hich i s thine is thine is a pas s

, ,

ab l e custom 3 and so m e s ay this w as the custo m o f Sodom He w h o .

s aith Wh at is thine is m ine a n d w hat is m ine i s thine i s the behaviour

, ,

o f the v u l gar He w h o saith W hat is m in e is thine and w hat is thine

.
,

i s a l so thine is the c u s to m o f the pious

,
He w h o saith What i s m ine .

i s m ine and w hat is thine is m ine a l so is the custo m o f the w icked

, , .

There are four different form s in the passions o f m ankind He w h o .

is e asi ly provoked and easi ly pacied l oses m ore than he gains 3

, ,

he w ho m it is dii cu lt to provoke and d ifcu l t to pacify gains m ore than , ,

he l oses 3 he w ho m it is di fcu lt t o provoke and easy to pacify is pious 3 , ,

b u t h e w h o i s easi ly provoked an d w ith dif cu l ty pa c ied acts w icked ly , .

There are four qual ities perceivab l e in discip l es viz : he w h o is ,

.

q uick to a pprehend and q uick to forget l ooses m ore than he gains : he ,

w h o w ith di fc u l ty forgets gains m ore than he l ooses 3 he w h o apprehends

,

q uick ly and w ith dif cu l ty forgets hath a good por tion ; he w h o w ith
, ,

di f c u l ty apprehen ds and q uick ly forgets hath an ev i l portion

, There ,
.

a r e fo u r q ua l i t ies p erceivab l e in those w h o besto w ch a rity He w h o is .

w i l l ing to give b u t does n ot w ish tha t others shou l d give hath a n

, ,

e n vious e y e t o w ards others 3 he w h o l ikes to s ee othe r s give but w i l l n o t ,

ive hath an evi l e y e to w ards h im se l f 3 he w h o is w i ll ing to give and

g , ,

t hat o the r s s hou l d a l so give acts pious l y ; he w h o w i l l n o t give an d

, ,

l ikes n o t that others shou l d give acts w icked l y F o u r qu a l ities are per
,
.

c ei v ab le in t hose w h o go to co l l ege He w h o goeth but doth not stud y

.
, ,

can b u t c l ai m the re w ard o f goin g 3 he w h o studieth an d doth n o t go is ,

e nt i t l ed t o the re w ard o f actio n 3 he w h o goeth and st u dieth i s pio u s 3 ,

h e w ho n eithe r goeth n o r studieth i s a w icked m an There ar e fo u r

,
.

ua l i ti es to b e m e t w ith i n those w ho a t te n d to h ear the ins tr u cti o n o f

q
 TE A CH IN G S or TH E BA BBI ES . 227

the sages v iz : those w h o act as a sponge a fun nel a strainer and a

,
.
, , ,

sieve : as a Spo n ge w hich s u c k eth all u p ; as a funne l w hich receiveth

, ,

a t o n e end an d di sc h ar geth at the other 3 as a strain er w hich let teth the ,

w ine pass but re ta ine t h the l ees 3 and as a sieve w hich di s c ha r get h t h e
, ,

bran but retain eth the ne our Every affection that depends o n so m e
,
.

s ensua l w or l d ly cause if that cause ceaseth the affection ceaseth 3 but

, , ,

that w hich doth not depend o n such c ause w i ll never cease Where do ,
.

w e m ee t w it h an affection dependent o n a sensua l cause ? Such w as the

l ove of A m m on to Tam ar 3 but t hat w hich doth not depend o n such
a cause w a s the l ove o f D avid and Jonath an Every di spute that i s
,
.

insti tuted for G od s sake w i ll be in the end estab l ished ; but that w hich

is not for God s sake w i ll not b e estab l ished What m ay be considered

,
.

as a dispute fo r God s sake ? Such as the d isputes o f Hi ll e l and Sham ai 3
but w hich is not for God s sake was the dissension of Korah and his

a sse m b ly He w h o j u st ie th t h e p u b l ic no sin w i ll be caused through

.
,

h i s m eans 3 and w hosoever causeth the pub l ic to sin is not su ffered to ,

repent M oses acted m eritorious ly an d caused t h e pub l ic to obtain

.
,

m eri t 3 the m eri t o f t h e pub l ic w a s a t t ributed to h i m as is said : He ,

executed t h e j ustice of the Lord and hi s j u dg m ents w ith I sra e l Jero ,

.

boam the son of N eb at sinned and caused I srae l to sin The sin o f
, , ,
.

the pub l ic w as att r ibu t ed to hi m a s is sai d because of the sins of Jero , ,

boa m w hich he sinned and w hich he m ade I srae l sin ,

He w ho possesseth .

those three virt ues is of the discip l es o f o u r father A brah a m ; and he w h o

,

is posses sed of t h e t hree opposites is o f the discip l es o f the w icked Ba l aam ,

.

The discip l es o f o u r father A braha m possess a benevo l ent ey e a hu m i l ity ,

o f spirit
3 and a hu m b l e contented m ind The discip l es o f Ba laam have
,
.

a n evi l ey e a ha u ghty spirit and a n arro w m ind \V h a t is the difference

, , .

betw een the discip l es o f o u r father A braha m and the discip l es o f t h e ,

w icked Ba l aa m ? The discip l es o f o u r father A braha m ea t the fruit o f

their good w orks in this w orl d and i n he r i t the future one 3 for i t is said : ,

That I m ay c ause those t hat l ove m e to i n herit subs istence and I w i ll , ,

ll their treasures But t h e discip l es of t he w ic ked B a l aa m inherit

.

G ehi n n am and the inferna l regions as i s said : Bu t Thou O God sha l t

, , , ,

bri n g the m d ow n into t h e pit of destruct ion b l ood y a n d decei t fu l m en

s h a ll n o t l ive o u t h a l f their da y but I w i ll trust i n Thee ,
.

Judah Ben Tam ai said : Be bo l d as a l eopard l ight as an eagl e s w ift , ,

as a r oe and stro n g a s a l ion t o do the w ill o f th y Father w h o is in

, , ,

heaven He used to sa y t h e i m pudent are fo r G eh in n am and the

.
, ,

m odest for Para dise M ay it be acceptab l e in thy presence 0 L ord

.
, ,

o u r God and the G o d of o u r fathers that the ho l y te m p l e m a

, y spe ed i ly ,
 228 HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH IS R A EL .

be b u i lt i n o u r day s an d l et o u r p or tion be i n Th y law He al s o said,

re , .

at v e y ears a chi l d s hou l d s tudy the Bibl e ; at te n t h e M is h nah ; at ,

t hirt e en t o obs e rve the precepts 3 a t ft een t o s tu dy G em ar ah ; a t

, ,

e ighteen t o en ter i n to w ed l ock 3 at t w e n ty t o p u rs u e the s t u dy o f t h e

, ,

la w an d th e observa n c e o f the prece p ts ; at thirty h e i s arrived at fu ll

, ,

s t r en gth ; a t fort y he is arrived at a l l u nders ta nding ; at fty t o give

'

, ,

c o un se l 3 at s ixty
'

he i s accou n ted age d 3 a t s eventy he i s call ed grey ;

, ,

at e igh t y h e m ay be a c co un te d s trong 3 a t n i n et y on ly t t o d iscours e

, ,

of the la w ; at a hu n dred as if a l rea dy d ea d and forgot ten fro m t he

, ,

w o rl d Ben Bag Bag s ai d : Po nd er an d ponder agai n o n the law for a ll

.
,

t h i ngs are contai n ed therein 3 conte m p l ate it p erpet ua l ly a n d depart n ot ,

t here fro m 3 fo r there is no q u a l it y prefe r a b l e to it Ben H ea Hea s ai d .

'

A c cording to the a fic t ion w hich t ho u w i l t endure s o sha ll be t hy ,

r eco m pense .

The sages l earned in the l an guage o f the M ishnah ; b l essed i s h e

w h o m ade t h e choice o f the m and their learn i ng R abbi Myer said : .

H e w h o i s en gaged in the stud y o f the law fo r i ts o w n s ake m er ite th ,

m a ny things 3 a n d not on l y that but the w ho l e w orl d i s u n der the,

great est ob l iga t io n to h i m H e is ca l l ed a dear friend 3 d ear to G o d an d

.
,

dear to m ankind he rej oiceth God and rej oiceth his c r eatures ; i t
, ,

c lo t heth h i m w ith m eekness and t h e fear o f G o d 3 and directe t h h i m t o

b ecom e j u st pious righteous and faithfu l 3 it re m ov e th hi m fro m s i n

, , , ,

a n d bringeth h i m n earer to m erit 3 a n d the w or l d is b en e t t ed b y h i s

c o u nse l sound w isdo m understanding and str ength 3 as i s said :

, , ,

C o u nse l is m ine and sound w isdo m 3 I a m u nderstanding I have

, ,

strengt h I t al so bes to w eth o n h i m e m pire do m inion and ratiocination ;

.
, ,

the hidden secrets o f the la w are rev ea l ed to h i m 3 and h e shal l be a s

a n increasing fountain an d a n ev er fa ilin g ri v er 3 and it w i l l cause hi m
,
d

t o be m odest s l o w to anger a n d read y to par d on an inj ury done to hi m 3

, ,

th u s w i ll it m agnify and exal t him above a l l things R abbi Joshua .

Ben Levi said E very day a B ath ko l proceedeth fro m M o u nt Horeb ,

-

w hich proc l ai m e t h and saith w o e be those w h o contem n the law fo r

, ,

w hoe v er i s n o t engaged in t h e stud y o f t h e la w m ay be consid ered as ,

un der exco m m unication 3 as is said : A s a j e w e l o f go l d in a s w ine s

snout so is a fair w o m an w h o i s w ithout dis cretion A n d it is sai d

, ,
.

A n d the t ab l es w ere the w ork o f God and the w riting the w riting o f
. ,

God graven upon the tabl es R ead n o t graven b u t freedo m 3 for n on e

,
.
,

a r e accounted free b u t th ose e n gage d i n the study o f the la w 3 and w ho

,

e ver is engaged in the stud y o f the la w i s exa l ted 3 as m entioned A n d ,

fro m M attanah to N achliel & c He w ho lear n eth fro m his a ss ociate

,
.
 230 HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

is att en ti v e to st u dy , an d at t en deth i t 3 lear n eth it w i th a vi ew

to t h e t eachin g o f o t h er s , an ld a so w i t h a v i ew t o p er fo r m t h e p r e c ep ts
3

in cr eas eth his p r e cep to r s k n o wl edge ,
an d is a tt en t i v e t o hi s i n s tr uc ti on 3

an d r e o r t eth
p e v er yt hi n
g i n the n am e of th e p er s on w ho p r edi cted it ;
h en ce i t i s i n fer r ed th at
wh o ev er r ep o r ts an ythin g i n th e n am e o f t he

er s o n w h o af r m ed i t p r o c u r eth r e dem p t i on fo r th e w o r l d 3 a s i s s ai d :
p ,

A n d Esth er c er tied t h e k in g t h er eof in M o r d ecai s n am e

G r eat is the .

law w hi ch b est ow eth l ife o n th e o b s er v er s t her eof b o th i n th is w o r l d

, ,

an d i n t h e fu t u r e o n e ; as i s s a i d : F o r t h ey ar e l ife u n t o t h o s e w h o

n d th em an d h eal th u n t o all t h ei r esh

,
A n d i t i s sai d : I t s ha l l b e .

h ea lt h t o t h y n av e l an d m ar r o w o f t hy b o n es A n d i t i s sai d I t i s a .

t r ee o f l i fe t o t h ose w h o lay h o l d o n i t an d t h e s upp o r ter s th er eo f ar e ,

h app y A n d i t i s s aid F o r t h ey sh all b e a n o r n am en t o f gr a c e t o t hin e

.

h ead an d ch ain s ab o u t t hy n e ck
,
A n d i t i s s ai d : S h e s h all gi v e a n.

o r n am en t o f gr a c e t o t hi n e h ea d 3 a c r o wn o f gl o r y s h a ll s h e d el i v er to

th ee . A n d i t i s s ai d L en gth o f d ay s ar e i n h er r igh t h an d an d i n i ts ,

left ar e r i ch es a n d h on o u r A n d i t i s s aid F o r l en gth o f days an d l o n g

.

life an d p eac e s h all th ey a dd t o t h ee

,
R abb i S i m eo n Ben J u dah in t h e .
,

n am e o f R abb i S i m eo n B en J o c ai s aid Bea ut y s tr en gth r i ch es h o n o ur ,

, , , ,

w i s do m age h o ar i n ess a n d m an y c hi l d r en
, ,
ar e s u i t ab l e t o th e r i h t e o u s
, g , ,

a n d agr e eab l e t o th e w o r l d A s i s s a id Th e h o ar y h ead i s a c r o wn o f

.

l o r y i f i t b e fo u n d i n t h e w ay o f r i gh t eo u sn ess A n d i t i s s ai d Th e
g .
,

l o r y o f y o un g m en i s t h ei r s tr en gth 3 an d th e b ea u ty o f o ld m en i s t h e
g
r ey h ead A n d i t i s sai d A n d t h e m o on sh a ll b e c o n fo u n ded an d th e
g .
,

s u n sh all b e ash am ed 3 fo r t h e L o r d o f H o s ts shall r ei gn o n M o u n t Z i o n ,

a n d i n Jer u s a l e m an d b efo r e hi s an c i en t s s h all b e gl o r y

,
R abb i S i m eon .

Ben M en asya s aid T ho s e s ev en q ual i ti es whi ch t h e s ages en um er at e as

r o p er fo r th e r ight eo u s w er e a ll a cc o m p l i sh e d i n t h e p er s o n o f t h e R abb i
p ,

an d h i s ch i l dr en R abb i J o s e Bcn K i s h m a s ai d I w as o n c e tr a vellin g

.

o n t h e r o ad an d m e t a c e r t ai n p er s o n w h o s alut ed m e w i th p ea c e an d I
, ,

r et u r n e d hi s sa l u tat ion 3 h e th en s ai d u n t o m e R abb i w h en c e a r t t ho u ? , ,

I an s w er ed h i m fr o m a gr eat ci ty ab o u n din g in s ages an d s c r i b es

,
S ai d
,
.

h e u n to m e I f th o u ar t w i lli n g t o dw ell w i th u s i n o u r c i ty t h en I will

'

, , ,

i v e t h ee a th o u san d th o u s an d go l den d een ar s 3 t o t his I a n s w er e d h i m

g ,

I f th o u w o u l des t giv e m e all th e go l d an d s ilv er i n th e un i ver s e I w o uld ,

n o t dw ell b u t i n a p l a c e wh er e th e law i s s t u di ed b ec a u s e at t h e t i m e , ,

o f a m an s dep ar t u r e fr o m t hi s w o r ld h e i s n o t a cc o m p an i ed ei th er wi th
'
,

s ilv er o r go l d b u t wi th th e law an d go o d deeds o n ly 3 as i s s ai d

,
W h en
t h o u go est i t sh all lea d t h ee ; w h en t h o u s leep es t i t s h al l k eep t h ee 3
, ,

an d w h en t h o u a w akes t i t sh all tal k w i th t hee 3 w h en t ho u go es t i t s ha ll

, ,
 T EA C H I N G S or T HE R A BBI ES . 231

l ead t h ee, t h at i s , i n t hi sw o r l d 3 wh en th o u s l eep es t i t s hall wat ch o v er ,

t h ee i n t h e gr a v e 3 an d w h en t h o u aw ak es t i t sh all t al k w i th t h e e i n t h e
,

fu t u r e w o r l d. A n d t h u s i t i s w r i tt en i n th e b o o k o f P s a l m s b y t h e h an d ,

o f D a v i d k i n g o f I s r a e l : Th e la w
,
o f Th y m o u t h i s b et t er t o m e t h an

t h o u san ds o f go l d an d s i l v er A n d i t i s s ai d : Th e s i l v er i s m i n e an d
.
,

t h e go l d i s m i n e sa ith t h e L o r d o f H o st s
,
F i v e p o ss es si o n s h a th th e
.

h o ly b l e ssed G o d pu r chas ed i n t hi s w o r l d 3 an d t h ese ar e t h ey v i z

, t he , .

law i s o n e p o ss es s i o n 3 h eav en an d ear t h an o t h er 3 A br ah a m an o t h er 3

I s r ael an oth e r an d t he h o ly t e m p l e an o th er N o w w h en c e i s i t t o b e
,
.
,

p r o v ed t hat t he law i s o n e p o s s es si o n ? Bec aas e i t i s w r itt en t h e L o r d ,

p os sessed m e i n th e b egin n in g o f his w ay b efo r e h is w o r k s o f o ld A n d

,
.

w h en ce i s i t p r o v ed th at h ea ven an d ear th i s an o th er p o s s ess i o n l Be '

c au s e i t i s sai d t h u s s ai d t h e L o r d 3 t h e h ea v en s a r e M y t h r o n e an d t h e ,
,

e a r th i s M y fo o t s t o o l 3 w h er e i s t h e h o u se th at ye c an bu i l d fo r m e 2 a n d
'

wh er e i s th e p l a c e o f m y r es t ? A n d i t i s s ai d H o w m an ifo l d a r e Thy
w o r k s 0 L o r d ! i n w i sdo m h as t Th o u m a de th em all 3 t h e ear th i s full o f
,

W hen c e i s i t p r o v e d th at A b r ah am i s o n e p os s es s i o n 2

Th y p o ss es si o n .

Bec a u s e i t i s w r itt en an d h e b l ess ed hi m an d s aid b l es se d be A b r ah am

, , ,

o f t h e m o s t high G o d p o ss es s o r o f h ea ven an d ear t h W h en c e i s i t

,
.

pr o v ed that I sr ae l i s o n e p o s s es s i o n ? Becau se i t i s wr i tten u n t i l Thy ,

p eo p l e p as s o ver 0 L o r d t ill Thy p eo p l e p as s o v e r wh i ch T ho u h ast p u r

, , ,

ch as ed A n d i t i s sai d Bu t th e s ain ts th a t a r e i n t h e ear t h an d t o t he

'

.
,

e xc ell en t i n w h o m
,
i s all m y delight W h en c e c an i t b e p r o v ed th at
.
,

t h e h o ly t em p l e i s o n e p o ss es s i o n 2 Be c a u s e i t i s sai d t h e s an c t u a r y O , ,

L o r d whi ch Thy h an ds h av e es t ab l is h e d A n d i t i s s ai d A n d h e
.

b r o u gh t th em t o th e b o r der o f hi s s an ct u ar y ev en t o th i s m o u n tain, ,

whi ch H i s r ight h an d hath pu r ch ased E ver ythi n g wh i ch G o d c r eat ed

.
,

H e c r eat ed b u t fo r H i s glo r y 3 as i s s aid : Ev er y o n e t hat is c all ed b y m y

n a m e 3 fo r I h a v e c r ea t e d h i m fo r M I h av e fo r m e d him 3 yea
y gl o r y .
,

I h ave m ade hi m .
 C HA PTER V .

R A BBI N I C A L C O D E O F ETH IC S .

Con s ci en ce
T he h i gh es t l law G o d s co m m an d an d n o t o u r h ap p i
xi m of

S elf l ove n o t en t i r ly exclud ed

m a m
n es s t h e m o t ive t o vi r tue
ora v

Th e i n ter n al m o t i v e
T i m e o f i t s ap p ear an ce
e

Mo r al p er fec t i o n n i te a n d cap able o f i n cr ease D ut y

o f ad an c em en t F r eewi ll D egr ees o f vi r tue Th er e ar e n o s m all s i n s N o
i n su p er abl e bar r i er t o r ep en t an c e D egr ees i n s i n N o m an p er fec t D em o n s
v

M er i t n o t t r an s fer abl eMo r al j udgm en t o f o urs e lves C lass i c at i o n o f dut i es

.
-

M an s ho ul d d o by h i m s el f as G o d c o m m an d s C oll i s i o n o f d u ties Ho w
dec i ded J us ti ce p r ecedes m er cy
'
O n e s o w n d u es t h o s e o f o t hers ; an d t h e
go o d o f th e wh o l e t hat o f a p ar t .

B
R A B I N I CA L CO D E OF ETH I C S .

S EC TI O N I .
Th e co n s c io u s n ess o f go o d a n d evi l b ein g t he ,
or igi n a l
foun dati on of vi r tu e an d m o r a l it y i s t h e v o i c e o f G o d i n t h e
, h ear t of

man .

R EMA BK s .
I t i
u n den iab le fa ct th a t c er t ai n a c ti o n s a r o u s e an
s an ,

ap p r o v m g a n d o th er s a d i s ap r o v i n
p g sen s a tio n i n o u r hear t W e .

den o m in ate t his s en sati o n c o n s c ien c e an d i n v est i t wi th a wa r n i n g v o i c e , ,

by w hi c h th e s m n er i s c a lled b ac k fr o m h i s ev i l w ays A cco r di n g to t he .

t h e v o i c e o f G o d w it h i n t he h e a r t o f m an

Ta l m u d w e m ay c all t hi s
,
.

A n d th e L o r d s ei zed h i m b y hi s gar m en ts an d s aid A m en d 3 (S am ,

h edr in 1 0 2 a ) Th o u gh c o n s c i en c e i s t h e v o i c e o f G o d i t do es n o t i m
, ,
.
,
o

ar t t o u s a k n o w l e dge o f t h e r e a l go o d a n d t h e t r u e ev i l 3 m an m u s t b e
p
t au ght by t h e w i ll o f G o d r ev eal e d e x t e r n a lly t o h i m s el f w hat i s goo d
, ,

a n d w h a t i s e v i l t h at h e m a
y u n der s tan d r igh t ly t he v o i ce o f c o n s ci en c e
, .

Th e an c i en t i do lat er s if h o n es t i n t h e p r o fess i o n o f t h eir s o c all ed

,
-

r el igi o n an d n o i n t en t i o n a l b u t o n ly de c ei v ed d e c ei v er s w er e u n e asy in
, , ,

t h ei r c o n s c i en c e w h en t h ei r a l tar s l a ck ed h u m an s a cr ic es T her efo r e .

,

a c er t ai n p r e a r a t i o n i s n e c e ss ar y t hat w e m a
p y p er c e i v e th e v o i c e o f G o d
,

w i th in u s 3 t ha t i s t h at w e m a u n d e r s tan d i t c o r r e c t ly e v en as a c er ta i n
y , ,

u a l i c at i o n w a s n e c e s sa r y fo r th e p er c ep t i o n o f t he v o i c e o f G o d r e v ea l e d
q
ex ter n a lly to u s a n d c o r r e c t ly t o u n der s tan d i t s m ean i n g
,
.

S EC T I O N II Th e h igh es t m ax i m o f t he c o de o f et h i c s A c t i n s uch
.
-

a m a n n e r t h at yo u r a c tio n s m ay b e a r e ea b l e t o G o d an d t o m en
, g .

RMA R K S
E H o w m ay yo u c o n c en tr at e t he law i n to o n e s en t en c e ?
.

(Bar ach o th 63 a )

I n all y o u r a c tio n s r e m em b er t he L o r d ! L et n o t ,
.

m e r c y an d tr u th fo r s ak e t h ee 3 s o sha l t th ou n d fav o r i n t h e ey es o f
"
G o d an d m en i W h h i s t h e the s tr a i ht w a y t hat
( P ro v i.i i c .
g
,
234 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V E H I S R A EL .

p as sage ,
L a m o u r p r o p r e b i en en t en du This s eem s design ed t e
,
.

e xp r es s i f s e l f l o v e d o es n o t d egen er at e i n t o b as e i n t er es t
,
-
Et la sou s ce ,

d e v er tu s m o r a l es et p r em i er bi en d e la s o ci ete
,
E v e n t he .

Ta l m u di s ts do n o t r ej ect t he m wh o lly Wh o gi v es t o t h e p o o r w i th
.

t he i n t en t i o n o f a c q u i r i n g s a l vat i o n t h er eby o r t hat hi s s o n m ay ,

l i v eth at i s t h at he m ay b e k ep t ali v e b y t h e L or d i s s ti ll c all ed a

'

, ,

p i o u s m an
.
( P e s s ac h i m 8 T h e o bj e ct i o n s o f t h e p h i l o s o p h er s t o
,

Eu dem an o lo gy n am ely That m o r a l it y wo u l d b e b r o u gh t in t o th e s ph er e

,

o f sen s u a l i t y an d th at t h e o n ly v i r t u e e s tab l i s he d b y s uc h a c o de o f
,

m o r a l s w o u l d c o n s i s t i n w i s do m 3 t h at e v er y th in g n e c es sar y t o m ak e o n e

v i r tu o u s w o u l d t h en b e a wi s e c a l cu lat i o n o f ea ch c ir cum st an c e i n i ts ,

c o n seq u en c s o f t h e a d van t ages an d di sad v an t a ges w h i c h w o u l d b e th e

e
,

r es u l t o f o u r a c t i o n s o r a s a F r en ch p hi l o so p h er h as a p t ly e xp r es s ed i t :
, ,

U n i n t er et qu elc o u qu e est u n m o t if e t n on p as u n e s an cti o n

, Une .

s an c t i o n es t i n v a r i a bl e e t i m p r es c r ip t i b l e la m em e en t o u t t em p s en ,

po ur t o u s 3 e n li eu qu u n i n t e r et et u n m o tif v ar i an t a l in n e s ui v an t
e ta L a

les c h ar a c ter les a ffec ti o n s les c ir cu m s tan c es les lu m i er es
, , ( , ,

H ar p e ) T h ese o bj ecti o n s ar e o v er r ul ed b y t h e Ta l m u d 3 r s t b y m a k
.
,

i n g a dis t in c ti o n b e twe en n o b l e an d i gn o b l e i n t er es t M an s h o u l d do .

o o d ev en if h e b e m o v e d b y i n t er es t fo r b y d o in
g go o d w i th an e n d i n
g
v ie w h e wi ll be led t o do go o d wi t h pu r e i n ten ti on s
,

, (P es sac hi m 50 .
,

b ) W h il e i n an o t her p l a c e thi s p ass age o ccur s

. W h o d( es go o d
fr o m i n t er es t ed m o ti v es m er ely i t h a d b een b ett er fo r h im i f h e h ad
,

n e v er b e en b o r n

(Bar ac ho t h 1 7 a ) A n d th e c o m m en t ar i es exp l ain
.
,
.

t hi s c o n tr adi c t i o n b y sayi n g t h at a go o d a c ti o n c an o n ly b e r ec o m m en ded

,

b y n o b l e i n t en t i o n s . I n t h e s e c on d p l ac e th es e o bj ec ,

t i on s ar e s et a s ide b y t h e Tal m u d s i n c e t o i t t he c o de o f et hi c s i s a
,

c o m m an d o f G o d a n d n o t as t o t h e p h i l os o p he r s a p r o duc t o f r easo n
, ,
.

To t h e T al m u d i ts eth i cs ar e s om ethin g a l r ea dy es tab l is hed an d n ot

, ,

a th i n g t o b e o b tai n ed 3 yo u m u s t b e v i r tu o u s n o t b e c a u se r eas o n bu t , ,

b ec a u s e G o d r e co m m en ds yo u t o b e s o ; th u s s el f i n t er es t m ay i n c it e ,
-
,

b u t can n ever c o m p el m an t o do t h i n gs p r ohi b i ted b y t h e c o de o f et h i c s .

The di s t in cti o n c o n s i s t s i n t h e diffe r en t v i ews w i th w hi ch t h e c o m m an ds

o f G o d ar e o b ey e d A n d for t h at r eas on as w e h a v e al r eady s tat ed t h e
.
, ,

T a lm u d do es n o t w h o lly r e ec t th e o p i n i o n s o f Eu dem o n c logy S ti ll t he .

Talm u d a ckn o w l edges t he p r i n c ip l e o f v i r tue as a pu r e o n e an d a vi r tu e

e xci te d th r o u gh p o s i t i ve m o ti ve
,

as an e xp ec tat i o n o f r ewar das w ell

a s o n e c a ll ed fo r th b y n ega ti v e m o ti v es as fear o f pu n is h m en t i s a v i r tu e
, ,

o f an i n fer i o r degr ee The c on vi c t ed s i n s a r e t u r n ed i n to m er its if

.
,

r e p en tan ce i s ca us e d b y lo v e fo r v i r tu e ; b u t if ca u sed b y t h e fea r o f

 RA BI N N I CA L CO D E O F E T HIC S . 235

p unish m ent t h ey are ,

turne d in t o errors (Yo m a 8 6 b ) M an .

, .

shou l d not be virtuous for the sake o f the b lessings w ith which the L ord
has pro m ised to reward virtue but because he l oves God who has c o m , ,

m an de d hi m to be so M aim on H Teshu b a 10 l ) The fo ll o w ing

. . .
,

assage is characteristic : One hour o f this l ife d evo t ed to penitence

p ,

and good deeds is preferab l e to th e whol e fu ture existence ; a n d o n e

,

h our o f the divine j o y o f future is preferab l e t o a who l e l ife o n earth , .

( A b o th 4 The
,
Ta l m ud a cknow l edges here that a sin g l e hour o f

future is preferab l e to a whol e l ife spent on earth But since the highest .

a i m o f m an consists n o t o f future ce l estial j oys but o f good d eeds per

, ,

for m ed fo r the sake o f virtue al one o n e h our devoted t o good deeds m ay , ,

b e preferab l e to a ll t h e j oy s o f the fu tu r e .

S E C TI ON I V The code of e thics is t he obj ect ive m ot iv e o f hi s

.

a c tions to m an but to m ake his actions correspond to the l aw not a l on e

, ,

e xterna lly a subj ective m otive is necessar y an in t erna l propensit y m us t

, ,
"
e xist and this is ca ll ed
,
the good propensity .

R E M AR K S The code of ethics shou l d be fo ll owed for the sake o f

.

c om pensation and pro t : therefore anoth er incentive m ust be presen t

,

in m an This is call ed b y the phil osophers respec t for the l aw the

.
, ,

T alm ud ca l ls it the good propensi ty (Je tz er H at o b ) According to the , .

Tal m ud m an possesses good and evi l propensities (Jet zer Horah ) T he

, , .

la tter is the natura l propensit y which has its o w n pecu l i ar sphere o f ac ,

tion an d in q uires not whether an action is right o r wrong good o r evil

, , ,

bu t whether it is agreeab l e o r disagreeab l e benecia l o r inj urious an d i s

, , , ,

t herefore n o t ru l ed b y ethics but b y ph y sical l aw s Th e good propen

, , .

s i by is the de l igh t o f the sou l in the va l ue of vir tue as K an t (Cr i ti c i s m

, ,

of P r a c ti c a l R ea s on ,) sa y s Two things ll the sou l with ever new an d

i n c rease d ad m i ration and awe the m ore fre quent ly and the l onger t h e ,

m ind dwell s thereon the starr y skies above m e and the m or al l aw within

, ,

me . K ant says further V irt ue ent ers th e sou l even a gains t th e
, ,

"
w ill an d wins fro m bad m en a l so , respec t though not a l wa y s obedience

, , , .

Th e Talm u d coincides with this The wicked are despise d even by thos e

w h o derive pro t fro m t heir wi ckedness (Sanh edrin 29 a ) Th e goo d .

'
, .

an d evi l propensities are for ever at war with each other the vi rt uou s ,

victor y will becom e m ore an d m ore easy 3 h e continue s t o nd m ore an d

m ore p lea s u s e and j o y i n bein g vir t uo u s One good d ee d m ake s w ay .

fo r another

(A b o t h i.v B ecaus e m an get s m ore and m ore used t o
, .

b ein g good an d v irt uous and therefore the stru ggl e is l ess dif cu l t Bu t
, , , .

the s trife bet w ee n goo d an d evil propensities never cea se entirely durin g
li fe .
Trus t n o t to y our el f till the day of y our death s

(D s ii . . .
,
 236 H A - J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH IS R AEL .

K rug says th e sam e : M an c anno t fee l p u re lov e,

l ong a s h e is a as

s ensua l be in g i f an y: m ain tai n t h e contr a ry opinion the y e ithe r s p eak

.
,

a bout t h e m ere idea l .

or bel ieve that stat e to be acq u i rab l e through s elf
,

d eceptio n o r a r e boasting heroes o f virtue
,
To this s t ruggl e m ay be .

(N ight Tho u ghts )

a pp l ied Young s be a ut i fu l words Bod y an d s o u l , , ,

l ike peevish m an a n d w ife u nited j ar and y et ar e lo th t o part , , .

The Tal m ud m akes very appropriately the e vi l propens ities , ,

a ppear at the birth o f the chi l d w hi l e the good prope n sities m ake th eir ,

a ppea r ance o n the arriva l o f m an at his re l igio u s m aj ority fo r sensu al

d esire exis ts a l read y i n th e chi l d b u t respect fo r m ora l l aws an d e thics ,

ar e on ly possessed b y re asonab l e m a n

S EC T I O N V
.

M an is a nite being an d therefore hi s m oral p er

.
, , ,
.

fec ti o n can be but ni te that is l im ited an d i s a l wa y s c apabl e o f i n

, , ,

c rease . Therefore m an can neve r be virtuous enou gh but m ust al ways

, ,

s t rive to beco m e still m ore virtuous .

R E M AR K S Ye sha ll be ho ly fo r I the L ord y our God am ho ly

.

, , , .

(L ev xix. Th i s passage co m m ands u s to en d eavour to beco m e ho ly

, ,

e ven as t he Lo rd i s ho ly But ho l iness can o n ly b e thought of in the

.

Lo rd beca use his m oral perfe c tion is not capabl e o f an y increase ; m an

, ,

o n the con t rar y m ay a l way s beco m e ho l ier tha t is m ore pe r fect ; b u t

, ,
/
,

c an n ever ac q uire ho l iness that is abso l ute perfection Sufcien cy in, ,

.

v irt ue is for this r eason a v ice W hoever does no t advance rece d es ;

, , ,

a pa u s e in hu m an pe r fectio n is i m possib l e I t has n o t been grant ed

,
.

t o yo u to nish the work therefore y ou are n ever re l eased and m ay n o t , , ,

W ithdraw
t A b o t h ii The Ta l m ud pictures even future l ife n ot

.
,
. .

a s a q uie t conte m p l ative b u t al so as a progressing e xistence The

pious have no rest
.
,

that is they re m ain n o t quiet in a c er tain degree ,

(Bar a ch oth 64 a )

n o t in th i s worl d nor in the next , .
, ,
.

The endeavor fo r perfection i s th e task o f m an hi m se l f The p r i n .

v

c i le o f the in u ence of di v ine power in this respect that i s a

p p r edet er , ,

m ination o f hu m an actions is rej ected with great e m phasi s b y t he ,

Talm u d Put no faith i n what the other nations say that G o d in uenc es
.
,

m an t o be c o m e pious or to re m ain wicked e ver y m an m ay b eco m e

as p i ou s as M oses an d as wicke d as J er o b o am , H e i s cont ro ll ed b y n o .

o n e n o o n e h as r e de term ined a n y thin in thi s respect ; m an h as a n

p g
-
,

u n l i m i te d fr ee wi ll this i s a high principl e an d th e pedesta l o f ethi cs ;

-
,

s o i t i s w r itten : L O I ha v e p u t before ye l ife a n d de a th (Ma i m o n H

. .
,

Tesh u ba 5 2 an d , ,
Thou gh an o the r p as sag e s peak s thus : I f t he
L o r d w o u l d n ot ass is t m an h e wo u l d s u b m it t o hi s ev i l prope n s ity ,

( S u ko t h Y e t t hi s m a y o n ly b e u n d e rs t ood if n o r ev ea l e d r el igi o n
,
238 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

co m m ands even those which yo u th ink m ay be tr o dden under foo t
,
.

( M idrash J a lko t Ekeb

) Th e Ta l m udica l code o f e thics fu rther distin
.

g u i s h es itse l f fro m the phi l osophical i n this respect that it pronounce s , ,

m istaken actions which though n o t i m m oral y et are un l awfu l that i s

, , , , ,

in cases where the action h as been co m m itted obj ectively against the ,

l aw and y et no want o f respect for the la w h as O ccurred sins needing

, ,

pardon and if the sam e error i s repeated severa l ti m es styl es it c arel ess
, ,

ness Then again , there is no vice which cannot be ex p iated by repent

.
,

ance and am endm ent Th e m an who , having been virtuous throughout

.

his who l e pre v ious l ife to w ards th e e n d o f it beco m es v icious l oses the
, ,

who l e o f his m erit and is call ed an evi l m an ,

He who having been .
,

vicious throughout his whol e previous l ife beco m es virtuo u s at l a st his , ,

s ins wi ll n o t be re m e m bered and he is ca ll ed a virtuous m an (K id n
,
.

sh i n 4 0 b )
, ,
No s in can resist repentance and penance (M ai m on .

H Tes hu b a iii 1 4 and Aboda Sera 7 b ) Th a t i s no s in is s o great

.
,
.
,
.
,

and so persevering that the sinner coul d n o t a m end and which cou l d
, ,

not be expiated through sincere repentance ,

.

I t is true that som e passages of Scripture have the ap p ear an ce as if

,

they I nt ended to convey the idea that there are so m e sinners who are
irretrievab ly l ost but it is well known that Scripture uses phrases and
,

expressions as gurative as those of m an ( Chu l in 9 0 b ) I t is there . .

,

fore rather has ty o f M ai m onides

,
Tes h u b a 6 fro m such p as , , ,

s ages to conc l ude that the L ord prevents the a m end m ent o f so m e gre a t

sinners that the y m ay perish in their w ickedness Repentance expiates

,
.

for a ll sins on ly the L ord preven t s a m end m ent ; this is a hy pothesis

,

not derived fro m the Tal m ud and which i s contradictory to t he spirit

,

o f Judais m W e agreed i n this O pinion that no externa l pun ish m ent

.
,

was t o be feared for the L ord cann ot m ake an y o f His creatures so i n n

,

i te ly m iserab l e N either can an y creature deserve b y his actions the

.

f
punish ent o being m iserab l e for ever
m I t is s i n itsel f w hich I .

have to fear H a s it been once co m m itted then divine punish m en t

.
,

is a benet and I am sure whenever it ceases to be a bene t i t wi ll be

, , ,

rel eased I f the Tal m ud say s : He will not be ab l e to expiate wh o
.

l eads a co m m unity t o s in then this i s rst a psycho l ogical truth since , ,

a fal se sham e generally prevents the found e r o f a sect fro m a ckn o w ledg
ing his error ; secondly it i s a conse q uence o f the s in itsel f which can ,

h ard ly be a m ended F o r though m an m ay am end h i s o w n conduct and

. ,

repent y et h o w can h e a m end those who m he has l ed astr ay ? The Ta l

,

m u d expresses itse l f figurative ly The returned founder o f a sect w oul d

then be in the Garden o f Eden and those b y h im sed u c ed scho l a rs i n , ,
 R A BBI N I C A L c om : o r ET H I C S . 239

G ehin om (Y m o a 7, a
) W e m u st r em a r k here t h at th o u gh it i s sa i d

H e will
. .
,

i n A b at h n ot be a b le to a m en d,

in Yo m a i t is e xpr ess ed :

H e w ill c e b e a b l e t o a m en d & c
s ca r ,
.

Th e s am e d o c tr in es a r e app l i ca b l e i n r esp ec t t o t h e d en i t io n o f t h e
degr ees o f v i c e as in t h e d e n it i o n o f t h e degr ees o f v i r t u e (S ec
, ,
.

an d i n r es p e c t t o t h e s tr u
ggl e w it h t h e ev i l p r o p en s it i es q u i t e t h e ,

c o n t r ar y t o w h at i s s a i d o f t h e v i r tu o u s m ay b e a p p l i ed F o r v i ce t .

m ak e s t h e v i c to r y o f t h e go o d o v e r t h e e v il p r o p en s i t y t h e v i c to r y o f ,

t h e a c tiv e m o r a l s tat e o v er t h e p a s s i v e m o r e an d m o r e difcu l t

O n e s in m akes w ay fo r an o ther (A b o th 4
.
,

W o e u n t o t h es e
.
,

th at d r a w i n i q ui t y wi th t h e c o r ds o f fa ls eh o o d an d as w i th w aggo n ,

r o p es s in fu l n es s J es ai a h 5

, ( .
,

S E C T I O N V III I m m o r a l a ct i o n s m ay b e c o m m i t ted i n t en t io n ally

.
,

o r t h r o u h n egl ec t ; t h e y m a y fur th er b e e it h er s i n s o f c o m m is si on o r
g
o m is si o n The hi gh es t d egr e e o f i m m o r al ity i s t o s i n fr o m l o v e t o t h e
.

e v il. I n j u dgin g an o th er t h e m o s t p a ll ia t in g v i ew m u s t b e t aken

,
.

R EMA R K S Er r i n g a c t i o n s c an n o t b e c a l led i m m o r a l
. Bu t t h e .

a ct i o n m a y b e c o m m i t t e d w i th a k n o w l e dge o f i t s u n l a w fu l n e s s o r fr o m ,

un m i n dfu l n es s i n co n s i der a ten es s o r p r ec i p ita ti o n

,
A s in fr o m n egl i
,
.

)7

gen c e i s den o m i n at ed i n t he Ta l m u d S adan an i n t en t io n al s i n , , ,

P es h a O n i m m o r a l i ty fr o m l o v e fo r t h e e vi l K an t e xp r esses h i m

.
,

s el f t h u s : VV i c k ed n es s tho u ght o f i n a h igh es t d egr ee c o n s i s ts o f a

, .
,

di r e ct i n c l i n at i o n w hi ch w i t ho u t t em p tat i o n s o f a n y k i n d n ds p l ea s ur e
, , ,

i n ev i l a n d w h i ch l ead s t o t h e c o m m i s s i o n o f ev i l deeds W i t h o ut an y
, ,

c on si der at i o n i n r egar d t o p r o t o r en j o ym en t
Bu t sti ll bo th K an t .

an d Kr u
g do u b t s an d d o ub t s j u s t ly w h e t h er an y m an b e c ap ab l e o f s uc h

, ,

w i c ke dn es s Th e Ta l m u d d en o m i n a tes s uc h a v i lli an : A s i n n er o u t o f s p it e
t hat h e m ay o en d (M um m ar Ch a chis) in c o n tr adi ction t o
.

. a s in n e r

o u t o f s en s u a l i ty M u m m ac L e th en b o n
( .
) I t s e em s t h at t h e r ea so n o f th i s .

m ay b e fo u n d i n th e c i r cu m s t an c e t ha t t h e Ta l m u d iden ti es t h e c er e

m o n i a l an d t he m o r a l law 3 an d i n c e r em o n i a l law s u ch a d e r e e m a y b e
g ,

t h o ugh t o f

C o n c e r n i n g t h e j u dgm e n t o f o th er s i t is w r i tt en :
.

Ju dge each m an ,

a cc o r din
g t o t h e m ild es t v i e w
( A b o th l B u t t hi s i s t h er eby a
.
,

m o r a l a n d n o t a ci vi l p r in ci p l e Th e Ju dge m ay an d c an a c t i n

.

m o s t cas es a cc o r di n t t hi p i c i p l A l t h e c on te n di n
g o s r n e s o n
g as
g .

p ar t i es a r e b efo r e yo u l o o k up o n t hem a s gu i l t y b u t wh en t h ey a r e
, ,

d es t r o y ed an d yo u c ease t o b e th e j u d e o f t h e p ar t i es a n d a r e a ai n
g g

, ,

m an to m an , loo k u p o n b o th as t h o u h n on e w er e
g guilty ( A b o th .

1,
24 0 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
MI K v EH I S R A E L .

S E CT I O N IX .
-S in
l p er fec ti o n l s ca pab l e o f b ein g c o n s tan tly
ce m o ra

in cr ea s ed h u m a n V i r t u e m ay a l ways b e v i e w ed a s i m p e r fe c t a n d m an i s
, , ,

t her efo r e n ev er wi t ho u t fa u l t
,
Th e m o r e s e r i o u s a n d s i n c e r e ar e t he
.

e n de a v o r s o f m an t o r ea ch m o r a l p e r fe c t i o n th e s t r o n ger an d m o r e v i v id ,

w i l l b e th e c o n s c io u s n es s o f h i s o w n i m
p e r fec ti o n s an d h e w i ll t h er efor e , , ,

n e v er o v er w a lu e h is m er i t .

R EH A R K s . F o r t he r e i s n ot a j u st m an up o n e ar th , t h at do es go o d

an d s i n n e th n ot .
-

(E cc l es , 7 , The r e a ti o n s o f t h e
l Ta l m u d r es p ec t
Bib l i ca l cha r a c ter s

i n g fo u r ,
w ho ar e sa id t o h a v e n e ve r s i n n e d, is a fab l e ,
an d c an n o t b e app l ied h er e . Th e n at u r al ded uc t io n fr o m t h e fo r ego in g
w i ll b e , t hat n o m an c an b e p r o u d o f hi s m er i t s .

The q u ali t i es o f t h e s ch o l ar s o f A b r ah a m
A kin d lo ok a ar e :

m o des t so u l , an d a h u m b l e m in d (A b o th 5 A l w ays be v e r y .
, ,

h um ble (D a 4 -
Th i s p ar agr aph m ay als o b e tak en i n a n O p p o s ite

. .
,

w a y : N o m an l i v es w h o d o es n o t p o s s ess so m e m er i t T her efo r e

,
.

"
des p ise n o m an (D 8 4 s ) .N ev er a cc o u n t yo u r s el f a r ep r o bat e
. . . .

T h at y o u r m o r a l s t r en gth a n d p o w er t o a m en d m i h t n ev e r
( D s 2 .
, g
b e w eak en ed A r eas o n ab l e b ei n g w it ho u t a n y m er i t a t a ll i s th e idea l
.
,

o f e v i l a d ev i l an d n o t a m an
,
V e m u s t n o t i c e h e r e t h a t t h e T alm u .
,

d i s t s wer e n o t fr ee fr o m fai t h i n t h e e x is ten c e o f S a tan a n d dem o n s ;

b u t t hey ar e n o t des c r i b e d i n t h e T al m u d a s r ea s o n a b l e b ein gs p o s s es s ed ,

o f an a bs o l u t e ly ev i l w i ll K r u g s ay s : I f w e d o n o t a cc ept a cco r d
.

i n g t o D u al i s m t h e t h eo r y o f t w o i n n i te b e i n gs c o n c ei v e d i n t h e
, ,

e t e r n a l s t r u ggl e b e t w ee n go o d an d e v i l t h en t h e de v i l s m u s t be ,

i m agin ed a s n it e b ei n gs A n d t h e Ta l m u d c o r r o b o r a tes t he p r o p o s i

.

t io n : The S h ed im (ev i l s p i r i ts ) e at l i ke m en m u l t i p ly l i k e m en , ,

an d di e l i k e C
( ggh a i a l6 T h e T a l m u d r el at es e v en of a , ,

ve r y k in d n at u r ed dem o n ca ll ed J o s ep h S h eds Th e k i n g o f .

d em o n s i s n o t c all e d S at an b u t A s h m o d ai an d des c r i be d as a j o v ia l ,
,

fe l lo w A n d b es i des t h e Ta l m u d ic al fai t h i n d em o n s i n u en c es
.
, , ,

n e it h er a r e l igi o u s o p i n i o n n o r a r el i i o u s fa i th i t i s s i m p ly a p la y o f
g ,

t h e i m agin at i o n Th e o n ly S at an a s a n a cc ep ted a ccus er h as en ter ed

.
, ,

t h e s p h e r e o f p r ay er s a n d u sages t h r o u gh t h e a gen c y o f C a bb a l a a s ,

fo r i n st an c e t h e i n t er m i s s i o n o f s o un din g t h e c o m e t o n t h e day b efo r e

,

R o sh K as han ak t h er ew i th to c o n fu se S atan ,
t his is o f n o i m p o r t b u t ,

t o p r o ve t hat t h e v i e ws o f t h es e t i m es h a v e so m ewh a t i n u en c ed the

T a l m u dis ts .

K r u g c i tes a Ham bu r g c o r r es po n den t o f N o vem b er 4 1 8 1 7 w ho

, ,

a n n o u n c es t h e fo l lo w i n g : The dev il i n th e fo r m o f a black p ig w as ,

fo r m ally k i ll ed h an ged a n d bu r n ed i n En glan d O ct o b er 1 4,

, , ,
24 2 HA J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

hi m The s ou l t h at s in n eth , it b ear th e

sh a ll di e The so n s hall n o t

i n i q ui t y o f t he fath er n eith er sh all t h e fat h er b ear th e i n i qu i ty o f t h e

,

son . Th e r i ght eo u s n es s o f t h e r igh t eo u s s h al l b e up o n hi m ( Ezek i el .
-

xviii , 2O 3 M ako th xxi v a ) I n an o ther p assage t h e Talm u d says

. .

M o ses m ean s sho u ld the chi l dr en c o m m i t th e sam e s in s as t h e

p ar en ts
,

h at i s
( S an h e dr in 27
. T t h,
e childr en o f w i ck ed p ar en ts ,

s u ffer fo r t h ei r o w n m i s deeds Bu t sin ce th ey h ar dly wo u l d h av e a cted

.

s o h ad t h ey n o t seen t h ei r p ar en t s e xa m p l e th ey s u ffer for t h e w i ck ed
, ,

n ess o f t h ei r p ar en t s n ev er th el ess

.

A t a e o f t h e M i d as s s
l r h a y Z ebulo n m ade a c on tr act with I sach ar
,

th at o n e sh o u l d s t u dy an d t h e o th er ear n a l i vi n g an d th en di vi de th e ,

am w i th t h e o n e 3 i n c o m p en s at i o n Z ebu l o n w o u l d r ec ei v e o n e ha l f o f
g
-

,

t h e D i vi n e r ewa r d fo r t h e m er i t s o f I s a ch ar O n an o th er o ccasi o n th e .

Ta l m u d r el ates Hi ll el w as p o o r 3 b u t i n S pit e o f hi s p o v er ty, h e

.
,

e duc at ed h i m sel f to b e a gr eat t ea ch er 3 h i s b r o ther w en t in t o bu sin es s

an d a c q u i r ed w eal th 3 t h en t h e l at t er s ai d I w i ll gi v e yo u h al f o f m y
w eal th if fo r i t yo u w i ll gi v e m e h al f o f yo u r ear n ed r ewar d A D ivi n e
,
.

v o i ce th en S pak e Th o ugh m an w er e t o o ffer h i s wh o l e fo r tu n e h e c an ,

n o t bu y l o v e Th es e t w o p as sages giv e r i se t o the fo llo wi n g co n cl u sio n :

.

A c o n t r act c an b e m ade fo r o n e s s upp o r t fr o m an o th er t o b e ab l e t o

dev o t e o n e s s el f t o s t u dy w ith o ut ch e ck b y t he c o n si der ati o n s o f l ife 3 i n

c o m p en s at i o n o f whi c h h a lf o f th e D i v i n e r ew ar d m a y b e m ade o v er t o
,

o u r s upp o r t er 3 b u t h a s o n e a l r eady o cc u p i ed hi m sel f w i th s t u dy t h e

,

a l r ea d y e ar n e d r ew ar d c an n o t b e so l d I f i n st ead o f D i v in e r ewar d

.
, ,

th e w o r ds m o r a l m er i t ar e i n s er t ed an d i n p o in t o f fa c t t h e e xp r es ,

s i o n s a r e iden t i c a l t h e ab o v e c o n c l u s i o n i s q u i t e app o s i t e an d c o r r e c t
, .

Th e o n e m an aids th e o th er i n th e p r a ct i c e o f go o d a c tio n s 3 wi th o ut t h e
o n e s c o O p er at i o n t h e o th er c o u l d n o t h av e p r a c ti s ed t h e m at all o r a t

-
, , ,

l ea st so c o m p l et ely ; t h er efo r e i t i s q u i te n at u r al an d b ut j u s t that h e

, , , ,

sh ar e t h e m o r a l m er i t Bu t i f a go o d deed i s o n ce d o n e an d an o th er
.
,

wan t s t o bu y t h e m or al m er i t t hen co m es i n to p l ay t h e p r i n cip l e ,

N ei th er m o r a l m er i t n o r m o r a l w r o n g c an b e m ade o v e r .

S EC T I O N XI .
Th e m o r al j u dgm en t
u l d b e fr equ en t ly o f m an sh o

a pp l i ed t o j u dge hi s o w n a c ti o n s M an s ho u l d a l w a ys a c t wi th a c on .

s c i o u sn ess o f b ein g seen b y a h igh er j u dge S ti ll b o th o f th es e m o r a l .

,

m ean s c an n o t b e l o o k ed up o n a s i n fa ll i b l e .

MA R K S R I t w o u l d b e b ett er fo r m an h ad h e n ev er b e en b o r n ; b u t
E .

s in c e h e ex i s t s h e o u gh t fr eq u e n t ly t o i n v est iga t e h is a c t i o n s
, (Er u b en .

13 b ),
Ev er y n igh t m an s h o u l d i n v est igat e t h e ac t i o n s o f t h e p r evi o u s
.
,

d ay Th e m o r e fr equ en t ly m an l i st en s t o h i s c o n s c i en c e th at i s m ak es
.
, ,
 RA BBI N I C AL COD E or ETHI C S . 534 3

u se o f hi s j u dgm en t th e gr eater e xp er tn ess he a c qu i r es i n t h e

p o w er of ,

j u dgm en t o f h im sel f an d c o n s eq u en t ly i n t h e p r ac ti c e o f go o d an d t h e
, A

a v o idan c e o f ev i l Fr e qu en t s el fj u dgm en t al so s er v es t h e pu r p o s e o f
.
-

k eep in g m an a l ways p r ep ar ed t o app ear b efo r e hi s h eav en ly j u dge .

H i s di s ci p l es i n qu ir ed o f R El i ez er W h at i s t h e m ean i n g o f the s en
.

ten ce r ep en t o n e d ay b efo r e y o ur d eat h ? H o w i s i t p o s s i b l e fo r m an t o

,

kn o w the day o f h i s dea th Th e R abb i r epl i ed, Th e m o r e n e c ess ar y

i s i t fo r hi m t o r ep en t ev er y day S in c e h e m ay di e t h e n ext M ai m o n ides
,
.

w r it es, t h er efo r e : M an sh o u l d a l way s l o o k up o n him s el f as if h i s l a s t

h o u r w er e p r es en t an d fo r t hi s r eason r ep en t a lw ays (H Teshu b a
, ,
.

Bu t b efo r e what law m ay t h e m o r a l p o wer o f j u dgm en t ar r aign th o s e

a c t i o n s d ep en din o n t h e w i ll t h at i t m ay d ec id e w h et her th ey agr ee
g ,

t h er ewi th o r n o t ? P h i l o s o p h e r s s ay : b efo r e t h at law e st a b l i sh ed b y

p r a cti ca l r ea so n Bu t t o t h e Ta l m u d t h e L o r d a l on e i s l egi s l at o r , an d at
.

t h e s am e t i m e et er n a l j u dge A n d t hi s j u dge sh o u l d b e a l ways p r esen t

.

t o m an Fear t h e L o r d even a s ye fear m en s aid R J o h an n a t o hi s

.
,
.
,

di s ci p l es . A n d n ot m o r e w a s t h ei r q u es t i o n Th e R ab b i r ep l i ed .
,

A r e ye n o t a fr aid t o do e vi l i n t h e p r esen c e o f o th er m en C l Th er efo r e ,

feel aw e i n t h e p r esen c e o f t h e L o r d (Ber ac h o th 28 b )

Th e l at er
r

, .

R abb i s s ay I h av e s et th e L o r d a l ways b efo r e m e (Ps al m x v i ,
.

T h i s p r in c i p l e o u ght t o b e t ak en i n t o t h e h ear t an d b o u n d t o t h e s o u l , .

M an s b eh a v i o u r h i s m o v em en t s an d h i s a c tio n s if h e i s a l o n e at h om e

, , , ,

a r e n o t l i k e hi s m o ti o n s an d a ct i o n s i n t h e p r es en c e o f a
gr ea t k i ng 3 h i s
c on v er s at i o n s wi th th e fam i ly an d t h e r el at i o n s i s n o t l ik e wh at i t w o u l d ,

b e i f a gr eat k i n g w er e p r esen t I f m an r e ect s t h er efor e t h at ab o v e

.
, ,

h i m th r o n es t h e hi gh e s t k i n g t h e H o ly O n e b l e s s ed b e h i s n am e w ho s e
, , ,

s p l en d o r ll s t h e ear th an d s ees h i s a c ti o n s t h en
,
a w e a n d m eek n ess ,

m u s t m ak e hi m as h am e d t o s i n Tak e t o he ar t t hr ee t h i n gs a n d yo u
.
,

wi ll n ever fall i n t o s i n ful n es s K n o w wh at i s ab o v e t h ee 3 an all seein g

.
-

eye an a ll h ea r i n g ea r a n d a p r e c i se a cc o u n t o f y o u r a c ti o n s
,
-

, .

Bu t n ei t h er of t h ese m ean s i s i n fa ll i ble . M an y a on e m ay att r i bu t e

a s a m er it lf wh at i n r ea l i t y i s a w r o n g 3 t o p er s ecu t e p e r so n s o f
t o h im se

a dif fer en t o p in i o n an d c o n v er t th e m t h r o ugh t h e e x er ci s e o f p o w er fo r

, ,

t h e p u r p o s e o f m ak i n g o n e s s elf a gr eeab l e t o t h e L o r d Th e ab i l i t y o f .

j u dgin g c o r r ect ly w h eth er a c ti o n s a gr ee wi t h t he la w o r r at h er th e ,

a bi l i t y o f a c t i n g a cc o r di n g t o t h e la w p r es u p p o ses a c o r r e ct k n o w l e dge o f
,

t h at law 3 t h er efo r e s uch a h igh yea ev en t h e h i gh es t v al u e i s p u t b y

, , , ,

t h e Ta l m u d u p o n a p r ec i s e a nd m i n ut e i n v es t i gat i o n o f t h e la w
, Th e .

s tu d y o f t h e la w b ear s a hi gh er v a l u e t h a n ll t h e p r ev i o u s ly m en t i o n ed a

c o m m an d s
(P eath i l ) The Tal m u d a ckn o w l e dges i t i s t r u e that
.
,
.
, ,
24A H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
MI KV EH I S R A EL .

t he st u dy of t h e law con stitu t es m er ely the m ean s b u t do es n ot co n stitu t e

,

"
t h e ai m N o t t h e s tu dy b u t t h e p r ac ti c e i s t h e chief t hin g
.
, .

(A bo th i . N e v er th eles s t he st u dy i s m o r e i m p o r t an t , s i n c e o nly
, ,

t his c an lea d t o th e p r a cti c e that i s t h e c or r ec t p r a c ti ce Th e phi l o , , .

s o p h er s t o o a r e c o m p ell ed t o a ck n o w l ed e th at if m an do es n o t u n der
, , g ,

s tan d t h e law s est a b l i sh ed b y p r a cti c a l r eas o n his c on s ci en c e c an n o t ,

p r o n o u n ce a c or r e ct j u dgm en t A n d t o h i m w h o n egl ects his m in d .

,

t hat i s do es n o t p er fect i t r eas o n w i ll est ab lis h n o law o r at leas t n o t

, , ,

a c o r r e ct o n e .

S EC TI ON XII Th e T a lm u di ca l c o de of e thi c s
. has var i o u s duti es
1

. To on e s sel f 2 To o ther l i vi n g m en
. 3 . . . To dec eas ed m en .

4 . To an i m at e b ein
gs 5 T o i n an i m at e th in gs . . .

R E MA R K S .
I t i
Ta l m u d con tain s du ti es t o G o d al s o o r
s t r u e, t h e ,

r ath er t o t h e Talm u d all d u ti es ar e d u ti es t o G o d 3 fo r G o d i s t he

,

high est l egislato r a n d j u dge o f all n i te m o r a l b ein gs

,
Bu t s in c e t his .

is n o r el igi o u s c o de t h o s e du t i es t o uchi n g G o d a l o n e c an n o t b e en u m er
,

at ed h er e .

Bu t i n a str i ct s en s e o u r ac ti on s can n o t t o uch G o d I f th o u sin ,

.

n e s t w h at d o s t t h o u a a i n s t h i m an d i f t h y v i c e s a ccu m u lat e w h at do s t
, g , ,

t ho u u n t o hi m ? I f t h o u ar t j u s t wh at d o s t t h o u giv e h im , o r w hat ,

r ec ei v et h H e fr o m t h
y h an d ? Th e Ta lm u d also a ckn o w l edges t hat t he
l aw s ar e u s efu l t o m an an d n o t t o t h e L o r d W ell k n o wn i s a r ep ly o f
,
.

R abbi A k i ba A p r in c e a s k ed h im t o w i t I f t h e fo r esk in i s s uch a n

Be
,

a b o m in a t i o n t o t h e L o r d w hy a r e n o t m en b o r n c i r cu m c i s ed ? v

,

c a u se ,
h e r ep l i ed t h e law s ar e m er ely giv en t o pu r i fy m an
,
Th e .

c er em o n i a l l aw s di s cu s s ed h er e a r e n o t t h e u l t i m at e ai m b u t m er ely t h e , ,

m ean s t o pu r i fy an d p er fe ct m an an d th er efo r e t h ey a r e n o duti es t o , , ,

th e L o r d bu t t o o n e s sel f
,
.

S EC TI O N XIII S in c e m an i s t h e p r o p er ty o f G o d h e h as n o o t h er
.
,

r igh t s o v er hi m s el f b u t t h o se gran te d t o h i m b y G o d an d h as t o o b ser v e

, ,

t h ese d u t i e s t o him s el f whi ch G o d c o m m an ds ,

.

R E MA R K S I f s o m e o n e s ays
. D ep r i v e m e of s ight 3 cu t o ff m y
h an d 3 b r eak m y foo t an d y o u sh a ll b e fr ee fr o m all b l a m e ,
t h en t h e

o ther if h e d o es i t i s s ti ll gu i l t y b ec au s e t h e b o dy o r r ath er m an i s n ot

, , , , ,

h i s o w n p r o p er t y F o r u n t o m e t h e childr en o f I sr ael ar e s er van t s

.
,

t h ey a r e m y s er van t s L xxv O n wh i c h p assa e th e Ta l m u d
( ev .
g
-
. .
,

o b s er v e s b u t n o t t h e s er v an ts o f s er van t s .

D uti es p r e s u pp oses r ight s I h ave d ut ies t o m ysel f bu t w ho p os

-
.
,

s e s ses t h e r i gh t s ? I h a v e n o r ight o v er m y fo o t o v er m y h an d , ,

o th er m en h av e s t i ll l es s r igh t o v er th em 3 n o w w h o p o s s esses t hese

24 6 HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

n ess , b u t t o de ci de a case j u st ly ,
is a d ut y of j u st i ce,
an d, ther efo r e, th e
e
o th r m u st ma e w k a
y fo r t hi s .

Bu t n o t m er ely duties of j u sti c e s uch as ar e c om m an ded b y t h e l aws ,

o f j u st i c e o r s o ca ll ed c o m pu l so r y d u t i es b u t a l so d u ti es r esu l ti n g fr o m
,
-
,

t h e c o de o f ethi c s a r e m o r e i m p o r tan t t h an t h e du t i es o f kin dn ess

, F or .

in s tan c e i t i s a m o r a l du t y o f k in dn ess t o b e o b l igi ng t o m an b u t i s a

, ,

m o r al du t y o f j u sti c e t o b e o b l igin g t o hi m b ecau s e yo u h av e p r o m is ed

, ,

t o d o s o o r o u t o f gr at it u de ?
,

2 .
W h at ev er be l o n gs t o t h ee i s t o b e p r efer r ed t o t hi n gs w hi ch

b el o n g t o an o th er m an I f hi s o w n l ife an d t h at o f an o the r o n e is in
.
,

dan ger m an m ay sav e hi m se l f b efo r e s av in g t he o t h er o n e
, , The Cir .

c u m st an ces i n t h ese c a ses a r e e q u a l life agai n st life p r o p er t y again s t , ,

p r o p er t y, an d th e d u ties t o on e s s el f ar e m or e i m p or tan t t han th o se t o
o th er s
0
.

O n e sh o u l d s u ffer t o r t u r e, an d
b etr ay th e i n n o cen tly p er s ec uted n ot

I n t h i s ca s e t h e cir c u m s tan c es ar e n o t a l i k el ife o f

t o h i s p u r s u er .

an o ther o n e a gain s t t h e p ai n s o f t hy o w n b o dyan d i n t hi s c ase t he

du ti es t o o n e s self ar e n o t m o r e i m p o r tan t Th at t he wh o l e fo r tu n e

.

s ho u l d b e sa cr i ced r ath er th an b etr a y t h e pur su ed t o hi s pu r su er i s a

, ,

m at ter o f c o ur se i n t h e T al m u di c a l c o de o f et h i c s Tr ea ch er y is a t r es .

p as s o f t he c o de o f et h i cs 3 b u t t o a vo id c o m m i t tin g t r es pa ss es m an ,
:

s h o u l d s a c r i c e h i s w h o l e fo r tun e Bu t wh eth er m an i s a ls o o b l iged t o.

s a c r ic e h i s fo r t u n e i f t h er e wi th h e c an s a v e t h e li fe o f an o th er s in c e
:

, , , ,

t h e ab st ain in g fr o m s a v i n g t h e o th er s l i fe i s m er ely a s in o f o m i ssi o n t he ,

T a l m udi cal c o de o f ethi c s do es n o t deci de I t i s t r u e o n e pas s age ex .

,

p r es ses t h is O pin i o n M an i s o b l iged t o hi r e m en , t hat t hey m ay s av e

t h e l ife o f an o th er

Bu t the hi r e of th e sa vi o u r c an n ot c om pri s e the
.

w h ole fo r tu n e Th e T alm u di cal law fo r b i ds m an t o sav e hi s o w n life at

.

t he sa cr i c e o f an other s life t h o u gh t h e o th er o n e m u st lo s e life at t he

,

sam e t i m e I f as sas si n s say t o a n um b er o f m en

. G i v e u s o n e o f yo u ,

t ha t w e m ay ki ll h i m 3 if yo u do n o t w e w i l l kill ye all ye s hall a ll s u ffer ,

death an d n o t sa cr i c e o n e b u t if t he del i v er i n g up o f a c er t ai n p er son
, ,

i s dem an ded, am o n gst t he t hr eat}; o f k i l lin g all, in c as e o f r efu sal t hey ,

n ee d n o t s u ffer death for his sake si n c e m a n is n o t o bliged t o s a c r ic e , ,

fo r t he life o f an o ther [h is o w n life I f o n e m an i s des ir ed to k ill

, .

an o t h er o r t o s u er d ea th h e m u s t s ub m it to b ein g ki ll e d I n this c ase
'

.
, ,

h e do es n o t s acr ic e h im sel f for an o th er on e b u t fo r the s ake o f n ot

,

co m m i ttin g th e gr eat es t i n j u st i c e m u r der F o r a les s i m p o r tan t i n j u s .

t ice m an is o bliged to sac r i ce li fe

,
Bu t on the c on tr ar y m an m ay n ot .
,
 R ABBI N ICA L C O DE or E THIC S . 247

sa ve his o w n l ife b y transgressin g a l aw o f j ustice

,
No on e m ay save .

h i m se l f through the m oney o f anoth er .

Concerning defence the Tal m udica l code o f ethics t eaches the sa m e

,

l a w s as the phil osophica l I f an y o n e com es to m urder you get up

.
,

an d ki ll h i m that is we m ay defend oursel ves agai nst a m urderous

,

a ttack even b y t he death o f the assail ant

,
The thief discovered co m m it .

t ing theft is decl ared to be free b y ho ly writ The defence b y the death
,
.
,

o f t h e assai l ant ,
is perm it ted even in cases where the assailant i s
,

r esponsib l e for his actions and even where the pursuer has a certain
, ,

right to pursue the pursuer .

3 I f an epidem ic prevai l s in a cit y m an is ob l iged to l eave it b e

.
, ,

ca use no o n e m ay expose him sel f to danger o f l ife W hen the c om m u .

n it
y is su f
f er i ng,
no o n e m a
y absent hi m s el f 3 but the S i ng l e m an m ust

s u ffer with the com m unit y The contradiction between these t w o pas
.

sa ges is cancell e d b y the exp l anation He m ay n o t expose him sel f to .

d anger if his presence can be o f no u se to the com m unit y but does h is

,

presence benet th e com m unity he is no t perm itted to separate hi m se l f

, ,

but m ust a l so suffer and expose his l ife to dange r l ike the rest M an is .

'

part o f a co m m un ity and the duties to the whole com m unity are m ore
,

i m portant than those t o a S ingl e part, as well as those to one s se l f s

Jo nathan boas t ed o f D avid F or he did put his l ife in his hand an d ,

s l ew the Phi l istines l Sa m ue l xix

.
( . He has exposed.
,
h i s l ife for

the benet o f the nat i on .

I t is true we have seen that a nu m ber m ay not save t hem se lves

,

w ith the l ife of a sing l e o n e but a nu m ber is no t a who l e b u t m erely

, ,

s e vera l p a r t s o f a who l e .
 C HAP T E R VI .

EXTRACT S FROM R AB BINI CAL W R I TING S .

Th e S p ir itu al Bo dyTh e I sraelites at S in ai J osh uaEn o ch R . R ib bi an d

A n ton in u s .

E XT RA CT S F ROM R A BBI N I CA L W RI TI N G S .

Before m an is born sou l is cl othed i n a spiritua l body sim il ar

,
hi s ,

t o t hat which shall aft er w ard s be o f esh Th e fo ll owing s to r y i s re l ate d .

i n Sohar 7 1 1 W h en Rabbi P er a chj ah approached the door of Para

,

d is e the entrance o f heaven was opened to hi m and a voice was heard

, ,

s ay ing : Take o ff fro m h i m his cl othes fo r the earth ly body cannot ,

e n t er the kingdo m o f heaven The c l oth o f esh was taken fro m h i m
.
,

and he was enve l oped i n the air o f the Garden o f E den (in a spiritua l ,

body ) He the n del ighted in the intuition of the outer heaven and it s
.

ange l ic host \Vhen he was co m pe ll ed to re t urn to earth again as his

.
,

ti m e w a s not u p his sou l received again her eshly body Another

,
.

passage in Sohar says (4 6 4) W hen the I srae l ites s tood at the foot o f
, ,

M ount Sinai to receive the m ost ho ly l aw they were dressed in pure

and ho ly c l othes spirit u a l bodiesbut when the y d eled them se l v es
,

with the worship o f th e go l den cal f they were deprived of tha t gl ory

.
,

E
A s it is written ( xod xxxii ,
i 6 ) And the
. chi l dren o f I srae l w ere
.
,

stripped o f their orna m ents b y the M ount Horeb Again Sohar o n .
, ,

Zachar 3 3 z Now Joshua w as cl othed w ith l th y gar m ents and

, , ,

stood before the angel The lth y garm ents m ust be understood to
.

m ean the b o d y with which the spirit is c l othed when it is co m m anded t o

l ive upon earth , because th e esh i s dele d b y s in in disobedience to G o d

J alkat Rubeni says B y their garm e nts the chil dren o f m en will be
known at the l as t and great day whether they l i v ed w hen on earth a , , ,

v i rtuous o r w icked l ife Th e actions o f every m an r etain their i m pres

.

sions even upon that spiritual bod y with w hich the sou l is c l othed at
,

the resu rrectio n .

R Tan c hu m taught
. The garm ent with which the sou l is c l othe d
in th e l ife which is t o co m e is woven o f the rays which are e m itted fro m
,

the throne o f God Therefore the Psa l m ist say s

,
L igh t i s for t he

righteous and gl adness for the upright in hear t
,
At the t im e when .

I n t he E n glish ver sio n i t is tran slated : trip p ed th em selves

s b u t th e o rigi
"
n al s ays th ey w ere str ip p ed as i f th is w as
,
do n e b y o th ers .
250 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AEL .

it w as ,therefore n o t I who s to l e them . Bu t the king was convinced

3

that none el se but t he keepers coul d have taken the fruit s of h is

g arden 3 he co m m anded ,
t herefore the
, l am e to b e pu t upon the s hou l d e rs

o f the b l ind and then punished the m toge ther a s the y had co m m i tt e d
, ,

t h e cri m e together. A t th e day of j udgm ent God will unite again sou l
,

a n d bod y ; there wi ll be again a living m an and then he will receive the

r ewar d fo r w h at he has do n e whi l e in t his l ife.
 C H A P TER V I I .

K A BA L A A N D K A BA L I S TS

T er m den ed ~
T w o classes o f th e Mys ti c al S ch o o l Pl ilo an d th e ab alis ts A gei K
o f t h e latter s ystem
I t s di alect ~D i v isio n s o f th e S c i en c e S tan dard w or s k

Axiom s Pan th eism Thc J ets ir a an d Tc h ar .

K ABA L A A N D K A BA LISI S
'

The t erm K a ba la is a correl ative with M a so m K a ba l signies

t o receive 3 M a s om t o hand down o r co m m unicat e The K abal ists
.
,

, .

bel ieve that God has expressly co m m it ted His m y steries t o cer tain
chosen persons an d that they them sel ves have received those m y st eries
,

i n t rust still further t o hand the m d own t o wort h y recipien t s

, .

'

There has been a l way s for the l ast two thousand y ears a m ys tica l ,

s choo l m ore o r l ess nu m erous who have treated the written word as th e
, ,

sym bo l ic vehicl e o f an esoteric doctrine This schoo l m ay be sai d to .

c onsis t o f two c l asse s : 1 Those with who m that in t erior S piritua l s ig

.

n i cat ion shape s itse l f in t o a phi l osophica l s y ste m which the y never ,

t heles s ho l d either fro m o r i n connexion with a foreign o r Gentil e ,

t eaching such as P l atonis m

,
Their representative is Phil o
. The y .

b l end the M osaic l aw with the Genti l e m ono thei sm 2 The other c l ass . .

a r e the K a ba lis ts properly so ca ll ed w h o fro m the i m pu l se o f the m ind

, , ,

after a deep and satisfy in g know l e dge o f the in m ost m y steries o f being ,

have given them se l ves up t oo m uch to the tut el age o f the i m a gin at ion ,

and constructed a s ystem w hi ch co m bines at once t he sub l im e and th e , ,

d espicab l e .

To bec om e ac quainted with the K abal a i n i ts real chara ct er t he ,

s t uden t wi ll n d that he m ust ascend t o the consideration of its pri m i t iv e

m etaph y sica l princip l es a s l aid d own in the ear l iest do c u m ents of t h e

,

s c ienc e be c ause in l atter tim es the professors of the K abal a hav e m ixe d
,

i t with m an y doctri nes taken from the G reek an d Arabian phil osophies .

Th o se o f them t oo who, from superst ition kep t th em sel v es a l oof fro m

, , ,

t h e genera l cu l t ure o f their t im es abandoned b y d egrees t h e p r o fo u n d

, , p

specu l ations o f w hich the K abal a w a s the result, an d preserved m erely

the gr osser types which had been use d b y th e earl ier m asters on ly as the
, ,

d r aper y of the tr ut h whi ch they veil ed .

The sy ste m itse l f i s un doub t edly of ver y grea t age W ithou t .

s pe nding a m o m en t on t he obvious exa ggera t ions which refer i t t o M o ses ,

t o Abr aham an d eve n t o A dam in P a radise w e m us t a d m i t th at , s o far

, ,

b ack as t he Tan a im there ar e eviden t tr ac es o f i ts exis t ence The

, .

n u m erous a l lus io n s t o it in the M ishna an d Gem ara abun da nt ly Show

252 HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH IS R A EL .

that under the Ta n a i m a certain philosoph y or re l igiou s m etaphysi c,

, , ,

was s ecretly taught, and that this sy ste m o f esoteric teaching r el ated
e specia lly to t he creatio n a n d the Godhead Ber es ki th and M ew e d So , .

early as A D 1 8 9 the t im e o f the M ishna reduction it was thus

. .
, ,

recognized as an esta b l ished theos oph y the privi l ege o f se l ect dis cipl es , .

W e m ay therefore safe ly be li eve in i t s operation in the secon d century

, , .

The styl e is n o t Tal m udic n o r past Ta l m udic s o neither is it the p ure

,
-

Hebrew o f the Bib lical Scriptures but the dial ect which was used b y the ,

l earned Jews at the ti m e o f the opening o f the Christian era I n a word .

,

i t be l ongs t o the period o f the rst M i shn ai s ts 5 that is between a century ,

before and about eight y y ears after the birth o f Chris t The work itsel f
, , .

m ight even have been a co ll ection o f fra gm ents o f v arious ear l ier tim es .

The K abal a considered as a co n struct ed science is 1 st, theoreti ca l

, ,

2n d practica l
,
The practical departm en t com prises a sym bol ica l appara
.

t u s and ru l es for the u s e o f it

,
The theoretica l part consists o f t wo
.

branches : th e cosm ogonic as rel ating to the visi b l e universe , Th e .

second is th eo go n i c and pneu m ato l o gica l as re l ating m ore directly t o the ,

s piritual worl d and to the perfections o f t h e D ivine nature The t ech

,
.

n i c al na m e o f this part is m a a s m ar ka v a all uding to the m ar ka v a o r , ,

chariot throne with its attendant an ge l s in the vision o f Providence

, , ,

described in the rst ch apter o f E zekiel .

I n the books J ets i m and Z olta r the K abal a is thought in the m ,

we get t h e sure princip l es o f the science l aid down and exp l ained b y t h e
great m asters them sel ves Th e student will m aster both the J cts i r a
.

and th e Z oha r with greater facil ity if he bring with h i m to the task a ,

prem onition o n so m e axio m s which the K abalists consider to be funda

m ental such as are the fo ll owing
,
1 F rom nothing nothin g can p r o .
,

c e ed . 2 Therefore no substance that now exists has been produced

.
,

fro m nothing 3 A ll existing substances are e m an ations from o n e

. .

eterna l substance I n the act o f what is co m m on ly call ed creation
.
,

the Eterna l Being dre w fro m Him sel f 4 Conse quently there is n o

. .

such thing as m atter ; strict ly speakin g that which we call m att er is ,

only a form o r species under which spirit give s itsel f a m anifestation .

5 So tha t the universe is a reve l ation o f the I nnite 3 an e m inent e ffect

.

o f his ever active power and presence 6 Bu t though all existence thus . .

owed from the D iv inity , y et is the worl d differen t fro m the Godhead as ,

the effect is di fferent fro m the cause Neverthel ess as n o t separat e from , .
,

but abiding em inen tly in H i m it is everm ore the m anifestation o f ,

Him se l f I t is the m ant l e with which He c l othes H i m se l f ; o r rather

.

it is a revel ation o f the Godh e ad , n o t in His hidden essence but in His ,

v isib l e gl ory 7 I n givin g existence to the universe t he rst ac t o f

. .
,
 CHAPTE R V III .

THE M ET A P HYS I C A L S C HOO L S O F T HE J EW S . A NC IENT AN D

M O D ER N .

S ECT I PRE C ED IN G M a I M O N I D EsTh e Bible tap h ysic alO rigin o f evil

n ot

Free will
me
Th e Talm udM er c ab a A llegor i c al c h ar acter s o f R ab bi n i cal litera
. .

tu r eTh e C ar ai tesPr ogress o f m etap h ysic s am on g th e R abb in itesS aadi a b en

h

J o sep h Th e Boo k o f C reeds Th e s c h o o l at C ord ovaS olo m o n b en Gabriel

Th e F o n s V itaeBahy a b en J os ep h J u da h a L ev i an d th e b oo k K h o zar i
D iffer en c es b etw een th eol ogy an d p hilo so p hy an d attem p ts at r ec on c ili atio n
M aim o n id esM ore N ev o c h i m Proh i bition an d bur n in g o f h i s w ork s
,

S E C T I L S U BS E Q U E N T T O M A I M ON I D E s F ab u lo u s ac c ou n ts o f th e K ab al aYet sir a
an d Zoh arD at e o f t h e Z oh arC o n ten t s o f t h e b o o k s
.

Th eo ri es o f t he or igi n ;

o f evil C ab alisti c th eoryTh e m an ifest ati o n o f G o dTh eor y o f em an ati on

R em ar k s o n t hi s s ystem an d c o m p ar is on with oth er s ystem s o f p hi loso p h y

N eo p lat o n i s t s an d Gn ostics Th e C ab ala an d C h risti an i tyS h em J o b J u dai a
P en i n i J o sep h I b n C as p i M ar ter L eon M o s es b en J os ep h Ah r on b en Elias
t h e C ar ai t e D ec ay o f P er i p at eti c i s m J s ep h Alb o Ab rah am Bihago
,

o J o s ep h
h en S h em J o b Elias d el M edigo Ex p u lsio n o f t h e J ews fr o m S p ai n Abrah am
w

an d h i s so n L eo Th e D ialogu es o f L o v e~ C lo s e o f t h e h i sto r y o f J ew i sh m eta

x teen th c en t u i y M o dern
-

h
p y si c s wit h th e s i p h i los op h ers n o t p ecu l iar ly H ebrew .

M E TAP HYS I C AL SCHOOLS A MO N G S T T H E J E W S ,

D OW N TO T H E T IME S OF

MOS E S M A I MON I D E S .

The part of M M unk s w ork which treats o f Jewish phi l osoph y is
.
,

necessaril y shorter than that which refers to the Arabs I f we excep t .

I bn G eb ir o l M oses M ai m onides L eo H ab r a eu s and a few others all

-

, , , ,

the m e dize v al writers o f Hebrew origin were m ere Bib l ica l com m enta
tors o r e l se the y ex cer ci s ed thei r in genu ity in ill ustrating the m yst eries
,

o f Ra bbin ica l l iterature Still however the q uestion we are n o w a p

.
, ,

p r o a c hi n g deserves to be thorough ly exa m ined .

The books of the O l d Testam ent present to us no sy ste m of phil osoph y

in th e generally received sense of the word 3 no trace can be found there
o f those specu l ations in w hich b oth t h e Greeks a n d the Hindoos s o free ly

indul ged 3 the Hebre w s a s M M unk re m arks did not see k to penetrat e
,
.
,

into the secret o f bein g ; the existence o f God the S piritual ity of the ,

soul the knowl edge o f good and evil were w i th them a m atter of fa i th
, , ,

not the resu l t o f series o f s yll ogis m s A n d y et to every thinking

a .

m in d the existence of evi l i n a worl d created b y H i m who is the

.

Supre m e God m us t have a l w ay s been a m ost puzz l ing prob l e m

,
How .

c an it be a dm itted without see m ing to i m pose l i m its upon that

Being fro m who m n o evi l can proceed ? And how can these l i m its be
a cknow l e dged w ithout thereb y deny ing the unit y o f t h e abso l ute G o d
 M E TA P H Y S IC A L S CH OO LS 2 U5
!

O F TH E J EW S . .

withou t fa llin g into D ual is m ! The answer given to these q uest ions b y
.

t he M osaic doct rin e, m ay be sum m ed u p as foll ows

Evi l has no rea l exis t ence : i t h as no p l ace in c reation 3 w hi ch ,

b eing the w ork o f God canno t at the sam e t im e be the abode of evil
,
.

At each period o f cr eat ion G o d s a w tha t i t w a s go o d Evi l ent ers thi s

,
.

w or l d only w hen inte llec t m akes its a ppearance 3 tha t is to say a t t h e ,

m o m ent when m an having beco m e an in t ell ectua l and m ora l being , i s

,

destined t o struggl e against m atter A co ll ision then t akes p l ace b e .

t ween t he i n t ell ect ua l princip l e and the m at eria l o n e and from this
c oll ision evi l resu l ts 3 fo r m an gifted as he is with m oral perception ,
,

a n d enj o y ing t he freedo m o f his m ove m ents , shou l d endeavour to m ake

h i s a c tions h arm oniz e with the supre m e good 3 and if he a ll ows hi m se l f

to be con quered b y m atter he reduces him se lf to b eco m e the ar tiz an o f evi l
, .

This theor y of evil contained in the third chap t er o f Genesis , is intim ately
,

connected with that o f the freedo m of w ill which is o n e o f the funda ,

m enta l doctrin es o f M osais m ; m an enj oy s the abso lu t e li berty in the

use o f facu l ties 3 l ife and good death and evil are s et before h i m

, , .

(D eut
. 30 , 1 5 ,
I t is i m portant to bring o u t here in a ll its force
, ,

this doctrine in subordination to which the Jews have al way s p l aced t h e

,

v arious m etaph ysical speculations o f foreign origin which they em brace d ,

at different epochs The devel op m ent o f this theory in its connect ion
.
,

with D ivine Providence and with the will o f God considered as the so l e
, ,

cause o f creation has ever be en dee m ed , b y Je w ish t eachers one of the

, ,

m os t im portant topics for their m editat ion .

w e do n ot think it necessary to give an y detai l s respecting the

s tate o f Jewish theo l ogy during the go l den age o f that nation The .

o bservations we m igh t m ake on the various books o f the O l d Testam ent ,

o r o n t h e sects o f the Pharisees Sadd u cees and Essenes wou l d be m er e

, , ,

r epetitions o r r s m n s o f the ab l e dis q u i sitions pub l ished i n m odern

, ,

c yc lo ze di as W e sha ll therefore go o n at once t o the rst centuries o f

p .
, ,

the Christian era and consider the Je w s as they stood im m ediately after
,

the appearance o f the pro m ised M essia h Th e circum stances am ids t .

which the y were thrown to l d m ost unfortunate ly upon inte ll ectua l c u l

,

ture 3 in the rst p lace the nation was absorbed b y the po l itica l struggl e s
,

which fo ll owed the terrib l e catastrophe o f Jer u salem3 and when after ,

th e unfo r tu nate at tem pt o f Bar c o c h ebas the doctors who succeeded i n ,

e scaping fro m the ven geance o f the Ro m ans becam e convince d that
\

J erusal e m cou l d no l o n ger be the centre o f their worship and the head ,

quarters o f the Jewish co m m unity their rst care was to strengthen th e ,

bon ds whic h c ou l d l ink together as a rel igious society the chil dr en of

256 H A J E HU D I M A N D
-
MI K VEH IS R A EL .

Abraham through o ut all t he civi l iz e d worl d The s yst e m o f the Phari

,
,
. *

s ee s em b r ac ed b y the m aj ority, did n o t a ll ow of m ere ly conr m i ng t he

,

a uthorit y which be l onged to t he sacred books it was nec essary tha t an

e q ua l weigh t shou l d be attached to traditiona l interpre t ations an d de

v elo m en t s which had ti ll then on ly bee n

p ,
incu l cated b y o ral teach ing ,

for the few partia l wri tten reproductions of the co m m entaries c o u l d not
a spire t o t he honours of canonicity .

Such w as the origin o f the fi shn a which ap p eared during the rs t ,

q u a rt er of the t hird century, and which i t took three hundred years to

a nnotate ,
t o di scuss and to a m p l ify
,
At the sa m e tim e, an i m m ens e
.

c ri t ica l undertaking w a s begun fo r the purpose o f xi ng irrevocab ly t h e

,

t ext of the sacred books , fro m a coll ection o f the m ost authentic M S S
an d in their desire fo r
,
accurac y the Rabbins went so far as to count
,

the l etters cont aine d i n each book Throughout the v o l um inous c o m

.
-
v

p ilat i o n s which re m ain to us and which were m ade during the rst v e
,

o r s ix centuries o f the Christian era in the Ta lm u d as we ll as i n the ,

a ll egori cal interpretatio n s o f t h e Scriptures t here are on ly few tra ces of ,

m etaph y sica l specu l ations I f we often nd there rem iniscences o f

.
,

K abbal istic doctrines the y b ear al m ost exc l usively upon angel o l ogy
, ,

an d exoteric points 3 the existence o f the specu l ativ e part o f th e

K abbal a is reveal ed to us m ere ly b y the m ention o f the m ysteries c o n
,

t ai n ed in th e Ber es chi th o r t h e rs t chapter o f Genesis and in t he

, ,

M ercab a o r visions o f Ezekiel

,
.

A co m p l ete acc ount of the Tal m ud its history and it s l iterature, ,

wou l d re quire a separate articl e but to give our reader an idea o f what
m ay be call ed the esoteric doc trines o f Rabbinis m we sha ll pu t togethe r ,

a few pass ages re l ating to the M ercab a j ust m entioned After discours~ ,
.

ing o f the an ge l s and other spiritua l i n t elligen c i es which occup y an

in t er m ediate pl ace between G o d and m an M ai m o n ides say s ,

That which w e have said in these two chapters o n this subj ect i s ,

as a drop o f the ocean in co m parison with what ought to be exp l ained

un de r this head M oreover the exp l anation o f all the radical princi
.
,

p l es contained in these t w o chapters is call ed the m a tter of the cha r i o t

, ,
.

The sages o f o ld have directed that no o n e sha ll l ecture upon these s u b

e ct s except to a sing l e person who a l so m ust be wise and i nte ll igent b y
j ,

hi s own k n ow l edge and even th en we m ay on l y point ou t the passage s

, , ,

to him and infor m h i m ver y l ittl e o f th e m atter 3 and he being

,

i n te ll igen t b y hi s o w n knowl edge m ay beco m e ac quainted with the end

,

a n d depth o f the m atter N o w these things are exceedingly profound

.
,

an d not every int e ll ect is capab l e of sustaining them wherefore Sol o m on .

258 H A J EH U D I M A N D M I K V EH I S R A EL

-
.

D ja

-
far al Man c u r se c ond K hal if of the Abbaside dynas ty An an b en
-

D avid one of t he chief J ew ish doctors o f the Acade m y o f Babyl on

, ,

l aced hi m se l f at the head o f a part y whose purpose it was t o throw o ff

p
t h e Rabbinica l hierarch y and the y oke of tradition Anan procl aim e d
, .

the rights o f reason and th e princip l e o f free in q uiry 3 acknowl edging ,

however that traditi o ns b y a ll owing m ore exi bil ity to t h e sacre d text,
, ,

e nab l ed Judais m to beco m e progressive ly perfect he d id not l ike t h e o l d , ,

Sadducees discard the necessity o f interpretation of ever y kind o f

,

t radition 3 b u t he wan t ed both a l way s to be in perfect har m on y with

r ea son as we ll as with the text o f th e Ho ly S criptures 3 and h e conteste d

t he co m pu l sory observation o f a nu m ber o f l aws inserted in the M is hn a .

The m e m bers o f this sect assu m ed the na m e o f K arai m (tex tuaries o r

u pho l ders o f the t ext ) and the y are know n am ongst m odern authors as
,

C ar ait es I t has bee n obj ected that for want of xed princip l es a n d o n
.
,

a ccount o f their acknow l edging no other authori t y than the i ndivid u a l

o pinions o f th eir do c tors the C ar ait es ended b y bui l di n g up a m as s o f

,

c o ntradic tions and n e dra w n argu m ents m u ch m ore difcul t to c l ear u p

-

t han the Ta lm udical disc u ssions ; b ut o n the other hand no o n e c an , , .

d oubt that C ar ais m at l east in its earl ies t m an i festations had the resu l t
, ,

o f giving to Hebrew do c tors a sal utary i m pu l se b y e m p l o y ing the w ea ,

pons o f reason t o attack Rabbinis m and b y co m pe ll ing the Rabbis t o ,

have recourse to the sam e ar m s in sel f defence The C a r a i tes besides -

.
, ,

were al one t to found a true sy stem o f Bib l ica l exegesis b y an all ianc e
between theology and m etaph ysical specul ations I n this respect they .

were no doubt very m u ch inuenced by the exam p l e o f the Ara b M o te

c a llem i n 3 for their doctrines and their position as schis m atics gave
, ,

the m m an y features in co m m on with the M o taza les wh o ha d originate d ,

am ongst the M a ho m etans the science o f the C a la m T he C ar ai i e divine s .

adopted the m sel ves the d esignation o f M o teca llem i n ; a n d M aim on ides
tell s us positively that they borrowed their arg u m ents fro m the M u ss u l
m an rll o teca llem i n These argum ents had for their obj ect the establ ish
.

m ent o f the funda m enta l do ctrines o f J udais m o n a m etaph y sica l basis .

.

The theo l ogians both M aho m etans and J ews were m uch indebted to th e
, ,

d ial ectics o f Ar istot l e wh ich w e re then beginning to be k no w n a m ongs t

,

t h e Arabs a l though the y m ade u s e of these ne w ly a c quired weapons for

,

t h e purpose o f attacking the phi l osophica l theories of the Stagyrit e .

The principa l positions m aintained in the works o f the C ar aites ar e ,

t h e fo ll owing l s t Origina l m a tter has not a l way s existed 3 2n d The

. . .

w or l d is created and conse quently i t has a Crea tor ; 3r d T he

, .

C reator who i s God h as neither beginning n or end 3 4th He is a purely

, ,
.
 M E TA P H Y S IC A L S CH OO L S O F TH E J EW S . 2559

s piritual bein g and is n ot en cl osed within the l i m its o f spa c e 3 5th H is

,
.

s cience e m braces a ll th i ngs 3 6t h His l ife consists in in tell igen ce a n d is .

, ,

i tse l f pure inte ll igence 3 7 th He acts with free w i ll and h is w i ll is in

, .
,

c onfor m ity with his o m n i science .

N
one o f the works of the m os t ancient C ar aite doctors have c o m e
d own to us and we know them only through a few scanty q uota tions t o
,

b e found in recent wr iters O n e o f th e m ost ce l ebrated a m o n gst them ,

.

i s D avid ben M arana l M o kam m e c o f R acca in Ar ak Arabia who o u

- -

,
-
,

r i s h ed during the ninth centur y His work is q uoted b y so m e Rabbi n .

ites such as Ba h ya and J edaia Benini who do not see m to have been
,

a ware that h e was a schis m atic W e are thus brought to the conc lusio n .

th a t ben M er v an al o n ly discussed fundam enta l d octrines ad m itted b y

-

b oth sects and that his works had not a pol e m ica l character W e ar e
,
.

i nform ed b y J p h et h ben Al i (tenth century ) that h e m aintained a m on gs t
-
,

o ther points the pre e m inence o f m an above the ange l s as being th e

,
-

m i cr o co s m .

The Rabbinites o r fo ll owers o f the Tal m ud speedily proted b y

, ,

t he exa m p l e which the C ar ai te doctors had s et the m 3 and they en dea

v o u r e d to str en gthen their o w n rel igious edice throug h the hel p o f
a rg u m ents borrowed fro m the m etaph y sical teachi n g o f the da y The .

rst m a n w ho m ade this experi m ent with som e m easure o f success and ,

whose d octrines obtained so m e authority am ongst th e Jews was Saadia ,

b en Jo seph al F ayyo u m i ce l ebrated a s an exegetica l writer a divine a n d

- -

, ,

a Ta l m udist and at the s a m e ti m e o n e o f the m ost powerfu l opponent s

,

o f C ar ai s m A m ongst his num erous works the one which interests u s

.
,

chiey i s his book o f Cr eeds a n d Op i n i o n s which he co m posed in Ara bic

, ,

( 9 it was trans l ated i nto Hebre w in the twe l fth century b y Je hc u da

I bn Tibbe n went th rough severa l edi tio n s , and has l ate ly been c l othed
-

i n a Germ an dress b y M F urst Together with the authority o f Scrip

. .

ture and tradition Saadia acknowl edges that o f reason 3 he asserts n o t

,

o n ly the right but the dut y of exa m ining re l igious be l ief 3 for say s he , ,
/ '

o u r fa i th m u s t be an inte ll igent o n e in or d er that i t m ay be bot h

s treng thened and cap a b l e o f defending itse l f against at tacks fro m with
,
.

ou t . Reason teaches the sam e truths as revel ation 3 but th rough t he

hel p of the l atter we arrive m ore speedily at the knowl edge o f those
,

h ighest verities which by the assistan c e o f the form er we cou l d obtai n

, ,

o n ly with m uch l abo u r and dif cu l ty The topics discussed b y Saadia .

a r e i n general t h e se to which we have a l read y a ll uded in speaking o f

, ,

t h e C a r ai tes : the unity of G o d His attributes creation t h e reve l a t i on, , ,

o f the l aw the nature o f the hum an so u l etc A few points o f a

, ,
.
260 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
m xv s n I S R AEL .

s eco n dar y n ature bey ond the c ogniz ance o f r eason suc h a s the r esu rr ec
, ,

t io n o f t he dead are adm itte d by h i m , an d he m erely shows that they

,

a r e no t repu gnant to r ei a s on He q u al ies a s abs u rd and utter ly rej e cts

.

o t her doc tri n es which had then beco m e popu l ar a m ongst the Jews 3 fo r

instance the transm igration o f sou l s (l ib 6 cap

,
I n his co m m entar y .
, .

o f the book o f Job Saadia denies the existence o f Satan , and asserts

o pinion extre m e ly bo l d co n s i der i n g t h e t i m e i n which h e l ivedth at

,

Satan as well as the sons o f God m entioned i n th e beginning o f t h e

, ,

b o ok were nothin g but m en

,
.

Po l em ics occupy a l arge spac e in the Book of Cr eed s and the y ar e '

i nteres t ing to us because they bri n g before us th e opinions which were

, ,

then current in the dom ains of rel igion and o f phil osoph y W e thu s .

l earn that the Jewish m etaph ysicians had adopted l ike the M eteca llem i n , ,

the dec tr in e o f a tom s w hi c h they dee m e d eterna l 3 others unab l e to

, ,

r esist the conse quences o f rationa l is m rej ected all the m iracl es en deavor , ,

i n g to expl ain the m b y natura l causes Phil osoph y we shou l d add .

, ,

o ccupies in S aadia s works on ly a subordinate p l ace 3 it i s the hand m aid

o f re ligion and used m ere ly as a weapon t o defend th e artic l es o f the

,

J ewish fait h .

P at et i c is m had at that tim e on ly m ade s m all progress am ongst the

Arabs 3 it was j ust beginn ing to estab l ish and st rengthen itsel f through
the l abors o f A l F arabi The on ly points o f the Peripatetic m etaphy sics
-
.

which Saadia discusses are the categories and he proves at so m e l ength

, ,

that they cannot be app l ied to God (l ib 2 cap His theory o f the . .

c reation o f m atter is an a ttack against the phil osophers o f anti q uity in

,

general A m on gst the Jewish authors whose nam es have been handed
.

d own to u s Saadi a is the rst w ho taught sy ste m atical ly the doctrine of

,

c reation ea: n i hi lo which had been undoubted ly professed b efore hi m b y

,

the C ar a ite divines Saadia de m ons trates i t especially in an indir ec t

.

m anner b y a l engthened refutation o f a ll t h e sy ste m s contrar y to it (l ib

,
.

1 cap 4 ) 3 the wi ll of God is the on ly princip l e which h e introduces as

,
.

the cause of creation Another point fully deve l oped b y Saadia is that
.
,

o f the freedo m o f the wi ll founded upon the four fo l d evidence o f t h e

,
-

senses o f reason o f Scripture and o f tradition (l ib 4 cap

, ,
Th e ,
.
,
.

great m erit o f Saadia is that o f having taught his conte m poraries not to
,

fear the l ight o f reaso n but o n t h e contrary to bel ieve that re ligion nds
, ,

in reason a r m support He thereb y prepared t h e introduction o f rea l .

phil osophical st u dies am ongst his fell o w rel igionis ts and inaug u r at ed th e -

gl orious epoch o f the Jews o f S p ai n and o f Provence .

Shortly after S aadia s death the m etap h y sical w r itin gs o f the Easter n

Arabs b egan to spread the m se l ves throughou t Spa in At th e sa m e ti m e .

2 62 HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AE L .

an d for m 3 2md That o f the D ivi n e will o r o f the cr ea ti v e w or d 3 3r d

of .
, .

That o f the pri m ary substance o r o f God This l ast poin t can be seiz ed
,
.

b y m an only in a very i m perfect m anner and is bey ond th e range of ,

m etaph y sica l spe c u l ation a l one The will rst efcient cause an d .
, ,

w hose essence contains the for m o f a ll things ho l ds th e m iddl e between ,

G o d and th e worl d I t is not fro m the D ivine i n tellec t but fro m t h e

.
,

w ill that the creation e m anates 3 that is to s a y creation is n o t a necessit y ,

but a free a c t o f God God give s free ly to the worl d the perfection he
.

c hooses and what the inferior worl d receives fr b m the wi ll is very l itt l e
, ,

com pared with what re m ains in the wi ll itse l f .

The D ivine will m anifests itsel f grad u ally through d ifferent hypos
te ses and proce eds s u ccessively fro m the si m p l e to the co m pound
,
.

The rst and direc t em anations o f the D ivine w i ll are m atter an d

form in their highest universa l it y 3 u niversal m atter e m braces at the s am e
tim e t h e spir itua l an d the bodily worl d 3 this p o w er o r fa cu lty of be in g
exists in everything that is with the exceptio n o f G o d
, , who is the ,

A bso l ute Being a l w ay s acting

,
M atter receives fro m the will exist
. .

e nce ,
unity and substantial ity which constitute together the m ost ,

u niversa l for m .

The universal sou l is the second h ypostasis 3 i t m anifests itse l f in

three different m anners in the universe (m acrocos m ) as we ll as in m an
icrocos Being in itse l f the princip l e o f l ife through the rationa l
( m m) .
,

s oul it is connec t ed w ith the in t e ll ect 3 w h i l st b y m e ans o f the nutritiv e

,

facu l ty it is connected with n a tu r e Nature is a si m p l e su bstance distinc t

,
.
,

fro m the worl d of corporeity bodily substances 3 it is a s u perior force

, ,

which governs this worl d and especially im parts to it m ove m ent This
,
.

force being m ore directly in rel at ion with the sensi b l e worl d than a r e ,

the superior substances o f the sou l and o f the inte ll ec t we m ight desig ,

n a te it a s n a tu r a n a tu r a n s b y opposition to the w or ld of corp or ei ty

, ,

which wou l d be the n a tu r a n a tu r a ta 3 but we m ust bear in m ind that

I bn Gabrie l does not l ike Giord a no Bruno and Spinosa identify the
-
, ,

n a tu r a n a tu r a n s w ith God 3 o n the contrary for h i m it is on ly o n e o f ,

t he inferior h ypostases o f th e D ivinity and is under the dependance o f ,

th e superior h y postases which act in con n ection with it .

The substance o f nature w hich is the l ast o f sim p l e substances

, ,

form s the l im it bet w een th espiritua l and t he s ensib l e worl ds 3 fro m i t

em an at es t h e worl d o f corporeit y , in which w e l ike w ise distingui sh

v arious degrees in passin g al way s fro m the sim p l e to the m ore c o m

,

pound Here begin ti m e and space 3 space is an ac cident which m an i~

.

fests itse l f a t the i n ferior ext rem ity o f for m I t is rst the i m perish ab l e .
, ,
 M E TA P H Y S IC A L S CH OO L S or THE J EW S . 263

h eav en with its va rious spheres and t hen the s ub l u nar y w o rl d, , , ,

or that
of bi r th an d o f destruction .

ith this s yste m o f e m anat ion is connect ed what th e author s ays

W
r especting th e differen t m anifestations o f m atter I n the vario u s gr a .

d ations o f being estab l ished b y I bn Gabriel we can distinguish fou r -

d ifferent m a tters (if we can m ake use o f such an expression ) p l aced ,

w ithin o n e another and partic u l arizing the m se l ves m ore and m ore as w e
,

proceed downwards 1 The abso l ute universa l m atter o r that w hich

. .
,

e m b races at the sa m e ti m e the spiritua l and the bo di ly worl ds It is .

g enera lly s u bs tr a tu m o f a ll that i s except God 2 The bodi ly u niversa l , . .

m atter o r that which serves as a substratu m to the for m s o f corporeit y

,

a n d o f q uantity and which e m braces together t he cel estia l spheres and

,

the s u b l unary worl d 3 The m atter co m m on to a ll cel estia l spheres

. . .

4 The universa l m atter o f the s u b l unar y wor l d o r t hat o f the e l e m en ts

.
, ,

s e at o f contingency and w hich our author designates as n a tu r a l gen er a l

,

m a tter To each o f these four m a tter s corresponds a univers a l form an d

.
, ,

these for m s in the sa m e wa y as their respective m a tter s partic u l ariz e

, ,

a n d condense the m se l ves m ore and m ore in proportion as we descend ,

the scal e o f beings .

F orm s in general are of t w o kinds the o n e constit uting the essence ,

o f a ll things in co m m on to a ll that p roceeds fro m the D i v ine will 3 th e

,

o ther l i m i tin g being m ore a n d m ore varies a t each degree o f the sca l e
, ,

o f beings

The for m er o f these kinds is anterior to the l atter 3 for
.

m atter has rst the fa c u lty of bei n g in genera l and it is on ly when it

, , ,

a ssu m es the for m s o f ex i s ten c e and o f s u bs ta n c e that i t beco m es such an d ,

s uch a thing in particu l ar .

As the whol e un iverse 1 s o n e sin g l e individual the superior part o f ,

i t is the prototy pe o f the inferior and fro m a consideration o f the l atter , ,

we can u dge o f the form er and penetrate its m ysteries The high er w e , .

a scend the m ore insu fcien t is o u r know l edge

, The wi ll i s i m penetrab l e .

t o our u nassisted m ind and w e can beco m e ac q u ainted with i t o n ly

,

t hrough a kind of ecstasy which p l aces u s in the sphere o f the D eity I n .

ac c ordance with this proposition I bn Gabrie l here and there att e m pt s ,

t o prove the existence o f t h e Supre m e wi ll n o t b y rigorous de m o n s tr a ,

t ions b u t by m ere inductions

, The prim ary s ubstance is inaccessibl e t o
.

u s an d if we kno w
.

,
.
it it i s only through the actions which em an at e
,

fr o m it b y the m ediu m o f the will .

Such are the principa l feature s of I bn Ga briel s sys tem The read er .

a c q uainted with the his t o r y o f m etaph y sics cannot fai l t o recogni ze i n i t

th e t ra ces of a three fo l d in u ence viz T h at o f the Jewish tr adi ti o n s,

-

,
264s HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AE L .

that of Aristo tl e and especia lly th at o f A l exan drine Neo Pl aton is ts

.
,
-
.

O n e of the m ost e ssentia l points in I bn Gabriel s doc trine is that h e

a ckno w l edges the existence o f the m ateria l principl e in being o f a pure ly

inte ll igi bl e nat u re now o n this point he is entirely i n agreem ent with
P l otinus and i t is erroneously that he has been considered as the rst
, ,

who ascribed a m aterial princip l e to the sou l and to the other sim p l e
s u bst ances .

W e need scarce ly s ay that I bn Gabrie l s theory about ecstacy i s
iden tica l with that both o f the Neo P l atonis ts and o f t he sceptics o f
'

e very schoo l both ancient and m odern

,
.

The Jewish theo l ogians cou l d n o t fai l to notice t he dangers which

threatened re l igion in conse q uence o f the rapid strides m ade b y
,

phil osoph y Ba hy a Ben Joseph (c l ose of the e l eventh cent ury) trie d
.

, ,

fo r the rst t i m e in his treaties o n the D u ties of the H ea r t to pres en t a

, ,

c o m pl ete and sy stem atic theory o f the e thics of Judaism He began b y

.

an essa y on t he Un ity o f God a work in which he m anifested an
,

e vident predi l ection for S aa di a s m ethod a l though he gave proofs o f a n
,

i n ti m ate ac q uaintance w ith all the different parts o f the Peripatetic s ys

t em. The superiority which h e assigns to pra c tica l ethics over m ere
s pec u l ation renders h im
,
si m i l ar to A l Gazal i whose conte m porary b e-
,

A m ore direct reaction was anifested in the book C o sr i o r m '

, ,

be tt er K hoza n co m posed about 1 1 4 0 b y the ce l ebrated poet Judah

'

, , ,

h a L evi This K ho za r i probab ly hel ped to revise th e study o f t h e

.

K abbal a .

The efforts o f Juda H a L evi were not powerful en o ugh to deal a

-

d e c isive b l ow at the study o f phi l osoph y, whic h had j ust then been
taking a fresh start in conse q uence o f the bri ll ian t l abours of I bn Badj a
,
-
.

Bu t the reactionary m ove m e n t e m bodied in the K hoz a r i creat ed an

e x t raordinar y am oun t o f ferm entation The do u bts an d q uestionings o f
'

e ven the m os t en l ightened and independent thinkers of t hat epoch ar e ,

fai thfu lly portray ed in t he Bibl i c a l co m m entaries o f the ce l ebra t e d

Abraham Ebn Ezra where we s ee a singu l ar m ix ture o f rat iona l o ri ti
,

c is m ,
and o f pueril ities borrowed from th e K abbal a of i d eas sound an d ,

wor th y o f a phil osopher an d of astro l ogi ca l superstitions

, .

Abraham ben D av id , o f To l edo t ried in h i s book en titl ed th e

-
, ,

S u bli m e F a i th t o reconcil e the J ewish theo l ogians wi t h Aristote l i c

,

hi l osoph y bu t t his a tt e m pt did no t m u ch succeed I n order to bri n

p , g .

ab o u t i f possibl e an en ten te c o r di a le b e tween Ju d ais m and m etaph y sics

, , ,

i t w as ne c essary t hat a m an shou l d c o m e fo r ward t h o ro ugh ly a c q uain te d .

 266 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS R A EL .

h ad enj oyed t h e opportunity of beco m ing ac quainted w ith M ai m onides ,

a n d o f appreci a ting his e m inent q ua l ities ; he t ook hi m under h is

p ro
t e c ti o n a ffor d ed hi m th e m eans o f giving up his in d us try for t he purpos e
,

o f devo t ing hi m se l f exc l usi v e ly to sci ence and procured hi m the appoin t ,

m ent o f cour t ph y sician So high a state o f favour ne c essarily ex c ited

.

th e j eal ousy of our phi l osopher s enem ies and the y tried to bring abo u t ,

h i s ruin However through the constan t protection o f A l F adh el

.
,
-
,

M aim onides rem ained undisturbed in the enj o ym ent o f his well earne d -

r epose unti l his death which h a ppened D ecem ber 1 2

, 1 20 4 O n that , .

s ad even t the Jews an d M aho m etans o f F ostat had pub l ic m ourning

for three day s the Jews o f J erusal e m procl ai m ed a day o f ext raordinar y
,

h um i l iation reading pub l icly the t h r eat n in gs o f the l aw (D eut

,
and .

t h e h istor y o f the capture o f the ark b y the Phi l istines (1 S am 4 etc ) .

,
.

for the y regarded M ai m o n ides as the ark containing the l aw H is .

r e m ains were conve y ed to Tiberias and the reverence which the Jewish
nation still cherish for his m e m ory is expressed b y the well kno w n ,
-

s ay ing ,
F ro m M oses the l aw giver to M oses (M aim onides ) no on e
,
-

,

hath arisen l ike M oses in all usion to D eut 34 1 0
, .
,
.

W shall n o t give a bib l iog r aphica l l is t o f the nu m erous works c o m

e

osed b y M ai m onides H i s great work the M o r e N ev oc hzm h

p . is t e on e
, ,

which affords the co m p l etest insigh t into his m etaph y sica l v iews and to ,

a brief exam ination o f it we sha ll conne ourse l ves I t is divided int o .

three parts very cl early m arked o u t b y the a u thor hi m se l f

,
The obj ec t -

o f th e rst is to l a y down the basis o f th e s y s t e m o f i n t erpretation which

sh o u l d be app l ied t o the S c riptures and to refu te certain opinions i n c o m

,

patibl e with phi l osoph y and sound fai th 2 The second consecrated t o . .
,

an e xposi tion of theodicy and cosm o l ogy such as M aim onides unders t oo d ,

th e m is ter m inated b y a sing ul ar theor y o f prophecy 3 The third i s

,
. .

m ore parti c u l arly m ora l and exege tica l : i t treats o f evi l o f l iberty o f , ,

providence and shows th at there is nothin g in the l aw which does n o t

,

nd it s j ustication either in person o r in history I nstead of proc eedin g .

a t rando m as Phi l o o r having reco u rse to arbitrary assertions

,
l ike t h e ,

K abbal ists, M ai m onides seeks in th e very l anguage o f the Scriptures t he

, ,

foundation o f a ll his all egorica l in ter p retations Taking o n e b y o n e a ll .

t h e expressions which the S c rip ture m ake s use of in speaking o f Go d an d ,

b y which it ascribes to H i m o u r i n r m i ties and o u r passions h e ,

a na ly zes t he m co m pares the m together shows that they are susceptib l e

, ,

o f various s ign i c at i o n s and a l way s succeeds in e l icitin g fro m the tex t a

,

s pir i t ua l or gurative se n se T hus t o see to l ook t o hear to wa l k to

.
, , , ,

o u t o c o m e do w n , are e xpressions which app ly no t on ly to t h e bo d y

g p, ,
 M ETAP H YS IC A L S CH OO L S or THE J EW S . 267

bu t to the m ind ; thus the i m age a fte r which we have been created
, ,

a ccordi n g to the passage in Genesis signi es n o t a m ateria l i m age but , , ,

that in tell ectual for m which constitutes th e i m perishab l e subs tance o f our
sou l This part o f o u r phil osopher s work is a rea l dictionary o f the O l d
.

Testa m en t a dictionary o f synonym s co m posed for the u se o f spiritual is m ,

,
.

a n d no one can i m a gine what an a m ount o f patience eruditio n and ingen , ,

u i ty such a l abour m u st have cost

,
B y m eans o f this m agica l key a .
,
.

rened m ind can discover in th e Sc r iptures an d even in the Rabbinica l ,

writings whatever it thinks proper to as s u m e nor does an ything rem ain

, ,

there that can shock our reason .

M aim onides is not sat ised with pro testing against m aterial anthro
o m o r hi s m ; h e a l so endeavors to refute that error fro m a m ora l o r
p p
intell ectua l point of view and i n order to strike at the root o f th e
.
,

evil he m aintains that a true conce p tion o f God is inconsistant with

,

the ascripti on to H im o f an y positive attri butes .

Before the tim e o f M ai m onides the Jewish D ivines p r m c rp ally , ,

those o f Spain had al read y establ ished a s an essentia l pro p osition tha t
, , ,

we can dec l a re n o t wh at G o d i s but what He i s n o t and that t h e , ,

a ttributes genera lly ascribed t o H i m far from expressin g an atr m a ,

t ion o n l y indicate the exc l usion o f their contraries ; thus when we s ay

,

th at God is o n e we on ly m ean th at He is n o t m u l tip l e and when we

, ,

s ay th at He is etern a l we m ean that He is not created , etc

,
The Arab .

p h il osophers adopt t h e sam e v iew and so m e M ussu l m an sects p a r tic u, ,

lar ly the D lt i r a r iyy a m ake the negative attri b utes an essentia l point in

,

their d o ctrine The C ar ai te Ahron Ben El ias in hi s Tr ee of L ife
.
,
-

, ,

( Cap . refu t es the u p ho l ders o f the negative attributes Thes e .

M etaph ysicians be l ieved they were countenanced in t heir teachin gs b y

, ,

Aristotl e w ho m Ba h ya q uotes in the foll owing m anner Therefore

, ,

Aristotl e says the negative attribut es of the Creator are m ore true
,

than the af r m ative ones for all the attributes that m ight be ascri b e d
to H i m a frm atively coul d only be those o f substance o r o f acciden t ;
,

now the Creator bo th o f substance and o f acci dent cannot have in hi s ,

e ssence n o f their at tributes But the attributes which are re m ov ed

a y .

fro m Him e ,
the attributes expressed negative ly ) are u ndoubted ly
.
, ,

t rue . The above passage q uoted l ikewise b y I bn Talaqu r e i s e v idently
,
-

a spurious o n e I t is a fact that Aristotl e whi l s t speaking o f t he

.
,

o r i gin a l m o tor ver y often m akes use o f nega tive ter m s

,
but he neve r
e xcl u des af rm ative ter m s and the abso l ute assertions o f t h e Arab phi l
,

o s o p h er s in thi s respe c t see m taken fro m Neo P l at onis t co m m ent ato r s ,

, ,
-

an d m a be referred to the doc t rin es o f P l otinus

y .
268 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K v EH I S R AE L .

W then s ee that if M aim onides was m u ch indebted t o Aristotl e

e

fo r so m e o f the doctrines t aught in the l or e N ev ochi m h e m ade o n t h e

'

, ,

o ther h an d the Stagy rite responsi bl e for a nu m ber o f theories which

,
:

are o f a q uite d ifferent origin .

After having defended th e i m m aterial ity o f G o d against a fal se

r e l igion ,servi l e ly attached to th e l etter o f Scriptures ; af ter having as b e ,

supposed defended his unity against a fal se phil osoph y which disting u ished
, ,

the D ivine attri butes fro m God Him sel f M aim onides undertakes to ,

c o m bat th e Arab ill o tec a llem i n w h o occupy ing a m idd l e position betwee n
,

t he theo l ogians and the m etaph ysician s were e q ua lly disowned b y bo t h ,

s i d es
,
and fail ed to defend b o th reason and faith But w hi l st h e
-
.
,

c riticises the d octrines uphe l d b y that sect he m akes us ac q uainted with ,

them through a very accurate and extensive exposition and this portion ,

of his work (part 1 cap 7 1 7 3 7 6) is o f t he highest i m por tance as a

, .
,
-

c ontribu tion to the history o f philosoph y .

I f the views of t h e rlfo tec a Z

Zen r in
are erroneous it is necessary that
'

we shou l d establ ish upon a m ore so l id basis the fundam enta l tr u ths o f
, , ,

phil osoph y and r e l igion T his M ai m onides undertakes to do in t h e

.

s econd part o f the Mor e N ev o chi m . B y way o f introduction the author .

,

lay s do w n twenty v e de m onst r ab l e p r O p r o s it i o n s and o n e h ypo t hetic

-

, ,

serving as pre m ises for the Peripate tics to prove the existence th e unity ,

a n d the i m m a teria l it y of God He t hen exp l ains the peripatetic de m on

.

s t r a ti o n s and she w s that the y preserve a ll their worth even if w e rej ect
, ,

t he theories o f the eternity o f m ove m ent and o f tim e The idea of .

i nter m ediate bein gs between God and t h e universe is unfo l ded according ,

to the teachings o f A r ab ian i s m Aristotl e an d the author endeavors to

shew that these doctrines are conson ant both with Scripture and with
tradi tion W e now co m e to the v ex a ta qu o s ti o of the origin of the wor l d
.
e
.

Rel igio n tea ches us tha t the worl d was created fro m abso l ute nothingness ,

b y the free wi ll o f God and that it h a s therefore had a beginning I f

-
, , , .
,

o n the contrary we be l ieve Aristo tl e the universe has a l way s exis t ed

, , ,

as the necessary effect o f a m otive cause perpetually acting M aim onide s .

q uo t es as an interm ediate opinion that o f P l ato who ad m its the eternity

, , ,

o f chaotic m at t er, but denies t ha t both o f m ove m ent and o f ti m e This .

h ypothesis m ay agree with rel igious be l ief but as it is based u pon ,

no d e m onstration it can al so be rej e c ted The Peripatetics have a ll ege d

,
.

in favor o f their views a ce r tain nu m ber o f de m onstrati v e proofs ; the

,

a uthor however shews that Aristot l e di d not deceive hi m se l f in thi s

, ,

r es pect and that he never m ad e the pretention o f being ab l e t o pro v e

,

r i gorous ly the eternit y o f the worl d M aim onides then takes a step in .
27 0 H A J E HU D I M A N D
-
M IK V EH IS R A EL .

P eripatetics do n o t bel ieve i n genera l l aw s and ackno w l edge i n G o d

, ,

n o thing but specia l purpose xed fro m a ll e tern ity an d which deter , ,

m ine ,
in its m ost triing detai l s t h e l ife o f every individual 4th , . .

A ccording to the M a taza les both God s providence a n d His r em u n er

a tive j ustice are ex tended indifferent ly to a ll beings e v en those w h o

, ,

have n o l iberty and are therefore irresponsi bl e No crea ture t hey say
,
.
, ,

fro m t h e s m all est insec t up to m an su ffers w ithout bei n g entitl ed to

, ,

c o m pe n satio n in the n ext w or l d none enj oy s w ithout havin g deserve d

that enj oym ent Thus the innocent m ouse w hich fall s under the cat s
.
,

tooth w i l l b e a de q uately rem unerated in after l ife 5t h F ina ll y w e

, . .
,

m ay suppose that D ivine Providence app l ies to individ u a l s on ly s o fa r ,

a s the y are responsib l e m ora l agents I n a ll other cases i t s action i s .

,

l i m ited to genera and species Whi lst i n dividual s are abandoned to th e ,

i m m utab l e l aw s o f nature M ai m o n ides exa m ines successively these v e

.

d i fferent theories he show s that the rs t four give n o ade qu ate so l u t ion
,

o f the prob l e m and he a dopts the fth as sat isfy ing the de m ands both
,

o f reason and o f fai th .

Whet h er the provid ence of G o d applies to m an or to n ature it ,

e xten ds o f course to the future and inc l udes forekno w l edge

, ,
But h o w .
,

c an forekno w l edge reconci l e i t se l f w i t h the fact o f hu m an l iberty ? This

m o m e n tous di fcu l t y w hich has occupied t h e atten tion o f m etaph y sicians
,

a n d di v ines in a ll ages is ans w ered b y M ai m onides in the on ly m anner

,

consistent w ith good sen se W e kno w says he that freedo m i s the .

, ,

princip l e o f o u r actions and the condit ion o f our responsibi l ity o n th e

,

o ther ha n d w e have no c l ear idea o f God s forekno w l e dge o f the m anne r

, ,

in w hich thin gs are present to his thoughts and sub m i tted to his decree ,

th erefore w e can not m aintain that the t w o term s o f the prob l e m are
,

i nco m patibl e w ith each other .

I t w ou l d take us t o o l ong to exp l ain h ere the w ay in w hich M ai

m o n i de s under t akes to har m onize the authori t y o f the Scriptures w ith

that o f reason Suf ce i t to say that for the purpose o f breaking do w n

.
,

t h e barrier w hich separates rel igion f r o m rationa l is m he call s to h i s ,

.

assistance a ll t h e resources of his erud ition , natura l history m edicine , ,

m etaph y sics and history are presse d into the service and w hi l s t m arsha l
, ,

l ing his array o f e v idences the auth or o f the Jlfor N ev ochi m gives u s t h e
,

m ost curious detai l s on t h e re l igion o f the ancient Sab aeans .

The Je w ish theo l ogians attached to their fai th c l early understoo d ,

th e true m eaning o f the w orks o f M ai m onides and partic u l ar l y o f t h e ,

M o r e Ho w ever it w a s on ly after the deat h o f that i l l us trious thinker

.
, ,

t hat his opponents gave u ttera nce to t h e fee l ings w hich posses s ed the m .
 M ETA P H YSIC A L S C H OO LS or TH E J EW S . 27 1

Th e H ebre w co m m u n it ies o f Lan gu edoc an d Provence an athe m atized all

the m eta phy sica l w ritin gs o f M ai m o n ides an d consigned the m to the ,

a m es I n their turn the cham pions o f ration a l is m hurl ed sen tences o f

.
,

e xco m m unication against the o r thodox divines and a v io l ent schis m ,

b roke o u t w hich l asted fo r a century

,
The v ictory neverth e l ess nal ly
.
, ,

r e m a ined t o M ai m onides W hi l st h is theo l ogica l treatises preserved a ll

.

t heir authority in the esti m ation o f t h e Ta lm u d ists his Jll or N ev ochi m ,

g ave the i m pu l se to the free thinkers w h o appeared i n J udais m fro m ,

Spinosa to M oses M ende l ssohn .

M E TAP H YSI CAL S CHOOL S AM O N G S T T H E J EW S SIN C E T H E T I M E S OF

M O S E S MA I M O N I D E S .

The Cabal a as a S pecu l ative w ork had since the thirteenth century
, , ,

obtained the greatest popu l arity W hat w as i ts origin ? Ho w can it be

.

a ccounted for ? I ts enthusiastic ad m irers tell u s t hat t h e doctrines w ith

w hich it is identi ed w ere brough t do w n fro m heaven b y a n ge l s for t h e
,

p urpose of teaching to fa ll e n m an the w ay o f recoveri n g his origina l

dignit y and happin ess ; other s have i m ag i ned that M oses received it
from God hi m se l f during the forty day s w hich he spent o n M ount Sinai .

He then co m m unicated it to the seventy e l ders w h o i n t heir turn trans ,

m i t ted to others and thus the Caba l istic tradition w a s handed do w n

, ,

un til Esdras received the order o f co m m itting it to w ritin g at the sam e

t i m e as the la w .

I t is t o w ards the third century before the Christian era that w e ,

p erceive the ear l iest m anifestation o f certain ideas w h ich after w ards
w ere fu lly deve l oped in the C aba l a but if w e w ish to study Cabal istic
literat u re properly s o ca l l ed w e m ust co m e to t h e t w o books Y
, ,
ec ir a ,

a n d Z o ha r w hich represent it i n its m ost co m p l ete shape

, R especti n g .

the for m er w e m ay say briey that i t s au thor is unkno w n b u t tha t it

, , ,

w as co m posed at the ti m e w hen the first doctors o f th e M ishna ourished .

I t contains a s yste m not o f na t ura l philosoph y but o f cos m o l ogy such

, , ,

a s m ight be e x pected in an age and l oca l it y w here phy sica l pheno m en a

w ere exp l ained b y an i m m ediate referenc e to the pri m ary cause o f all

thin gs A s a necessary resu l t the S pirit o f observation w o u l d be d es

.
,

t r oy e d and certain genera l a n d super cia l re l ations perceived in t h e

,

e xterior w orl d w ou l d b e dee m ed to consti t ute the science o f nature

, .

The Yeci r a is m arked throughout w ith this sta m p and w e sh all ,

.

p resent ly en deavo u r t o sho w by a brief revie w o f i t s con t ents h o w

, ,
27 2 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH IS R AEL .

m ysticis m i s b l en de d in it w ith ideas and teachi ng s derived froin t he

O ld Testa m ent Script u res .

The q uestion o f the authorship o f the book Z olm r i s beset w ith ,

great di i c u lti es ; various opinions have been proposed as to t h e date

w hich can be ascribed t o it and the perso n s w h o have had an y share i n
,

c o m pil i n g it The probl e m cann o t ye t be considered as so l ved an d w e

.
,

sha l l here q u ote M M u nk s re m arks on t he subj ect :

.

Whatever m ay be the anti qu ity o f certain doctrines d eve l oped i n

the Z oha r it appears to u s beyond a doubt that the en s em ble o f the
, ,

w ork s u ch as w e possess it n o w
, is a co m pil ation not anterior to t h e
, ,

t hirteenth century and the aut hors o f w hich l ived in Spain

,
A s earl y .

as the beginning o f the seventeenth century the authenticity Of this ,

w ork w a s serio u s ly co m pro m ised b y the critica l obser v ations o f Jea n

M orin ; an d in our o w n days the O pinion o f t h e ce l ebrated O ratorian

,

has been strengthened b y a num ber of re m arks bearing upon points o f ,

d e tail w hich had escaped his erudition and hi s sagaci ty O n the other
, .

hand , it is i m possib l e fo r us to ad m it that the Z olza r w a s on ly a trick

an d a w ork O f fanc y I t see m s indeed evident to us that the com pil er
.
, ,

m ade u s e O f ancient docu m ents and particu l ar ly o f certain M i dr a s cki m

, ,

o r co ll ectio n s o f traditions and Bib l ica l expositions w hich are no l onger

extant W e be l ieve a l so and w e sha ll shew presently that strikin g

.
, ,

anal ogies can be noticed bet w een the S cp lzi r o th and th e doctrines o f
som e o f the Gnostic phi l osophers especially Bas i lid es and V al entinian
,
.

But severa l hundreds O f passages prot est again st the opi n ion b y virtue ,

o f w hich it is supposed that the traditions co ll ected in the book Z o ha r

'

are spread over a period beginning w ith rst and ending about the ,

seventh century o f the Christian e r a W e m ust confess that the argu .

m ents a ll eged agains t the anti q uity of the Z O / za r in its en sem ble are a t , ,

l east as strong a s those w hich h ave been brought for w ard as support o f
that anti quity 3 hence i t naturally fo l l o w s that w e have to dea l w ith a
com pi l ation o f rel ativel y m odern date in the preparation o f w hich use , ,

has been m ade o f docu m ents be l onging to severa l periods This questio n .

is t oo com p l icated for us to discuss here .

I f w e n o w atte m pt to give an i dea of the princip a l contents both ,

O f the Y ec i r a and of the Z o lza r w e m a observe in the rst p l ace that

y , , ,

the standpoint a t w hich the au th ors O f these w orks have p l aced the m
se l ves is a s yste m of all egor y o r o f m y stica l in t erpretation m os t
, ,

arbitrary i n its character and w h i ch all o w s the co m m entator to discover,

,

u nder the text o f Scriptu res an y thing that suits h i s fa nc y

,
.
 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-

M I K VEH IS R AEL .

as w e s hall see the S ep kir o tlt h ave bee n s ym bo li ze d in a differ en t m an

,

n er Leavin g alt o gether un no ticed the po s itive o r dogm ati c par t of the
.

C abal a w hich be l on g s r ather to the d o m ain s o f faith than t o th o s e o f

,

s pe cu l ation w e sh all l im it o u rs e l ve s h ere t o a co n sider a tio n o f i ts m et a

,

p hysical te aching su ch as it w as gra d u ally d evelope d s i n ce the app ar ition

,

o f m o n otheism an d the dogm a o f creation w ith the great axi om o r

, ,

an cient p hi l osop h y : ex n i hi lo n i hi l t .

The n o n m aterial ist phil o s ophers adm it te d t w o fun dam ental p ri n

-

c ip leS m ind a n d m at ter ; but in this d u al is m the t w o p r i n cip l es are

l im ited the o n e by t h e o ther 3 the Spirit o r the D eity i s n ot free t o act

, ,

an d can not m anifest itse l f accordi n g to i t s w i ll O n the other hand .

,

this s ystem had the advantage o f exp l ainin g the e xisten ce o f evi l both ,

m ora l and ph y sical w hich are a scribe d to the i n terve n tion o f m atter ;
,

w hereas b y a dm itting on ly o n e prin cip l e e n do w ed w ith abso l u te

, p er fec
tion the p resen ce o f ev i l co ul d n ot be acco un ted fo r I n the d octri n e of
,
.

Z oroas ter the prob l e m i s n o t so l ve d b ut m ere ly shifte d 3 for a l th o u gh if

, , ,

w e ad m it that schem e the prin cip l e o f evi l

(A hrim an) is su bor di n a te t o
,

that o f good (Orm u zd) ; sti l l w e ask h ow evil originated in the w orl d
,

presided over b y O r m u zd l I n order to c l ear aw ay the d if cu l ty th e

,

d octri ne o f em an a ti o n w as suggested The w ho l e O f c reatio n it w as .

,

s aid h as gradua lly em an a ted fro m the D ivi n e l ight 3 in proportio n as it

,

i s rem oved from i ts origi n it approaches darkn ess a n d that portion o f ,

m atter w hich is at the farthest extrem ity i s the seat o f e v i l This d oc .

trine w hich introduces u s into a fresh puzz l e w as popu l ar am ongst the

, ,

p hi l osophers o f the A l exandrine schoo l ; and of that schoo l the S p ecu

l ative Cabal a form ed o n e o f the ram i cations W e shall give n ew a .

re su m e of the s y ste m ta u ght b the C aba l ists

y .

N O substance h as sprung fro m abso lute n othingness 3 every thin g

that i s h as derived its origin fro m the so u rce o f etern a l l ight w hich is
, ,

God G o d is com prehensib l e t o us o nl y through h i s m an ifestations 3 a

.

G o d non m anifested w o u l d be for us a m ere abstraction

-
Before Go d

.

w he n a ll th ings w ere sti ll co n

w as m anifested say s the book Z OILCM
,

,

c ealed in H i m He w as the l east know n a m ong all the un k no w n
,
.

V iew ed in this state He has no other na m e except that w hich expresses

,

i nterr ogation He began b y for m ing an i m perceptib l e point ; this w as

.

His o w n thought 3 then w ith H i s tho u ght He constru cted a m y sterio u s

and ho l y form ; this form He na l l y c l othed w ith a rich and shini n g
vestm ent w e m ean the u n iverse the n a m e o f w hich enters n ecessarily
, ,

i n the n am e O f G o d .
 M ETA P HYSIC A L S C HOO LS or TH E J EW S . 275

Another qu o ta tio n w ill fur th er i llustrate thi s vie w o f G o d s m an i

foetation The A ncien t o f A n c ients i s at the s am e tim e the Un kn ow n

o f U nkno w n 3 He s ep a ra tes Hi m sel f from a ll w ith o u t bein g rea lly s ep a

r ated 3 for every thin g un ite s itse l f to H i m a s He lik e w ise u nites Hi m se lf ,

t o e very thing ; there i s n o thi n g w hich d o es n o t exi st i n H im He has .

a for m and y et w e can s ay that He h as n on e B y as su m in g a form He

,
.

h a s gi v en birth t o eve r ything that is 3 in the rst place He h as prod u ce d

te n l ights w hich shine in co n s eq u en ce o f the form w hich the y have
r e ceived fro m H i m and w hich diffu se o n a l l sides a dazz l ing S pl endour 3
,

t hus a l ighthouse sends fo r th o n a l l S ides its lu m in o u s ray s The A n cient .

o f A n cients the U nk n o w n o f U nknow n i s an e l evated l ightho u se w hich

, , ,

w e kno w m erel y b y the l ights w hich shin e forth before o u r ey es w ith

s o m uch l ustre and abundance What w e call His ho ly n a m e is nothin g
.

e l se than these lights .

God exi sts fro m a ll eternity an d as s u ch He is a l so call ed nothing

, ,

n ess, ( g/ )
A i n 3 th u s i t is t hat the w orl d created b y h i m is a l so said t o

have spr u ng fro m n othingness This noth i ngn ess is uni que 3 it i s the
.

i ndivisib l e and in nite hen ce its other nam e E n S op h (w ithout end ) ,

-
,
.

The E v a i s l im ited and deter m ined b y n othing fo r it is a ll and , ,

nothing exists o u t o f it 3 it m anifests itself free ly and b y its w isdo m , ,

thus becom es the prim ar y causethe cause of causes The pri m itive .

l ight o f the God nothi ngness l l ed the w ho l e space 3 it is Space itse l f .

E verything w a s virtua lly in it 3 but in order to m anifest itse l f it m ust

create that is to s ay : be deve l oped b y e m anation Through a kind o f
,
.

c ontradiction it prod u ced a void w hich it aft er w ards ll ed gradua lly b y

, ,

a te m pera te light ever m ore and m ore i m perfect

,
This co ncentration o r .

c ontraction o f the l ight o f the E n S op / i i s c all ed in Caba l istic l anguage

-
, ,

ei m co u m B y m eans O f such a theory grounded upon purely m ateria l

.
,

phenom enathe w ay that is o f considerin g the ph ysica l effects o f the

, ,

r a y s of l ight the Caba l ists fancied the y saved the innite charact er o f
,

D ivine l ight ; for i n the other s y ste m s identied w it h e m anation the

l igh t appeared l im it ed fro m the fact of being u l tim ate ly l ost i n darkn es s .

A fter this concentration the E n S op li m an i fested itse l f rst in an origi

,

n a l princip l e the prototype o f creation o r m a cr o cosm w hich i s ca ll e d

, , ,

the Son o f God o r the prim itive m an (A da m K a dm on ) I t is the

, ,
.

hum an gure w hich hovers above the sym bo l ic creatures in the prophecy
o f Ezekie l F ro m the A d a m K a dm on creation e m anated in four degrees
.
, ,

form ing four w or l ds w hich the Caba lists ca ll A ci le Ber i a

,
Yec ir a , , ,

A s iyg a The w or l d A ci le repr e se nts the O perating qu al ities o f the

/ .
,

A da m K a dm o n 3 the y are po w ers o r in t elligen ci es em a nat i ng fr om h i m ,

 HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M lK V EH I S R AEL .

an d form in g at the sam e ti m e hi s esse ntia l qu al ities , and the po w ers b y

w hich he operate s Th ese qu al itie s are red u ced to ten and constitu te
.
,

h e ho l y decade o f the S ep hi r o th w hich is co m p osed o f the t w o sacred

t ,

num bers thr ee and s ev en 3 the three rst S op hi r o th are essential ly i nte l :

ligen ces w hil st the seven others are m ere attributes They em anate

, .

fr om each other i n the fo l l ow ing order : 1 K eth er (crow n ) ; 2 Hok .

,
.

m a (w isdo m ) 3 3 Bina
, (in tel l igence ) 3 4 Hesed (grace) o r G u edu lla
.
,
.
, , ,

(greatness ) 3 5 G u eb oo r a (force) 3 6 Tip h er eth (beauty) 3 7 N eca h

. .
, ,
.

( triu m ph ) ; 8 Hod ( g l or y o.r m aj est y ) 3 9 ,

Y es o d
(foundation ) ; M al .
, ,

k ou t h (reign ), .

F rom this rst w or l d of e m anation proceeded successive ly in the ,

sam e m anner the three other w or l ds

,
the l ast o f w hich A s iyya is i n , ,

sam e sort th e refuse o f crea tion an d the seat of evi l .

M an by h is nature participates in the three created w orl ds and

, , ,

for this reason he is cal l ed the m i c r o c os m ( o lu m K a ta n ) 3 for m an c o n ! ,

tains in rea l ity w hatever the A da m K a d m on o r th e m i cr os os m contains ,

v irtua lly B y his sou l w hich is the vital princip l e he be l on gs to the

.
, ,

A s siyya 3 b y his spirit (rationa l sou l ) he form s part o f t h e

w or l d , ,

Yeczm ; and b y his intel l ect he be l ongs to the w orl d Ber i a 3 this l ast
'

, ,

e l em ent i n m an i s part of the t o c ity an d has the gift o f pre existence

, ,
-
.

W ith a view to express this trip l icity the Hebrew l anguage has three ,

w ords w hich signify sou l viz N ep /Les/L (breath ) 3 R u a h (spirit ) 3 N es h

, , ,

(sou l ) I saiah a ll u des to this di ision w hen he say s

(c h ap x l iii

am a , 3 v
,
. .
,

7 I have created h im (ber a thi n ) for m y g l ory 3 I have form ed hi m ,

( Y ecar thi n
) 3 y ea I have m ade h i m (A fa s i t/
,
Li n
) 3 M an then is co m posed , ,

o f t w o princip l es the one good and the other bad,

it depends upon him ,

to m ake the o n e prevai l ove r the other 3 and after his death he i s
rew arded according to his w orks for th e n esha m a is i m m orta l ,
.

S u ch in substan ce i s the s y stem o f the C abal a D i fcu l ties far

, ,
.
,

from being so l v ed b y it are on ly e l uded ; the transition fro m spiri t to

,

ma tter from abso l ute good t o evi l re m ains c l othed i n an i m penet rab l e
, ,

veil Through its resu l ts C aba l is m co m p l etel y w anders aw ay fro m the

.
,

M osaic doctrine an d ends in Pantheis m 3 instead o f a free God creating

, ,

b y the action o f His w i ll w e nd nothing in this s yste m of e m anation , ,

but deied n ature carr yi n g out fata lly its p l ans o f organizati on I t w as .

n ot in accordance w i t h M M onk s vie w s to institu te in his l earned w ork .
, ,

a parall e l bet w een the doctrines o f the Caba l a an d those of the other
m etaph y sica l schoo l s o f anti quity ; w e cannot ho w ever all o w this s u b , ,

j ect to pass ent irely unnoticed an d w e sha ll brie y as w e can touch upo n ,

the principal points o f resem b l ance I f w e exam ine the readin gs of the .
27 8 HA J EHU D I M A N D
-
M IK V EH IS R A EL .

It cu rious to see w hat in u en ce t h e Caba l a has ha d upo n Chris

is
tia n i ty itse l f A great n u m ber o f C aba lis ts baca m e converts t o the tr ue
.

faith ; w e m ay n am e am o ngst others , P a ul R icci C o n rad Otto Bitta u

, , , ,

g el an d the s on o f t h e ce l ebrated A b r ab an el
,
Leo H ebr aeu s author o f , ,

the D ia logu es of L o v e A t a m ore rece n t period to w ards the en d of

.
,

las t ce nt u ry an other C abal is t the P o l e Jacob F rank after havi n g

, , , ,

fo un de d the sect o f the Z oha r i tes e m braced R om an C atho l icism w it h , ,

s evera l thousands o f hi s discip l es The Jew ish R abbis discovered l ong .

a o the dan ger w hich a ro se fro m the i n d iscrim i n ate stu d y o f the C abal a
g .

So m e denoun ced it al together w h il s t others endeavored to keep a w a y ,

the profan e fro m it a s from the e ntran ce to the ho l iest o f ho l ies L eo

, .

o f M odena w h o w rote against th e a u the n ticit y o f the book Z o laa r a w ork

, ,

rece ntl y dis co vered an d p ub l ished in Germ an y does not entertai n m u ch ,

h Op e o f the sa l v a tio n o f those w h o p u b l ish the principa l Cabal istic

treatises O n the contra ry the Christia ns w ho have been bus y o n
.
,

th es am e s u bj ect fo r instan ce
,
K n orr V o n R o s en r o th R euch l i n , ,

a n d R it tan gel a fter h i s co nvers io n have seen i n the Caba l a the m o st

, ,

ef cacious m eans o f thro w i n g do w n the barrier w hich separates the syn a ,

o
g g u e fro m the ch u rch .

The m ost profou n d an d l earn ed J ew ish p hi l osopher o f the thirteen th

c e ntury i s u n q u estionab ly She m To b s o n o f Joseph I bn F a lqu er a w ho
,
-
,
-
,

w as tran s l ator o f the F on s Vi ta a n d w ho co m posed severa l v e ry ,

r e m arkab l e w ork s L et u s a l so n am e J edaia P en i n i surnam ed Beder s i ,

.
,

b eca u s e he w as a native o f Beder si a He l ived about the c l ose o f that .

c e n tury and took a conspic u ous p art as a p ro m oter o f m etaph y sical

,

H i s Be ki n a tk o la m (surve y o f the w orl d ) i s an ethical book

s t u dies .
,

o n s u b l u n ary van itie s 3 the e l egan t s ty l e in w hich it is w ritte n proc ur e d ,

to the au thor the q u a l i c atio n o f eloqu en t Severa l C hristian s erv an ts .

h ave n o ticed an d Phi l ip d A q u i n p ub l is hed the text together w ith a

, , ,

Fr en ch tra n s l atio n (8 v o P aris , J edaia proves tha t m a n s h ap pi

.
,

n ess c o n sists in the p ra ctice o f re l igio n a n d o f science and he en d s b y ,

a d vis ing the rea d er t o take fo r hi s gu ide the w orks o f M oses be n M a im on , -

t he greatest d o ctor be l on gin g t o the s yn ago gu e I n an apo l ogetic l etter .

a dd re ss e d t o So l o m o n be n A dr ath J edaia defe n d s w ar m ly m eta p hysical ,

s tu die s aga i n st the a nat hem a s h u r l e d b y the R abbi s o f Barce l on a We .

h ave al so from the p e n o f Jedaia a p ar ap hras e o f A l F ar abi s treati se ,

-
,

.D e I n tellectu et I n tellec to an d s eve r al other w ritin gs o f the s am e kin d

, .

Joseph i bn C asp i m ay li kew i se be nam ed am on gs t the philo s op hers

-

w ho o u ri shed d u ri ng th at epo ch Bor n at l A r gen t ier e in Languedoc '

.
, ,

he c om p osed n u m er ou s w or k s, s uch as tw o co m m e ntarie s o n t he D u ctor

 M ETA P HYS I C A L S C HOO L S o r THE J EW S . 27 9

P emlexor u m , an lys is o f A r is totle s Or gan on

d an an a I saac A lbalag '
.
,

c el ebrat e d for his bo l d O pin ions an d fo r h i s ve rs io n o f A l G azali s M a ki

-
,

c id d es er ve s n o t t o be forgo tten
,
Bu t the m an w ho as a m etaph ysician
.
,

a n d a c riti c, s u r p as s e d all h is c o ntem p o ra ries w as L evi be n Gerson o f ,

-
,

Bagno ls bette r k now n b y the nam e o f M a s ter L eon w ho w as

, ,

u n d o u btedly o n e o f the m os t e m in e n t P er i p atetics o f the fo u rte en th cen

tur y an d the bo l des t o f all the Jew ish p hi lo so p hers H is w orks have
,
.

h ad i m m ense s u cce ss am ongs t hi s fe ll ow re ligio n is ts,a l m ost a ll o f them

ar e i n prin t an d s everal have eve n gone thro u gh m a ny editio n s Thi s

, .

a m o un t o f p o p ul arit y i s the m ore s u rp ri s in g b e cau s e the a u thor a ckn o w ,

ledges A ri s totl e s tea chi ng as being ab s o lu te t r uth 3 a n d w itho u t ado p t

in g th e pre ca u tio nary qu al i catio n w hich M aim o ni d es ha d d ee m e d n ec es

sa r y h e w r es ts both the O l d Testam e n t an d t h e a rtic l e s o f the Jew i sh
, ,

fa ith in o rder t o m ak e them t hi s per ipatetic no ti ons

,
I t w o ul d s eem .

t ha t h i s m erit s as a n e xegetica l w riter, m a d e p eop l e o verl ook hi s err or s ,

,

i n the p ath o f theo l ogy a n d o f p hil osoph y o r p erha p s it w as that at an , , ,

e p och w hen m etaph y sica l s t u dies ha d fa ll e n i n to d eca y an d w he n di s ,

p u tes ha d cea sed t he n u m erou s w o rk s o f Levi , s o a ttractive b y th e

,

b ea u ty o f the styl e an d th e variety o f the q u estio n s disc u s s e d w ere read

, ,

b y pers o n s w ho scarce ly un dersto o d their c o m p l ete bearin g Ben Gerson .

-

c o m p o s e d exten sive Bib l ic a l C o m m e n tarie s i n w hich he a llo w e d the ,

lio n s s h are t o m etap h y sical i nterp retatio n H i s ph il os ophi c a l w orks ,

pr o p erly s o l s t C om m e n tar ies

.

c a ll e d ar e , . n o t on A r is to t l e as it i s ,

e r r o n e o u s l y s tate d i n m o s t m anu a l s o f R abbin ica l l exico gr ap h y b u t o n ,

so m e o f the p arap hras es o r ex p lan t i o n s o f I b n R o sh d M any of the se .

a r e to b e fo un d am o ngst the M SS o f the P aris I m p er ial Libra ry . Th ose .

r eferri ng t o P orph y ry s I sagoge to the la tegor i es an d t o the trea tise D e
, ,

I n terp r eta ti on e have bee n tr an sl ated in to La tin b y Ja cob M an tin o, an d

,

p ri n te d i n th e rst v o lu m e o f the t w o l ater e diti o n s o f A r is to t l e s w o rk s

,

c o n tain i ng the com m e n ta ries o f A verr o es .

2n d M i lha m o th A d m i (the w ars o f the Lo r d) a t reatis e o f ph il

.
, ,

osoph y an d o f theo l ogy Here the author d eve l op s hi s m etap hysi cal
.

sys tem w hi ch i s i n ge n er a l p u re p er ip atetism s u ch as w e n d it i n t he

, ,

A r ab d o ctors He en deavors to sh ow th at w ith t his s chem e , the teach

.
,

in gs o f Ju da ism ar e i n exa ct agr eem en t The M ilka m o th n i she d on .

,

the eighth o f J a nu ar y 1 329 is divi ded in to s i x b oo k s , w hich treat o f

, ,

t he n a tu re an d th e i m m o r tali ty o f the so u l the k n o w l e dge o f fu t ur it y , ,

an d the p ro hetic s ir i t, the k no w l ed e w hich G od h as o f p artic ul ar o r

p p g
ac cid e nta l th in s o f D ivi ne P roviden ce o f the h e ave nly b o d ies an d of
g, , ,

c r eati on I n the a ddi tio n p ub l is h ed at R iva di Tr ento in 1 560 , the

.
,
 i '

28 0 HA J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

rst part o f the fth book has been s u ppressed 3 it form s a very exten sive
treatise o f astrono m y, a n d contai n s ca l cu l ations pecu l iar to the author .

A m ongst the J e w ish p hi l osophers o f the m idd l e ages w hose w ork s hav e ,
~
bee n handed dow n to u s Levi ben Gerson is the rst w h o ventures ,
-

O pen l y t o com bat the doctrines o f creation ea: n ihi lo A fter having ,
.

proved at so m e l ength t hat the w orl d can have been produced neither

, ,

from abso l ute n othingness n or from determ i n ed m atter he conc ludes ,

"

that it h as o rigin ated at the s am e tim e fro m nothing and from som e
thin g That s om ethi n g i s ori gi na l m atter w hich being destitute o f
"

,
.

form is at the sam e tim e no thin g By an al ogous reasonings Levi o n

,
.
, ,

m an y other q uestions seeks to harm onize phi l osoph y w ith received dogm as
, ,

Such bo ld opin ions a l though as w e have said they did n o t excite u ni

, , ,

versa l distrust w ere cri ticized ver y severe ly b y the o rthodox R abbis
, .

I saac A b r ab an el i n severa l o f hi s w ritings especially i n h is com m entary

, ,

o n J oshua m ourns over the errors o f the Jew ish phi l osophers w h o
, ,
.

adm ittin g pri m ary m atter den y the actio n o f D ivine Providen ce w ith , ,

respect to individual s and see in the i m m ortal ity of the so u l n oth in g

, ,

but its u nion w i th the active intell ect w hich the y substitute in t he ,

p l ace o f God He b l am es particu l ar ly Levi ben Gerson w h o says he

.
-

, , ,

has n o t ev e n though t it n ecessar y to disgu ise his theories but o n th e ,

contrary exp l ains them w it h the greatest c l earness broaches o n pri m ary
, ,

m atter the sou l prophecy and m irac l es dis co u r ces such that it i s a si n
, , , ,

to l isten to them m uch m ore to be l ieve them ,

Before A b r ab an el I saac .
,

b en S h esh eth had expressed hi m se l f in l ike m ann er but m ore resp ect
'

fu ll y tow ards Levi ben Gerson w ho m he call s a distin guished Ta lm u di st ;

-

,
s

a l thou gh he adds phi l osoph y h as turned hi m aside from the paths of

, ,

truth and he h as give n utterance t o doctrines o f w hich it is n ot all o w

,

able to take cogniz an ce M oses o f Narbonne did n ot l eave s o m any .

'

w orks a s Be n Gerso n but he e qu all ed h im in depth o f thou ght an d

-

, ,

h is c om positions are m ore interesting fo r the stu de nt o f the history o f

m etaph y sics tha n those o f the R abbi w hom w e h ave j ust considered
, .

M oses ben Joshu a o r Ma i tr e Bi da l, as he w as often call ed bel onge d

-

,
.
,

to a fa m il y originally sett l ed in N o r b on n e b u t w hich had a fter ,

I t w as i n this l ast n am e d
,

w ards take n u
p it s residence at Perpign an .

W e do

p l ace that he pursued h i s studi es u nder his father s direction .

n ot kno w the da te o f hi s birth but it m ay be assign ed w ith som ething ,

l ike p robabil ity either to the l ast y ears o f the thirteent h cen tu ry or t o
, ,

the beginn i n g of the fo u rteen th A s for hi s death it m ust have tak en .

,
'

p l ace very sho rtl y after the y ear 1 362 Hi s com m entaries o n the prin
:
.

c i al A r ab p hilosop hers co n tai n a nu m ber o f us eful particu l ars , a n d ar e

i

l ' '

p ,
 28 2 HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K VEH IS R AEL .

s on of de l M ed igo w ho taught m etap h y sics a t Pad ua an d had for

El i a s -
, ,

his p u pil t he w e l l k no w n P ic u s M i ran d u len s i s o n w h ose b ehal f he co m

-
,

p o s ed several er udite treatis es an d am ongs t other s a w ork on the I n tel

,

lect a n d on P r op hecy a n d a c om m en ta r
y o n th e d isq ui s itio n D e
S u bs ta n tia Or bis b y I b u R o sh d
,
-
H is qu estion s o n v a ri o us
m eta phy sica l s ubj ects h ave bee n p ub l i s hed i n La ti n I n a sm a l l H ebrew .

w o rk , e ntit l e d E n q u i r
y i n to R eligi on c om po s ed in 1 4 9 1 he e n deavo u re d
, ,

t o s hew that the s tu dy o f p hil o s oph y cann o t have the e ect o f de s tro yi n

g
r eli gio u s prin ci p l e s p ro v i ded o n e k n o w s th o ro u gh l y to d is ti n guis h t he
,

q u estio ns w hich belo ng to the s phere o f reaso n from those w hich ar e ,

ac ces sib l e o nly to faith .

Tow ards the en d o f the fteen th ce n tu ry (in the expul s i on

o f the Je w s fro m the w ho l e o f the Spanis h Em p ire destro y ed the fo c u s ,

o f Hebre w civi l izatio n Then the do w nfall o f s cho las ticism co ntribu ted
.
,

to s trike a b l ow at m etaph y sic al st u d i es am ongst the p e r s ec u ted chi l dren

o f I s rae l w ho cru she d do w n e veryw here un d er a t erri bl e s ys te m
, of

o pp re s si o n w ere p reve n te d fro m taking a part i n the reviva l o f i nte ll ectu al

,

l ife n o w daw n i ng thro ugho ut Europ e J u daeo S p ani s h ci v i li zatio n dis

-
.
,

app ea r ed a n d fo r a l o n g ti m e n o thi ng took i t s p la c e

,
I saac A br ab an el .
,

a n d his i llu strious s o n w ere the t w o s o l itar y exc ep tio n s to th e

, gen er a l
decay ; the y m ay be term ed the last torches of Je w is h p hi los oph y d ur in g
t he m idd l e age s .

Th e e l des t s on o f I sa a c A b r ab an el b y n am e L eo o f Ju dah an d , ,

m or e u s ua lly k n o w n un d er the design atio n o f L eo H ebr o u s has l eft a ,

r ep ut a tio n eve n greater th an th at o f h i s father I n 1 50 2 he nish e d the .

w o r k w hich has i m m ortal i z e d h is n am e , an d w hich h e co m p o s e d i n

I tal ia n un der the titl e D ia loghi di A m or ce The date o f his birth w as

,
.
,

pr o babl y bet w ee n 1 4 60 an d 14 70 b u t t hat o f h is d eath i s un k n o w n

, , .

S om e au thors have m ain tai n e d that L eo H eb r aeu s e m b rac ed C hri s

t ian ity b u t thi s fact has n o t the s l igh te s t fo un datio n
,
I t is true tha t in .
,

a p ass age o f t he r s t d ia l ogu e St J ohn the Ev an ge l ist i s in trod u c ed w ith

,
.

Eno ch an d w ith the Pr ophet El ij ah w ho ar e r epre s e nted as i m m orta l i n

,

bo d y an d i n s oul 3 an d it i s precis e ly from thi s pass age th at p erso ns i m ,

p er fec tly ac q uai nte d w ith the D ia lo ghi h ave assum e d th e h yp oth es i s o f ,

o u r a u thor s C h risti an ity N o t to in s is t u p o n th e i m p r obab l e char ac t er

.

o f t h e p h il oso pher s c o n vers ion w hi l s t h i s fa ther w as l iving (Isaac

b r ab an el died in w e m ay n o tic e t he n um ber of p as sages co nta in ed

A
i n the D ia loghi w h ich p ro ve that t he au th o r p r ofessed J u dais m 3 s ev eral
,
'
t im es s pea king o f M aim o n ides h e c a ll s him
,
i l n ostr o r abbi M o i se 3
,

i n th e s a m e w ay, allu d in g to A r iceb r on he says, I l n ostr o A bbon zu br on ,

 M ETA P HYS I C A L S C HO O L S O F TH E J EW S . 28 3

n el s u o li br o de F on te v i tri e . W
hen h e xes t he e poc h o f th e cr eat ion ,

h e m ak es u se o f t h e H ebr ew c o m putat i o n which h e ca ll s the Hebr ew ,

"
t r u th 3 n al ly i n an o th er p as s age the a u tho r s ta te s a s p l a in ly a s p o s s i ble
, ,

N o i t u tti c he c hr edia m o la s ar c r a l egge M o saica

w hat hi s r el igi o n is : ,

e tc . N o t h i n g m o r e i s wan t ed t o s h o w th at t h e a u t h o r o f t h e D ia loghi
h ad r em ai n ed fai thfu l to t he J ew i s h r el igio n .

L eo H eb r aeu s i s th e
l p r esen tat i v e am o n gst t h e J ew s of t hat
so e r e ,

N eo P l ato n i s m w hich i n tr o d uc ed i n to I taly b y t h e Byzan ti n e G em i s tu s

-
,

P leth o an d b y h i s d is c i p l e C ar din al Bessar i on w as p r o p agat ed w ith

, ,

e n t h u s i as m u n der th e a u s pi ces o f M ar c i liu s Fi c in u s an d co m b in ed b y ,

P i cu s M i r an du len si s w i th th e m y sti cism o f th e Je wi s h C ab ala Th e .

D i a loghi h av e for th ei r s ubj e ct lo v e i n t he w i dest an d h igh es t a cc ep ta

, ,

t i on o f t h e t er m 3 lo v e c on s i d er ed u n der it s di ffer en t as p ec ts i n G o d an d ,

i n t h e u n i ver se i n m an k in d an d i n t h e v i l es t c r eat u r es i n th e i n t ell ec t

, ,

a n d i n t h e sen ses 3 ar o u n d t hi s c en tr e ar e gr o up ed th e m o s t v ar i ed c o n

s i der at i o n s an d do c tr in es i n te r p r et ati o n s o f th e B
,
ib l i ca l tr adit i on s an d
o f t h e G r e ek fa b l es b e tw een w hi c h th e a u th o r m ake s i n gen i o u s p a r all e I s
, .

w o r k co n s i st s o f thr ee dial ogu es b etween Ph i lo an d hi s m istr ess

T he
S o p hia Th e r s t di a l o gu e t r eat s o f t h e ess en ce of lov e
. Ph i lo h avi n g
s ai d t o S o p hi a th at t h e a c qu ain t an c e h e h a d o f h er exc i t ed i n h i m lo v e

a n d desir e S ep hi a m ain t ain s t ha t t h es e t w o sen t i m en ts ar e i n c o m p ati b le

,

w i th ea ch o th er 3 an d th u s th e a u t h o r i s led t o e xa m i n e t h em an d den e

t h em s ep ar at ely en u m er atin g the p ar ti c u l ar s i n whi c h t h ey d i er

, .

W i th t hi s v i ew h e s tu di es th em fr o m t hr e e s ta n d p o in ts distin gui sh in g
,
-
,

t heir v ar i o u s o bj ect s a ccor din t o t h e p r in c i p l es o f l s t U s efu l n ess 3

g .

2n d A gr eeab len ess 3 an d 3r d H on est y

. H e go es thr ou gh the differ en t
. .

t hi n gs w hi ch deser v e to b e lo v ed an d desi r ed 3 t h e l o v e o f what i s h o n est

i s th e high es t o f all 3 th e lo v e o f G o d c o n s eq u en t ly t r an s cen ds e ver y , ,

t hin g else i n s ub li m i t y fo r G o d i s t he b egin n i n g th e m i dd l e an d th e en d

, ,

o f a ll h o n es t o r m o r al a c t io n s Bu t G o d can b e k n o wn b y o u r m in d an d
.

lo v ed b y o u r w ill o n ly i n a v er y i m p er fe c t m an n er S eek in g t hen .

, ,

w h at c on s t itu te s m an s t r u e feli ci ty th e a uth o r r efu tes sev er al o p in i o n s

,

pr o po sed o n t he s u bj e ct an d c o n c l u des t hat o u r r eal happi n ess is b r o ught

,

a bo u t b y th e u n i on o f o u r i n t ellec t w i th th e a c ti v e i n tellec t i e Go d , . .
, .

Thi s u n io n i s th e r es ult o f co m b in at io n s , an d can o n ly be in com p lete

r ealiz ed i n t hi s life bu t i t w i ll b e p er fect an d ev er last in g i n th e life
,

w hi ch i s t o c o m e

Th en o u r a utho r pas ses on to an appr eciatio n o f sen

.

s u a l l o v e w hi ch h e r ep r o v es a s p r o du c in g n o thin g b u t satiet y a n d dis

, ,

u s t T r u e lo v e is ess en ti ally in tellec tu al b y n atu re 3 i t i s th e fat he r o f

g .

d esir e 3 an d th e o ffsp r in g o f r eas on an d kn o w ledge .

 28 4 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

Th e c
se o n d di a l o gu e tr eat s of th e un iv er sal i ty of l o ve . Th er e ar e

v e c a u s es of l o v e whi ch
, ar e c o m m on to m an an d to the o th er an i m als
of
l s t t h e d es i r e
.
gen er at io n ; 2n d Th e r elat ion s b etw e en p ar en ts an d .

c h i l dr en ; 3r d Ben e t s o r gr a ti t ude ; 4th S i m ilar i t y o f s p e c i es ; 5th

. . .

Habit ual i n t er co u r se The i n t ell ec t r en der s t h es e v e c a u s es i n m an

.

ei ther s t r o n w eak er in hi m l o v e i s m o r e p er fe ct an d m o r e n o b l e
er o r
g . .

Bes ides m an h as t w o ca u ses o f l o v e whi ch th e o th er m em b er s o f the

, ,

a n i m a l c r ea ti o n do n o t en j o y i n c o m m on w i t h hi m v i z : l s t Th e con , .

fo r m i t y o f n at u r al disp os i ti o n an d o f t em p er i n t w o i n di vi dua l s an d ,

2n d Th e m o r a l an d in t ell e ct u al q u al i ti es b y wh i ch m an gai n s th e
.
,

af fec t i o n o f hi s fell o w m en Ph i lo n ext t r eat s o f i n an i m ate b ei n gs

-
.
,

w h i ch h av e c er t ai n n at u r al i n c l i n at i o n s s u s c ept i b l e o f b ei n g a l so c a ll e d ,

L o v e i n t he i n an im ate c r eat i o n
,
i s o n ly a s p e0 1 es o f a tt r a ct i o n ; in
,

a n i m al s i t i s b o th n at u r a l an d s en s ib l e i n m an i t is n at u r a l sen s i b l e
, , , ,

an d r at i on al Thi s n e w c l as sicati o n affo r ds Phil o th e o pp or tun ity of

.

s u r v ey i n g t h e w h o l e d o m ai n o f n a t u r a l p hi l o so p h y an d o f c o s m o lo gy 3 ,

an d h e r ep r es en t s m a n a s a m icr o c o s m o r t h e i m a e o f t h e u n i v er s e
g , .

W h en di s cu ss i n g t h e l o v es o f t h e h eath en go ds h e exp lai n s sever a l ,

a ll ego r i es c o n n e c t e d w i t h a gr eat n u m b er o f G r eek m yt h s an d c h ar a c

.

t er iz es en p a s s a n t t h e r es p e c ti v e m eth o ds o f P l at o an d A r i s t o tl e t h e
, , ,

fo r m er o f w h om w hi l s t di s c ar din g th e fett er s o f r h y m e an d wr it in g i n
, ,

p r o s e h as n ev er th e l es s en l iv en e d h is w o r k s b y all t h e gr a c es o f p oetr y
,

a n d o f ct i o n w h i l st th e l atter h as p r efer r ed a s ev er e an d pu r ely s ci en

,

t i c s tyl e Fi n ally L eo H eb r a eu s t r eat s o f l o v e as c o n s ider ed i n the

.
,

pur e in t elligen ces th e c el es tia l s ph er es Th e r eas o n w hy th ese in t elli

,
.

an c es m o v e i n t h ei r r es p e c ti v e s p h er es i s t o b e fo u n d i n G o d t h e o bj e c t
g , ,

o f th i s l o v e T o c o n c l u de th e q u i ck en i n g s pi r i t whi ch p en etr at es the

.
,

w o r l d an d t h e b on d w h i ch k eep s t h e u n i v e r s e t o geth er i s l o v e wi th o u t
_ , , ,

whi ch th er e wo u l d b e n eith er h app i n es s n o r ex is ten c e

,
.

Th e t h i r d di a l o gu e i s dev o t ed t o t h e l o v e an d h e r e t h e o r igi n of

a u th or gr app l es w i th th e ab st r uses t m et a p h y s i c al q u es ti o n s A ft er a .

r el i m i n ar y di s c u s sw n o n ecs ta sy an d o n t h e p o w er w hi c h th e s o u l p o s
p ,

s es s es o f thr o wi n g o ff t h e i n u en c e o f o u r b o di ly o r gan s h e e xam i n es ,

s ucc es s i v ely , t h e v e fo ll o w i n g q u e st i o n s wh et h er l o v e ex is t s a t a ll 3 a n d,

i f s o wh en h o w fr o m wh om an d w h y does i t ex i st ? I n t he r st p l a c e,
, , , ,

a s a c o n sequ en c e o f wh at h as j u st b een s ai d i t r es u l t s t h at l o v e e xi s t s ,

i t i s th e d esi r e w hi ch a tt a ch es u s t o w h at i s p l eas in g Ex am in i n g t h e .

d en i ti on o f l o v e gi v en b y P lat o an d b y A r i s to tl e t h e au tho r d evel o p s

,

t h e n o ti o n o f t h e b eau t ifu l an d t hat o f t he go o d an d h e sh e w s t hat

'

A r i sto t l e s den it i on m o r e gen er al an d m o r e c o m p l ete in c l u d es di vin e

, , ,
28 6 HA J EHU D I M A N D
-
MI KV EH I S R A EL .

t he b egin n in g o f cr eation The q u esti on o f kn ow in g w her e lo v e o r igi

.

n at ed i s t h u s r educ ed t o t h e t hi r d o f t he m an i fes t ati o n s j us t all u ded to

, ,

o r t o t h e m u t u a l l o v e o f t h e par ts w h ic h con s ti t u te t he u n i v er s e ; an d

Phi lo pr o v es t o S o phi a t hat t hi s lo v e w as r st p r o duced i n th e sp her e

o f th e an gel s o r th e pu r e i n t e l li gen c e s
, Th er e i s t o b e fo un d the m o st
. .

p er fe ct kn o w l edge o f the D i vi n e b eau t y ; fr o m th en c e i t c om m un i cat ed

i tsel f to th e c eles tia l wo r l d a n d after w ar ds t o th e s ub l un ar y on e
, A t .
.

t hi s p l ac e t h e a ut h o r gi ves a s t ate m en t o f t he do ct r in e o f e m an at i o n a s
, ,

i t h ad o b tain ed am o n gs t t h e A r ab s ; h e s h o w s h o w A v er r h o es differ ed
fr o m t h e o t h er ph i l o s o ph er s o f t h a t n ati o n an d e xp l ai n s b y what s u c ,

c ess i o n t h e D i v i n e b e au t y c o m m u n i c at es i t sel f t o th e v a r i o u s d e r ees o f

g
c r ea ti o n t i ll i t r ea ch es t h e h u m an i n t el lect
, Th e fo u r th q u es tio n t h at .
,

o f k n ow in
g fr o m w h o m l o v e o r igin at ed l eads L eo H eb r aeu s t o i n t er p r et ,

t h e var i o u s fab l es o f th e an ci en t p o et s o n t h e b i r th o f Er o s o r C upi d , , .

Fin ally t h e a uth or c o m es t o t he c on clu s io n t hat th e b eautifu l an d k n o w

,
.

ledge ar e t h e fath er an d m o th er o f l o v e
,
W hi l s t c o n s i der i n g th e b eau
.

t ifu l fr o m ev er y p o in t o f v i ew he s p eak s o f P l at o s i deas ; h e sh o ws

, ,

that b et w een P l at o an d A r i s t o t l e t h er e i s a c o m p l ete h ar m o n y an d

, ,

th at b o t h ph i l o so ph er s expr ess th e s a m e n o t i o n s u n der di er en t fo r m s .

Th e fth an d l as t q u est i o n r el at es t o th e n a l en d o f l o v e 3 th i s en d i s th e
p leasur e whi ch h e w h o l o v es di s co v er s i n th e l o v ed o bj ect P l eas ur e i s .

c o n s ider e d w it h r efer en c e t o t h e go o d an d th e b ea u t ifu l t o m o r a l an d ,

i n t ell e ct u al vi r t u es 3 an d t h e a u th o r s h o w s t h at t h e t r u e en d o f t h e l o ve
o f t h e u n i v er se i s t h e un i o n o f c r eat ed b ein gs w i th G o d w h o i s t h e
, ,

s o v er ei n b ea u t y
g .

S o i m p er fec t an an alys i s c an o n ly gi v e a v er y feeb l e i d ea o f t h e s u g

es t i v e c h ar a ct er o f t he th o u gh t s d ev e l o p e d i n t h e D i a loghi d i A m c r e
g ,

a n d o f t h e d ep t h w i t h w hi ch t h e m o st v ar i e d n o ti o n s ar e t h er e di s cu ss ed .

Th e defe c ts o f L eo H eb r aeu s ar e t h o se o f his t i m e an d o f t h e s ch o o l t o

,

wh i ch h e b el on ged H i s wo r k i s n o t wi th o u t i m p o r t an ce fo r t h e hi sto r y
.

o f p hilo so p y b e c a u s e i t i s p er h ap s t h e m o s t p e r fec t r ep r esen t at i v e o f t h at

, , ,

I tal ian s ch o o l o f m et aphys i c s whi ch en dea v o r ed t o r ec o n ci l e Plat o an d

,

A r i st o t l e u n der th e a u s p i c es o f C a b al a an d o f N eo P l at o n i s m
, ,
I t a ly -
.

r e n d er e d fu ll j u st i c e t o t he m er i t s o f t h e D i a l o gh i 3 an d t h ese m e r i t s w er e

r eat en o u h t o at o n e fo r v er b a l defec t s exc u s ab l e b es i d es i n a fo r e i gn er

g g , , ,
.

Th e b est p r o o f o f t h e s en s ati o n p r o duc ed d ur i n g th e w h o l e o f th e s i x

t een t h c en t u r y b y L eo s di a l o gu es i s t o b e fo u n d i n t h e n u m b er o f e di t io n s
, ,

a n d tr an s l at i o n s t h at w er e pub l i sh ed o f t h e m
.
.

A n o th er L eo H eb r aeu s o r Judah so m etim es c all ed M ess er L eo n e o f , ,

M an t u a m ade h im s el f k n o wn d ur in g th e fteen th c en t ur y b y sever al

, ,
 M ETA P HYS I CA L S C HO O L S O F T H E J EW S . 28 7

w or ks on ph ilos ophy . W e h a v e, by hi m , c o m m en tar i es on cer tain

A r i sto tle s Or ga n on , an d a t r eat is e o f logi c u n der th e t itle

p o r t i on s of

M i khla lYOp hi , n i shed i n 1 455 These wo r k s ar e t o b e fo un d am on gst

.

t he H ebr ew M S S o f th e I m p er i al L ibr ar y, P ar is
. .

W e h av e n ow com e ph ysica l s p eculati on s i n

t o th e las t days o f m e ta , .

co n n e c tion w i th Ju daism By tr yin g to har m o n iz e A r abi c phi l o so phy

.

w i th thei r r eli ion

g t h e d es c
,
en dan ts of A b r ah am h ad
gi v en to P er i

a tet is m a s p e ci al c har a c ter w h i ch m ade o f i t , s o t o say th ei r n at i (in al

p , ,

h iloso p h y I f s in c e th e s i xt een th cen t u r y m eta p h ys i cian s h av e app ear ed

p .
,

am on gs t th e Jews they b elon g t o th e h i stor y o f ci v ilizat i o n in gen er al

, ,

an d h ad a s t hi n k er s n o s p eci al i n u en c e o v er t h ei r fe llo w r el i i o n i s t s
, , g .

S p in o sa w as r ej ec ted b y th e Jews ; h e had w o un ded wi tho ut an y c on ,

s ider at i o n th e r el igi o u s feel in gs o f a c o m m un i ty fo r m ed i n gr ea t

, ,

m aj o r i ty o f S p an is h an d P o r t ugu ese r efugees v i cti m s o f th e I n q u i s iti on

, .

M os es Men del s soh n him se lf w h o t oo k u p so n obly th e c au s e o f hi s

,

b r ethr en an d w ho can b e r egar ded as the fo un der fo r them o f m o der n

c i vilizat i o n M en d el ssoh n
,

n e v er w o u l d o r c o u ld O p en a n ew m eta ,
,

p hysi cal er a .

T o c on c l u de the J ews as a n a ti o n o r as a r eligi o u s s o ciet y play

, , , ,

o n ly a se c on da r y p ar t i n t h e hi s t o r y o f p h i l o so p h y 3 t h at w as n o t t h eir

m i s si on . H ow ev er t hey cer tain ly shar e wi th t h e A r ab s th e m er it o f

, ,

h avi n g p r eser v ed an d p r o p agat ed m etaph ysi ca l s c i en c e du r in g ages o f

b ar b ar i sm an d fo r a c er tain tim e th ey exer ci sed o ver th e Eur o p ean
,
,

w o r ld a m en t al in u en c e whi c h c an n o t b e q u esti on ed
, , .
 C HA PTER IX .

W OR KS OF MA IM O N I D ES .

M U D I CA L

TA L F er ush , Ham i shu r ah M i sh n a Tor ah S ep h er Ham t isr o th M aam ar

-

Tech yat h Ham et hi m C o m m en t ar y o n t h e G em ar a Ques t i o n s an d A n swer s

.

P H I L O S O PH I C A L M or eh N eb u ch im Ep i s tle t o th e L earn ed Maam ar Hayi ch u d

Milot h Higeyo n
M ED I C A L C an o n o f A r i cen n a Han h ago t h H ab r yu th

.

S ep h er Har ep h n o th, & c M I S CE L L A N E OU S I ggc r eth Tem an I gger eth L eh a

.

m ar r Hagado l, 52c .

WO R K S OF MA I M O N I D E S .

W e sh a ll di vide h i s wo r k s i n t o th e fo ll o wi n g c l asses : l st Talm u .

di c al ; 2n d . Phi lo so phi ca l ; 3r d M ath em ati ca l 3 4 th M edi c al ; 5th M i s

. . .

c ellan eo u s

TA L M U D I CA L .

1st . P e r u sh H am i sh u r ah (C o m m en tar y Thi s on th e M ishn a ) .

,

a cc o r di n
g t o hi s O w n t es ti m o n y w a s c o m m en c ed i n S p a in i n h i s t w en t y
,

t hir d y ear an d n i sh ed i n Egyp t i n hi s t h i r t i et h

,
H e w r o t e i t o r igin a lly .

i n A r abi c hi s n at iv e t o n gu e u n der t he t it le
, ,
K e to b A l S er ag wh i ch ,

w as t r an s l at ed i n t o H eb r e w S ep h e r H am aor (b o o k o f l ight ) an d m an
.
, ,

u sc r i t s o f i t i n t h e o r i in a l l an
p g gu age ar e s t i ll ex t an t i n v ar i o u s l i br ar i es
,

a m on
g o t h er s i n t h e Bo dl ei an P ar t s o f i t w er e at differ en t t im es t r an s
.

l at ed i n to H eb r ew Thi s c o m m en t ar y o f t h e M i s hn a h o w ev er w as
.
, ,

n o t hi s r st w o r k fo r i n th e p r efa c e t o t h i s b o o k h e s ays t h at h e h a d
, ,

c o m m en t ed o n th r ee di visi o n s o f t h e G em a r a
M i sh n a To r ah , (R ep et it i o n all e d Y
2n d .
) l of
c the ad L aw ,
a so

C has akah (s t r o n g h a n d)
,
Th i s w o r k i s wr i tt en i n pu r e H eb r ew an d i s
.
,

a m eth o di c a lly ar r an
ged di ges t o f all T al m u di c al deci s i o n s ; t h e r efer
en c e s t o t h e Ta lm u di c a l s o u r c es h o w ev e r b ein
g o m i t ted
,
I t i s di v ided
,
.

i n t o fo u r teen b o o k s Th e r st i s c a ll ed S e p h er H am ada
.
(t h e bo o k of ,

kn o wl edge ) i n whi ch t h e au th o r t r eat s o f t h e p r in cip l es o f t h e L aw o f

, ,

I do l at r y a n d R ep en ta n c e The s o un dn es s o f t h e do ctr in es t h e sub l i m it y

.
,
-

o f t h e p r e c ep ts a n d t h e c o r r e c t n es s O f t h e v i e w s t h er e i n det ai l e d h av e a t
,

a ll t i m es a t t r a c t e d t h e at t en t i o n o f t h e s c h o l ar a n d p o r t i o n s o f i t h av e,

b een t r an s l ate d in t o v a r io u s l an gu ages am o n gs t o th er s i n to En gl i sh b y

, ,

R a l p h S k i n n er M a im o n ides p r ex ed t o t hi s b o o k a p r efa c e i n wh i ch
.
,

h e de cl a r es h i s m ot i v es fo r w r i ti n g t h e w o r k s ta t es h i s v i ew s o n t h e ,

O r a l L a w an d en u m er at es th e 6 1 3 p r ec ep t s co n t ain ed in t h e P en tat euch

,
.
29 0 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A E L .

3r d . S ep h er H am t i sr o th ( e
Th Bo o k of P r ec ep ts) Thi s i s an
.

exp ositi on o f th e 6 1 3 p r ec ep t s en u m er at ed i n ,
t h e p r efa c e t o t h e M i sh n a
To r ah I t w a s o r igin ally w r i tt en in A r ab i c
. .

4 th . M aam a r Techyath H am et hi m ,
-

(Ep i st l e on th e r es ur r ecti on
of th e D ead .
) I

5th . C o m m en tar y t o th e G em ar a ,
v iz To th e th r ee p ar t s M o ed ,

N as hi m ,
Ni si ki m as a ls o t o t h e t r eati s e o f C h o l in
an d ,
. T hi s w o r k
s eem s n o t t o h a v e b e en p r eser v ed t o o u r a ge .

6th Q u es ti on s an d a n s w er s t r eat in g o n v ar i o u s r i t es
.
, on w hi ch hi s
O p i n i o n w a s as k ed b y c er tai n F r en c h an d S p an s ih S ch o l ar s .

P H I L O S O PH I CA L .

l st . M or eh N ebu c him ,
(Tea cher O f th e P er p l ex e d) Thi s wo r k .

w a s o r i i n a lly w r i tt en i n A r a b i c co p ies o f i t in th at l an gu age a r e s ti ll

g
e xt an t ; fo u r b ei n g i n t he B o dl eian I t w a s tr an s l at ed i n t o H ebr e w .

d ur in g t h e li fe o f t h e a uth o r Th e M o r eh N eb u c hi m h as b een c o m
.

m en t e d up o n b y s e ver a l s ch o l ar s an d i n m o der n t im es b y t h e i n gen i o u s , ,

S olom on b en M ai m o n P o r ti o n s o f i t h av e b een t r an sl a ted i n to var io us

.

m o der n l an guages : To wn l ey t r an s l at ed i n to En gl i sh t h at p or ti o n wh i ch
t r ea t s o f t h e R eas o n s fo r t he C o m m an dm en t s

Th er e ex i st s a G er .

m an t r a n s l at i o n o f t h e wh o l e b y D r S ch ey er on whi c h c r i ti c i s m h as
, .
,

p r on o un ced a fav o r ab l e v er di ct A s h o wever t h e Hebr ew fr o m wh i ch .

'

, ,

a ll t h es e t r an s l at i o n s h av e b een m ade i s i n m an y p la c es o bs cu r e i t i s t o , ,

b e r egr ett ed t hat a11 t h e m o der n v er s io n s sh o u l d h av e b een m ade fr o m

,

t his c o p y Th i s p r o ba b ly in duc ed t h e cel ebr at ed O r i en t al ist M o n s

.
, , ,
.

M u n k o f P ar i s t o p r ep ar e a n ew Fr en ch v er s i o n fr o m t he o r igin al
, ,

A r a bi c T hi s w or k i s di vi ded i n t o t h r ee p ar ts ; t he r st c o n tain s 7 6
.

ch apt er s an d t r eat s o f th e var i o u s syn o n ym es h o m o n y m es m etapho r s

, , , ,

a ll e o r i es an d s im ili es fo u n d i n S c r i pt u r e a n d m o r eo v er c o m m en t s o n
g p ro
c h ea v en
, , , , ,

p h e y t he u n i v er s e an d an gel s The s ec o n d p ar t di s c o u r s es i n ,

fo r t y
, .

e i h t ch a p t e r s o n G o d t h c l t i l b di d t h eir i n u en ce
g o n e e e s, a o es
, a n ,

an d o n t h e L aw The t h ir d di vi de d in t o eight
. fo u r ch ap t er s t r eats o n ,

t he v i si on o f E z eki e l P r o v iden c e an d t h e r eas on s fo r th e D i v i n e c o m

, ,

m an dm en ts .

2 n d . Ep i st l e to t he l ear n ed of M ar sei ll es , wr itt en i n 1 1 9 4 . This ,

in an an s q ues ti o n s p u t t o hi m c o n cer n in g c er tain p er s on s w h o

wer to ,

b e l i e v i n g i n ast r o l ogy w i sh ed t o exp l ai n ever ythin g b y m ean s o f t hat

,

pr ete n ded s cien ce an d co n cer n in g a c er tain J ew w ho b o as ted t o b e th e

,

M essi ah I t h as b een t r an sl at ed i n t o L at in
. .
 W OR K S or M AI M O N IDE S . 29 1

M aam ar H ayi chu d (a t reatise o n the unity ) was originally

3r d .
, ,

w ritt en in Arabic an d thenc e trans l ated into Hebrew b y R I saa c ben

, .

Nathan I t w as writt en after the M oreh and is a digest o f what t h e

.
,

a uthor stated o n this dogm a in his Yad C h as akah .

4t h M i lo t h H igey o n (ter m s u sed in the art of thinking )

.
,
Th i s is a .

t reatise on l ogic originally written in Arabic and trans l ated into t h e

, ,

Hebrew: I t h as al so been co m m ented u pon b y M endel ssohn .

M E D I CA L .

l stCo m pendiu m of the Canon o f A r i c en n a a bea u tifu l M SS o f

.
,
.

this work is preserved at the D o m inican Convent at Bol og na I t is .

s aid that F erdinand I offered in vai n two hundred gol d pieces for this
.
,

c op y.

2n d H an hago t h Hab r yu t h (on the Preservation o f Heal th )

.
,
It .

i s an epistl e addressed to the K ing of Egy pt .

3r d S ep h er H ar ep u ot h (the Book of Cures )

. Ac c ording to Sab
,
.

ta i t h e M SS is in th e I m peria l L ibrary o f V ien na

,
. .

4th Co m m entar y o n the Ap h oris m s of Hippocrates according t o

.
,

the doc trin es o f Ga l enus in seven Chap te r s The Hebre w M SS unde r

,
. .

"
the titl e of Book o n M edicine i s in the L ibrary of t h e V atican ,
.

5t h Garden o f Heal th
. This work treats o f t h e ani m a l an d
.

m inera l productions of nature .

6t h S ep h er H an i m s a h (The Book o f E xistence )

.

,
This i s a m edi .
.

c al and m ora l treatise .

7 th Aphoris m s o f m edicine
. I t consists o f 25 chapt ers This . .

w ork m ust have been written p r ior to 1 19 0 the M oreh being q uo te d ,

in it .

8 th Co m pendiu m fro m 21 book s viz 1 6 fro m G a l en and ve from

.
,
.
, ,

works o f other authors .

9 th Treatis e o n the H e m o r r h o ide s and th eir t reat m ent t ran s l at e d

.
,

I nto the Hebrew m anuscripts o f bot h a r e preserved in the Roya l

Library o f Paris .

1 0 th A Treatis e o n Poison s and M edicines which m ay cau s e d e ath

.

a Hebrew v ersion is pres e rved in the above na m ed p l ace -

.

1 1 t h Consu l tation o n the snoring o f the nose and throat

. A cop y .

a l so in t h e Paris Ro y a l L ibrary .

1 2t h A Treatise o n Coitus
. .

1 3th A Treatise o n Asth m a and the re m edies fo r cur i ng 1 t

. .

1 4t h Exposition o f D rugs
. .
29 2 H L J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A E L "

15th . Consultation of M edicine , com posed fo r a princ e o f his

c entury .

l 6th M ethod o f curing those who have been bitten b y venom ou s

.

b easts o r have been poi soned

, .

1 7 th Treatise o n the causes o f m al adies

. .

1 8 th Co m pendiu m o f t h e m edicin e o f Ga l en
. .

1 9 th On t he Podagra. .

M I SC E L L AN E O U S .

1 st . Tem an (Epistl e to the South ) This epistl e writt en

I gger eth .
,

in 1 1 7 4 was addressed to the Jews inhabiting the c ountries o f the

,

South in order to stren gthen them in t heir faith and to caution them
, ,

a gainst the i m position o f a pretended M ess iah , then endeavour i ng to m i s

l ead the Jews The occurrence which call ed forth t he epistl e i s thus
.
,

r e l a t ed b y M ai m onides in this docu m ent

A m an arose twenty two years back in the south country who

,
-
, ,

stat ed that he was a m essenger sent to prepare th e way for the com ing ,

o f the M essiah He further sai d that the K ing M essiah wou l d revea l
.

him sel f in the south country U pon this m an y peop l e both Jews and .
, ,

Arabs asse m b l ed and he wandered about in the m ountains l eadin g them

, , ,

a s tra y
,
and c all ing o u t co m e with m e and l e t us go o u t to m eet , ,

M essiah fo r he sent m e to yo u t o m ake even the path for him

,
And ,

o u r brethren in the south cou ntr y wrote m e a l ong l etter inform ing m e , .

o f his m anners and habits and o f t h e innovatio n s introduced b y hi m ,

into the pray ers and o f what he t o l d the m

,
They furth er stated that .

they witnessed such and such o f his m irac l es and the y asked m y opinion ,

o f hi m . I inferred fro m the l etter that this unfort unate m an w as insane , ,

without an y l earning b u t still fearing God and that what h e said he

, ,

had done w as a ll a l ie F earing for the Je w s there I wrote an exp l icit

.
,

e pist l e o f M essiah hi s characteristics and the signs o f t he ti m es in which

, ,

h e is to appear and warned them to caution th e pretender l es t h e

, ,

perish and the c ongregations w ith h im

,
After a y ear he was taken .

prisoner and all h is adherents ed fro m h im

,
One o f th e kings o f .

Arabia who took hi m prisoner said to hi m W hat h ast thou done 2

, , ,

u pon w hich h e rep l i ed My l ord o r king I speak the truth for I have , , , ,

acted at the co m m and of the L ord The kin g said w hat proof hast .
,

tho u l

He rep l ied cut o ff m y head and I sha ll be restored t o l ife
,

, ,

a n d be as before The king said there is no stronger proof than t his ,

.

,
 CHAP T E R X .

M AIMONID ES ON R EPENTANC E .

Ex p l an atio n of P as sages s eem i n r i

g t o den y f ee w ll t o s om e m en
Po w er R ep en
of

-

tan c e tak en aw ay j u i d c i ally G o d s F or ekn o w ledge n o t in c o n sisten t W i th

i n divi du al fr ee w ill -
.

M A I MO N I D E S ON R E L I N T A N C E .

There ar e severa l passages in the Pen ta t euch and in the words o f ,

the Prophets which appear to contradic t this doc trin e (o f m an s m oral

,

l iberty ) M an y are l ed to the fa l se co nc l usions b y th ese passages that

.
,

God decree s ever y m an t o d o good o r evil and m an s m ind is n o t in hi s ,

power to incl ine to w hatever side he chooses I wi ll l ay down o n e .

princip l e which will exp l ain a ll those verses I f o n e m an o r the peop l e .

,

o f a wh o l e countr y co m m it a s in from his o r their free choice G o d

, , ,

w ill in variab ly punish hi m o r them , and God knows how to punish .

There are certai n sins which supre m e j ustice punishes in the l ife o f m an ,

o n his bod y hi s w ea l th o r o n his l itt l e chi l dren (

, ,
for l ittl e chil dren w h o ,

have no know l e dge yet and can keep no D ivine co m m and m ents y et ar e
, ,

a c tually the weal th o f their parents ~ VV h en S c rip ture say s Every m an

,
-

,

dies in his o w n sin , it on ly speaks o f m an and not o f chi l dren ; then
there are other sins w hich D ivine Justice punishes in the future l ife of
m an and n o har m o n their account b efa ls h i m here 3 further m ore there
, ,

a r e sins fo r which m an i s punished in this l ife and in t he l ife hereafter .

A ll this however takes p l ace on ly if m an returns not to God in tr u e

, , ,

repentance bu t if he returns to G o d repentance is a sure defence ,

a g a in s t a ll evi l a s well as a m an m a s i n wi th his o w n kno w ledg e an d

, y
fre e will
-
I t is possib l e however that m an com m its such gr i e v i o u s
.
, ,

crim es o r he i s guil ty o f s o m an y sins that D ivine j us t ice in order to

, , ,

pun is h hi m as he deserves o n accoun t o f his cri m e s or m anifo l d s in s,

which he h as co m m itted with his know l edge and free wi ll de cree s tha t -

s uch s inner l o s e his free wi ll and can re t urn n o m ore in tru e rep en tan ce
-
,

t o God th at h e die an d perish in h i s sin s Ther efore God sa id t o I sa iah ,

The heart o f this peopl e i s hardened & c an d i t i s said in another
.
, ,

, ,
.

passage And th ey hav e scorned the m essengers of the Lo rd an d d es

, ,

i sed h i s prie sts , a n d l ed astra y h i s prophe t s un ti l th e w r ath o f t h e Lo r d

p ,

w i ll b e s p en t o n H i s peop l e h ea l e d no m ore th a t i s Th eyh av e sin n ed

w i th t heir free w i ll an d h a v e tra ns re ss ed s o s eriou ly th a t j u s tice
, g s ,
 M AI M ON IDE S 0N R E P EN TAN CE . 29 5

dec l ares repent an ce shou l d be m ade im possib l e unto the m w hich is th e ,

heal ing o f the sinner Therefore it say s in the Pentateuch

. And I ,

wi ll h ar den the heart o f Pharaoh h e having sinned with his o w n fre e
,

wi ll , and oppressed I srae l who soj ourned in his l and as it say s

, Go ,

l et us deal wisely w ith them D ivine j ustice decreed tha t the power o f
.

repentance shou l d be taken fro m hi m un ti l he is su fciently punished

therefore G o d hardened h i s heart But if s o wh y did God send M oses
,
.
, ,

to Pharaoh to ad m onish h i m to repentance when He said beforehand ,

t hat Pharaoh s heart is h ear den e d ? On ly to teach co m ing generations i f ,

the cri m es have b ecom e too great the sinner can return no m ore to God ,

true repentance before he has received his punish m ent or he dies in his
, ,

sins which h e co m m itted with his free wi ll The sam e was the case
,
-
.

with Sihon 3 his sins were s o great that he cou l d return no m ore to G o d
in true repentance 3 therefore i t say s F o r G o d th y L ord hath , ,

hardened his m ind and m ade obstinate his hear t 3 the s am e is the case
,

with th e Canaanites on account o f their unutterab l e abo m inations the y

, ,

were deprived o f their free will to repent o f their sins and they m ade
-
,

war upon I srae l as it say s ,

F o r it was fro m God to harden their heart s ,

to go to war with I srae l that the y (the Can aanites ) be destro y ed

,

.

The sa m e was the case with I srae l in the tim e o f the proph et
El ij ah , because t heir transgressions were nu m erous ; tho s e w h o sinn ed

were prev ent ed fro m repentance as it say s an d thou hast t urned their , ,

h eart s backward , i e they were preven t ed fro m repen ta nce Therefore
.
,
.

w e say : God decreed n o t over Pharoah to m al treat I sr ael ; or over

.Sihon t o com m it sins in his l and 3 o r over t he C an an ites to com m it

c rim es 3 o r over I srae l t o rebe l agains t God 3 a ll o f them co m m itt ed sin
with th eir o w n free will unti l j us tic e dem ande d tha t the y be depri ved
-
,

o f t h eir fre e wi ll t o r eturn in t rue repent ance to God

-
I n the sam e sens e .
,

t h e pious m en an d the prophe t s pray e d to Go d t o hel p t h em upon the

,

p ath o f tr uth as D a vid pra y ed :
,
Teach m e Th y ways 0 God, 21a , ,

let m y s in s not b e the cau se o f m y e rrin g fr o m the path of t r u th , b y

w hich I know Th
y way s an d the Onenes s o f Th y nam e I n th e

, .

m
sa e s ense he pra y ed : An d l e t the s piri t o f goo dnes s suppo r t
O

m e ,
l et m y m in d be free t o d o Th y will , that m y sins prevent
m e no t a l w ay s t o re t urn to Thee , if I er r , unti l I again c om pre

h end a n d kno w the w ay of t ruth 3 so a ll sim i l ar p assages m ust be
e x po u nded . W hen D avid say s : G o o d an d st raight i s God , t h erefo r e

he tau gh t s inners t he w ay 3 th is s ign ies t h at G o d sen ds proph ets to ,

a dm o n ish th e m o r ta l t o r et urn to G o d in t r u e r epen t anc e 3 fu r t h er m o r e

~
,

it sign ie s t h at G od grants to m an the c ap ac it ies to l earn an d c om p r e

29 6 HA J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS R AEL .

h end . every m an s qual ity and wal ks in the path o f wisdom
This is ,

a n d u s t i ce 3 the y are endea red t o hi m and he l ongs after them There

,
.

fore o u r sages said W hoever co m eth to becom e pure he wi ll be he l pe d ,

t o it i e , h e will nd in hi m se l f reso u rces to s u ppor t hi m o n the path o f

, . .

purity .

But it m i ght be asked is i t not stated in the Penta teuch concerning

, ,

I sra el in Egy pt : And the y w ill serve them (the D id

n ot Go d decree over the Egyptians to ensl ave I srae l ? Then i t says ,

concerning I srae l And this peopl e W ill rise and go astray after other

Gods 3 was it not decreed over I srae l to worship idol s ? How then
cou l d they be punished for it ? But God decreed not that thi s m a n o f
I srae l shou l d worship idol s o r that particul ar m an o r Egy ptians shou l d
, ,

e ns l ave the I srae l ites G o d on ly m ade known the course o f the nat ion
.

in thi s respect and n o t o f the individual who has his free choice not t o
, ,

y ie l d t o the corruption o f his peop l e o r age This is m ore as if God had .

said : there wi ll be pious m en and a l so wicked ones am ong this nation ; ,

this co m pel s none individually to be pious or wicked Cou l d not t h e .

wicked m an with the sam e j ustice s ay it is n o t m y fau l t that I a m

, ,

wicked for M oses a l ready predicted that there shou l d be wicked m en

,

am ong I srae l 3 hence I a m co m pe ll ed to be wicked The sam e was the .

c ase with Egyp t Every Egy ptian was at l ibert y to do good o r harm t o
.

the I srael ites 3 for G o d decreed n o t that this Egyptian shou l d do harm

to I srael He only said that Abraham s seed will be reduced to servi
.
,

tude in a foreign l and I n a ll those m atters it m ust not be forgotte n

.
,

what w e have al ready said m an has power to know lzw God knows ,

fu ture events .

M aim onides m e ans t o say that m an s nature is t hu s constructed , ,

that if he sinks deep enough in th e mire o f c rim e i f he l oses fre e~ wi ll , ,

an d beco m es t h e s l ave o f h i s bru t a l passions and enorm ities fro m which ,

.

ei t her a fiction o r deat h on ly can save h i m Th is is no t the resul t o f .

s p ecu l ation bu t of so l id fac t s

, which one can observe al m ost dai ly ; i n
,

t heo l ogy such m en are call ed l os t sinners 3 in profane l anguage w e call ,

t he m stubborn and incurab l e cri m inal s who m ust be r endered harm l es s , C

to s o ci ety , or m us t be brough t t o their senses b y m i sery and ali c tio n .

29 8 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH IS R A EL .

xxvi 1 9 Bu t they ans w ered Perhaps the prophet here predicts t h e

.
,
.

resurrection o f the dry bones per for m ed after w ards through the proph et ,

Ezekie l ? R abbi I s m eal continued : I t can a l so be proved fro m the

K et h ab im 3 (H aggio gr ap h s 3) for it is w ritten : A n d the roof o f th y
m outh is l ike good w ine w hich tastes s w eet ly to m y be l oved an d cau ses
, ,
,7
t h e l ips o f t h e s l eeper to s p ea Song o f Songs vii 6 This he said ,
.
, .
, .

show s that the l ips o f the dead w i ll y et speak Bu t they ans w ered Per .

haps it m eans only l iving s l eepers w ho so m eti m es speak after they hav e ,

taken w ine ; or the dead w i ll m ove w ith their l ips but not rise ; as , ,

al so R abbi J o ch an an s ai d A n y expl anation o f the law w hich is recorded

, ,

an d the n a m e o f the author his ( the author s ) l ips m ove in the grave fo r
, ,

it is w ritten Causes the l ips o f the s l eeper to speak The Sadd u cee s .

cou l d n o t therefore be convinced that the resurrectio n can be proved

, ,

from the Torah u nti l the R abbi q uoted the passage in E xod vi 4
, . .
, .

N o w w hat can this m ean ? To s ay that the y w ho are n o w standing

,

around hi m are a l ive is nothing because it i s unders tood b y a ll that

, , ,

an y o n e w h o stands upon his feet and li s t en e th to a speaker is a l ive 3 but , ,

it m eant this Even i n that da y w hen a l l the w or l d (the inhabitants o f ,

it ) shall be de ad yo u w h o c l eave to the Lord shall be a l ive 3 that is shall

, ,

a rise fro m the dead and take their rew ard The R o m an s once aske d
,
.

R abbi Joshua : Ho w can yo u prove that God w i ll raise the dead and ,

that God kno w s all fu ture t hin gs ? He ans w ered This I can prove w ith
o n e verse 3 and he recited the verse fro m D en t xxxi 1 6 b u t the y .
, ,

w ere n o t s atised j ust a s the Sadducees w ere n o t

,
The R abbi then said : .

W e ll if I had n o t ans w ered both y our questio n s I have at l east answ ered
, ,

the l atter that i s G o d foreknew that I srae l w o u l d go astray after t he

, ,

d ea th o f M oses R abbi Eli zer said : I n the fo ll o w ing m a nn er I rep u

.

di at ed the scriptures o f the C ath izem (Sam aritans) They s ay that th e .

r es u rr ectio n o f the dead cannot be proved fro m the Torah 3 an d I

a n sw ered the m sayin g : Yo u set at naught y our o w n scrip tu res ; they
,

ar e therefore o f n o bene t t o y o u 3 for i s it n o t w ritten

, ,
Because h e
h as d espised the W ord o f Jehovah an d h as broke n his com m and m en t , ,

tha t so ul sh al l be u tterl y cut o ff his ini quity shal l rem ain u po n h i m 3 ,
'

N um b xv 31 .
N o w w hen the s in n er is u tterly cu t o ff ho w can his
.
,
.
, ,

in i qui ty still be up on hi m But the m ean i ng i s he sha ll be c ut o ff from ,

t hi s life an d the s i n sha l l re m ain u pon hi m unti l the age to co m e w he n

, ,

he w ill rise from the dead an d receive his punish m en t R abbi A kiba ,
. .

re m arks th e l atter p ar t o f t he verse has a doub l e m ea nin g ; if the in i

u i ty r e m ain s upon h i m that is if he continues t o sin the n he w i ll
q , , ,

r eceiv e p u nis h m e n t a t the r esurrectio n 3 but if he r epe nts an d forsak es ,

h i s evi l w ay s , hesh all nd m ercy at that d ay .

 R ES U R R EC L I O N

OF THE D EA D . 29 9

C l eopatra, t h e Q uee n once as ked R abbi Mair : We kno w that the

,

d ead w i ll be quickened again fo r it is w ritten . A n d the y o f th e cit y

s ha l l spring up l ike the grass o f t h e earth
,
Psal m s 7 2 1 6 w hich cer , , ,

t ain ly m eans th at m en w i l l gro w o u t fro m the earth rise fro m the dead 3
, ,

but h ow w i l l the y rise c l othed or nak e d ? R abbi M air ans w ered Take
,

a n exam p l e fro m the w heat grain w hich is buried naked and rises c l othed 3
,

h o w m uch m ore sh all o u r bodies rise c l othed C aesar once said to

R abbi Ga m a l ie l You m ai n tain that the dead w i ll rise 3 h ow can this
he
be A r e the y n o t dus t ? A n d h o w can dust beco m e a l ive again T
daughter o f C aesar w h o w a s present turned to the R abbi and said Be
, ,

q ui et and l et m e a n s w er m y father She then rep l ied Suppose there .

w ere t w o creators in o u r city ; one w h o creates so m ething fro m w ater ,

and the other from c l ay 3 w hich o f the m is greater ? C ertain ly he w h o

c reates so m eth i ng fro m w ater repl ied C aesar W e l l then said h i s
,
.
,

daughter 3 a m aster w ho is ab l e to for m som ethin g of w ater shou l d he ,

not be ab l e to m ake som ething from cl ay R abbi I s m ae l said Take a

l ass bott l e as an exa m p l e } a g l as s bot tl e is m ade b y the breath o f m en 3
g
and w hen broken it can be u sed again (b y being pu l verized and m e l ted )
,

a n d m ade a bott l e again 3 h o w m uch m ore m en w h o w ere created b y t h e ,

breath o f God w hen th e y are broken (dead ) w i ll be raised again ?

, , ,

A M in asked R abbi A m i : H o w can dust beco m e a l ive again ? H e

t

a n s w ered I shall exp l ain it to y ou in a parab l e I t is l ike t o .

a kin g ,
w ho com m anded his servants t o buil d h i m a pa lace o n
such a p l ace w here there w as neither w ater n o r c l ay (w hich m eans ,
, ,

w here the y cou l d not m ake m ortar ; sti ll the y w ent on and perfo r m e d ,

the w ork A fter severa l y ears that pa l ace w a s cru m bl ed into d u st ; an d

.
,

the kin g then said to t h e sa m e servants N o w go an d b u i l d m e an other

pa l ace at such a p l ace w he r e w ater and c l a y are in abundance 3 a n d the y
,

an sw ered W e can not What cried the king y o u cou l d erect a build
.
,

i n g w ithout those necessary m a terial s 3 and n o w w hen yo u have them ,

y o u say yo u cannot A n other M in said to G abi ah ben P ess isa : W o e - -

i nto o u s i n n ers w h o sa that the dead sha l l l ive 3 those w h o are a l rea d y
.
y y
,

l iving shal l die h o w sha l l those w h o are dead l ive again ? G abi ah
,

a n s w ered : W o e unto
yo u y e sinners w h o s ay that the dea d shall
, ,

n ot becom e a live again 3 those w h o never w ere in existence b efore ar e ,

call ed into existe n ce and l ife b y A l m ight y G o d 3 h o w m uch m ore ca n

tho s e w h o hav e a l ready had existence and l ife be ca l l ed i nto exis ten ce ,

an d l ife again b y the w i l l o f G o d ?

A G en ti l e or an y on e w ho w as n o t a J ew .
 CH A PTER X I I .

H E BR EW P OETR Y .

P o etr y ch arac t er i s t i c of th e H eb r ew sS el ecti o n s fr o m t h e later H eb r ew P o etr y .

H E BR E W

P OE TR Y .

It be tru l y said that poetry is a grand e l e m ent i n the char

m a
y ,

acter o f the Hebre w peop l e Th eir histor y is a s u b l im e ep i c o f P rovi

.

dence 3 their very l aw s are brightly tinged w ith poetic beauty ; their
sacred oracl es revea l the fut u re o f o u r co m m on race in m agni cen t
poetic form s 3 their inspired ly rics furnish t h e l an guage for the w orship
o f s uccessive generations 3 the y a f ford a so l ace in the ali c ti v e cares o f
l ife ; they hover o n the l ips of the d y ing 3 they are destined to be sung b y
nations y et u nborn 3 an d to be t h e h ym n boole o f a regenerated w or l d .

This o f cou r se is to be u nders t ood entire ly o f the songs o f th e

, ,

Hebrew Bib l e Exce ll ent as are m an y o f th e l ater productions o f t he

.

Je w ish p en in this departm ent there is an i m passab l e l ine betw een them
,

an d the co m positions o f the prophetic w riters The rst gr eat distin o .

tio n betw ee n these tw o c l asses of poetry arises from the fact that the ,

Bibl ica l songs w ere not the products o f m ere hum an geni u s b u t a theo ,

phan y i n w ords an e m bodim ent o f D ivine inspiration They are differ

, .

en t al so in their for m s The l ate r Hebre w poetry fashions itse lf in t he

.

a rtistic nu m bers o f prosod y 3 that o f the Bib l e is m etrica l

HE BR EW P OEM .

1 .

Before Th y heaven ly W ord reveal ed th e w onders o f Th y w i ll 3

Before the earth and heavens ca m e forth fro m chaos deep an d stil l 3
E en then Tho u reig n est Lord supre m e as Thou w i l t ever reign

, ,

A n d m oved Th y Ho l y Spirit o e r the dark unfatho m ed m ain , .

Bu t hen through a ll the space Th y m ighty voice w as heard

w ,

The d ar knes s ed a n d hea v en ly l ight ca m e bea m ing at Th y w ord 3

,

A ll n at u re the n procl ai m ed Thee King m ost b l esse d an d a dored ,

T he gre at C rea tor ! G o d a l o n e the uni v e r sa l Lord !

30 HA J EH U D I M A N D M I K V EH I S R A EL

-
.

That Th y bel oved and faithfu l band ,

M ay be uphe l d from fear ,

D e l iver b y Th y m ighty hand ,

A n d to Th y pra y er give ear .

I n holiness t he Eterna l s w ears

My j o y sha ll be co m p l ete ,

Shechem w i ll I divide in shares ,

A n d S u ccoth s va ll e y m ete .

Gi l ead is m ine M an ass ah m ine ,

W hi l e Ephrai m round m y head

, ,

Shal l strength w ith beauty w reathed en tw i n e ,

My law shall Judah S pread .

I n M oab w ill I bathe m y hands ,

O er E dom ca st m y shoe ,

Phi listia l Th y de l ightfu l l an ds

Shal l grace m y triu m ph too .

Bu t w h o w i ll he l p m e to i n vade ,

That c itidal of s tr en gh
W h o sho w m e E do m prostrate l ai d;
A n d give m e rest at l ength ?
.

Wi ll not the God w hose h and appeared

,

F ro m ou r support w ith dra w n

E ven Thou O G o d 3 w hose ai d w e feared
, ,

Had fro m o u r ar m ies go n e

Hel p Lord for hu m an hel p is vain ;

Our ene m ies oppose 3

Thro God fresh triu m p hs shal l w e gain ,

F o r He w i ll crush o u r foes .

I ll .

L etus send O u r voice i m p l oring ,

To J eh o v ah s starry seat 3
To o u r God th i s song be soaring ,

Wh ich w i ll m ercy fo r us p l ead ,

On this happ y happ y day , ,

F or Jehovah hears u s pra y .

 H EBR EW P O ETR Y . 30 3

Here u n ited ar e w e m eetin g ,

I n Th y house this Sabbath day 3

Let Th y presence give us greetin g ,

A s w e chant this si m p l e lay .

O descend to d w e ll am ong
,

Thine o w n peop l e s j oyous throng .

We n ow consecrate this tem p l e ,

To high heaven s nob l e Lord 3
Fu ll w i th j o y w e n ow asse m b l e ,

A n d to pious the m es resort .

0 F orgive the sins o f a ll

, ,

W h o have sou ght this s acred w all .

Give u s l ight w hi l e w e are steerin g

,

I n this dark too dark a path 3

,

D w e ll am ong us and be cheering ,

The poor victi m s o f Th y w rat h 3

W e ll obey Th y dread com m an ds .

Thou gh w e live in forei gn land s .

F or M essiah are w e w aiting ,

Who w i ll take us to o u r ho m e
M ay o u r gl ory not be fading ,

F ro m great J u dah s sons that roam ,

I n all l ands to chant a l ay ,

On this j oy ous Sabbath day .

M oo s .

IV .

O n Th ee m y rock Eterna l ! w i l l I ca ll 3
,

N o t si l ently do thou attend 3

Lest Thou rem aining si l ent I s h ou l d fall
, , ,

Like th os e w h o to the p i t descend .

To m y i m p l oring voice Thin e ear app ly ,

I hen I for m erc y cry

W hi l e on Thy ho ly shrin e I gaze ,

A n d t o Thine o r acle m y hands adoring rais e .

30 4 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

W i th vi le t r an s gr esso r s dr a w m e n ot a way
W i th t h ose w ho p r a c ti ce w i ck ed ar ts

W ho , Pea c e be wi th yo u ,
t o t he i r neighbors sa
y,
W hi l e h at r ed w o r k s wi thin t h ei r h ea r t s .

Th o u w i l t cco r din g to t h eir ev i l d on e

,
a ,

R ewar d t h em e ver y o n e
Th eir p r a ct i c es m ale v o l en t ,

A cc or din g t o the gu i lt o f t hei r m a l ign i n ten t .

A ft er t h e w i cked d eeds t h ei r h an ds h av e wr o ught ,

T heir r eco m p en s e wi l t Th o u assi gn

R et u r n i n o n t h em sel v es t h ei r ev i l t h o u gh t
g ,

A s t h e des er t of t h ei r des i gn .

Be c au se l s u s t co m m an ds,
t o t he Et er n a

A n d w o r k in g o f H is h an ds ,

A d u e r esp ect th ey n ev er yi el d ,
H e s h all d estr o y th em all a n d t h ei r w o r k ,
n e v er bui ld .

Bles t b e t h e Et er n g cai o u s ear

l ,
a ra

H as t o m y p r a ye r fu l v o i c e i n c l i n ed
Th e Et er n a l i s m y buck l er ev er n ear
I n Hi m all n eedfu l s t r en gth I n d .

I n H i m m y h ear t c o n ded an d b el i ev ed ,

A n d s ucc o r I r e c ei v e d
M y h ear t i s t h er efo r e ll e d w i th j o y ,

A n d to e x a l t hi s p r ai se I wi ll m y s o n g em p l o y
,
.

W hy

n i o u r n e th Z i 0 11 s da u gh t er n ow ,

H er h ead w ith as h es s t r ew e d
'
l .

S he w ee p s fo r Ju dah s b r o k en
v ow

H er S p i r i t i s s u bd u ed .

Q ue en o f t h e n a tio n s 3t ho u ar t r eft ,

O f t e m p le , cr o wn an d th r o n e 3
T hy m usic hat h ch o l eft
n o e

Bu t
s o r r o w s p l ai n t i v e t o n e .
30 6 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

Fo r b ear th e t est o f fai th i s o er
U n b i n d t h e s a c r i c i a l c o r d
Yo n h eaven p r o vided r am s ecur e ,

To b l eed an d bu r n b efo r e t h e L o r d .

Bl o w b lo w t h e t r u m p s o f gl adn es s n o w
'

,

G o d s c l e m en c y an d l o v e c o n fess
W ho hath fu lll ed H i s s o l em n v o w ,

I n I s aac s s eed t h e ear th t o b l ess

-
T]ze S a cr ice
. . A . J M
. .

V II .

L or d o f th e Un i v er s e
gn ed . He r ei

Befor e cr eati o n s t eem i n g b i r t h 3

Er s t , wh en H is at all o r da in ed,
A ckn o w l edged K i n g s up r em e on e ar th .

Yet w h en ,
t h ese
w o r l ds s h all p ass awa y ,

H e s t i ll sh a ll go v er n s o l e s ub li m e , , ,

W h o w as w h o i s an d w i ll b e aye
'

, , ,

A ll gl o r i o u s t o t h e en d o f ti m e .

On ly G o d wi th n o n e b es ide
e on ,

To e qu a l H i m o r s h ar e H i s th r o n e 3 ,

Beyo n d th e r each o f t i m e an d t ide ,

Bo w r an d d o m in i o n H i s a lo n e

.

W i th o u t c o m p ar e o r p ar a ll el ,

N e r kn o w i n g v ar i an c e o r ch an ge ,

N

o
p o w r c an l ess en i n c r ea se s w ell , ,

HI S m l ghty e m p i r e bo u n dl ess r an ge ,
.

My God an d m yR l iv e s e d ee m er ,

A s h el t er i n
g r o ck w hen w o es b efa l 3
,

Mv b an n er H e a r e fu ge gi ves ,

A cu o f s o l a c e w h en I c a ll
p .

To H i m m y s p ir i t I r es ign ,
A s le ep , o r w ak i n g, t o H i s c ar e
I y i el d th i s m o r ta l fr am e of m in e
N or fear G od s

w it h m e e er v y w h er e .
 H EBR EW P O ET R Y . 1 30 7

V III .

W h en Fai th t o o yo u n g fo r a s ub li m er cr eed ,

H er sam p l e t ex t fr o m n at u r e s v o l u m e t aught

S h e wak en ed m el o dy wh o s e s h e ll an d r eed

,

Th o u gh r u de up on h er s p ir i t gen tly wr o u ght

, .

Bu t s o o n fr o m syl van al tar s s h e t o o k win g ,

A n d m u s i c fo ll o wed s ti ll th e an gel s ight 3

S av age n o m o r e s h e t o uch ed a go l den s tr i n g

, ,

A n d s u n g o f G o d i n r ev el ati o n s l i ght
,

L en d l en d yo u r c h o r ds ye s er ap h
,
p a ir ,

Th e so u l o f J es s e s S o n 3

That w e m ay i n h ar m o n i o u s p r ayer ,

Exalt t h e Ho ly O n e

G ir t i n H i s l igh tn i n g r o b e G o d gav e th e law

-

F r o m t r em b l in g S in a i t o H is e l des t b o r n 3
,

Tables t hat t i m e fr o m m em o r y co u l d n o t dr aw
,

A t alis m an in J u dah s b os o m w o r n

His S pi r i t b efo r e th o u s an ds p ast ,

S o o n e a l o n e r e v ea l e d ;
A n d m id t h e t hu n d er s aw fu l b l ast

Fai th s co v en an t w as s eal ed I

H im r s t, H i m l as t, H i m v er le t u s s in g e ,

W h o s e p r o m ise yet t h e H ebr ew p il gr i m ch eer s 3

W h o s h all hi s w an der i n g p eo ple o n c e m o r e b r in g ,

Back t o t he gl o r y o f depar ted y ea r s .

Br igh t Pi ll ar o f o u r d ess er t p at h ,

T hr o u gh sh am e an d s c o r n a do r ed 3
C h a s te n ed i n s p i r i t a n d i n w o r d ,

S ti ll s t i ll let o u r so u l h a r m o n y
,
-

A s c en d b efo r e Th y t h r o n e 3
W hi l e e c h o i n g s e r ap h i m r ep ly ,

T he L or d ou r Go d is on e I
A D A H .
30 8 HA J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

PS A L M I I I .

L o r d, s ee m y fo es

th e v ast ar r a y ,

A ga i n s t m e c o m e ab r o a d 3
W hile, o f m y s o u l , fu ll m an y sa
y

N o h el p fo r hi m i n G o d .

Bu t T h o u Et er n al ar t m y s hi el d
, , ,

My gl o r y an d m y p r ais e 3
,

By t h ee m i n e e v er y w o un d i s h eal ed
, ,

M y h ea d Th y m er ci es r ai se .

Et er n a l, I
fo r qu i ck n in g gr a c e,
,

Beseu gh t w ith ear n es t v o i ce 3

H e h ear d m e fr o m H i s H o ly p l a c e .

A n d c au s e d m e to r ej o i c e .

I l a i d m e d o w n n o r d r e ad e d h a r m , ,

I sl ep t fr o m t r o ub l e fr ee 3
F r esh I aw o k e fo r w i th H is ar m ,

Th e L o r d G o d s hi el ded m e .

I wi ll n ot, th er efo r e, b e afr a id

O f t en s of th o u s an d st r o n
g,
W ho, un d m e c o m
ro p ass in g h av e l ai d ,

F o u l p l o ts t o d o m e w r o n g .

A r i se , Et er n a l sa ve m e, God
F or Tho u h as sm i t ten t h o s e ,
M in e en e m i es 3 Thy p o w er fu l r o d
H as c r u sh ed m y wi ck ed fo es .

S a l v a t io nw ith t he L o r d G o d r est s 3
Yes Tho u a l o n e D iv i n e 3
,

Th y b l e s s i n g s a v i n gly i n v est s
A ll w h o ar e t r u ly t h in e .
310 HA J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

G r ey S in ai, w i th m i ght y ear th qu ak e r en t,

U p h eav ed i t s s ur gin g b r east as i n a s to r m ,

S h ap el ess fr o m s i de t o s i de th e wav es w er e sen t

, , ,

T o ss d by th e p o w er o f an A l m i gh t y ar m 3

A n d I sr ael k n el t w ith h an ds an d ey es upr ai s ed ,

W hi l e do w n th e du sk y hill s J eho vah s l i ghtn in g b lazed , .

Th en 10 ch an gel s s um m o n s lo u d an d shr i ll
t he ar , ,

S h o t t er r o r an d di sm ay thr o u gh all their b an ds ,

A n d w a xi n g l o n ger lo u der lo u d er s ti ll
, , , ,

R ev er b er a t in g o er t h e des er t san ds ,

Biddin g G o d s s eer as c en d t h e am i n g hi ll

F r o m whi ch He i s s u ed H is div in e c o m m an ds ,

A n d gav e th e m s t at u t es fo r th e p r o m i s ed H o m e,
A n d l i gh t ed H eav en wi t h l o v e thr o ugh t h e eth er ial dom e l
.

A ctio n a tely m scm bed to br o ther J a co b, by A . If . M

XI .

PS A L M xx .

The Eter n h ear t h ee, i n th e day,

a l
W h en t h r eat en in g dan ger s l o w er 3
The G o d o f I sr a el b e thy stay
H is n am e th y l oft y t o w er .

O y H e fr om H i s t em p l e s en d,
m a

To h el p th ee b y H is gr a c e
F r o m H o ly Zi o n s ucco ur len d ,
Th i n e ar m w i th vigo r b r a ce .

Thin e fer i n
of
gs i n r e m em b r an ce bear ,
Th y s ac r i c e r e c ei ve

F u ll t hy h ear t s u n utt er ed pr ayer ,
A n d t hy des ign s a chi ev e .

To Thy s afe ty s hall a ffo r d

u s

A t hem e o f j o yfu l p r ais e ,

A n d in the n am e o f G o d, t he L or d ,

Ou r b an n er s wi ll w e r ais e .
 HE BR EW P O ETR Y . 31 1

N ow w e kn o w th at the L or d fr o m h ar m ,
W i ll H i s an o i n t ed shi e ld
H ear H im H ea ven an d H i s
fr o m , ri
ght ar m

W i th s av in g v i gor w i el d .

To p r ai s e of ch ar i o ts s om e de c l ai m
F o r h o r s es d e c l ar e 3
so m e

Bu t w e in m em r y wi l l t he n am

e

O f G o d, t he et er n a l , b ear .

A n d th u s, wh i l e t h ey d es c en din g fa ll,

W e r i s in g s h all
c d3 a s en

Et er n al ! s av e u s 3 w h en w e c all
D o Th o u o u r Ki n g a tten d

.
, ,

J ew is k Ckr on i c le .

XI I
I t i s t he h o ly S abb at h day ,
L et pr ai s e t o G o d as c en d I
I n h o li n es s u l a r r ay
th y so ,

A n d w o r l d ly t ho u h t s s u s p en d
g .

C o m e fo r th , ye w ear y s on s o f c ar e ,

T o i l wo r n a n d gr i ef o pp r ess ed 3
- -

To h eav en sen d a gr at efu l p r ayer ,

F o r t h o s e ca l m h o u r s o f r es t .

L et n ot p o o r est o f ye ask
th e ,

O f P r o v i den c e l o n g t r i ed ,

I f I fo r ego m y dai ly t as k ,

W h o s e h an d s ha ll b r ead p r o v ide .

R e m em b er t h at cel estia l fo o d ,

To I s r a e l o r da i n e d ,

W h en m er cy dou ble p o r tio n s s t r ew ed,

L est S abb at h b e p r o fan ed .

W i th t en fo l d gifts w ill G o d r ep ay,

Th e t r an si en t los s i n cu r r ed 3
Bu t t r em b l e ye w h o di s o b ey,
Th e m an dat e of th e L or d .
12 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

W i th p t u r e t hen b eh o l d t he l ight
ra

O f thi s r et u r n in g d ay 3
D ir ec t 0 G o d o u r s t ep s a r ight
, , ,

N o r fr o m T h ee let u s s t r a y

XI I I .

HY MN F OR THE D A Y O F A TO N E MEN T .

A l m igh ty G o d ! Thy s o v er eign p o wer

To u s is m an ifes t 3
S u s tai n us in thi s t r y i n g h o u r ,
A n d calm t he an x i o u s b r ea s t .

G i v e p eace t o e v e r y co n t r it e h ea r t ,

The w o un de d s p ir i t heal ,

S ub du e o u r fear s gla d h o p e i m p ar t
, ,

Thy lo v e di v i n e r e v ea l .

W i th v er gr a c io u s eye b eho l d
e ,

Th e p en i ten tia l t ear ,

W e feel o u r s i n s ar e m an ifo l d 3
O u r gu i l t t o u s i s c l ear .

Thy u n i ty w e w i ll pr o c l a i m
O n e G o d a l o n e a do r e 3
A nd glo r i fy Thy h o ly n a m e,
Both n o w an d ev er m o r e .

C . L IN D O .

XI V .

H YM N FOR THE R ECE P TI O N o r THE BA BBA TH .

C o m e, m y b elo v ed, to m eet t he b r ide 3

Th e p r esen c e o f t he S a bb at h let u s r e c ei v e , .

Co m e, m y b e lo ved ,
&c .

K p
ee an d r em em b er the S abb ath ,
b o th w o r ds did ,

Th e o n e p ecu l iar G o d c au sed t o h ear w i th an e xp r es sion , 3

Th e Et er n al i s u n ity an d H i s n am e i s U n i ty 3
,

To H i m app er tai n eth r en own glo r y an d p r aise , , .

C o m e m y b elo ved & c

, , .
31 4 HA J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

0 c om e in p eace ,
th o u cr o w n of

Thy h u sb an d 3 also w ith j o y an d m i r t h ,

I n t h e m i dst o f t h e fait hfu l an d b e l o v ed p eo p l e .

En t er , 0 b r i de En t er , 0 b r i de !
C o m e, m y b elo ve d ,
(ir e .

XV .

V OI CE O F I S R A EL .

W i th feel in gs wi l d as the W i nd 3
W i th a so ul n o ear th -
fe tter s c an bin d .

H aun tin g m y u l s yo u n g l ife 3
so

S igh s ar e gas p in g ,

W i n gs ar e c l as p i n g ,

I n c ea sel es s m ean i n g s tr i fe 3
Bai in g c on tr o l ,

Bi n din g m y s o u l
T hi s s oar i n g so u l t o l ife
To l i s t a v oi c e fr o m t h e do w n t r o d gr av e -

Ev er c allin g t his fr ai l s o u l t o sa v e
F r o m d u s t a n at i o n ,

Go d s gen er ati o n

Th r o ugh c r o wded s tr eet s I h ear

Th at m o u r n fu l s o u n d ,

A l o n g t h e gr o u n d ,

C r eep i n g t o m y s tar t l ed ear

I n fo r es ts l o n e ,

I h ear t h e t o n e 3
R es t l es s w in gs b ea t in g n ear 3
Fo ldin g an d u n fo l din g a s p i r i t b an d 3,

Bear in g a v o i c e fr o m t h e s i l en t l an d
V o i c e o f th e l o w ly dea d ,

I sr ael s l o n ely d ead .

N ow i n th e s weet est s in gi n g,
so ft an d low

Ti s ,

I ts n u m b er s o w 3

Thr o ugh my dr eam s t is w in gin g,
 HE BR E W P O ET R Y . 31 5

L ik e l ight at m o r n ,

I sr ael b or n -

W ith a G o d b r eath -

Th o ughts gl o r y do wn t his life o f m in e

of a

0 ,
t his s tr u ggl in g l i fe fo r l igh t div i n e
I s r ael s go l den light

Fr o m Go d s p o wer an d
m ight .

0 ,
t h is v oi c e
yst er y of m ,

W in di n g s l ow ly ,

S igh in g l o w ly ,

Th r o ugh m y s o u l s l ife h ist o r y 3
S hr i ek in g an d s ighin g ,

P l ea di n g a n d cr yin g ,

A n ati on s w r o n gs t h e s t o r y 3 ,

W r on gs t hat w ai l fr o m o er a s ea o f b l o o d

,

A n d fr o m o er C h ar o n s deep m ys t i c o o d 3
S a v e G o d s o w n n at i o n

S o ul s gen er ation
,

.

L ift t o my li ps t he pu r p l e w i n e
Th e wi n e o f life,
W i th a
gl or y r ife ,

To fr ee fr o m t h i s so ul of m in e,

Th e ga th er ed d u s t,
A n d d eep er r u s t ,
T hat I m a
y s ee t he l igh t di v m e,

To gir d o n th e ar m o r o f p o w er an d m ight 3
To b at tl e fo r I sr ael , G o d an d o u r r igh t
F o r t he G o d -
cr o w n ed n at i o n 3
Et er n a l gen er a t i on .

BY T HE A BOV E .

XV I .

O fo r a
gl an c e of hea v en ly day
To t ak e t h is ubb o r n st st o n e a w ay ,

A n d m e l t wi th b eam s of l o v e di vi n e
This hear t t h i s fr o z en
,
h ear t o f m in e !
31 6 HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

T he ro ck s c an r en d, t h e ear th c a n q u ak e ,

Th e s ea c a n r o ar , t he m ou n ta i n sh a k e 3

O f feel i n g all t h in gs s ho w so m e si
gn ,

Bu t t hi s u n fee l i n g h ear t of m in e .

To h ear th e sor r o ws J
ws h av e fel t
e ,

D ear L o r d , an a da m a n t w o u l d m e l t
3
T hen g r an t, 0 L o r d, t h e C h r i s t i an gr a c e
T o feel i n h e ar t fo r

I sr a el s ra e c .

Et er n al S p i r it , m igh t y God
Th e J ews li k e u s ar e esh an d b l o o d 3
, ,

Th en w hy sh o u l d w e t o th em a l o n e ,

Ex hi bi t b u t a h ear t o f s t o n e .

G r an t th en 0 L or d eac h C hr i stian n ation

, ,

To Jew s i n deb t ed fo r sa l vat i o n

I sr ael s c l aim m ay fr eely o w n
A n d s o ft en ed h a ve t he h ear t o f s to n e .

C .

XV I I .

T O I S R A E L .

Hail ! all h ail, m yst r io

e u s n at io n ,

L ot G o d s i n h er itan c e
of

S ad tho ugh l o n g thy s it u at i o n ,

, ,

S ee a b r i gh ter day a dv an ce

C lo u ds an d ver spr ead thee 3

s to r m s hav e o

To ss d thy b ar k dis he velled t o r n 3 , ,

Bu t t h e h an d t hat c hasten ed l ead thee ,

S i n k tho u c ou ld s t n o t, by i t bor n e .

D id G o d s v en gean ce o v e r t ak e t h ee ,

in h ate

Tw as in so r r o w ,
n ot

S till t h e pur p o ses to m ak e thee,

A bov e a ll o ther n a ti on s gr ea t .

H ar k I th e p r o m i s el s r ael hear it 3

Hear t he v o ice o f J acob s R o ck ;
 PA RT F O U RT H .

TH E S T UD Y O F HEBR EW .

C H A P T ER I .

TH E HEBR EW BI BL E .

S TU Y D o f th e x Hi stor i cal evi den ce O f th e accur acy o f t h e Textus r ec ep tu s

te t .

TH E H E BR E W B I BL E .

M uch l ight m igh t b e th r o wn H eb r ew S cr ipt ur es b y a gr eat er

on the ,

a tt en t io n t o a c r i ti c a l s tu dy o f th e te xt I do n o t ho w ev er t hi n k th at
.
, ,

ev en t h e s o u n des t c r i t i c is m c o u l d p r o d uce a t ex t differ en t i n an y m at e

r ia l p o i n t fr o m t h at i n e xi s t en c e s o a s es s e n t i a lly t o af
,
fe ct an y h i s t o r i ca l
o r d o c t r in a l p o i n t. Th e H eb r e w S c r i p t u r es ar e n o w up o n t h e w h o l e i n , ,

t h e s am e st at e in wh i ch E z r a l eft t h e m I t i s k n o w n t h at a c o p y o f t h e
.

S c r i p t u r es h ad b een i n t h e T em p l e

P o s s i b l e t hat Ezr a s o r igin a l o r at
.
,

l east a c o p y th er eo f p r es er ved i n t he t em p l e w a s destr o yed i n th e t im e

, ,

o f A n t i o ch u s Ep ip h an es . Bu t as t h e i n t er va l b etw een th i s c al am i ty an d
t h e r es to r a ti o n o f t h e pub l i c w o r s hi p b y t h e M a cc ab ees w as t o o s h o r t t o ,

h av e o b l i t er a t ed t h e m em o r y o f t hi s c o p y 3 as m o r e o v er c o p i es o f t h e , ,

S c r i pt ur es w er e t h en al r eady t oo w id ely d i ss e m i n at e d t o b e des tr o y ed in

s o s h o r t an i n t er v a l 3 as b es id es
,
m an y s c r i b e s u n der A n t i o c h u s m u s t
, , , ,

a l s o h a v e w i t n e s s e d t h e t r i u m ph o f t h e M a cc a b ees i t c an n o t b e d o ub t e d
, ,

b u t th at a fe e s i m i le o f t he T em p l e s c r o ll s w a s s o o n ex ecut ed an d agai n ,

d epo s i t ed i n t h e T e m p l e . By t h i s a u t h en t i c c o py t he S c r i b es n o do ub t , , ,

r ev i s ed a n d c or r e c t ed t h ei r t r an s c r i p t s w h i ch ev en b efo r e t h e d es tr u o
, ,

t i o n o f t h e T em p l e wer e c ar r i ed t o Ba byl o n
, an d t o t h e o t h e r J ew i sh
,

s ett l em en t s t h en ex i s t i n A t t h e des t r uct i o n o f t h e T em p l e m an y s uch

g .
,

c o r r e c t ed c o p i es m u s t h a v e ex i s t ed a ll o v e r th e w o r l d T h i s a u t h en t i c .

c o p y w as n o t des t r o y ed b y T i t u s fo r i t w a s am o n t h e t r o p h i e s c ar r i e d t o
, g
R o m e an d m o r e t h a n o n e h u n dr ed an d ft y year s after t h e des t r uc t i o n
, ,
-

o f t h e Te m p l e R abb i S i m e o n b en Yo c h a i a c el eb r a t ed M i s lm a i c do c t o r
, , ,

d e cl a r ed t o h a v e s een i t a t R o m e p r es er v ed w it h th e o th er t r o ph ie s
,

r i e d aw ay fr o m J er u s a l em Th e p ea c e wh i c h t h e J ews en j o y ed u n der t h e
.

s ucc e s so r s o f H a dr i an an d es p e c ia lly t h e hi h fa v o u r i n w hi c h t h e c o m
, g
pi l er o f t he M i shn a R abbi Ye i u da h t h e p r i n ce s to o d wi t h s o m e o f t he
'

, , ,
3 20 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

A n ton i n k e i t high ly p r o b ab l e th at t he J ews if th ey wi sh ed it

es , m a , ,

c o u l d o b tain access t o t hi s a u th en ti c s c r o ll o f t h e la w whi l st t h ei r deep ,

i n t er es t i n t h e m at ter i t m ay b e a ss u m ed m u st h av e i m p ell ed t h em in
, , ,

c ase s o f d o ub t t o c o n s u l t i ts c o n t en t s
,
L o n g b efo r e t h ese t r o phi es w er e
.

c a r r i e d a w ay b y t h e V an da l s t o A fr i c a t h e w o r k o f t he M as s o r ah h ad
, , ,

c o m m en c ed in T i b er ia s an d t h e p r es en t s y s t em
, , o f v o c a l i s at i o n if n o t ,

t h en i n v en t ed w as at l ea s t p er fe c t e d
, , ,
E v er s i n c e th at t i m e a M a sso
.
,

r et i c an d B i b l i c al l i ter at ur e h ad s p r u n g u p gu ar di n g t h e t ex t w i th a
,

s cr upu l o u s n ess w hi ch p r e v en t e d an y er r o r fr o m c r eep in g i n I n deed .

,

t h e c o n t r o v er s y o f t h e tw o c r i ti c a l s ch o o l s k n o wn r es p ec ti v ely by t he
,

n am e o f t h e s on s o f A s c h e r a n d o f N a h t alee r efer r ed o n ly t o m o s t
p , ,

u n i m p or tan t p o i n ts an d t h i s v er y c o n t r o v er s y sh o ws h ow un i ver s ally

,

t h e t ext m u s t h av e s p r ea d w h i ch n o w fo r m s t h e tex tu s r ecep ta s

,
Th er e
w o u l d b e n o dif cu l t y wh at e er i n s h o wi n g th at t h e c el ebr a ted M aim on

i des h ad a cc es s t o a c o p y o f t h e Bi b l e c r it i cally r ev i sed b y o n e o f t he

,

fo u n der s o f t h e s ch o o l s m en t io n e d an d t h at h e c o r r e c t ed b y i t a c o p y o f
,

t h e law wr it ten b y h i m s el f N o r w o u l d i t b e dif cu l t t o s h o w t h at t h e

.

c o p y o f M ai m o n i dc s w a s p r e s er v ed l o n g aft er h i s d eath an d th at o w i n g , ,

t o t h e i n t i m at e l i ter a r y i n t e r c o u r s e w hi ch e x i s t ed d ur i n g t h e m i ddl e ,

a es b etw een t h e J ew i s h s c h o l a r s o f t h e Eas t an d W e s t t r an s c r i p t s o f

g , ,

t hi s c o p y c o u l d h a v e fo u n d th ei r w a y i n t o Eu r o p e Th er e i s n o o ccasi o n
.

fo r e xt en din g t he ch ai n o f e v iden c e far th er d o wn as n o b o d y w o u l d ,

m ain tain t h at an y ch an ge i n t h e H eb r ew t e xt c o u ld h av e b e en m ade

a ft er t h at p e r i o d .
322 HA J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

tive m an n er , w o u ld n eith er offer an ythin g u sefu l n o r agr eeab le S u ch .

defe c ts ar e m o s t ly b etr ayed b y w r i ter s o f t h e J ewis h n ati o n w h o c o m ,

p o se th ei r wo r k s w ith a c er tain degr ee o f p r ej udi c e eith er i n fav or o r ,

again st p ar ti cu lar te n den c ies .

I n c o n t r ast t o t hese w r it er s th e n on I s r ael it e n ar r ato r s o f Bib li cal

,
-
'

h i st or y ar e ap t t o t ake th eir stan d as i f o n th e t o p o f a s pi r e t o w er i n g ,

i n t o t he c l o u ds an d s p ecu l at i n g o n c er tain do c tr in es att er in g t o t h e

,

s p i r i t o f th e age i n o r der to v i ew t he s c en e r y s p r ead b efo r e t h em t hr o u h

, g
t h e m edi u m o f h yp er r ati on ali s m t hr o u gh t h e m i st o f a c o l d m at er i al
a t m o s ph er ea p r o c eedi n
, ,

g c er t ai n ly b
y w hi c h if t h ei r ar ti ci a l t e l es c o p es
, ,

b e s om ewh at di m m ed t h e l igh t s s h ades an d t h e s ign s o f l ife o n t h e
, ,

s in gl e p o r ti o n s o f t h e l an ds c ap es u n der th eir o b s er vat i o n m u st b e l o s t ,

t o t h em i n c o n se qu en c e o f w hi ch t h e y d en y t h e e xi s t en c e o f w h at ev er
,

th ey do n o t p r o cu r e an d de c l ar e e v er yt hi n g o b s cu r e t h at app ear s s o t o
,

t h em sel v es . Hi s to r ian s o f thi s d es cr i pti o n c an o n ly t e ll th eir r eader s o f

t h e o ut w ar d fo r m s n o t o f t h e i n w ar d l ife s u ffer i n g a n d ex er t i o n s o f th e
, , ,

p eo p le o f whi ch th ey k n o w t o o li tt l e .

Th e h i s t o r y Jews as c o m p ar ed wi th th at o f all o th er n ati on s

of the , ,

i s in deed p ecu l i ar Ev e r y o th er p eo p l e o n th e fa c e o f t h e ear th i s o l der

.

t h an i t s hi s t o r y 3o b s cu r it y a n d fab l e di m t h e o r igi n o f a ll 3 t h e l it er a t ur e
.

o f n o n e e xt en ds a s far b a ck a s t h e r s t c en t ur i e s o f t h ei r e xi s t en c e .

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, ,

e x i s t en c e ; o l der ev en t h an th e I sr a el i t es a s a n at i o n ; fo r w e see t h e
pr i m i t i v e fam i ly o f J a c o b aye o f h i s dist i n gu i sh ed an c est o r A br aham
, , , ,

t ak i n g r o o t an d o v er s h a do wi n g t h e wh o l e l an d o f I sr a el
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l t s l it er at u r e .

i s m o r e an ci en t t h an i ts p o l i ti c a l e xi st en c e 3 an d t h en w h at a l it er at u r e ! ,

F ur ni sh ed n ei ther b y fab le n o r di sgu r ed m yth 3 b u t fo un ded fr o m i ts

v er y o ut s et up o n a p i o u s ly pur e t r adit i on a n d di vi n ely e xal ted w o r d , .

The n at u r a l de v el o p m en t o f ev er y o t h er n at i o n a l h i st o r y m ay b e co m
p ar ed t o a s tr eam r i si n g fr o m so m e i n s ign ican t s o u r ce o r c o n t em p t ib l e
m ar sh ,
s m all at r s t b u t i n c r easi n g i n d i m en si o n s u n ti l s we ll ed b y
, ,

t h e r ec ep t i o n o f m an y t r i bu tar y s t r eam s it di vides i n t o s ev er a l b r an ch es , ,

wh i ch l o se t hem s e lv es i n t h e o c ean .

Th e hi s t o r y o f I s r ael o n t h e c o n t r ar y r es em b l es a m ight y l ak e up o n
, ,

so m e l o fty m o un t ai n t o
p o w i n g d o w n b y D i vi n e e l e c t i o n a s a s p i r i t u a l
,

N i agar a an d b r an chin g o ff i n t o s m a ll er r i v er s i t p as s es o n war d i n c at ar

, ,

a c ts,
t hr o ugh o th er st r eam s a n d s eas yet a l ways s u st ain ed b y t ha t ,

D i vin e sp r i n g i t do es n o t di s app ear ev en o n i ts p ass age thr o ugh o c ean s 3

,

s o th at th e v i talit y o f t hi s p eo p l e m a b e r e c o n i z e d a m id s t t he o o ds o f
y g
b an i sh em en t an d w an der i n gs o v er th e w h o l e ear th ev en as t h e water s ,
 BI BL I CA L S TU D I ES . 323

of th e R hon e t r av er s e wi th out m in gl in g w ith th o se o f th e L em an .

A gai n i t em er ges fr o m th e o c ean o o ds whi ch thr eaten ed t o ab s o r b i t 3

,

i r r igat es el ds an d v a ll eys 3 un i t es i t self t o o th er s t r eam s b y m ean s o f

di t ch es an d c an a ls 3 b ec o m es n av i gable 3 i s t ur n ed t o in d u str ial pur p oses ,

in n it ely distr i bu t ed u sed an d abu s ed

,
.

The J ew i sh n ati o n h as s ur p as sed th e m o st an ci en t n at i o n s in i n t e l

lect u a l cu lt u r e an d in i ts l at er age h as o u t l i v ed e v en t h e yo un gest o f
, ,
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t h em . Th e I sr ael i ti sh a m bas sador o f G o d v an q ui s h ed an d s ub du ed

Egyp t Th e L o r d s ch asten ed ch ildr en o f tw i c e des tr o yed J er u salem

.

h av e s u r vi v ed Babyl o n R o m e A n ti o c h a n d t h e S p an i sh I n qui si t i on
, , ,
.

T h e m ighti est em p ir es th e m o st o ur i sh in g t r a di n g c iti es h av e p er i sh ed

A s syr ia P er sia Tyr e, an d C ar thage ar e n o m o r e ; an d o n their sit es
,

, , ,

w e s ee t h e l ea r n ed an ti qu ar y I s r a el s B

i b l e i n h i s h an d a b s o r b e d i n
, ,

r ofo u n d s t u dy s tan di n g o v er t h ei r r uin s l on g o v er gr o wn b y th e m o ss

p , ,

an d gr as s o f ages .

A d y et , i n s p i t e o f all t hi s , th ey
n un ab l e sat isfact o r ily t o an sw er
ar e

t he q u es ti o n , wh et h er t h e Jews ar e a n at i o n a l c o r p or at i o n o r n o t ? Do
t h ey fo r m o n e p eo p l e n o w ? W e m u s t d o ub t i t W h er e is t h ei r n ati o n .

a l i ty t o b e fo u n d Ev er y w her e an d n o wh er e W h a t b o n d t h en u n i t e s .

t h em ? A m i r a c l e ! Th e h an d o f G o d eviden t ly r u l es t h e des ti n i es o f

t h ei r t r i b e b ec a u se n eit her in dep en den c e n o r l an gu age 3n ei t her c h ar a ct er

, ,

k n o wl edge o r m an n er s 3 n eit h er c o u n t en an ce n o r so cia l l ife fo r m th e c o m

, ,

m o n t i e o f t h e H eb r e w n at i o n Th ei r st at e i s di ss o l v ed 3 th ey s p eak th e
.

l an guages o f t h e p eo p l es am o n g wh o m th ey l i ve s catt er e d an d i s o l at ed .

T h ei r A b en E z r a c o n d e m n s t h e c a b a l i s t a s i d o l at r o u s 3 t h e c ab a l i s t
a ccu s es t h e di s c i p l es o f A b en Ez r a o f h er es y -
M eyer b eer an d th e h awk er .

J ew 3t h e P o r tu gu ese i n th e w es t an d t h e C h azar J ew i n th e east o f Eu r o p e 3

,

t h e J ewi sh l a dy i n E n gl an d an d t h e h a wk i n g w o m an i n L i t h u an i a 3p o ly
,

am y i n A si a 3 an d s t r i c t c o n j u ga l t i e s i n c iv i l i z ed l an d s ar e m o r e w i d ely
g ,

d i er en t fr o m ea ch o t h er t h an p er h ap s L u th er an an d C ath o l i c l o r dl i n g

a n d b o n dm an e v er w e r e Yet all o f them p r ofes s o n e faith h av e o n e

.
,

hi st o r y an d h ear o n e n am e
,
A n d d o es n o t all t h i s c on st i t u t e a
m i r acl e ? Th ei r hi st o r y t b er efo r e i s m o r e t h an a si m p l e s ci en c e
, , ,

m o r e t h an a c o n ti n u o u s th r ea d o f k n o w l edge 3 i t i s a gu idin g s ta r a ,

s o u r c e o f c o n so l a ti o n an d h o p e a D i v i n e h i n t t o h i s c h as ti sed b u t n o t
,

e n t i r ely c on dem n ed c h i l dr en .
I

Th e c h i ef i m p o r tan ce of t h ei r h i s t o r y i s , t h at i f th ey
pla ce in j u x
t ap o s i t i o n all t h e e v en t s c o n tai n e d i n t h e m an y t h o u san d y ear s 0 t

I sr ael s e xi st en c e an d ar r an ge t h em i n t o ep o ch s th ey n d i t t o b e c on
, ,

t em p o r an e o u s an d cl o s ely b o u n d up w i th th e h i s t o r y o f th e Bi b l e In .
324 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

t h e r s t p er i o d w e p eo p l e gr eat an d el ev ated b y th e in vigo rat in g

n d t h e
in u en ce o f t h e L aw W e pr es u m e h um an pr ide n ever v en t u r ed s er i
.

o u s ly t o as s er t t hat i t w as n o t th e B i b l e w h i ch cr eated th e p eo p le b u t ,

t h at t h e p eo ple c r eat ed t h e Bi b l e A ll that h as b een adduc ed b y lat er

.

r at i o n a l i st s a n d w o u l d b e c r i t i c s again s t t h e an ti qu i t y el o q u en c e valu e
-
, , ,

an d a u th en ti c i t y o f H o ly W r i t fo r m s p ar t o f t h e l a t es t gen er a
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, , ,
.

d u c ti on o f th e L aw c o u l d n o t b e effe c te d w i th o u t r es is tan c e o n t he p ar t
o f t he n ati o n i ts elf Thi s r esistan ce agai n st th e r st acceptan ce o f th e
.

law m ay at th e sam e t im e s er v e as a r efu tati on t o t h e l at es t un beli ever

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a n d c an n o t i n t er fer e wi th o u r i n ter p r et at ion o f h is t o r y .

I s r ael w as t o iden tify i ts el f w i th H o ly W r i t, an d t h u s b eco m e a

b l essin g to all m an kin d Bu t the p eo p l e so o n dep ar ted fr o m t he L aw
.
,

an d co n s eq u en t ly c eas ed t o b e a s p i r i t u a l n at i o n i n c on s eq u en c e o f whi ch ,

t he y w er e o v er p o w er ed b y t h ei r n ei gh bor s w h o w er e s up er i or t o t h em in ,

p hysi ca l s tr en gth an d wh o m th ey o ught to h av e c on ver ted b y t heir r el i

,

i n s as c en dan c y Th en i t w a s t hat th e w o r d o f G o d w as p r es er v ed fo r
g o .

t h e p eo p l e b y m en w ho o w ed t h eir ex al ted m en t al c o n diti o n to i ts i n u

en c e an d fo r a s h o r t t i m e t h e n ati o n
. b y th eir m o r al p o wer w as k ept , ,

fait hfu l t o i t an d i n p r o p o r ti o n as I s r ae l w as r m i n i t s a ll egian c e t o i t s

,

h eav en ly fa th er t h e n at i o n a l it y w as p r es er v ed
,
A t em p l e w as bu i l t t o .

m ai n t ai n t h e i n t egr i t y o f H o ly S cr i p t u r e an d K i n g S o l o m o n w as t o ,

effe c t b y p ea c e w hat Jo s h u a an d S au l c o u l d n o t a cco m p l is h b y w ar Bu t .

i m agin in g t h at h i s r eign w o u l d b e p r o s p er o u s t hr o ugh hi s w i s do m w i th ,

o u t t h e h e l p o f th e L aw h e w a s n ei th er h app y h im sel f n o r i n a c on diti o n

, ,

t o r en der o t h e r s s o G o d an d th e L aw w er e aban do n ed t h e n ati on w as

.
,

di v ided an d t o r n p i e c em ea l t i ll a t l as t t h e A s s yr i an an d Bab yl o n i an
,

c ap ti vi ties b y des tr o yi n g t h e t em p l e a n d dis s o l vin g th e K in gdo m t h r eat ~

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en ed t o d e v o u r b o th n a t i o n an d Bib l e w h i c h w er e n ar o w ly s av e d b y t h e ,

i n t er v en t i o n o f so m e m en o f gr eat gen i u s Thei r o ld p h ilo soli h er s t ell .

t h em The Th o r a h w as fo r go tt en b u t E z r a r est o r ed i t , .

I n th e c
se o n d p er i o d , J a co b s chi l dr en c l i n gin g
w e n d a r em n an t of

t o wh at w as left th em o f h o ly S cr i p t u r e fo r o n ly a p o r ti o n o f t he Jews ,

r et u r n ed fr om capti vi ty t o t h eir o w n l an d an d t o t he yo un g gen er ati on ,

o n ly a p ar t o f th e o ld S c r i p t u r e s w as p r es er v e d 3 t h e W ar s o f t h e L a d
p ,

Th e Bo o k o f th e J u st an d t h e w o r k s o f m an y p r o ph et s an d hi s t o ri an s

,

w e k n o w on ly b y n am e The v er y en t r an c e t o th e Bo o k o f t h e L aw
.

w as s h u t t h e ke t o t h e m i r a c l es o f t h e Eter n a l h ad d i sapp ear ed fo r th e

, y ,

D i v i n e Tab l et s gi v en o n M o u n t S in a i th e p ot o f m an n a t he wh o l e his t or y , ,

o f t h e p r o l o n e d wan der in s i n t h e d es er t an d t he d o c tr i n es o f M o s es
g g , ,
326 E A J EH U D I M A N D
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M I K V EH I S R A EL .

t he J ws defen d t h ei r s an ct uar ie s an d t h ei r r igh ts 3 yet t hey fo u ght b u t

e

a n at u r al a r at i o n a l ba tt l e a n d t h e w o r l d m ean w hi l e pu r s u ed i ts o w n
, , , ,

w ay .

T he
pr o ph e cy t hat I sr ael sh o uld b e a b l ess in g t o all t he n a tio n s o f
th e ea r th i s del a ye d t o a fu t u r e p er io d an d t h e p eo p l e ev en m or e
, , ,

la m en tab l e th a n b efo r e ar e dis p e r sed all o v e r t h e gl o b e

, I n t h e t hi r d .

p er i o d w e see th e J ews i n a s t at e o f m in d s uch a s th at whi ch an i m ates

,

a li t tle b a n d o f h er o es w h o
. w i tho ut t h e s l ight est h o p e o f o b t ain in g a
, ,

v i ct o r y p r epar e t h em s el v es t o do t hei r du ty an d t o di e i n ba tt l e
, , .

W i t h o u t o b s ti n a c y an d w ith o u t p r o v o k in g t h eir en em i es t hey ar e ,

r es o l v e d t o en c o u n t er death wh er e the y s tan d E v er y o bj e ct wi th in .

t h ei r r ea ch s e r v es t o c o n st r uct r a m p ar ts a n d bu l w ar k s ; t hey ev en
,

en t r en ch t h e m s e l v es t o p r ev en t a s m uch a s t h ey can t h e as s a u l t s o f
, ,

t h e en em y a l th o u gh b y s uch a p r o c ee di n g t h ey p u t t h ei r o w n a dvan ce
,

b eyo n d th e r ea ch o f p o ss ibi li ty F o r w e c an n o t c on sider t h e v o l um es.

o f t h e M idr ashi m A gado t h a n d t he lat er C a bb a l a i n an y o th er l ight

, , ,

t h an as a w a ll o f d efen c e r ai s ed i n t h e hu r r y an d e x igen cy o f t h e
,

m o m en t fr o m b r i ck s w o o d ear th an d ev en r ubb i sh 3 t h e di s c o n t i n uan c e

, , , ,

o f all p hi l o s o p h i ca l s t u di es at t h at t i m e th o u g h n o t l egally p r o p hibi ted, ,

is al s o t o b e c o n s i der ed o n ly a s a defen si v e m o at a gain st u n b el i ef .

Th e fo u r th an d l as t p er i o d b egi n n in g wi th t h e p r es en t c en t u r y w ill
, , ,

i t i s h o p ed b e o n e o f h app y r e c o n cili at i o n b o th o f m en w i t h o n e an ot h er
, , ,

a n d o f m en w ith G o d Thu s m uch o f th e Jew ish hi s to r y i n gen er a l 3

. .

a n d n o w w e s h all exp l a i n h ow t h ose fo u r ep o ch s w er e fo r m ed b y th e

p ecu l iar ev en ts o f th e t i m e .

1 s t Ep o ch P eo p l e an d Bib l e 3 n egl e ct o f t h e l a tt er b y t h e p eo p l e 3
s t r u ggl e an d fa ll o f t h e n ati on ; o ccup yi n g t h e p er i o d fr o m A b r ah am

t ill t h e d es tr uc ti o n o f t h e r s t t em p l e v iz 1 560 y ear s , .

2n d Ep o ch A n i m o s i ty o f fo r eign er s agai n s t t he Bi b l e an d th e
p eo p l e fr o m J er em i ah t ill th e en d o f t h e p atr iar chate i n P al es tin e
, .

10 50 year s
3r d Ep o ch S u er in gs o f th e p eo p l e an d m u ti l at i on o f t h e Bi bl e
.

. .

I n fer i o r co n s ci o u sn ess an d i n n it e pat ien ce Fr o m t h e fa ll o f t h e .

at r i ar ch at e i n P a l est i n e t i ll t h e S an h edr i m i n F r an c e a p er i o d o f 1 37 6
p ,

year s .

4th Ep o ch . .
Fr o m t he calli n g o f the S an h edr i m i n Fr an ce ti ll
, ,
ou r

r en ew ed h ep e o f sav in
ow n t im e . R en e w ed life, g the p eo p l e an d the
Bi b l e .
(I s r ae l i t e
)
 C HA P T ER III .

H EBR EW O R THCEPY, O R P O I N TS A N D A C CEN TS .

I n ven t ed b y t h e M as or i tes N eces s ar y wh en th e l an gu age ceas ed t o b e s p oken

A c c E N Ts F our us es W or ks on t h e su b ect P o i n t ed m an us cr i p ts an d a s t an d
.

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Th e n am e S op h er i m


Th e l ab our s o f t h e M aso r i t es N ot e o n t h e
s ub d i v i s i o n o f t h e bo o k s .

H E BR E W PY
O R T H OE ,
OR P O I N TS AN D A C CE N T S .

T hat the M as or ites wer e t he a u th o r s of t hi s

ys te m t h er e c an b e s ,

n o r e a s o n a b l e d o ubt 3 fo r t h o u gh t h er e m i gh t h a v e b een
,
so m e o n e or

t w o d i a c r i t i c a l p o i n t s i n u s e i n p r ec edi n g t im es w e h a v e n o c on v i n ci n g
,

e v i de n c e t h at an y thi n g l i k e t h e p r ese n t a pp ar at u s w a s k n o wn a m o n
g
t h e J e w s t i ll t h ei r da y I n th e m o n u m en ts o f Bi b li c a l H eb r ew p r es er v ed
.

b y O r igen w e s e e n o t r a c e o f i t 3 n o r j u dgin g fr o m S t J er o m e s n o ti c es
, ,
.

o f t h e H eb r e w l an gu age i n h i s t i m e w a s t h e r e a n y th i n g o f t h e k in d t h en
,

i n p r a ct i c e . A n d s o t h e m o r e an c i en t K a ba l i s t s w h o m ad e s o m uc h o f ,

t h e l ett er s o f t h e a l p h a be t as v e hi c les o r r a t h er v ei l s o f m ys t e r y n ev er
, ,

a tte m p t e d t h e i n t er p r e ta t io n o f S c r i p t u r e b y p o in t s ; n o r i n th e e x p o s i ,

t i o n o f Bi b l e t ext s i n t h e Ta l m u d h a v e w e s o far ,
I kn o w a n y
, ,

r efer en c e t o s uc h a s y s t em 3 a ll s i n i c a n t e v i d en c es t h a t as
g yet i t ha d , ,

n o ex i s t en c e o r t h a t i t w as i n t o o n a s c e n t a s t a t e t o p o s s ess t h e w ei h t
, g
o f a u th o r i ty . Bu t wi th o u t go in g i n t o t h e c o n t r o v er s y wh i ch has b een
,

wa ge d up o n this q u est i o n t h e de ta il s o f wh i ch w o u l d r e qui r e a m o n o

,

gr aph fo r t h em se l v es w e m ay o b s er v e t h at t h e sys t em o f p o i n ts w as t h e
,

n e ce s s it y o n ly o f a l an gu age w hi c h h a d c eas e d t o b e a c u r r en t ly s p o k en

t o n gu e . T o i m a gin e t h at i t w as u s ed i n t i m es w hen H eb r e w w a s v er
n acu lar i n P a l es t i n e i s as ab s u r d as t o s upp o s e t h a t a p eo l e w i t h th e
, p
n a t ur a l u se o f t h ei r l i m b s s h o u l d h a v e r e c o u r s e t o t h e c r u tc h e s o f t h e l a m e .

Th e M aso r et i c s ch o o l fabr i c at ed t ha t a dm i r ab l e s ys tem o f p o i n t s an d

a cc en t s w h i ch h a s gi v en a m at h em at i c a l p r e ci s i o n
, to t h e p r o n u n c i at i o n
o f t h e l an gu age . I n t hi s w ay t o o t h ey be cam e th e b en efa ct o r s o f p os
, ,

t er i ty i n h an di n g do wn t o all fo ll o w i n g ages wh at t h ev k n ew t o b e t h e
, ,

t r u e an d t r a di ti o n a l m o des o f t h e l an guage as a s p o k en t o n gu e .

Bu t th o u gh t h u s c o m p ar ati v ely m o der n as a t e chn i ca l app ar a tu s th e ,

v o we l p o in t s a r e exp o n en t s o f t r a d i t i o n a l fa c t s in H ebr ew p r o n u n c ia ti o n
,

as a n c ien t ,
pr o b ab ly a s th e l an guage i t s el f 3 an d n o o n e w h o wi s h es t o
,
x

b ec om e a m a s ter o f t he lan guage sho u l d fai l t o m ak e h im s elf t hor o ughly

,

a n d p r a ct i c ally a c q u ai n t ed wi th t h em .
328 H A - J EH U D I M A N D M I K V EH I S R A EL .

Th e A ccen ts (dis t in gui sh t h e a cce n t s fr o m t he vo w e l p o i n ts ) a pp ear ,

to ha v e b een fa b r i c at ed b y t h e M as o r i st s t o a n s w er fo u r pu r p o s es 1 st . .

Her m en eu t i c t o c er tify t he m ea n in g o f w o r ds 2n d G r am m at i ca l t o
, . .
,

i n di cat e t h e t o n e o f s yll ab l es 3r d M u s i ca l t o r egu l a t e t he c an t ilat i o n o f

. .
,

S c r i p t u r e i n S yn ago gu e o r o th er r eadin g an d 4 t h R h et o r i c al t o s ho w,
.
,

t h e em ph a s i s o f a n e xp r es s i o n an d l i k e t h e p o i n t s o r s to p s i n o ur p r i n t ed
, ,

b o o k s t o m ar k th e di vi s io n s a n d s u bdi vis io n s o f p ar agr aph s an d s en t en ces

, .

T her e i s a m u l ti t u de o f w o r k s o n th e Hebr ew a cc en ts t he ear l i est o f ,

whi ch i s t h e Ho r a i th ha K er i th e D o c tr i ne o f r eadin g o f an an o n y
, ,

m o u s a ut h o r w h o w r o t e i n A r a b i c p r i o r t o t he e l e v en t h c en t u r y an d ,

w as t r a n s l a te d i n to H e b r e w by M an ac h e m b en N a th an ia l -
I t e x i st s
-
.

i n m a n u s c r i p t i n t h e V a ti c an N ext i n age m ay b e t he t r ea t is e o f A ar o n
.

b en M o s h e
-
b e A s li er in t he e l e ven th c e n t u r y ; fr agm en t s o f w h i ch ar e
,

eb r e w B e by B
g i v en i n t h e r s t e di t i o n o f t h e V e n e t i an H i b l o m ber
g , .

S in c e th en a h o st o f w r iter s h av e labo r ed i n t hi s a pp a r en t ly u n i n v i ti n g
dep ar t m en t .

Th e l ear n e d Jews w h o r em o v ed i n t o Eu r o p e i n th e el ev e n th c en t u r y
b r o ugh t wit h t h em p oi n ted m an u s c r ipt s 5 a n d i n t he t w o fo ll o win g ,

s en t en ces c o p i es w e r e e x e cu t ed w i th t he m o s t r igi d c ar e
,
T he ex em p ler s .
,

a l so,
fr o m w h i c h t h es e t r an s c r ip t s w er e a cc o m p l is h ed w er e t ho se t h e ,

m o st h igh ly es t eem ed fo r th ei r c o r r e c tn ess a n d s ui t ab i l ity fo r t he c r eat i o n

o f a s t an dar d t e xt .

S o m e J ew i sh a u th o r s afr m that th e des t r uc t i v e n a m e o f S o fe r i m ,

or En u m er at o r s o r igi n at e d i n t h e p r ac ti c e t h ey h ad a do p t ed o f n u m
,

b er in g th e w or ds an d l et ter s o f the i n sp i r ed b o o k s I f th is w er e s o .
,

t h ey m u st be r egar ded as t h e fo u n der s o f t h e M as o r et i c s ys te m b u t t he

t r u th i s t h e n am e S o r i s m uc h ea r l i er t han th a t day an d h a d b een
, ,

a l w ay s u se d t o d en o t e a s c ri b e o r r ec o r de r , .

Th e labo u r s of t he M as o r i tes , p r o p er ly so - a c ll e d ,
h ad a tw ld
o - fo

bj e c t t he e xh i b ition o f a p er fe ct o r tho epi c s ta n dar d o f t he H eb r ew

'

l an gu age an d th e esta b l ish m en t o f a co r r ec t an d i n v i o l ab l e t ex t o f t h e

,

H eb r ew S cr i pt u r es I t i s eviden t fr o m t h e Jer us a l e m Ta lm u d t hat

.
,

so ea r ly as t h e s ec o n d c en t u r y o f t h e C h r is t ia n e r a c o n sider abl e ,

a t t en t i o n h ad b een dr a w n t o t h e di v er si ti es o cc as i o n a lly det ec te d i n t he

Bi b l i cal m an u s cr i pts H en ce as t he r es u lt th e J thu r S o fer i m the
.
, , ,

co ll t io n o f t he S c r i bes a s p ec ica ti o n o f v e i n s tan c es i n whi ch t he
a ,

ett er v a w w as t o b e o v er l o o k ed o r r ej e c te d an d t h e T i kk u n S o fer i m
l ,

R es t or at io n o f t h e S c r i b es i n so m e s i xt een p la ces w her e w r o n g r ead in gs
,

had been asc er tain ed To th is p er i o d al s o ar e t r ac ea b l e t he p o i n ts w hi ch

.
 CHA PTER I V .

THE S TA TE O F TH E H EBR EW L A N G U A GE I N OUR D A Y .

R ev i v al of

Hebr ew as a l ivi n g t on gu e Books p er i odi cal s an d n ews p ap er s C o m
ar i s o n o f Heb r ew wi th t h e c las s i cs
O bj ec t i on s b y
,

er son s d ec i en t i n kn ow
p
p
l edge o f Hebr ew M o der n wor ks i n p ur e Bib l ical H ebr ew on gen er al an d s ecular
s ubj ec ts .

THE S TA TE O F TH E H E BRE W L AN G UA G E IN OUR D A Y

.

Th eH ebr ew l an guage r evi v es I t a pp ear s o n c e m or e i n all i ts

.

l or y P r o c l ai m i t a m o n g th e n at i o n s lest t o n gu es p r o fan e i m agin e

g . ,

t h at th ey h av e u t t er ly exp e ll ed the s ac r ed t o n gu e I t h as i n t r u th b een .

, ,

c o m m o n ly s upp o s e d t h at i n c o n s e q u en c e o f t h e z eal wit h w hi ch t h e

,

I s r ael it es h av e l at ely p r o secu ted t h e s t udy o f o th er l an gu ages t hei r o w n ,

w o ul d b e pu s h ed i n t o th e b a ck gr o un d F o r o u r pa r t w e ar e c on v in c ed
.
,

t h at t h e r ev er s e o f th is i s t h e t r ut h an d t h at u s t as th e r o d o f M o s es
,

s wa ll o w e d up t h e o t h er s s o t h e H e b r e w l an g u a e h a s o n ly t o sh o w i t sel f
, g
t h at i t m ay a bs o r b t h e l an gu ages w hi c h h a v e s o u gh t t o s upp l an t i t i n t h e
af fecti o n s o f i ts o w n s o n s I n A u st r i a P r u s s ia Hu n gar y G ali c ia
.
, , , ,

R u s sia an d P o l an d t h i s i s a l r ea dy t he c as e
, I n th ese c o u n tr i es i t i s
.
,

o n ly s in c e t h e J ews b egan t o st u dy t h e li v i n g t o n gu es i t i s o n ly s in c e ,

t h ey b egan t o p e r c e i v e th e b ea u t i es o f p o e tr y an d t he p o w e r o f l an gu age
i n gen er al t h at t h e s ci en t ic an d ear n es t s tu dy o f H eb r ew c o m m en c ed
,
.

H av in g b e c o m e th o r o u gh ly a c q u ai n t ed wi th th e r es o ur ces o f th e Hebr ew
an gu age t h ey h a v e n e v e r s i n c e c ea s ed y ear b y y ear t o pub l ish i n that

, , ,

. an gu age t h e m o s t b eau t ifu l p r o duc ti o n s

_
b o t h i n pr o s e a n d p o et r y
,
.

Es p e cially w i th i n th e l ast t en y ear s th e fer ti l e el d o f H eb r e l i ter a

t u r e h as yi el ded an e xt r ao r din ar y p r o fus i o n o f t h e c h o i c es t b l o s s o m s ,

fr agr an t a s t h o u gh p r o c eedi n g fr o m t h e gar den o f Eden I n t h e c o un .

t r i es j u s t m en t io n e d a l a r ge n u m ber o f p er i o di c al s a s w ell as b oo ks o n
, ,

an i m m en se v a r i et y o f s ubj e c t s ar e i n c es s a n t ly i ss u in g fr o m t h e p r e s s
, .

Bu t th e m o st i m p o r t an t p r o o f wh i ch h as yet b een giv en o f t h e pr o gr ess

o f t h e s ac r ed t o n gu e i s t h at n e w s p a p er s h av e app ea r ed i n t h e H e br ew
,

lan gu age .

I f th e H ebr ew lan gu age, as s uch ,

af
fo r ds th e high est del igh t t o
e v ery s ch o l ar , b e h e J ew o r n o t an d i s r egar ded as , t h e s ub l i m es t an d

m o st i n c o m p ar a b l e o f t o n gu e s , wh at a n e x q u i s it e p l ea s u r e i t m u st gi v e

t h e t r u e I s r ael it e an d h o w i n n i t ely gr an d m u st i t app ear t o him

,
.

That i t i s s o r egar ded b y s ch o l ar s n o t Jew is h wi l l b e at o n c e a dm it ted

, , .
 TH E HE BR E W L A N G U A GE I N OUR DAY . 331

Th e gr eat H er der fo r in stan ce expre s sed him self t h u s

, , A n O vi d a ,

V i r gi l an d a C l a u d i an c o m p a r e d w i t h a M o s es an d I sa i ah a n d a D a v i d
'

, , ,

ar e a s a dr o p o f w a ter c om p ar ed w i th t h e o c ean 3 an d i t i s a s h am e t o

c o n n e o u r sel v es t o t h e dr o p w h en w e h a v e b efo r e u s th e o c ean fu ll o f

g r e at n es s an d m a es ty
j

(H er der s F r agm 2 p
.

, , .

Th eH eb r ew t o n g ue i s th e o n ly m o n u m en t o f Jewish an ti qu i ty 3 i t
is th e l an gu age of o u r Bi b l e w h i ch n ow a l m o s t go v er n s th e w o r l d ; i t
,

a l o n e i s t he r el igi o u s b o n d w hi ch k eep s all Isr ael t ogeth er F r o m east .

t o w es t fr o m n o r th t o s o u t h t h e J e w t r av el s an d ev ery wh er e r e co gn i s es
, , ,

i n t h e syn ago gu e h i s b r eth r en i n fai th Th e m agi c o f t hat H ebr ew .

t o n gu e i n w hi ch t h ey ev er y wh er e p r a y t o uch es hi s h ear t
,
H e j o in s i n ,
.

t h e p r ay er an d feel s h i m s el f n o l o n ger a s tr an ger .

A bj ecti on whi ch h as b een m ade o n t h e par t o f m an y Jews w ho

n o

m an i fes t an i n d iffe r en c e t o H eb r ew i s t his t h at t h e la n ua e i s de c i en t

g g , ,

a n d t hat on e c an n o t em p l o y H eb r ew o n a s ubj e c t n o t B i b l i c al T h o s e w h o .

s p ea k o f t h e dec i en ci es o f t h e H eb r e w l an u a e ar e en er ally t h o s e w h o
g g g ,

e xp er i en c ed t h e d i f
c u l ti es o f a c qu ir in g i t an d eit h er ha d n o t th e abi l ity ,

o r t h e p at i en c e t o o v er c o m e t h em I n o r der t h at t h ei r ow n p er s on a l
.

i m p o r t an c e m ay n o t b e l essen ed b y t h ei r de ci en c y i n t his k n o w l edge ,

t h es e p er so n s m u s t n eeds de c r y t h e i m p o r tan c e o f H eb r ew an d e xc l ai m

,

w i th th e fo x in t h e fab l e Th e gr ap es ar e s o u r
,

Bu t as t o th e b o u n d .

less r es o u r c es o f t h e H eb r e w t on gu e w e h a v e i n n u m er ab l e w o r k s b o t h
,

o f an c i en t an d m o der n t i m es w r itt en o n s ubj ects b y n o m ean s Bi b l i c al

, ,

an d
yet i n t h e pur es t Bi b l i ca l s t yl e .

W ll a dduc e b y w ay o f e xam p l e a few of th e m an y b o o k s n o t

e sh a , ,

t r eat in g o f S cr i p t ur al t o p i c s an d yet d es er v i n g t o b e c al led m as te r p i ec es

,

i n r esp ec t o f t h ei r pu r e H eb r e w s tyl e .

M o s t o f th e fo ll o win g wo r k s h a v e b een pub lis h ed wi thin th e l ast

20 year s : x D j n ,

s A
h i s to r y o f N atu r e, b y T S c h ein h ak 3

r- i
.

5 9
m
m m j m , Th e s cien ce o f A str on om y, s S lon i m s ki m m

.

l
a lv n
t '
t a m edi al c wor k on t h e t r eat m en t of chi ldr en b y M . S tu den ski 3

n in j x , a wor k on lo n gevi t y, by t he s am e 3 W QJ a

s atir e by D cto r E r ter whi ch

o ,
if i t h ad
b een w r i tten i n a m o der n
lan guage , gr eat sen s a ti o n an d whi ch m u s t b e
w o u l d ha v e cr eat ed a ,

r egar ed as th e n e p lu s u ltr a o f a pur e B i b li ca l s tyle 3 V }; F D HN b y

I
J M ap h o a tal e
,

a p er fe c t t a l e an d et i n t h e m o s t b eau tifu l H eb r ew
.
, , y ,

s o th at in r ea din i t ou c an n ot b u t c al l o u t H ebr ew yet li v es In
g y , , .

lik e m an n er t h e a pp ear an c e o f a H eb r ew n ews p ap er whi c h o f c o u r se ,

m u st t r eat p o l iti ca l s ubj ec ts p r o v es th e p o w er o f t his l an gu age

,
Poeti ca l .
232 HA - J EHU D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

wo r k s m or ev er i n ab u n dan ce h ave app ear ed w i thin t h e last few year s

, , , .

W e c an n o t r efr ai n fr o m m en t i on i n g t w o i n p ar ti cular whi ch t hou gh

, ,

n ot on Bi blical s ubj ects ar e in th e b est H eb r ew style The on e is .

j n a didac tic p o e m o n t h e gam e of ch ess b y T Ei ch en b au m w h i ch

p , , .
,

m ust be c on si der ed p oem o f th is kin d i n go o d H ebr ew 3 the

th e on ly
o th er i s n j o m th e destr ucti on o f Tr o y t r an s l at ed fr o m V i r gi l

i
, , ,

b y M L eben sohn
. I f w e c o m p ar e thi s p oem with th e G er m an t r an sla
.

t i on o f S chi ller i t w i l l u n do u b tedly c ar r y a way t he palm 3 an d a l t ho ugh

,

th e s ubj e ct i s p ecu l iar i t i s yet as far as i ts H eb r ew style i s co n cern ed

, ,

m ost exc ell en t .

 N am e. P r on ou n c e . L on gV

1 A l ep h K o m at z A s 0 in O m en .

( g)
V th
2 Beth D F at ach a inHan d .

3 Gi m e l J 0
0 Ch i r ik G ad o l H
u
c c i n G r e ec e .

4 u
9 C h ir ik K at o n 5 in Him K om
5 H eh TI
'
.

6 V an 1
1
0 T z er ai cc
a t in F ai n t in g .
o o o o o o o o o o o o

7 r
8 r1
5
6 S ego l c i n M em or y . T s er
to 4 S h u r uk G a d o l u
t oi n M un i cip al
10 YO d o r M lu p u m
.

9
0 h 1m
(3)
.

0
0
S h u r uk K at o u u 111 N u m er i c a1 G r e at

1 2 L am ed m
7 o r K u b u tz
1 3 M em D
C h o l em ou in V o u ch
14 N u n j
.

1 5 S am e ch D 10 Ko m at z C h at o f (c
in W
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S h ur u
1 6 A in
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.

1 7 P eh
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Ch e]
18 E
19 13 Ch at o f P at ac h A s a i n Hap p y
P
.

20
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la Ch at o f S ego l N 6, b u t sh o r t

1

o r
S
.

e en

21 :4"

22 Tau {3 R E M A R K S

j: 1 .
Heb r ew is r ea d fr o m t h e r i gh t h an d t o th e l
Fi n als . S o ft .

2 . O f th e l et t er s ,
t h es e v e 3e
'

1 9
J] ar e v o w

ts

c o n s o n an .

1 Kap h
I 3 '
C h o l em i s o ft en w i t h o ut V av
2 M em
.

D
l 4 T h er e i s a l s o a F a t a ch G en u b ah wh i ch i s al
.

r ec ed ed by
4 P eh
q f
]
an d r e a d b e fo r e a n a l
f1 or
y p
6
Ko m at z a as W l l r e a d Bu s ch n o t R u cha
.

5
s

r
5 D age s h i s a p e r i o d w h i ch i s i n s er t e d i n t h e m i dd l e o f a letter ,
.
.

e xc e p t G u t t er als an d R e s h ; b u t i n t h e b e gi n n i n g o f a w o r d , an d i n th e m
c on s o n an t t h at i s p r o n o u n c e d as a m u t e S c h v o , i t o n ly h ar d en s t h e l ett er s
c au s es i t t o b e p r o n o u n c e d w it h fo r ce .

6 . M ap i k i s a p er o di in n a l

i s s o m e ti m es m ut e, t h at i s , n o t p r o n o un ce d ,
S ch v o s o m et i m es it adh e

a n d i s a cc e n t e d a ft er a l o n g v o w e l , b efo r e an o th e r S c h v o , an d at th e en d of

p r o n o u n c e d aft er a s h o r t vo we l .

331 a cc ip hJ o in s wo r d s d s o m et i m e s v o we l s
'

an ,
\
as
,

A lways ron o un c e wr i t ten vo wel s s tr o n g, he s up p l i ed o n es , sh o r t an d

p
 P R O N U N C I A TI O N .

s: a: 3 a: U Cu 5

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 C HA P TER V I

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J EIV I S H TEA C HER S O F C H R I S TIA N S TUD EN TS .

br ted th l gi
C el e a eo o c c
d s h o l ars w h o wer e i n s tru ted by J ewis h tea h ers Pr o fes
an s an c


r in S c hool s
so s an d U n iversiti es , an d L ea r n ed m en o f t he
p r esen t day P rej udi e c
ag ai n st t h e J ews .

J EW IS H T E A C H ER S or C H R I S TI A N S T U D EN T S .

centuries the Bib l ica l scho l ars and students o f m odern Hebrew
For ,

lite r ature fro m R euch l in to the profess ors D e l itzsch and E wal d were
, , ,

l ik e Jero me directly o r indirect ly pupi l s o f I sra e l ites But theo l o gian s

, , .

e xpr es sed th e ir gr atitude p r incipa lly in atte m pts at conversion o r app lie d ,

fo r i nstruction rather to those w ho unders tood Jud ais m i n a Christian

sense and m ade it an obj ec t o f attack
,
Baptiz ed I srae l ites taught .

H ebre w t o the founders o f c l assica l studies as P o ggiu s not to m entio n , ,

t h e revivers o f Hebrew studies R euch l in S eb M u nster an d others , , , ,

.

A form er controversia l i s t again s t Christianity taugh t A gricol a

( 1 4 4 3 and M at th ew A drian w as
(about 1 5 1 3) the teacher of W .

Capito (ob . and perhaps a l so (A D 1 51 8 ) o f Tr o t zen do r f

, , . .

I n l atter ti m es Chris tian de P o m is w as tutor o f W u l fer (o h

,
.

Ezra Edzard o f F ranke the G er m an founder of the m i s sion ; ,

and Bap tis t Lo na o f S afet (o b ,

w a s the guide o f B ,
ar t o lo c c i
. .

A m ong the I srae l ites im portant for l iterary ce l ebrity w h o were faithfu l ,

t o thei r cre e d J o c han an A lle m an o was teacher and friend o f Pico de l a

,

M ir an do lar ( ch .

W i dm an st adtthe pupi l o f R euch l in and friend of [ Egidius

(1532) ,

de Viterbo speaks A V i th res pe ct o f h i s teachers D avid I bn Jaj a h ben

, ,

Jo s eph o f Li s bon at N ap l es (born A D 1 4 65 O h at I m o l a 1 543) and

, , . .
,
.

Bar u ch o f Ben ev en tu m Through the i nstrum ent a l ity o f A Cgid iu s w h o

.
,

was the pupi l o f the well known E l ia Levita the above m entioned -

,
-

Baruch rs t introduced t h e book Zohar a m ong Chris tian s 3 and R euch l in

hi m se l f w as a pupi l o f Jacob J e chi el L o an az phy s ician in ordinary to ,

the E m peror Linz and of O badj a S forno at R o m e

, , ,

To Jac o b b en s aac R o m ano t each e r o f K ar lai de S anci a t Con

-

, ,

s tan ti H O p I e (ob 1 650 a t J eru s ale m ) Bu x t o r f i s i n d ebt e d for the v a l uab l e

.
, ,

supp l e m ent to h is Bib l ioth eca R a bb i n i c a Hotti n ger whose P r o m p .
,

t u ar i u m owes m uch to M ena s s e Ben I s ra e l s m a te r i a l s fo r a B i b l i otheca

"

R abbin i ca w as i n d uce d to s tu d v O ri enta l l i t e ra t u re b y the l i nguist

,
 P A R T FI FTH .

M I S C E L L A N EO U S A D D EN D A .

C HA PTER I .

Gen er al R em a rks u p on S un dry p r acti c es an d b eliefs o f th e J ew s M en ti o n m ade o f

ou r L o r d J esus C h r i s t i n t h e Tal m ud & c , .

Charity is at pres ent t h e gre at hop e of the J ew s A t th e burial s .

o f th e ir de c ea s e d a contribution box i s p as s e d around to a ll pr es ent w h o

, ,

then put in th eir offerings B efore the D ay of A ton em ent they al so give
.

"
awa y a great d eal for c haritab l e purpo s es Z e dakah t azi l m i m aw eth .
,

i s t h e m otto of ev e ry J ew Prov X . and xi 4 Th e word Zeda

. . . .

kah (r ighte ousnes s ) th ey trans l ate Charity
, ,
.

W hen a J ew e m brac es Chri s ti anity he i s de s ign a ted a M esh u m ed , ,

( to be de s tro y ed
) but,
wh e ther h e w a s hon e s t and piou s wh i l e with th e m

o r no h e i s not be l i e v e d to be s inc e r e wh e n once h e depart s fro m hi s

, ,

r s t faith . H i s v e ry b es t friends n o w turn his e ne m ie s H e m u s t con .

s id e r hi m s e l f as s e v e r e d fro m h i s neares t re l a ti v es for ever who fe e l any ,

thing but a fri end ly feel ing toward s hi m But i s th i s to be wondered at . ,

wh en we nd th a t ev en tho se who s tyl e the m s e l v es Chris tian s l ook ,

d own with di s dain u pon o n e who for t h e s ake o f that m a s ter who m they
,

t o o p r eten d to worship h as l eft ho m e fri e nd s and all ?

, ,

I f a y oung wo m an happ en s to b eco m e d i s s i pate d o r a p r o igat e y

w hich is ver y s e l do m t h e c as e she i s d es pi s ed b y a ll and her chanc e t o

, ,

e t a hu s band o f an y r e pute i s v e ry s m a l l S h
e re m ain s a ca s t out fro m
g , ,
.

societ y as l ong a s sh e l i ves \v e m ight s tate here that there ar e n o

.
,

p e op l e on the fac e of t h e e arth who o b s erve t h e l a w s of chas ti ty a n d

,

pur i ty m or e s trictly than do the J ew s es p e c i a lly t h e wo m en ,

.

A J ew never pronounce s t he na m e J ehovah as w e do W hen eve r .

thi s n a m e occur s in their Bib l e o r Pray er book th ey u s e t h e na m e -

A d on a i i n s tead which m eans ,
My Lord Th ey consider the na m e .

J e hov ah to have s o m ething m ysteriou s connected with it and that none

,
,

b u t th e H i gh pri e s t and a f
,
e w e s p e c i a lly f a vor e d individu al s wer e ,

intru s te d with t h e right an d fu ll pronunci a tion of th i s m ys teriou s and

v e ry s a cred n a m e .

Th e J ew s o n di ffe rent oc ca s ion s pra ctice i m m ers ion ,

They i m m ers e .

h em s e lv es in w a ter b e fore t h e D a y of A tone m e nt S om e p i ou s Jew s do .

it n o t on ly every S abb ath (S a turd a y ) m o rn i ng but e v er v m o r ning i n , ,

34 0 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A E L .

o rder that th ey m ay be m ore p u re and c l ean when they atten d to th eir

pray er s W o m en al s o ha v e to observe th i s o n sp e cia l o cca s ion s as well
.
,

a s ob s erve t h e la w o f purication as co m m anded in Leviticus xii

,
.

The y ar e not a war l oving peop l e and a J e w to s av e hi m sel f fro m

-

, ,

being en l i s ted in an a r m y o f so l die rs w i ll often pay a great s u m o f

,

m one y . E sp e cia lly the orthodox J e ws for fear that th ey wou l d be ,

o b l ig e d to eat G enti l e food which the y call ,
Tr efet h and not be per ,

m i t t e d to ob s erve their re ligious d u t i es ari ght .

he Jews have n o M i s s ionaries to propagate th eir re l igion for the y ,

be l ieve that the i r re l ig i on re quires no hu m an instru m ental ity and that ,

the ti m e wi ll co m e when the who l e worl d wi ll e m brace th eir o w n fai th ,

a n d God a l one wi ll be worshipped a s D ivine S overeign .

Th e difference betw een the O rthodox and the R eform J ew i s that ,

t h e form er be l i ev e s in the teachings o f the Ta l m ud a l m o s t as m uch a s ,

t hose o f the Bib l e and sti ll pray s for th e co m ing o f a M e s siah and ex
, ,

peets His co m ing dai ly 3 whi l e the l atter has given up the co m ing o f the
M essiah al together He bel ieves G o d never pro m ised a pers ona l M es
.

s iah and that where m ention i s m ade o f a R edee m er in S cripture it h a s

, ,

s o l e refe rence to the peop l e o f I srae l 3 therefore the y as a nation h av e , , ,

t o su ffer for the ini quiti e s o f a ll other nation s and na lly wi ll beco m e ,

the M es s iah of the worl d N e ither do the R eform J ews ob se rve s o

.

m an y cere m onies as the O rthodox n o r la y such s tre s s upon the writi n g s

, ,

o f the Ta l m ud tak e n as a who l e

,
.

Though the Je w s be l ieve that the M essiah who m the y e xpect wi l l ,

be superhu m an 3 y et m ost o f them den y that His rede m ption wi ll be a .

S piritua l o n e . But the y rm ly be l ieve in the te m pora l res toration o f all

the i r for m er g l ory which o f cours e the R efor m Jews di s be l i eve
, , ,
.

Th e pre s entnu m ber o f Jews throughout the inhabited wor l d nu m ber ,

fro m eight to nine m i ll ion s who as we kno w are the de s cendants o f t w o

, , ,

tr i b es N o w t h e qu es tion pres ents its e l f if the d escend a nt s of thes e t w o

.
,

trib es who have s u ffere d so greatly have been persecuted and were
, , ,

forced to e m brace the Chri s tian fa i th 3 yea ev e n h undred s a n d thousands ,

o f th e m s l aughtered for there i s s carc ely a s pot in the worl d where

,

Jewi s h b l ood crie th not forth fro m the ground N o w if th es e t w o tribes .

h a ve s uffere d s o severe ly duri ng eight ee n c ent u ri es an d s t i ll num ber ,

from e i g ht to nin e m i ll ions ho w m uc h grea ter m ust the nu m ber of the

,

o ther t en tr i b e s be w h o suffer e d no persec u tions and w ho s e de s c endants

, ,

are perhaps l iving i n s o m e par t of the w orl d n o w in peac e \V h er e then .

are t he se l o s t tr i b es ? The y m us t nu m b er m ill ions of m i ll i ons 3 but thi s

v a s t nu m b er of Je w s can be fou n d no where y et the y m u st exist s o m e
3
34 2 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V E H I S R A EL .

n ess u s t al w ay s be rea d y t o d o an y t h i n g i n c o n n e ct io n w i th S yn a
3bu t m

g o gic al serv i c es A lso if .an

y o n e in t he c o n greg a t i o n b e c o m e s i ll w i t h
,

a c atch i n g d i se as e a n d th ere be n o o n e t o w a tc h o v er h i m th ese t en are

/

, ,

e m p l o y e d for s u c h p u rp o ses .

The J e w s have been a ccu s e d by J es u it s an d o ther en e m i es fo r ,

u s ing C hr i sti an b l oo d o n t he P ass o v e r an d h a v e o ft en h ad t o s uffe r ,

7

greatly in c o n se qu en c e o f t h i s a tro c io u s a ccu s a ti o n Th e re d w in e .

wh i c h t he y pre fer t o a ny o t h e r w h en th ey c el ebrat e t h e feas t o f P ass

over n o d o u b t ga v e r i s e t o th i s inh u m an a ccu s a ti o n
,
Th ere i s n o t a .

n at io n o n t h e fa c e o f t h e e a r th w h o feel m ore r ep u gn an c e or ab h o r r an c e
,

fo r u s ing b l o o d e i th er i n e a t in g o r d r in kin g th a n th e J e w s
,
Th i s ,
.

i s o nly o n e o f t he m an y l ie s w h i ch the d e v i l utt ere d thro u gh t he m o uth

p i e ce o f Je s u its .

A s n o J ew i s all o we d t o re tain an y th in g i n t he ho u s e wh i c h i s
l ea v en d urin g t h e feas t o f t he
,

,
P assov er they sell everyth i n g w h i c h has,

be c om e i n any w i se c o n ta m ina te d w i th l eaven t o s o m e Ge nt i l es p erh a ps , ,

a s ervan t o r so m e o n e el se w h o k e e ps t he m for e igh t d ay s afte r w h i c h ,

t he y bu y the th in gs ba c k aga i n as t ho u gh th i s w o ul d c o v er the i r hy p o c

,

r is
y
.

E very J e w i n ri s in g i n the m ornin g w i ll w ash h i s han ds an d say

,

gra c e th u s ,
I t h ank Thee Tho u l i vi n g an d e v erl a s ti n g K in g t ha t Th o u ,

has t rest ore d u n t o m e m y s o ul w i th Th y great m e r cy in Th y t rut h

,

He .

m u s t again rep ea t gra c e a n d w ash h i s h an d s if he be abo ut t o partak e o f ,

brea d e v e n t ho u gh i t be as sm all as an egg O v e r e v ery d rop o f w a te r

,
.

t hat he d rink s he m u s t al so say gra c e a l so o v er every p i ec e o f frui t

, ,

t hat h e eat s The y a l so repea t t w o b l ess i n gs w h e n i t th u n d ers an d

.

l i gh t nin gs .

S cha lem A lec/Lem w h i c h mea n s

Pe a c e w i th y o u i s the c o m m o n
, ,

w elc o m e t o e v ery s t ran g e r t o wh i c h i s a n s w e red A lec/m m S cha lem

W ith y o u be p ea ce W he n a J e w e nt ers h i s n eighbor s h o u se the
, , ,
v'

.
,

Ba r u ch H a ba Bl esse d be he who c a m e i s a ga in t he w elc o m e an d the

, , ,

erso n v i s i t in g a n swers B a r u ch f em za B l ess e d be he w h o i s fo u n d

p ,

h ere . The J ews are a very hosp i tabl e pe o p l e a n d are c all e d Ben ey

,

R a ck l a n i m llI er c ifu l ch i ld re n
,
'
.

There i s n ot a n a ti o n u n d e r the s u n whose b o n d s o f m at rim o n y are ,

c o n s i d ere d so sa c r ed a n d k ep t so u n dele d as th o se o f the J e w s

,
I t is .

m uch t o be d ep l ore d t ha t a peop l e w h o l i v e w i th o ut the l igh t o f the

,

osp el sho uld be as far as mora l i t y i s c o n c er n e d so m uc h in a d va n c e o f

g , , ,

t hose who l i ve u n d er th e very so un d o f th e gospel .

 M I S C EL L A N EO U S AD D EN D A .
343

W he n a n or tho d o x wom a n marri es she has her ha i r cut short an d , ,

i s s t ri ctly forb i d d e n t o app ear wi t h an u n covered hea d A grea t m an v .

wear fa l se h ai r b ut e v e n t o t h i s so m e have obj e cti on s M o s t o f the

, , .

p i o u s wo m e n w ear n o thin g b ut a b l a c k si l k e n band wh i c h i s w o rn o n ,

t he forehea d in ord er that the ha i r m i gh t n o t be see n Bu t th i s law is

, .

n o w g i vin g w a
y a m o n g t he R e for m J ews an d eve n am on g a gre at n u m ,

ber o f the O rtho d o x J ews .

D a n c in g i s c o n s i d ere d n o s in a m o n g t he J ew s 3 yet y o u w i ll se l d o m
n d a p i o u s J ew fre q u e nt in g the ball roo m o r an y o th er p ubl i c p lac e
-
, ,

e xc ep t whe n som e o f h i s fri en d s are m arri e d a t wh i ch d an c in g i s cu s ,

t o m ar y . A n d t o t he i r c re d i t i t m u s t be sai d tha t there i s n e i ther as

, ,

m uc h gh tin g d r inkin g n or o t her v ul gar th ings in vog u e am on g the m

, ,

a s a m o n g o t her peop l e .

A ft er every a cc i d en t o f i m portan c e or es c ape from an y d an ger a , ,

J ew w ill p ub l i cly a ckn o w l ed ge t he mercy o f Go d t oward s him an d d i s ,

t rib ut e chari ty .

There are o f c o u rse n o sa c ri c es a t pre s e nt am on g the J ew s 3

, ,

in s t ea d o f wh i c h the y have n o th in g b ut R ep en ta n ce C har i ty a n d P r ayer , .

Ba th K o l or the so c all e d d au gh t er vo i c e o f the J ews cl aim e d t o

,
-

, ,

h ave bee n hear d in y ears l o n g pas t i s n o w n o more in e xi s t en c e 3 so

,

that a t th e prese n t t im e t hey have n e ither ora cl es n or prophesi es an d

, , ,

n o vo i c e from heave n favors t he m aga in w i t h t he a nn o u n c em e n t o f so m e

great eve n t as t he Ba th K o l d i d in form er t im es

,
.

M os t o f t he Jews c o n s i d er Je s u s C hri s t as a n i m pos t er 3 a n d there

are c omparat i vely few who ev e n t h ink respe ctfully o f o u r L or d a n d
S av i o u r .

The mo d ern R e formers say W e hav e n o th i n g t o d o w i t h t he s u p

ose d fa ll o f A d a m a n d E v e 3 for t he B i b l e sa y s o f Go d H e v i s i t s t he
p ,

ini qu i ty o f the pare nt s o n the c h i l dr e n a n d ch i l d re n s c hi ld re n to the

th i r d a n d fo u rt h gen erat i o n o f those w h o hat e hi m W e h a ve n o R e .

d eem er e x c ep t a v i rt u o u s a n d p i o u s l ife W e sa y in o u r d a i ly pray ers

.

the word s o f I sai ah O u r R e d ee m er is the L ord Zeb aoth the M os t

, ,

H o ly o f I srae l i s H is n am e .

The res to rati o n o f I srae l t o P al es tin e i s proph es i e d b y M oses 3 b ut

t his bel i e f or the pray er in th is respe ct c ann o t preve nt o n e fro m be in g
, ,

a go o d c i tiz e n o f the c o u nt ry where he l i ves 3 for w e ar e n owhere t ol d

t hat all I srae l it es m u s t re tu rn t o P al es tin e Thos e who wis h t o sta y .

where the y are may pray t o see o thers rest ore d t o t he l an d o f thei r w ish
,
.

The pray er for t he res to ra ti o n o f a kin gd om a n d a pers o nal kin g o f ,

.

w ha t e v er dy n as ty i s s in ful a n d n u J ew i sh
,
-
.
34 4
H A J EH U D I M A N D M I K V EH I S R A EL .

The cu st om o f cuttin g the n a i l s I n th e S en d a V es ta Yes tho S ad i es -

xl 7 t he fo ll o w in g pass age o ccu rs

.
,
I f o n e cuts h i s n a i l s he t ak es rs t ,

t h e r in g n g e r t he n t he fo u r th (fro m t he t h u m b ) n e x t t he s m a ll es t
, , , ,

t he l o n ges t a n d n ally th e t h u m b A n e xt ra knife i s n e c essary for i t

,
.
,

b y w h i c h every n a i l i s cut in t w o a n d a t e v ery n a il i s sa i d t he pray er

, ,

S u c h i t i s t he p l eas u re o f O rm u z d 3 20 A ll t he n a il s c u t o ff m u s t be
,

.

b u ri e d in a d ry a n d u n cult i vat e d l a nd or l a i d u po n a har d s ton e, ,

w rappe d in paper r t he y a r e t hr o w n in t o a ho l e a
( ) o ,
c ,
.

The J eru sa lem Tal m ud sa y s There w ere v e t h in gs m i ss in g fro m t he

se c on d t e m pl e tha t w ere in t h e rs t v i z : The F i re from H eaven the , ,

A rk t he U rim an d Th u m m i m the O il o f A n o in tin g a n d t h e H o ly

, , , ,

S p i ri t or the S p i r i t o f prophe cy .

The Bab alo n i sh Ta l m ud m en t i o n s t hese ve The A rk U rim a n d , ,

Th um m i m the F i re from H e aven t he D i v i n e presen c e or cl o ud o f

, , ,

G l ory a n d t he H oly Gho st or t he S p i ri t o f P rophe cy a n d M i ra cl es

, , .

ME NT I O N OF C H R IS T S N AM E I N A AS P H E M O U S M A NNE R I N TH E T AL M U D
BL A N D '

R ABBI N I C A L I V R I T I N G S .

A d i s c i p l e c orru pti n g h i s foo d as d i d J es u s o f N azare th .

The Tal m udi s t s b e in g tau gh t b y t he i r fathers d o g i ve o ut horri bly

b l asphem ing
, , ,

t ha t Jes u s o f N azare th o u r L o rd was a m agi ci an a

, , , ,

broa cher o f s t ran ge an d w i c k e d worsh i p ; a n d o n e t hat d i d m i ra cl e s b y

t he power o f t h e d ev i l t o b ege t h i s worsh i p the great er beli e f an d
,

ho no u r
Ben S ald a brou gh t m agi c o ut o f Egyp t b y cuttings wh i c h he ha d
.

m a d e in h i s esh

By Ben S al d a t hey u nd erstan d Jes u s o f N azare th
S at da or S ta de so u nds as m uc h as a n ad ultero u s w ife wh i ch
. .

, , ,
"
t he Ge m ara sho w s S h e wen t as id e from her h u sb a nd
, They fe ign .

t ha t J es u s t rave ll e d w i th Josh ua ben P er ac hia i n t o Egyp t a n d tha t he ,

bro u gh t t he n c e m ag i c al w i tch c raft s wi t h h i m 3 b ut un d er t he cuttin gs o f "

h is esh t hat he m i gh t n o t be t ak e n b y the Egyp ti a n magi c i an s who

, ,

s t ri ctly e xa m in e d all that we nt o ut o f th at l an d that n o n e sho uld t ra n

s p or t t he i r m agi c art int o an o ther l an d They a dd
,

J es u s pra cti se d .

m agi c a n d d e c e i ve d a n d d rove I sra e l t o i d o l a t ry
, .

I n Talm Babyl S an h Gem 4 31 i t i s d e l i vere d as a t ra d iti o n :

Th a t J es u s was han ge d u po n a c ross the d ay be fo re the P asso v er
. . . .
,

be c au se he ha d e n chant e d se duc e d a n d d raw n awa y the p eop l e 3 that i t

, ,

be in g pro cl a im e d three d ay s for so m e perso n t o appear in hi s behal f t o ,

t est ify h i s inn o c e n c e t here w as n o n e fo u n d t o d o i t
, .
34 6 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
MI K V EH I S R A EL .

h o w t r agi c th ei r fat e ! For y c en t u r i es

p er s e cut io n an d stat e
m an h as
cr aft s o ught to des t r o y t hei r s epar at e n at io n a l ex i st en c e yet t o t hi s day , ,

t h ey o u r i s h as v i go r o u s ly as e v er un ch an ged an d u n ch an gi n g W hat
, .

e v e r ob j ec tio n w e m ay b e t e m p t d t o o ffer t o t h e logi c o f F r e de r i ck t h e

e

Gr eat s p ar s o n w e all intuitive ly feel t h e fo r c e o f hi s argu m ent w h en to

, ,

th at m o n ar ch s dem an d fo r a b r i ef s u m m a r y o f t h e e vi den c es in fa vo r o f

C h r i s tian it y h e r ep l i ed i n t hese w o r ds
, Th e J ew s y o u r m aj esty ,
.

W ith s uch chin g to t h em an d s o abun dan t m ean s o f

i n t er es t a tt a
,

o b s e r v at i o n a t c o m m an d w e m a
y w o n der a t t h e i gn or an c e prevai l in g
,

a b o u t t h e ir h i s t o r y o pin io n s
,
a n d c h ar a c ter i s t i c s
, V er y l itt l e p r o gr es s .

h as b een m ade i n t hi s di r e c t i o n V e k n o w n o t m uch m o r e o f Je wi sh

.

t h eo l o gy an d l ife tha n did t h e fat h er s C er t a in ly w e k n o w l es s o f R a b

.
,

bi n n i c al l i t er at ur e th an m an y du r in g t he p a s t R efo r m at i on p er i o d ,

m uch l es s t h an t h e Bu x t o r s t h e V i t r in ga s

th e S elden s a n d a h o st
, , ,

o f l ess d is t i n gu is h ed m en .

A t on e ti m e, w e rej ect th e
wh o le eight e en c en t u r i es o f J ewi sh l i ter
a tu r e a s a m a s s o f m ean i n gl e s s r u bb i s h ; n e x t w e o s c i ll a t e w i th t h e sa m e
, P ,

i gn o r an c e o f t h e r eal s tat e o f t h e c ase t o t h e v er y o pp o s it e ex tr em e , .

A few p ages o f i s o l at ed q u o tati o n s e xt r a c t ed fo r a p ar ti c u lar p u r p o s e o u t r ,

o f s o m an y t h o u s an d fo l i o p a ge s a r e d ee m ed s u f c i en t t o c on vi n c e t h at
,

th e J ewi sh Ta l m u d c o n t ai n s a l l t h e s p ir i t ua l e l em en t s o f th e N ew Tes
t a m en t an d t h e q u in t e ss en c e o f m o der n ci v i l i z ati o n 3 an d t h i s w i th o u t
, ,

e v en en q u i r i n g i n t o t h e gen e r a l c o n t en ts t h e t en den cy an d t h e s p i r i t , ,

o f t h at i m m en s e w o r k o r i n t o t h e m an ifesta ti o n
, o f i t s i n u en c e as ,

a pp ar en t i n th e T alm u di c a l S y n ago gu e .

Th e di s p er s i o n ,

so far
pr esen t k n o wn c o n si st s chiey o f t h e
a s at ,

d es c en dan t s o f th e t r i be o f Ju dah A m o n g t h em ar e s c atter ed a n u m b er

.

o f L ev i t es ,
an d s o m e w h o t r a c e th ei r d es c en t t hr o u gh t h e p r i es tho o d t o

A ar o n h i m s el f Th i s i s a s cer t ain ed n o t b y gen eal ogi ca l t ab l es b u t b y

.
,

c e r t ai n l a w s d u ti es an d p r iv i l eges app lyin g t o t h e fam i ly o f A ar o n

, , , .

Th u s th e r st b or n o f m a l es ar e r edeem ed fr o m t h em ; th ey ar e n o t
-

a ll o w ed t o r em ai n in th e s am e h o u s e wi th a d ead b o dy & c Th e G ent i l e ,

.

w h o v i sit s a J ewi sh c em et er y w i ll n o ti c e o n s o m e o f t he m o s s c o v er ed
-
,

s t on es a r u de gr a v in g o f t w o h an ds lifted up i n a s tr an ge m an n er , .

T hes e ar e t h e p r i est ly han ds e xten ded i n t h e atit u de o f Jewi sh b l es s in g

, ,

an d t h e s t o n e m ar k s t h e r es t i n g p l a c e o f o n e d es c en de d i n un b r o k en s u c
-

c es s i o n fr o m t h e gr eat J ewis h H i gh P r i e st T o m a k e t h e d ev i c e c o m .

le te t h e h an ds o ught p r o b ab ly to b e s u r m o u n t e d b y a m i t r e w i th th e
p , ,

i n s c r i p t i on Ho lin ess u n t o t he L o r d
,
"
Th r o ugh t hi s a n d o t her m ean s .
, ,

th ei r A ar o n i c des c en t i s c om m u n i c at e d fr o m fat h er to s o n b ei n g xed ,

 P EC U L I A R I TI ES or T H E J EW I S H R A C E . 34 7

o n t he m em or y fr o m ear l i es t age, by r i t es an d c er em o n i es w hi ch c an
n e v er b e fo r go t t en .

I t h a s b een p o pu l a r ly b u t e r r o n eo u s ly su o sed t h t t h J w i sh
pp , a e e
p o pu l at i o n i s i n a gr eat m ea s u r e s tat io n ar y , i t s n u m b er l i t tl e , i f a t all,
,

exc ee di n g t h a t a t t h e t i m e o f t h e n a l di s er si o n
p Bu t t h e o r di n ar y .

c o m puta t i o n at ab o u t v e m i ll i o n s , a n d ev en t hat o f di st i n gu i s h ed w r i ter s

o n s ta t i s t i c s , s uc h K o l b , at ab o u t s ev en m i ll i o n s , i s far t o o lo w I t is .

e x t r e m ely d i ffi cu l t t o ar r i v e a t c o r r e c tn e s s o f n u m b e r s n o t o n ly fr o m
,

t h e s h i ft i n g c h a r a c t e r o f t h e J ewi s h p o pu l a ti o n , b u t fr o m t h e fa c t t h at
t h e c o u n t r i es i n w h i ch t h e J e w s m o s t n u m er o u s ly r es i de, a r e r ec i s ely
p
t h o s e fr o m w hi ch n o r e l i a b l e s t at i s t i c s c a n b e o bt a i n ed A cc o r din g t o .

D r . P r es s e ll, t h e J ew s i n P o l an d a m o u n t t o whi l e a r e c en t
P o l is h w r i t er c o m p u tes t h ei r n u m ber a t A ga in , P r es sel
r e ck o n s t h e J ew i s h p o u l a ti o n o f M o l da v i a an d W a ll a c h ia a t
p
whi l e r e cen t c ar efu l i n v es t igat i on s h av e sh o w n t h a t i t am o u n t s t o m o r e
t h an t h r ee t i m es t h at n u m b er o r to ,s ou l s Th e Br i t i sh J ews .

m u s t b e a l s o m o r e n u m er o u s t h a n i s s u p p o s ed , s in ce go o d a u t h o r i ty s ta t es
t h em a t fr o m to in L o n do n a l o n e L as t ly , whi l e D r . .

P r es s el ca l cu la tes t h e J ew is h p o p u la ti o n o f Eu r o p ean Tu r k ey at
t h er e ar e a u th o r i t i es w ho c l a i m n o t l ess t h a n J e w i s h i n ha b i t an t s
for C o n s t a n t i n o p l e i t s el f \V e sh a ll , t h e r efo r e, n o t b e i n da n ger o f e x
.

a gge r a t i n g i f w e s i m p ly r ep r o d uc e, w i t h c er t a i n a l ter at i o n s an d r em ar k s ,

D r P r es sel s s t at i st i ca l t ab l e
.

C OU XTR Y . G EN T I L E PO P . J Bu s .

U n i t ed S tat es (i n 1 8 50 ) (ch i ey G er m an s ) .

G r eat Br i t ai n (at l eas t ) .

F r an c e i n Par i s ) .

S p ai n A few h er e an d t h er e

.

A few u n d er gr eat r es t r i c t n

I t aly (i n c ludi n g R o m an S t at es i
T h e R o m an S tat es
S wi tz er l an d 2, 390 , 1 1 6
Belgium 4 , 6 23, 0 8 9 1 , 50 0 .
[i n A m st er d am 1 .

Holl an d (w i th L u x em bur g an d L i m b ur g) . (m o r e th an
A u s tr i a

Hu n gar y (i n c ludi n g Tr an s ylvan i a, C r o at i a

an d t h e Mi l i t ar y Boun d ar y)

G er m an y
D en m ar k

N o n e.

G r eec e an d t h e I o n i an I sl an ds (S p an i sh J ews ) .

R uss i a Over
Tur key i n Eur o p e
Tur key i n A s i a
(ch i ey
.

A fr i can D ep en d en ci es , Egyp t, N ub i a ,
A t l eas t
Tr ip o l i an d Tun i s S p an i sh J ew s .
)
Th i s
p u t at i o n i s far t o o lo w
com .

i vi l f h t f t h c t l u m b r t h e D n ub i a an
p r i n ci p al i t i es
1T s s o
h
i b o u s y ar s or o e a u a n e ,

v i J w d C t t i l r o b ably a bout m o st o f
l
a o n he,
g a n e s a n o n s ,
an n o p e p
t h em S p an i s h J ws e .

l l i l u b i b tw en an d J ews
I A so t o o lo w P a es t n e a o n e n m e r n g e e .

,
348 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KVEH I S R A EL .

I t w i ll be no t iced that w hi l e in this t ab l e m an y coun t ries are u n r e

,

presented in others the co m putation co m es far shor t of the rea l nu m bers

, ,
.

The c l assication into Germ an Po l ish and Spanish Je w ish is w e ll , ,

founded and depends not on ly on geographica l and h istorica l grounds

, , ,

but m arks m en ta l an d e v en ph ysica l di fferences D r Presse l arrange s

The Scattered Nation int o three c l asses according to the countries
. .

,
"
over w hich it is dispersed The rst c l ass in h abi ting the i nterior o f .
,

A frica A rabia I ndia China Turkestan and Bokhara occupies t h e

, , , , , ,

l o w est stage o f civi l ization Though genera lly great ly superior to their .

Genti l e neighbours these Je w s are a l m ost sem i barbarous and ignorant

,
-

of their o w n l it erature The second and m os t nu m erous c l ass is foun d

.

in Nor thern A frica Egy pt Pa l estine S y ria M esopotam ia Persia A sia

, , , , , ,

M inor European Turke y Po l and R ussia and parts o f A ustria I t

, , , ,
.

em braces the bigoted strictly ortho d ox and T al m udica l Jew s inc l uding

, , ,

the sect of th e K a s idim o r pious to t h e nu m ber o f about one m i llion
, , ,

and the interes ting but s m all part y of the Karaites w h o rej ect a ll R ab ,

b i n n i c a l traditions The third c l ass is represented by the J e w s o f Gen

.

tra l and W estern E urope an d of the Unit e d Sta tes These m ing l e w ith ,
.

their Genti l e neighbours and indeed are in m an y respects t heir super , , ,

i or s. R e l igious ly t he y be l ong in ge n eral t o t h epar t y kno w n as R eform

,

ing w hich atte m pts to e l im inate the o l d Tal m u di c a l e l em ent fro m thei r
,

rel igion and to adap t it to w estern civi l ization V V es ter n Judais m i s

,
.

rapid ly drift ing into U nitarianism or D eis m .

I t w i ll have been observed that nu m erica lly the Je w s are very ,

une qually d istributed over the various countries Thi s no d o u bt is in .

, ,

great part o w ing to their p a st history S t ill it re m ains a striking fact .

,

that b y far t h e l arge st proportion o f Je w s is found in t h e l atit u de o f

Jer u sa l e m F ro m so m e l an ds they are conspicuous ly absent partly fro m
.
,

l ega l restrictions and part ly perhaps o w ing to t he character of t h e

, , ,

Genti l e popu l ation Sco t l and num bers very fe w J ew s 5 fro m Spain and
.

Portuga l they are v irtually exc l uded nor are their Jew s in Norw a y ,

popu l ation in so m e parts o f G erm an y (Lichenste i n p o p u

(

, ,

l ation ,
Schau m berg popu l at ion 3 and in so m e Provinces ,

o f A u stria
( Sa l zberg
,
popu l ation 3 Carinthia popu l ation , ,

Carnio l a popu l at ion I n other par ts o f t he A ustrian

,

E m pire the Je w i s h pop u l ation is disproportionate ly s m a ll

,
Thus Upper .

A ustria, w i th a popu l ation of nu m bers on ly four Je w s Styria ,

w ith has only s i x Je w s 3 the Ty ro l w ith inhabitants , ,

has 54 8 J e w s and the m il itar y boundar y w ith on ly 40 4 ,

Je w s Yet despite cons tant persecutions t he I srae l ites have prove d

.
, ,
350 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH IS R A EL .

n igh im possibl e to trans l ate into Ge n til e l anguage I t h as a l so a printed .

l iteratu re o f i ts o w n w hich consi sts chiey o f abs u rd legends and tal es

fo r the rel igious edic at i o n o f w o m en and o f the
, , ,

ignorant an d ,
"
u n l earned . To this debasing l itera t ure there has ho w ever o f l ate , , ,

bee n added a nu m ber o f Christian tracts and if w e m istak e n ot even a , ,

tr ans lation o f t h e Scriptures I t is scarce ly necessar y to s ay that w rit

.
e

i n gs l ike those to w hich w e have j ust a ll u ded m us t be carefu lly dis .

,

t in gu is h ed fro m t h e m agnicent disp l ay s o f ge n ius an d l earning on l y ,

too l itt l e kno w n w ith w hich the J e w s have in all ages and countries
, ,
'

enriched a l m ost every depart m ent of l i t erature and branch o f science .

I t m ay seem strange that the Je w s bein g m o re units a m ong th e ,

thousands of Genti l es arou nd shou l d h ave preserved alike th e ir m ental

,

a n d ph y sica l pecu l iarities Th e absence of c r i m e am ong them and t h e

.
,

m arked pr e sence o f so m an y socia l and private virtues as kindne s s ,

charity reverence a ec ti o n aten ess and sobrietyare w e ll kno w n S o

, ,
.

a r e that q uickness and c l earness that a d aptation and perseverance that ,

,

endurance a n d di l igence w hich h ave constituted no inconsiderab l e

,

e l em ents to their success These are characteristics co m m on to the race

. .

Scientic observers h ave noted certain ph ysica l pecu l iari t ies in t h e

s tructure o f t he bod y a m o n g the J e w s A ccording to the w e ll
,
kno w n .

anato m ist Schu l tz of St Petersburg the y differ fro m all other races
, ,
.
,

inhabi t ing the R ussian e m pire A com parison has shn w n that w hereas
.
,

the average height of the oth er races am o u nts to bet w ee n 6 6 4 6 and 68 1 6 -

i n ches that o f the J e w s is o n ly 6 4 4 6 inches A gain w hi l e in genera l

,
.
,
-

the w idt h of the body w hen the ar m s are fu lly stretched o u t exceeds i t s
, ,

height by about eigh t inches t he opposite is the case w ith the Je w s

, ,

w here the w idth oft e n fa l i s to one i n ch be l o w t h e h eight I n the negro .

races t h e trunk cons t it u tes 32 per cent o f the height of the w ho l e bod y .
,

in other races 34 per cent in the Je w s 30 per cen t Las t ly w hi l e

, ,
.
,

ordinari ly the p er i n oeu m is abou t the m idd l e o f t h e bod y in the J e w ish ,

ra ce i t occupies a l o w er position being abo u t 5 per cent beneath i ts ,

.

p l ace in o ther races .

So m e interes ting p a tho logi ca l observations have a l so bee n m ade .

I t appears that t h e J e w s suffer c o m parati v ely rare ly fro m diseases o f the

respiratory organs and that they are in a re m arkab l e degree capab l e o f
, ,

a cco m m odating the m se l ves to vicissitudes o f c li m ate and te m perature .

F ro m certain diseases t hey enj oy a l m ost co m p l ete i m m unit y A m ong .

infanti l e disorders o f this c l as s w e reckon h y droceph a l us and croup ;

,

am ong those affecting a ll ages typhu s and the pesti l ence I t has been
,
.

o bserved that J e w ish co m m unit ies ho w ever poor cro w ded an d contra , ,
 P E C U L I A R I TI ES OF TH E J EW I SH R AC E . 351

v en in g ou r odern h ygienic rul es su ffer co m paratively l ittl e from

m ,

c ho l era and other epide m ics On the other hand there ar e disorders o f
.
,

a lighter kind to w hich the Jew s see m pecul iarly l iab l e such as cutaneous ,

diseases h ypoch ondriasis hy sterica l and nervous affections and o b s t ru c

, , ,

tions o f the porta l s ystem Of lat e m ania has beco m e m ore co m m on

.
, ,

e special ly i n certain l ocal ities o w in g it is supposed to fre qu ent inter

, , ,

m a rriages .

Th e l ast but perhaps the m ost rem arkabl e phy sica l pecu l iarity to
, ,

w hich w e sha ll ca ll attention is the co m parative ly l arge ra tio o f increas e

,

an d th e l ongevity o f the Je w ish race A ssu m in g its present num ber s .

to am o u nt in rou nd gures to c l ose upon nine m ill ions th eir rate of

, ,

i ncrease has indeed fall en far short o f w hat it had been in Bib l ic al and ,

ev en in post Bib l ica l tim es W e subj oin the foll o w in g tab l e draw n up
-
.
,

b y N eu fr ille and derived fro m the o f cia l registers of the ci ty o f F rank

,

fort bet w een the y ears 1 8 4 6 and 1 8 4 8 in reference t o t h e co m para tive

, ,

m orta l ity o f th e J e w s and Genti l es

CO M P AR AT IV E TA BL E OF M O R TAL I TY A M O N G J EW S A N D G ENT IL E S .

A GE . G EN T I L ES . JE W S .

1 4 y ears p er cent 1 29 per cen t .

9 u
23 cc cc

10 14
15 19
20 24
25 29
30 34
35 39
44
45 49
50 54
55 59
60 64
65 69
70 74 11 4

79
80 84
85 89
90 94
95 1 0 0 00 4
352
H A J EH U D I M A N D I K V EH I S R A EL .

F ro m this tab l e it appears that the bal ance o f genera l l ongevity i s ,

l arge ly in favor o f t h e Je w s I n infancy the death rate am ong the Ge n

.
,
-

ti l es is m ore than doub l e that a m on g the Je w s A m ong adu l ts the .

,

l argest proportion of deaths occur am ong the Genti l es a t the ages o f

fro m 20 to 29 being 6 2 per cent a m ong the J ew s at fro m 7 0 to 7 4
, .
, ,

the rate bein g 1 1 4 per cent Then w e have the n ext largest death rate
.
-

a m ong Genti l es , at the ages o f fro m 65 to 69 the proportion being 6 per ,

cent w hi l e a m ong Jew s the per centage for o ld age is m uch l arger
.
, ,
.

These co m parisons m ight be easi l y m ultip l ied The total resu l t m a y be .

exp ressed as fo ll o w s
There died . Of Genti l es . Of Jew s .

The fou r th part A t 6 y ears 1 1 m onths A t 28 y ears 3 m onths .

6
36 cc 6 c c cc
1 u

The fo u r th c
59 u
10 c

Lastly t h e l earned F rench ph ysician D r

,
Lev y ha s recent ly ,
.
,

co m puted th at the average duratio n o f l ife am ong the Genti l es i s 20 , ,

ears and a m ong the Je w s 3 7 y ears

y , , .

A L F R ED ED ER S H EtM ,
354 HA J EH U D I M A N D M I KV E H IS R AEL

-
.

of the Mi s hna W hich ever o f these m o u ntai n p eak s m ay h a v e been

.

that ex trem e l i m it it i s c e rt ai n th a t it w a s s itua ted n o t far from th e

,

E uphrates an d in a re gio n w here gr eat nu m bers o f Je w s resided an d

, ,

from w hen ce th e n ew s w as rapid l y convey ed to th e remotest Je w ish

congr egatio n n orth an d n orth east o f J u dea w h o th u s w ere e nab l e d t o
-
,

cel ebrate the festiva l s a s n ear l y as p o s s ib l e s i m ul tan eous l y w ith Jer u

, ,

s al e m w hich otherw ise cou l d n o t have bee n done I t is fro m this

, .

an em en t that the Y T h
06 s a : s el go lzy o tlo
h
'

g om m the s econd hol iday ,

o f the dispersion , dates i ts origin .

The tr ibute o r tax o f hal f a sheke l tow ard defray ing the expens e ,

o f the dai ly and other sacri ces a n d pub l ic services i n th e te m p l e had

,

been ann u a lly p aid b y every J ew before the B ab yl o nish cap tivity .

A ccording to t r adi tion i t w as ori gin a l l y l evied b y the L aw o f M o se s

,

(E x
. xxx 1 2,
n
. o t on l y a s a te m porar y contribution but as a
p er ,

m anent tax 5 and a s such w e nd it recogni s ed b y the kings and peop l e

o f Ju dah 2 Chron xxiv O n the retur n fro h Bab y l onish cap

( . m t e.

t iv i ty and the rebui l ding o f the te m p l e the contrib u tion w hich had
, , ,

been in abey ance w hi l e the Tem p l e l aid in ruins agai n becam e ob l iga ,

tor y But as the Je w ish sheke l o r c u rrency had bee n superseded b y

.

the Bab yl onian w hich w a s as heavy again a s the J ew ish and as m ore
, , ,

over the peop l e w ere very poor an d cou l d i ll afford the doub l ing o f ,

their annua l paym ent to the Tem p l ew hich m ust have been the cas e
,

if the contribution o f ha l f a sheke l o f actua l currency had been insisted

o u Ezra an d Nehem iah decreed that the annua l pay m en t shou l d b e

reduced to o n e third o f a sheke l currenc y 3 and a s the Je w ish col onists

-

w h o re m ained in Bab yl onia a n d other prov i nces o f the vast Persian

E m pire w ere desirous o f proving their veneratio n fe r the Te m p l e o f

,

Jer u sa l em the y vo l untari ly took upon them se l ves to contribute annua lly
, ,

tow ard the support o f the o fferings and services the sam e am ount that ,

w a s paid for the sa m e purpose b y the residents o f J udea The Je w s a r e .

not on ly a law abiding peop l e but al so strict observers o f p r ecen den t

-

,
.

Once introduced these an n ua l pay m ents becam e a ru l e w ith e v er v

,

Je w ish co l on y and congregation ho w ever re m ote fro m the m ot her ,

country I t appears that in process o f tim e w hen the peop l e cou l d

.
,

better afford it and the inuence o f the S op /t er i m (scri bes o r teachers)

, ,

everyw here enfo rced the l iter a l o bservance o f the L aw o f M oses t he ,

contribution o f the hal f sheke l w a s n ot w ithstanding the increas ed va lu e ,

o f the coin every w here adopted ; and w hen subse q uently the Greek
,

currency w hich w as even hea vier than th e Bab yl on ian becam e genera l
, ,

t hroughout Judea and i t s standard w as adopted b y Sim on t he M accabee

, ,
 E
T M PL E A ND HA L F SH EK EL .
355

the h al f sheke l still contin ued to be paid ; though this am ount si m i lar ,

i n n a m e on ly w a s in fact m ore than three ti m es as l arge as th e tax

,

l evied b y M oses .

Th us their v eneration for the Holy Tem p l e their dependence o n the ,

great n ationa l counci l at Jerusa l e m and the share o r portion every one
,

o f them had in the pub l ic sacrices and services o f the sacred m etropo l is
,

c onnected a ll the Jew s througho u t the vast di a s o r a a ll ov er A sia w ith

p
t he m other cou n try
-
.

To the south w est and south of Judea th e J e w s w ere spread a l m ost

-

as w i de ly an d as nu m erous ly a s the y w ere i n Upper A sia The Je w s in .

t h e Egypto Grecian Em pire w ere brought in under A l exander the Great

-

an d Pt ol em y I . They increas e d and m u l tip l ied unti l their chief seat

a n d m etropo l is A l exandria w it h its i m m ense Jew ish popu l ation m agni
, , ,

c en t s ynagogue and great w ea l th becam e the ad m iration of thei r

, ,

Eastern brethren .U nder the Pto l e m ies the J ew s in Egypt rose t o high
h onors and great po w er The l anguage spoken by t h e J e w s in that
.

c o untr y w a s a dia l ect o f the Greek .

The Je w s in A l exandria had their o w n Sanhedrin o r seventy e l ders , ,

a n d at their head stood an o f cer recogniz ed b y the G overn m ent The .

e tym o l ogy o f his tit l e or designation A la ba r c h is o n e o f great di fcu l ty

, ,

t o phi l o l ogists but his functions appear to have been si m il ar to those

s ubse q uent ly exercised b y the R a s /
'

i i Ga lv a tha
chiefs o f t he dis p er ,

sion , i n Upper A sia The decision of the chief t ribunal s i n A l exan
.

dria are spoken of w ith respect b y the Ta l m ud (tr R elu b o th

,
B)3 ,
.
, .

and there is reason to bel ieve tha t the xing o f the N eo m in ae for t he
E gypto Grecian Jew s w a s a preroga tive exercised b y th e Sanhedrin a t
,

A l exandria . I t i s certain that the com m unication b y m eans o f beacon ,

s igna l s w a s not kept up w i t h Egy pt

,
al though this m ay perh aps have
been o w ing to the w ant of l oca l ities proper for t he raising o f beacons .

I n other respects the J ew s o f A l exandria kep t u p their connec tion w i th

Judea 3 for notw i thstand ing the te m pl e w h ich Onias erec ted and Phil
o m et o r patronized it w as the ti m e
,
h on o red house of God at Jerus al e m ,

that h el d the rst rank in the estim ation o f the Hell enists ; an d to i ts
support the vast m aj ority o f them contributed the annual ha l f shekel -
,

l ike a ll their various bret h r en throughout A sia F ro m Egypt proper .

,

various branches o f the Je w ish dispersion extended over t h e east ern is l es ,

and the southern shores o f t h e M editerranean S ea The is l and o f .

C ypru s s o l ong dependant on t h e e m pire o f t h e P to lm ies conta ined a

, ,

very g r eat nu m ber o f Je w s and so did the is l and of Kos

,
.
356 H A J EHU D I M
-
A ND M I K V EH IS R A EL .

The Je w ish popu l atio n in the city and territory o f C yrene o n the .

n or th coast o f A frica w as both n u m erous and po w erful A nother

, .

l arge Jew ish congregatio n resided at Ber en ic i a the site o f th e ,

present city o f Tripo l is in Barbary w here a co l um n o f P ari a n

, ,

m arb l e has l ate ly been dug up bearing an inscription in honor o f ,

M arcus Tertius E m i liu s R o m an proconsu l (about 4 4 ,

b y the ,

A r cho n ts (e l ders ) and co m m uni ty o f Je w s at Ber an i c i a

, ,
The attach .

m ent of a ll these Je w ish sett l e m en t s t o the m e t ropo l is o f Jerusa l em and ,

its tem p l e is fre q uent ly n oti c ed b y Josephus (A n ti q l ib x i v passim )

, ,
. . . .

A strik i ng proof of the deep interest the y took in the fortunes o f Judea ,

w e sti ll possess in t h e so ca ll ed s chon d book o f M accabees This is the .

e pito m e o f a history in ve books b y Jason a ew o f C y rene w h o w rote

, , ,

fo r the so l e purpose o f perpetrating the de l iverance o f Judea a n d t h e ,

lc r y of the M accabean bro t hers This histor y has perished but the
g .
,

e pi t o m e has found roo m a m ong the A p o c r yp h ae and b y that m eans ,

be en preserved to us .

A nother branch o f the di a sp or a o f Egyptian J e w s spread over the ,

interior o f Eastern A frica w here w e nd its re m ains in the F a la s ha s a

, ,

peop l e o f Je w s at one ti m e so po w erfu l as to have ac q uired do m inion

o ver the great kingdo m of A b yssinia 3 and w h o though subse q uently ,

m uch reduced ar e sti ll in existence

,
There is re ason to be l ieve that .

the firs t Je w ish settl ers in these rem ote regions w ere refugees w h o had ,

ed from persecution b y P h ysc o n in Egypt 3 but that these A b yssinian ,

J ew s did not keep any in tercourse o r connection either w ith A l exandria ,

o r w ith Jerusal e m .

W i thin the l ast coup l e o f y ears m uch interesting inte ll igence res

,

p ao ting the F al ashas and their rel igion has been obtained b y m eans o f ,

M onsieur A d A b b at i e This gentl e m an a F rench travell er visited
. .
, ,

A by ssi n ia in 1 8 4 5 and returned to that country in 1 8 48

,
He had o n .

t h e o c c a s ion of the second j ourne y been fu rnished w ith a l ist of q ues ,

t ions b y t h e y ou t hfu l but high ly gif ted P hilo x en e L u zz at o o f the C o l ,

legia R a bbi n i ca in Padua w h o ho w ever did not l ive to re ceive the fu ll

, , ,

a n d sa t i s fac t ory ans w ers M d A b b at i e brought back fro m t h e F a l ashas

.
,

a n d w hich w e r e pub l ished at Paris i n the Un i v er s I s r a eli te A pri l t o ,

Ju ly 1 8 5 1 These a ns w ers p l ace i t bey ond a doubt that the F a l ashas

,
.
,

o r A by ssinian Je w s originated fro m A l exandria o r Egypt but the y

, ,

ne v er h ad or very ear ly renounced connection w ith that country and

, ,

w ith J udea A m ong their fas t day s t ota lly di fferent fro m
. and far , ,

m ore nu m erous than t hose observed b y the Je w ish n ation in e v ery part

o f the w orl d the y have n one to co m m e m orate the destruction o f Jer u

,
3 58 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH IS R A EL .

to Yem en acco m panied b y h i s t w o teach ers w h o w orked m an y w o n

, ,

d ers an d c onverted the ent ire popu l ation o f the c o untry t o their o w n
,

re l igion w hich w a s t hat of A braha m

, .

Thus far the l egend : That ho w ever fai l s t o tell us w hich o f th e

, ,

m an v princes o f t h e Tobba nam ed A ssad is the hero o f our t a l e A ccord .

i n gly m uch difference o f opinion prevai l s respecting the da t e of t his con

,

version So m e p l ace it so m e centuries before the d estruction o f Jer u s a

.

lem w hile oth e rs assu m e the third century of the Chris t ian era as the
,

pro bab l e date .

A fter the Je w ish Kingdo m in Southern A rabia had been subverted

b y the Christians of A byssinia i n the ft h century o f the C hristian era
, ,

a n d the Je w i s h re l igion h a d a l m ost disappeared fro m that portion o f

the peninsu l a the fact that a s yste m o f Judais m di fferent fro m that
, ,

w hich prevai l ed in h i s o w n d ay s had at o n e ti m e been genera l through

,

o u t Ye m en enab l ed M o h a m m ed to charge the Je w s

,
as he does in hi s ,

Koran w i th having per v erted the doctrines o f the law and fa l sied the
, ,

Scriptures in w hich his m ission and advent w ere announced .

 CHA PTER IV .

JEW IS H M ON EY .

The chief m oney o f the J e w s w as the s hekel o f un m ixed si lver

M an y have thought that they had tw o sorts o f w eights o n e sacred o r
.

,
o f the sanctuar y and the other roy a l o r profane
, 3 b u t this distinction is
grounded upon no passage in the Bib l e .

The Jew ish w eights w ere o f stone 3 fro m this is the ro ya l w eight
(1 K ings ) the stone of j usti c e

n a m ed .

I t does n o t appear that the Je w s had coined pieces of go l d but

3
foreign m one y either go l d si l ver o r copper w as current a m ong the m
, , , .

The for m o f their sheke l w as the sam e a s o u r co m m on Engl ish

penn y 3 o n one side there w as stam ped a vase w ith o w ers and the ,

w ords Sheke l I srae l around it 3 and o n the reverse an o l ive branch
w ith the w ords Sheke l Hado des h
.

I t w as the sam e va l u e as the Engl ish hal f crow n and the hal f ,

s heke l w a s h a l f a s m uch They had their sheke l either i n o n e piece or

.

i n fo u r t o m ake it u p .

These four pieces w ere call ed in the Greek l anguage drach m s 3 i n ,

the Hebrew z u zees 3 i n t he Latin penn ies

, ,
.

The sheke l w as of the w eight o f three hundred and t w en ty barl e y

c orns 3 but the w ise m en added to i ts w eight and m ad e it the w eight o f
,

three hundred and eighty four barl ey corns -

.

This w as e q ual to one s ela a ; t h e s ela a is four denarii 3 the denarii

i s s ix m eaks 3 this i s that w hich in M oses ti m e w as ca l l ed gerah 3 the
'
, ,

m eah w as t w o pondions ; the pondion t w o is s ar i m 3 an d a m i t e t h e

e ighth part o f an assar The w eight o f a m ite w as ha l f a bar l ey corn

. .

The Jeru sa l em m oney w as the eighth par t o f the Tyrian On it .

w ere sta m ped the fo l l o w ing

'

D avid and So l o m on on o n e side 3 and o n

t h e reverse J eru s al em the ho ly city
,
.

Upon A braham s m oney w ere stam ped o n o n e side an o ld m an an d

,

a n o ld w o m an 3 o n the other a y oung m an an d a y ou n g m aid O n

,
.

Josh u a s m oney o n o n e s ide an

,
o n the other
,
a m onoceros O n ,
.

D avid s m one y o n o n e side a staff and a s crip 3 on the other a to w er

.
, , ,

O n M ardochai s m one y o n o n e s ide s acklo th and a shes 3 o n the other a

, ,

c ro w n
.
 C HA P TER V .

THE G O L D EN VES S EL S OF TH E T EM P L EW H ER E TH EY A R E .

Th e vessel s o f p u re go l d w hich w er e in the hou s e o f o u r God w ere

very preciou s n ot on ly of their precio u s m aterial s or the w on derful and
, ,

arti cial w orkm anship o n the m 3 but m ore because th ey w ere used in t h e
service o f Jehovah and therefore ho ly This is a l so the reason w hy t he
,
.

Scriptures give such a detai l ed descriptio n o f their form s and the w eight ,

o f go l d o f w hich the y w ere m ade

'
Where i s the m an w h o fee l s in hi s
.
,

heart the great l oss o f gl ory an d beau ty w h o w ou l d n o t l on g to know ,

w hat beca m e o f those ho l y vesse l s after t h e house o f God w a s d es t r o v ed ,

b y Titu s ?
W e sha ll m ention so m e o f the possessors o f these vesse l s
The Em peror Titus brought the m w ith a great m an y o ther costly ,

things from Jerusa l em to R o m e the cand l estick the tab l e et c 3 and

, , , .

according to the custom o f the age that a con queror o f other nation s ,

m ade h i s entry into the m etropo l is in triu m ph l eading behind h im a ,

l ong train o f chained prisoners w hil e s l aves carried the bes t o f the spoi l 3
,

s o a l so Titus co m m a n ded the ho ly vesse l s to be carrie d and sho w n to the

peop l e as the e m b l em s o f his con q uest A fter that they w ere exhibited
,
.

in a great Te m p l e w hich the y cal l ed the Tem p l e o f Peace There they

, .

re m ained for m an y y ears 3 probab ly to the m idd l e of the ft h centu ry .

I n the y ear 4 50 A D t here ca m e G en s er i cu s the King of the

,
. .
, ,

V andal s fro m A frica to R o m e besieged and con quered it and m ade an

, , ,

i m m en se s poi l A m o n g th~e m ost precious things he took w ere the holy

.
,

vesse l s He carried a l l in ships t oA frica 3 an d they re m ained there in

.

the Kin g s tre asury for 7 0 y ears I n the y ear 520 cam e Be l isarius t h e
.
, ,

genera l o f the Em peror Justinian to w ar against the Van dal s He su c , .

c eed ed in subd u ing them and m ade a trem endou s spoi l 3 and the ho l y
vesse l s fe l l a l so into h is han d He brought the m to C onstantina 3 and
.

al so com m anded l ike Titus that the y sho u l d be carried in triu m ph

, ,

throu gh the streets o f the city .

Whe n these rem nan ts o f I srae l s gl ory w ere thus carried about i n
the s treets o f C onstantina a J ew m et one o f hi s a c qu ain ten c es in the
,

Kin g s hou seho l d and said to him

,
Th e King does not w e l l to exhibit ,

these sacred vesse l s in the s treets an d then keep the m here i n h is pal ac e
,
.

A ccording to m y kno w l edge there i s n o other p l ace for the m than J er

,

u salem the Ho l y C ity w h ere they ca m e fro m and w here the y have
, , ,
 C HA P TER VI .

THE HI GH P R IES TS .

lm pe f
r ec t o n i of the G en e al ogical R egister sL i sts o f n am es so far as as cer t a n ed i .

To give a correct l ist o f the n a m es o f the High Priests fro m

A aron the brother o f M oses do w n to the destruction o f the rst Te m p l e ,
, ,

is a task that has puzz l ed m an y a scho l ar The ne w est an d best c o m .

m en t at o r s o f the Bibl e have fai l ed i n gi v m g a l ist a n s w ering a l l the ,

o bj ections heretofore raised .

Josephus (in his A nti q uities xx

,
gives the nu m ber o f the , .
,

High Priests from A aron u p t o the bui l ding o f the Tem p l e b y Sche
lo m ah (So l o m on ) as thir teen and fro m the n ce do w n to th e d estruction
, ,

o f the Te m p l e b y Nebucha d nezzar as eighteen 3 a nu m ber con r m ed al s o ,

b y the Tal m ud .

I t is true the Bib l ica l registers o f the High Priests do n ot entirely

,

correspond w ith his sketch B ut they seem to be give n m ore to a gen ea

.

l ogica l purpose than to a historica l o n e and are besides so defective

, , , ,

that the y can give n o re liab l e decision The regis ter in E zra vii 1 5 .
,
.
, ,

h as but fteen nam es betw ee n A aro n a n d Ez r a b y far t o o fe w fo r a ,

period o f years .

The second register in I C hronicl es v 30 41 contain s tw e n ty t w o .

,
.
,
-
,
-

n am es in stead o f the fteen in Ezra 3 b u t it i s a l so i n com p l ete, t he n am e s

,

o f m an y a High Priest m entio n ed in t h e books o f Sam uel Kin gs an d , ,

C hro n ic l es being open ly o m itted

,
.

Josephus te l l s u s as above s tated that fro m A aron do w n to the

, ,

b uil ding o f the Tem p l e there w ere thi r teen High Pries ts W e record
,
.

th em in the fo ll ow ing m anner

1 El eazar
P hinehas (Judges xx
. .

2 . . .
,

3 . A bishua .

4 . Buki .

5 . U si .

A ccording to I Chronicl e s v 3 1 33 -

j ah
.

S ec h ar
.
, , .

6 . .

7 . M eraj oth .

8 . A m arj ah .

The register then o m its the nam es o f Eli an d hi s d es ce n da n ts very ,

probably o n accoun t o f th e ir s ervice s bein g r ej ecte d b y t he Lo rd .

 TH E H I G H P R I ES TS .
363

(I S am ue l iii
. .
,
11
He see m s ho w ever to m ention o n e of the m , ,
,
A c h i t u b w h o a c c ordi n g to I S am iii 14 had succeeded
, , Eli in the . . .
, ,

o f ce o f High P riest I f th erefore w e insert the historical nam es o f

.
,

9 . Eli .

10 . A c h i tu b .

11 . A c h i ah
j
Sa m uel ii i .

(I .
, .
,

1 2 A bi m el ech w h o w a s s l ain b y Sau l I S am ue l xxii

.

( ,
) an d . .
, .
-

1 3 Ebj at ar w h o w a s dis c h arged fro m the o fce b y She l o m oh

.
,
,

(I Kin gs ii 27
.
, We have fro m A aron do w n to She l o m oh thirteen
.

High Pries t s a n u m ber fully corresponding w i th Josephus and in a

,
,

period o f about 4 7 0 y ears giving an average of 35 y ears of o fce to each ,

o f the m fu lly in proportion w ith the l ife ti m e of those by gone days

,
-
-
.

F ro m t h e buil ding unti l the d estruction o f the Te m p l e Josephus ,

gives t h e nu m ber of Hig h Priests a s 1 8 Fo ll o w ing the register in .

C hro n ic l es w e nd

1 . Z adock , w ho rst o fciat ed in the te m p l e .

2 A c hi m a a z
. .

3 A .
j
s ar a h .

4 . J o c h an a n .

5
. . A sa r a h
j .

7 . A m a r ah , j (under King J eh o shap ha t ) .

A c hi t u b .

Here th e
regis t er o m its t h e n am es o f
8 . J eh aj a dah (under King Joash ) , .

9 . S ec h arj ah (under t h e sam e Ki n g ) . .

10 . A sarj ah (u nder King U zziah ) ,

.

11 . U rias (under King A chas )

,
.

l2 . A sarj ah (under King J ec h eski ah u )

,
.

Then the Bib l ica l record resum es again w ith

Z adok
u nd er t h e Kings M enasheh and A m on
(
.

l4 Sha l um .

. .

15 . C h elkij ah (under King Josiah ) ,

.

l6 . A j sa r a h .

S er aj a h (under King J oj a c h in )
, .

18 . J eho zadak (w ho w as carried aw ay in to the captivity

, of

Bab yl on ) .

This l ist giving us exact ly eighteen nam es corresponds entire l y

, ,

w it h Josephus and the Ta l m ud The period fro m S h elem o h unti l the .

d estruc t ion o f the Te m p l e co m prehending about 4 20 years gives an , ,

a verage o f 24 y ears t o every High Pries t fo r the te r m o f his o f

ce , .
 C HA PTER VII .

D OCTOR S OF D IV IN ITY .

D i p lo m as S tatu s an d P o w er s o f R abb i s in di ffer en t ages .

The Hebrew o r R abbinical stu dent it m ust be w e ll know n to m an y , ,

~ eceives a dip l o a h ich is ca ll ed b y di f

f erent n a m es such as J TVJ

r m w , W ,

1 3 I n possession o f such a dip l o m a the student is authorize d

t o o i c i at e a s R abbi S em i c ha.h Lay ing o n o f h ands W hen Joshua .

w as appointed succe s sor i n o fce t o M oses ( Nu m b xxvii 1 8 to 23 3D eut . . .

x xxi v . 9 ) M oses l aid his hands u pon Joshua T he verb to express this act
,
.

i s S a m a eh and the n oun S em i cha h

,
T h erefore the a ct of appointing
.

o n e to succeed in ofce w as ca ll ed S em i cha h except King and High ,

Prie s t w h o w ere an n o in t ed and w ere therefore ca ll ed M es si a h w hich si g~

, ,
,2
n ies t he an n o i n t ed one I n the Bib l ica l passages q uoted above som e

.
,

expre s sions m ust be n oticed particul arly : A m an in w ho m t here i s

spirit .
Thou shal t confer u p on h i m from Th y gl ory There w as .

u pon hi m the spirit o f w isdom for M oses h ad l aid his hands u pon h i m ,
.

These passages teach us w h at w a s to be conferred upon the appointed

s u ccessor 1 F ro m t h e g l ory authority o r distinction o f the o n e w h o
. .
,

appointed 3 and 2 the spirit o f w isdo m kno w l edge l earning & c

, , , ,
.

This act o f S em i c h ah w a s retained ti ll l ong after the destr u ction o f

the second tem p l e o f Jerusa l em to au thorize students as R abbis o r ,

Judges w hich rendered them e l igibl e to these o fces The titl e o f R abbi
,
.

o r dozen (Judge ) w a s not introduce d i n I srae l unti l ten o r tw ent y y ears

before the vu l gar era Si m on the so n o f Hill e l 1 is the rst w h o had

.
, ,

this titl e Hi ll el w as appointed Nassi thirt y y ears B C and he is yet

.
,
. .
,

the p l ain Hi ll e l w ithout the titl e o f R abbi

,
.

I n for m er tim es the distinguished scho l ars w ere I fa cha m i m (sages )

, , ,

S ofer i m (scribes ) and i n a sti l l m ore ancient ti m e t b av w ere ca ll ed

'
, ,

S eken i m (e l ders )
,

I n the tim e o f Hadrian s persecution o n e o f the prohibitions w as ,

t o teach the law o r pro m ote students b y the S em i cha h because thus the ,

n ationa l l aw s o f I srae l w ere sure ly to be abrogated a s in a short ti m e ,

t here w ou l d have been n one in I srae l q ua l ied b y law to be a j u dge in

p enal an d other m atters A fter Hadria n s death they re organized the
.

,

Sanhedrin an d con ti nu ed the practice of the n atio n al l aw s

,
.
 C H A P T ER VIII .

SCHOOL S .

J ew ish z eal i n t h e p r o m o ti o n o f lear n i n g V cul r

er n a f t he p eo pl e i n t h e t im e o f
a o

C
hr i s t Gr eek p roh i bi t ed fo r s acred p u r p os s S tr ict r es
e L ightfo o t
u on .

The R abbis say there w ere v e hundred school s in Pa l estine an d ,

i n each ve hundred pupi l s R abbi A kib ah had al one t w enty four thou
.
-

sand discip l es w h o fre quen t e d his schoo l s 3 and in every to w n w h ere n o

s choo l existe d the m en thereof stood exco m m unica ted ti ll a schoo l w as
,

erected .

Besides the p l aces w here the Sanhedrin h ad thei r seats there w ere
, ,

gre at schoo l s to be found copious ly furnished w ith great m en both in

, ,

Ga l il ee and Judea 3 and after t he c o m pi l ing o f the Ta l m ud the Univer ,

sit
y o f Baby l onia beca m e reno w ned 3 and o u t o f t hat U niversit y spr ung
a gai n co l l eges w hich t o this da y have their existence in a ll parts o f the
,
, ,

w orl d w here there are l arge Je w ish c o n W e m u st not neg l ect

gr gat i o n s .

to give them their due credit for the zea l w hich the y exhibit in support

ing the various institutions o f education a m ong them se l ves Even thos e .

fam i l ies w h o are deprived of sending their chi l dren to pub l ic o r private
schoo l s w ill keep a tutor o r instructress for the m at ho m e 3 and n o
,

m atter h o w poor t h e v m ay be y et t he y w i ll never negl e c t t h e education

,

o f their chi l dren so that se l do m

,
if ever y ou are ab l e to n d a J e w w h o
, ,

i s not at l eas t ab l e to read and w rite .

I t w as t h e Hebre w S y riac Chal daic and A ra m ean l anguages

, , , ,

w hich w ere taught in t heir schoo l s and w hich w e r e t h e v ernacu l ar ,

tongues o f t h e peopl e during the t i m e o f the exis t ence o f t he secon d

,

Tem p l e I t is tru e that the Greek l an guage w a s used b y the Hell enists
.
,

J ew s dispersed am ong the Greeks 3 but w ith this exception the Greek ,

l anguage w a s nei ther to be found in their literature nor pray ers a n d w as ,

e ven considered a cri m e to be taught They l aid an e ffectua l bar against

.

the l earn in g of the Greek l anguage a n d on ly a ll ow ed the fa m i ly o f ,

R abbi Ga m a l ie l the Greek l e arning beca u se the y w ere a ll ied to the R o ya l

,

b l ood This ho w ever the y did not grant free ly to others Here is t h e
.
, ,
.

d ecree itse l f Let no m an be a ll o w ed t o t e i c h his chi l dren Greek .

I t is therefore an erroneous idea fo r anyone t o suppose t hat t h e

, ,

Je w s at the ti m e of the co m ing o f o u r Saviour u sed t h e Greek as their

, ,

vernacu l ar especially w hen w e kno w the fo ll o w ing facts : F i r s t J o n a than

, ,
 SCH O O LS .
367

Ben Uzzi el transl ated the Prophets ou t o f Hebrew into Cha lda i c (not
into Greek ) a short period before th e co m ing of Christ 3 and On keles did
the sam e w ith the L aw a l i ttl e ti m e after Both of these did so for .
,

w i th this l anguage the Je w s w ere m ost conversant Second ly I n the .

,

Tem p l e s ynagogue and other p l aces o f publ ic w orship the Greek w as

, , ,

n ever used N o debate took p l ace no cere m on y w as per form ed no

.
, ,

R abbi ever w rote and no book a m ong the m an y (especia lly the Ta l m ud
,
)
was w ritte n and pub l ished in an y other b u t the above m en t ioned Hebre w -

S yriac Chal daic and A ram ean l angu ages during th is period I t is true
, , , .
,

that after the Babyl onish captivity there w as an a l teration of th ings ; ,

that the Hebre w tongue becam e t h e Chal daic tongue o r better to say

, ,

the S yriac C ha l daic This i s p l ain fro m those severa l w ords Bethsaida,
-
.
,

Go l gotha A ke l da m a w hich are said to be s o ca ll ed in the Hebre w
, ,

to ngue 3 and y et every o ne k n ow s the w ords to be m ere Chal daic A nd .

this S yriac Chal daic w as the l anguage of t h e J ew s at that tim e Last .

,

but n o t l east the m an y expressions m ade b y o u r Saviour w il l prove

, ,

t hat it w as the Hebraic S yr ai c Cha l daic and n o t t he Greek w hich w as , ,

the l angu age o f the Jew s and the l ang uage in w hich he spoke to the m

.
,

A s for instance Eli Eli Lam a Sabachthani ?
, ,
El oi El oi La m a
, , ,

S ab ac h th an i Be l ial
Be l zebub
Tal ith a Cu m i
.

M aran . .

atha R abbi R ab b o n y I m an u el J bt Korban .

. . . .

R acca . A bba .

H O W m uch m istaken is then M r L ightfoot s idea w hen he says

Let those that ho l d the Opinion w e are confuting

.
, ,

that t h e N ew
T esta m ent w a s origina lly pub l ished in the Greek an d w as the com m on ,

l anguage used by the Je w s and hence al so by Christ ) consider but , ,

serious ly that Christ ca ll ed him sel f b y the n am e of the t w o Greek

l etters A lp ha and Om ega H o w w eak does his argu m ent a ppear w hen
.
,

w e kno w that a l m ost ever y version o f this text u ses its o w n pecu l iar
l angu age N O revel ation nor prophecies w ere ever m ade in Greek and
.
, ,

sure ly Christ the Lord w ou l d have preferred to cal l hi m se l f in l etters

o u t o f a ho ly tongue in w hich Patriarchs Prophets and God t h e Ho ly
, , ,

Ghost spoke ra ther t han those o f a l anguage w hich w a s not only hat ed
,

b y the Jew s but w as to the m aj ority an unkno w n t ongue

,
.
 C HA P T ER I X .

M E D I C IN E A N D C HIR U R GER Y .

Ph ysi ci an s am on
gs t t h e H eb r ew sModes o f t r eatin
g th e s cki D iseas es m en t io n ed i n
S c ip tu
r re .

The theory of ph ysic see m s n ever to have m ade an y considerab l e

advances am ong the Hebrew s Ph ysicians (r ep ha im ) are r st m ention e d .

i n Gen 1 2 3 E x xxi 1 9 Job xiii 4 S o m efac qu ai n t an c e w ith c hi r u r

. . . . .
'

i
g c al O perations is i m p l ied in the rite of circu m cision ; and there is am p l e
evidence tha t the I srae l ites had so m e ac quaintance w i th the interna l
structure o f the hum an s ys tem a l though it does not appear that di ss ec ,

tions of the h u m an bod y for m edical purposes w ere m ade ti l l a s l ate as , ,

the tim e o f P t o l em y That ph y sicians so m eti m es undertook to exerci s e

.

their ski ll in re m oving diseases o f an interna l nature is evident from , ,

the circu m stance o f D avid p l aying upon the h arp to cure the m a l ady o f .

Saul 1 S am xvi 1 6 The art of hea l ing w as co m m itted am ong the

, . . .
,

Hebrew s as w e ll as am ong the Egyptians to the priests ; w h o in deed

, , , ,

w ere ob liged b y a law of the state to takecognizance o f l eprosies :

, ,

L ev xiii l l 4 57 ; D en t x x iv 8 9
. .
-
R eference is m a d e to ph y sician s
,
. .
,
.

w h o w ere not priests and to instances o f sickness diseas e hea l i ng & c , , , ,

.
,

in th e fo ll o w ing passages : 1 S a m x v i 1 6 1 Kings i 2 4 xv 23 ; . .

,
.
-

,
.

2 Kings viii 29 ix l 5 3 I s i 6 ; Jer viii 22 E z xxx 2 1 Pr iii 1 8

,
.
,
. . . . . . . . .
,

xi 30 x i i 1 8 x v i 1 55 xxix l
.
,
. The probab l e re ason o f King A sa not
,
.
, . .

seeking he l p fro m God but fro m ph ysicians as m entioned in 2 C hron , ,

.

xvi 1 2 w a s that the y had not a t th at period recourse to the si m p l e

.
, ,

m e dicines w hich nat u re o ffered but t o cer t ai n superstitious rites and ,

incantations ; and this no doubt w a s the ground o f the reect i on that , ,

w a scast upon him A bout the t im e o f Chris t the Hebre w ph ysicians

.
,

m ade ad v ance m en ts in scienc e and increase d i n nu m bers See M ark V ,

. .

26 ; Luke i v 23 V viii 4 3 J ose p h A n t xvii 6 5

.
,
. . . . .
,
.

I t appears fro m t h e Ta l m ud that the Hebre w ph ysicians w ere

,

accus to m ed to s al u te th e s ick by s ay ing A rise f r o m y our disease a , ,

sal utation adopted b y o u r L o rd M ark v 4 1 A ccording to t he J eru .

,
.

sal e m Tal m ud a sick m an w as u dged to be in a w ay of recovery w he n

,

he began t o take his us u al food Co m pare M ark v 4 3 . .

,
.

W ith regard to th e t reat m ent of t he sick and indisposed an d the ,

expedients t hey e m p l oy ed t o assu a ge or expe l disease the Hebrew s ,

37 0 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV E H IS R A EL .

region an d every age o f the w or l d , has bee n in the habit o f

E very ,

attributing cer tain diseases t o certain causes and o f assigning na m es to ,

t hose di seases derived fro m the supposed origin o r cause w hether i t w a s

, ,

a r ea l o r on ly an im aginary o n e The nam es thus given have been in .

m an y instances retained both b y the vu l gar an d m en o f m edica l science , ,

aft er di fferent causes h ad been devel oped an d assigned to the disease in

q u estion I n respect . to this sub j ect w e kno w that there are cer tain ,

w ords o f very a n ci e nt standing w hich are used t o express diseases o f ,

so m e kind o r other 3 it wi ll therefore be a pro m inent in q uiry w ith u s to , ,

l earn w hat the diseases are t hat w ere designed to be expressed b y t hose
w ords .

The d is ea s e of the Phi li s ti n es w hich is m ention e d in I s v 6 , .

, ,

1 2 vi 18 is deno m inated in t h e Hebre w O p h eli m

,
.
, ,
This w ord occurs .

l ike w ise in D e xxviii 27 and the au thors o f the reading in the K er i

.
, ,

a ppear t o ha v e asserted to the O pinion o f Josephus expressed in A r t

q ,
.

v i
.
,
1 ,
and to have understood b y this w ord the dy s en ter y But the .

probabl e supposition is that s o lp u ga s (spiders l ike m i ce) w ere at this , ,

ti m e m u l tip l ied am ong the Ph il istines b y the special providence of G o d ,

an d th at being ver y veno m ous the y w ere the m eans o f destro y i ng m an y

, ,

i ndividual s .

The d i s ea s e o f K i n g J eh or a m II C h xxi l 2 15 1 8 1 9 This ,

. . .
, , , , .

d isease bey ond a l l doubt w as the d y sentery 3 and though its contin u
, ,

a n ce so l ong a ti m e w a s very unco m m on it is b y n o m eans u nheard o f ,

.

The intestines in tim e becom e u l cerated an d are e m itted o r fall out, ,

w hi if h is su f cient to acco u nt for the expressions used .

F a lse co n c ep ti on does n o t appear to have been s o unfre q uent

a m o n g the Hebrew w o m e n as a m ong those o f E urope I f it had been .

so,
it probab l y w ou l d n ot have m ade {i t s appearan ce o n the pages o f
Hebre w w riters in the shape o f a gure o f speech I s xiii 8 26 1 7 ; . .
, , ,

II K xix 3 3 Jer i v 31 xiii 21 xxii 23 xxx , 6 3 M i i v 9 1 0 ;

. . .
,
. .
, ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
. . .
, ,

J n xvi 21 22 3 I s xxvi 1 8 3 P s vii l 4

. .
, ,
. .
,
.
,
.

The lep r osy prevai l s i n Egypt in the Southern part o f U pper ,

A sia and in fact m ay be considered as a disease epide m ic in w arm

, , ,

c l i m ates generally A ccordingly it is not at all surprising if m an y o f

.
, ,

the Hebrew s w hen they l eft Egypt w ere infected w ith it ; but the
, ,

assertion o f VV an eth o that they w ere a ll thus infected and w ere in , , ,

conse q uence o f this infec t ion driven o u t b y force i n w hich he is pre , ,

c i i t at e l
p y and care l essl y fo l l o w ed b y Strabo b y Tacitu s by Justin Tr o

, ,

gu s and b y others m ore recent is a m ere d rea m w ithou t any ade q uat e
, , ,

foundati o n .
 M ED I CIN E AN D CHIR U R G ER Y . 37 1

W e have reason to bel ieve that it is conceal ed i n the inte r na l parts

o f the s y ste m a n u m ber of
yea r s 3 ti l l at l ast it gives the fearfu l indica
'

tions o n the skin o f havi n g a l read y gain ed a deep rooted and perm an ent -

e xistence A person w h o is l eprous fro m hi s nativity, m a l ive 50 y ears

y 3
.

o n e w h o in aft er l ife is infected w ith it m a

y l ive 20 y ears 3 but t h ev w i ll
-

be such years o f dreadfu l m isery as rarely fall s to the l ot o f m an in an y

other situ at ion The appearance o f the disease extern ally is not al w ay s
.

the sam e The spot is co m m on ly s m all rese m b l ing in its appearance

.
,

the s m all red spot that w ou l d be the conse quence o f a puncture fro m a
,

need l e o r the p istu laes of a ringw orm

, The spots for the m ost part .
, ,

m ake their appearance ver y sudden ly especia lly if the i nfected person , ,

a t the period w hen the disease sho w s itse l f externa lly happens to be i n ,

great fear o r to be intoxicated w ith an ger Nu x ii 1 0 3 II Ch xxvi

,
. .
, . .
,

19 They com m on ly exhibit them sel ves in the rst instan c e on t he

.
, ,

face about the nose and e y es til l they beco m e as respects the extent o f
, , ,

s u r face w hich the y e m brace o n the skin , as l arge as a p ea o r bea n .

The w hite spot o r p i st u lee, (m o rp hed a lba ) and al so the dark spo t
, , ,

( p
m o r hea n igr a
) are i n dications of the existen c e o f t h e rea l l epros y .

L e xiii 2 39 x iv
. .
,
56 F rom these it is necessary to distinguish the
, ,
.
,
.

s pot w hich w hatever rese m b l ance there m ay be in for m

, ,
is so d ifferent ,

in its effects ca l l ed Bab a /e and a l so the harm l ess sort of scab Le xiii
, , . .
,

6 8 29 , ,
M oses in Le ch xiii l ays do w n very exp l icit ru l e s for th e
.
,
. .
,

p urpose o f distinguishing betw een those spots w hich are proofs of t he

a ctua l existence o f the l epros y and those spots w hich are harm l ess and ,

resu l t from so m e other cause Those spots w hich are t he genuine effect s .
,

a n d m arks o f the l epros y gr a dual ly d i l ate the m se l ves ti ll at l ength the y

.

, ,

cover the w ho l e body Not on ly the skin is subj e c t to a total des tr u c

.

t ion but the w ho l e bod y is a ffected in every p ar t

,
The pain i t is true .
, ,

is n o t very great but there is a great debi l ity o f the system and great
, ,

u n easiness an d grief s om uch s o a s to a l m ost drive the victim ,

o f the

d isease to se l f des truction J o b vii 1 5 -

.
, .

There are four kinds o f the rea l l epros y The rst kind is o f so .

v iru l ent and po w erfu l a nature , that i t separates th e j oints and l i m bs ,

a n d m u ti l ates t h e bod y in the m ost a w fu l m anner The second is t h e .

w hi te lep r o sy Th e t hird i s t h e bla ck lep r o s e o r P s om : D eut xxvi ii . .

xxi 20
.

2 7 35 3 L ev
,
22 The fourth d es cription of l eprosy is the
. . .

a lop ec i a o r red l epros y

,
The person w h o is infected w ith the l eprosy . ,

ho w ev er l ong the disease m ay be in p assing through i ts s ever a l stages ,

i s at l a s t taken aw a y sudden ly and for the m o s t p art unexp e cted ly ,

.

B ut t h e evi l s w hich fall upon t h e l iving l e p er are not term inated b y t h e

37 2 E A - J EHU D I M A N D M I K V EH I S R A EL .

event o f his death The disease is t o a certain extent hereditary an d

.
,

is trans m it ted d own t o t he thir d and fourth genera t ions 3 t o this fac t
there seem s an all usion in Ex xx 4 6 iii 7 3 D eut v 9 XX IV 8 9
. .
, ,
. . .
, .
, .

I f any one shou l d undertake to say that in the fourth generation it i s

,

no t the real l epros y sti ll it wi ll n o t be denie d that there is som e thing

,

which bears no l ittl e rese m b l a n c e to it in th e shape o f defective teeth ,

fetid breath and a diseased hue L eprous persons no twithstanding the
, .
,

deform ities and m util ations o f their bodies giv e n o special evidence of a ,

l iberation fro m th e strength o f t he sensua l passions and cannot be ,

i nuenced to abst ain fro m the procreation o f chi l dren when at the sam e ,

tim e they cl early foresee the m isery o f which their o ffspring will b e the
,

inheritors .

The disease o f l epros y is co m m unicat ed not on ly b y t ransm ission

fro m the parents t o the chil dren and not on ly b y cohabitat ion but al so
, ,

b ym uch in t ercourse with a l eprous person wh a t ever M oses acted th e .

part o f a wise l egisl ator in m aking those l aws that have com e dow n t o ,

u s concern ing the inspec t ion an d separa t ion o f persons

, (that the rac e
m igh t n o t degenerate
) The obj ect s o f these l aws will appear pecu l iar l y
.

wo r th y when it is c on sidered that they were designed no t wanton ly to

, ,

x the ch arge o f being a l eper upon an inn ocent person and thus t o ,

i m pose upon him those restraints and inconveniences which the t r uth o f
such a charge naturally i m p l ies 3 but to ascertain i n the fairest and m ost
satisfactory m anner and to separat e those and those on l y who were
, , ,

tru ly and rea lly l eprous As this was the pro m in ent obj ect o f his l aws
.

that have co m e down t o us o n this subj e c t viz : to secure a fair and ,

i m partia l decision o n a question o f this kind h e has n o t m entioned an y ,

o f those signs o f l epros y which ad m itted o f no doubt

,
but those on ly ,

which m ight be t he subj ect o f con tention 3 and l eft it to the priests who ,

a l so fu l ll ed the o fce o f ph ysician to distinguish between the really

,

l eprous and those w h o had on ly the appearance o f being s o I n th e

,
.

O pinion o f Hensl er M oses in the l aws to which we have a ll uded dis

, , ,

c overs a great knowl edge o f the disease E very species o f l eprosy i s

.

not e qually m al ignant 3 the m o st viru l ent species dees the skill and
power o f ph ysicians That w hich is l ess s o if taken at its com m en c e
.
,

m ent can be hea l ed

, . But in the l atter case al so if the disease has been ,

of l ong continuan c e there is no rem ed y

,
.

The P es ti len ce in its e ffects is e q ua lly terrib l e with the l epros y

, , ,

and is m uch m ore rapid in i ts progress 3fo r it term inates the existence
o f those who are infected with it a l m ost i m m ediately and at the farthest , , ,
,

with i n thr ee or four days The Gentil es were in the habi t o f refer ri ng
.
37 c H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS R AE L .

f
T he d i s eas ef o Sperso n w ho
au l an d o N ebu c ha dn ez za r .

A
u nder s tands t he ex t en t an d the proper bearing o f the princip l e de fende d

in the preceding paragraph w i ll see that the S p i r i t of God w hich , ,

departed from Sau l was no other than an uprigh t an d a generous ten

,

d en ey of m ind 3 an d that the ev i l sp i r i t fr om the L or d which beset and ,

ll e d him w ith t err o r, (I S x v i 1 4 1 5 3 xviii 1 0 3 xix . was a sort .

, , .
, .
,

of m adness which had t he effect of deceiving hi m into the idea that h e

,

was a prophet ; for it see m s that h e prophesied and in all probabi lity , ,

predicted the l oss o f hi s o w n ki ngdo m Th e Targum o f J o n o than ac c ord .

i n gly r enders the word i thn eba he w a s m a d o r i n s an e The evil spir it , .

,

i n a word was n o t m ore a S pirit o r m essenger fro m God than the evi l
,

s p irit which in Jud ix

,
23 is said t o h av e been sent b y H i m a m on g
. .
, ,

the Sheche m ites 3 and which cer tain ly as was evident even t o the ancient ,

interpreters and has been sin c e to every bod y el se was nothing m ore
, ,

t han the spirit o f strife and dissension I n the sam e way the sp i r i t of '

f o r n i c a ti o n in Ho i v , 1 2 is m ere lu s t
,
. Co.m p I S xi 6 3 xvi,
l 4 3 . . . . . .

Jud iii 1 0 6 3 xxxiv 1 1 29 3 x i v 6 3 P s l i 1 1 3 E2 x i 1 9 3 xv i ii

. .
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
. .
,
.
,
.
,

31 . This representat ion m ore t han an y other is suitab l e to the fa ct

, ,

t hat Sau l was b en etted by m usic 3 for the charm s o f m usic however ,

great i t s e fcac y in an y o ther case wou l d have been very inco m petent to ,

the task o f sub duing the untractab l e spirit o f a rea l dem on This m ode .

o f speaking did n o t originate as so m e have supposed in the ti m e o f t h e , ,

cap tivity from the doctrine he l d b y th e M eha s tan i a l th ough it undoubt

, ,

e dly at that ti m e beca m e m ore co m m on and was u sed with gr eat er ,

l atitude than a t an y previous period F or a greeab ly t o this m ode o f .

speech and to the be l ief o n which it was founded viz : t h e su bordinate

, ,
.

agency o f ange l s we nd m ention m ade in D a x 1 4 20 o f s ta r m a tcher s

,
. .
, , ,
-
,
.

Th e designs or the decrees o f these ho ly m atchers as th ey are term ed

, , , .

which are m ade known to N ebu ch adn ezzar in his vision and are stated ,

in the verses above m entioned are referred b y D a n i el in 5 28 o f t he ,

J
, , ,

sam e to the i m m ediate agency of G o d Hi m sel f 3 a circum s tanc e

w hich is a l together confor m ab l e to wha t h as been alr eadv stat ed in this ,
,

and the precedi ng section o n the subj ec t The d i sea se of N ebu cha ol ,
.

n ezza r m en tioned in this chapter was t hat o f insanity o r m ad ness

,
H is , .

m ind was in such a state his reason in g powers were s o perverted and ,

deranged tha t it appeare d to hi m as if he heard a voice from heaven

, ,

decl aring his expu l sion fro m the kin gdo m 3 and h e i m agined that he was
really transfor m ed int o a beast Accordingly he acknow l edges i v 31 .
,
.
, ,

33 that he had again received the use o f his reason 3 w h ich is an indi c a
,

t ion that he understood the disease fro m wh ich he had recovered t o b e

i n sa n i ty .
 C HAPT ER X .

T HE L OS T TEN TR I BE S .

C on ictin g O
p in i on s C u r iou s S to ri es b y D er v is h es an d l r av eller s D ep o r tat io n s
'


fro m I sr ael F ate o f t h e E x iled I s r aelites L o c ali ties o f th e C ap ti v es o f J u dah

Th eir Fat e A c c ou n t o f th e T en T r ib es i n ES D \ R s I n di an s o f Am er ic a s u
O p
.

p os ed t o b e p ar t o f th e Lo st Tri b es th er C o n j ec tu res .

The opi n ion that the Afghans are o f the so call ed ten l ost tribes o f

I srael nds a new basis occasionally A British o fficer wrote fro m India
, .

( i n Januar y that
, the E us
yp h z i e tribe ca ll the m se l ves Hebrews

fro m the trib e o f Joseph They found al so an I saac tri be 3 but the
.

nam e I sh m ae l is too freq uent am ong them not to point to M oha m m edan
traditions A cer tain M r H V
. sent an abstract o f a m anuscri pt
. . .

found b y hi m call ed A fr am t A faghi n ah the secret of the Afghans , .

The original he says i s in the Pushto l anguage accordin g to which the

, , , ,

Afghans o r this tribe of th e m m ai n tain to be descendants of K ing Saul

, ,

w ho ,
according to so m e was o f the tribe of J u dah and according t o
, ,

others he was o f the tribe o f Benj am in That m anuscript m entions the

,
.

war o f th e I srael ites with the A m al ekites the capture of the Ark of the ,

Covenant the respect sho w n to it b y the ido l s and its nal return
, , ,

dr awn b y a c o w s o that the story of E l i s sons is visibl e in it

,
Since .

that t w o Hebre w m anuscripts were found written o n parch m ent and

,

red goat skin A s m all scroll contained the book of Esther A l arge
. .

scro ll contained the His tory of the Jews A l arge scroll contains the .

h i s t o r v o f the Jews o f Cochin and M aleb ar fro m the ti m e of the Babyl on ,

ian capti v ity to the rst se ttl e m e n t of Port u g u ese Jews in Hindostan D e
,
.

W ise say s
Not being in possession of the m anuscripts we ha e no m eans t o ,
v

j udge o f its correctness Still we nd i n this discovery a conr m ation o f

.
,

o u r opinion tha t t h e l ost ten tribes m ust be so u ght especially in t h e coun

tries bordering o n the Caspian Sea in Tartary Afghanistan Bello ch i st an , , ,

a n d I ndia M any o f the m ar e in Arabia and the interior of Africa 3

.
,

but the bu l k of the m m ust be found there N o t that all those inhabit .

ing these countries are I srael ites but the I srael ites m ust be found am ong
,

the m in l arge nu m bers .

The foll owing stories a bout the ten tribes o f I srael o f who m history ,

has l ost sight o f for m ore than two tho u sand y ears a r e current a m ong ,
37 6 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AEL .

the o l der Jewish popu l ation in the Ho ly Land W e will give our readers .

as m uch inform ation respectin g them as we have been ab l e to gath er ,

without however warran ting the tr u th o f an y part o f it

, ,
.

About twenty v e y ears ago there cam e a D ervish fro m the east of
-

Asia to D a m ascus who car ried a s u m o f m oney with hi m consisting o f

, ,

go l d coin which he wan ted to exchange fo r current m oney On o n e side

,
.

o f the coin w as the fo ll o w ing inscription i n s quare Hebre w characters

U nder the reign o f o u r L ord K ing I saac Upon interrogation as t o
,

.
,

h o w he cam e in possession o f the coins he re l ates the fo ll owing In ,

m y pi l gri m age fro m A ds h em Persia toward t h e south east I cam e to a

, ,
-
,

great country 3 and after m an y day s o u r n ey reached a great and p op u ,

l ous city My beggar l ike dress aroused the attention of the peop l e wh o
.
-

soon fo ll owed m e in crow ds F inally so m e persons took ho l d of m e and

.
,

bro u ght m e into a m agnicent m ansion before a m aj estic l ooking person ,

sitting upon a throne l ike seat This m an addressed m e in the Persian

-
.

l ang uage asking m e where I cam e fro m w hat m y business was and
, , ,

m an y other t hings After I had given hi m all the inform ation I cou l d
.

he asked were there an y J ehu dim (Jews ) in m y country ? I said ,

,

Yes there are 3 but they are a m iserab l e set o f rogues (The foo l ish .

D ervish did not perceive h e was i n the presence of Hebre w king ) .

U pon this I obser v ed that the king was very m uch disp l eased 3 I , there
fore skill fu lly exp l ained m y words addin g that this is on ly the way in
, ,

which the com m on peop l e l ook upon th em 3 but the better cl asses l ook
upon them as the m ost intell igent the m ost l iberal and the m ost honest , ,

peop l e The king thereupon was so p l eased that he com m an ded to give
.
, ,

m e three hundred pieces o f this go l d coin .

This D ervish was s o i ll iterate and ignorant in every thing that i t ,

was i m possibl e to get an y m ore infor m ation about the country and i ts
peop l e fro m hi m .

Three years ago I s aw a n e l ooking D ervish wal kin g i n t he

,
-

street 3 I approached and entered into a conversation with h i m I found .

h i m to b e a very inte ll igent and tr u thfu l m an 3 I therefore invited h i m

to m y house entertained him and l istened to his interesting conversa
, ,

tion o n hi s l ong travel s in the utm ost parts o f Asia Am ong other .

thin gs h e rel ated al so the existence o f an i m m ense Jewish e m pire

, ,

ly ing in the north east direction and about four m onths j ourney from
-
,

C ash m i r e a we ll known city in Persia

,
-
The capital o f that Jewish .

kingdo m is call ed A dj u lu n Al m ost the whol e o f the vast e m pire i s
.

surro u nded w ith huge m ountains thus form in g a natura l fortication , ,

which l eaves b u t one p ssage where entrance can be effected and whi ch
a ,
37 3 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS R AEL .

K now y son
,
m that this m y ki n gdbm is fo r m an y y ears past
,

, ,

u nder the protection o f and tribu tary to a m ight y king o f who m

,
an d , ,

his peop l e we know nothi n g except that every year a t a certain season
, , ,

a num ber of exceedingly strong giant l ike m en com e t o take the annual
,
-

trib u te About twenty v e y ears ago m y peop l e and m y co u nsell ors

.
-

urged m e to r efuse the paym ent o f the annua l tribute ; when therefore , ,

those terrib l e l ooking m essengers cam e they were sent away e m pt y ,

handed They l eft the city seem ingly without m uch feel ings o f dis ap
.

pointm en t an d w e thought th at a ll was right and rej oiced in o u r inde

, ,

pendent position F i v e m onths after that affair we received inform a

.
,

tion that a hos t o f giants were o n their w a y towards t h e city 3 and w e

soon perceived that it was the m ighty king wh o ca m e t o avenge t h e ,

wrong done to h i m b y refusing the due tribu t e Be fore we coul d m ake .

an y preparations fo r defence the m ight y host stood at the very gates o f

,

the city Seeing th t there was no h Op e o f escaping fro m the evil b y

.
a

resis tence I concl u ded to hum b l e m yse l f before the m ighty e m peror,
,

a n d so to save m y peop le and

m y l and fro m th e conse quences o f o u r
,

foo l ish rebell ion m y sel f and all the princes and nobl es of m y peop l e
, , ,

went o u t into the cam p c l othed in sackc l oth 3 and throwing oursel ves at
,

th e feet of the king so l icited ,

forgiveness and pro m ised to re m ain the n ce
,
~
forth faithfu l tri butaries pay in g regul arly o u r deb ts And indeed I w a s
,
.
, ,

not m istaken , that the peop l e and their kin g are as generous as they
are powerfu l 3 we were forgiven and they departed in pe a ce without ,

doing an y inj ury o r offence in t h e l east W hen thou m y so n w as .

, ,

divested of th y cl othes I observed a certain piece with frin ges o n it

, ,

exactly l ike those which that m ighty king and a ll th e m en with h i m ,

wore al though theirs were l a rger and worn over all th eir garm ents ,

thought that thou wast n e o f the m an d that th y death wou l d brin

I o , g

vengeance upon u s This saved th y l ife. .

The m ost interesting stor y however is the fo ll owing : Nineteen , ,

y ears ago the Jewish congregation at Zephath (Safet) sent a m essenge r

, , ,

to Ye m an in orde r to take up co ll ections fo r the poor in the Ho ly L and

,
.

He stopped for so m e ti m e in Zana h where he o f cou rse attende d , , ,

s ynagogue regul arly Here he s aw a m an distinguished in his appear

.

ance fro m the rest o f the Jews in that p l ace On in quiring about that .

m an ,
he was to l d that he arrived at Zanah a few days ago stating ,

that he was an I srae l ite o f the trib e o f D an This aroused the .

curiosity o f the m essenger w h o re q uested the D anite either to call on

,

e l se to accept a isi t fro m h i m Th e D an ite co m p l ied with t he

him o r v .

m essenger s w ish
and c a ll ed o n h i m He was a ta ll and stout
. ly bui l t m an ,
 THE L OS T T EN TR I BES . 37 9

with l arge beam ing ey es l ong beard and l ong b l ack hair which hung
, ,

down in curl s covering his neck and shou l ders His dress w as the sa m e
, .

as that o f a ll the Orienta l s 3 but he wore a

gird l e around his w a ist u pon ,

which the fo ll owing v erse in Hebre w with s quare characters w as em

, ,

broidered D an shall be a serpent b y the way an adder in the path , ,

and a broad sword o n his side-
His l anguage was pure Hebrew 3 but he .

was ver y rese r ved cautio u s in his expressions very tem perate eating
, , ,

a l m ost nothing but bread drank excl usively water and do v o ted a few , , .

hours on ly to s l eep I t seem ed as if the m an spake to a spirit within

.

hi m se l f and l istened to his answers 3 but he observed m an y ab l utions

, ,

and his w ho l e character brought to m ind that o f the Essenes of o l d He .

i n quired of the m essenger about the state of th e Ho ly L and the city of ,

Jer usal em Zion and the bre thren 3 and when he had heard o f their m is er
, ,

ab l e condition how desol ate the l and and how poor and Oppressed the
, ,

few Jews were he c ast him sel f upon the ground and hiding his face in
, ,

the dust wept bitterly He l ay thus hal f an hour before he coul d speak
,
.

a gain. He then spoke o f his peop l e the D anites He said that their ,
.

tribe was un m ix ed with an y other 3 have their o w n l and independent o f ,

an y king and are governed b y their o w n chosen Nassi (prince ) w ho is

, , ,

a l way s the m ost va l iant and the m ost pious a m ong the m 3 two things

which a l one q ual ify the m an fo r that high o fce Concern ing the obj ects .

o f his j ourne y he said h e was despatched b y the Nassi to in quire into

,

the condit ion o f the brethren in the west their re li gio u s m ora l and , ,

socia l stat e 65 0 ,
.

The m essenger asked him whether h e woul d be wi ll in g to take hi m

to the happ y l and o f th e D anit s in order that he m ight be abl e to bring e
,

great t idings to his brethre n in Safet and Jer u sal e m ? W ith great
p l easure rep l ied the D an ite 3 and not this al one but I will with the

,
, ,

h el p o f God bring y ou back to this p l ace after a few m onths
,
The .

m essenger seem s however to have been irreso l ute fro m l ack o f coura ge
, , , ,

or o f faith and del ayed his depart ure from one day to another u nti l
,
,

the D anite l ost patience and sudden ly disappeared The m ost rem ark
,
.

ab l e circu m stance is that a singl e m an o n foot dared to un dertak e

, , ,

such a l ong and dangerous j ourne y throu gh a w i l derness which abounds ,

with serpents .

I n Safet and Jer usa l em the narrative o f the m essenger concern ,

ing the D anites their l and independen t and patriarcha l govern m ent
, ,
,

an d genera l prosperit y caused a considerab l e excite

,
m ent and interest ,

that the y conc l uded to send a specia l m ission to the m The m an .

,
so
however w ho wou l d u ndertake that m ission was n o t s o eas ily found
,
,
38 0 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AE L .

unti l a certain Rabbi Baruch M ose s an em igrant fro m Russia a phy

, , ,

s i c i an and a m an o f great courage and experience o ffered him se l f to ,

e xecute the p l an After he had been provided with ever ything n ec es

.

sary for such a j ourney he set o u t b y the wa y o f Al exa ndria and Cairo
, ,

t o Zan ah Here he engaged an aged Jew to accom pan y hi m through

.

the desert The o ld m an ho w ever to l d hi m that he woul d go with

.
, ,

h i m as l ong as either o f th e m wou l d not be hurt b y a serpent 3 but as

s oon as that shou l d take p l ace he wou l d consider it as a bad o m en and , ,

i m m ediat e ly return .

They went on and nothing h appened during the rst s i x days .

On the seventh however the o ld m an was bitten b y a serpent ; an d

, ,

a l though R Baruch hea ed h i m

l
. im m ediately h e refused obstinately t o ,

go an y further ; and thu s R Baruch who coul d n o t pursue his way .

,

a l one returned to Zanah 3 and the idea o f visiting the D anites was given
,

u
p entire ly .

Th e rst deportations o n record fro m t he kingdo m o f I srae l is fro m ,

t h e two tribes and a hal f (Reuben Gad an d ha l f o f M anasseh ) who had , ,

their ho m es east o f Jordan river in the province call ed after w ards , ;

Perea The second deportation fro m the kingdo m o f I srae l too k p l ace
.

d uring t h e reign o f Pekah king o f I srae l (7 60 to 7 40 B ,

Th e .

third and l argest depor tation fro m the territ or y o f I srae l was i m m e
d i at ely previous and shortly after the fall o f Sa m aria (7 2 1 B C ) . .

I f Josephus had not in for m ed us that th e I srael ites were trans ,

ported to M edia and Persia (Anti q ix

and the Talm ud had
, . .

not described the l ocal ities whither they were transport ed (K iddushin ,

71 ,
w e cou l d easi ly suppose that the y were n o t deported
beyond th e l im its o f the Ass yrian Em pire Hence the story o f .

the l ost ten tribes (actua lly on ly nine ) wou l d be debarred o f

e ver y historica l foundation The Afghans L eb i an s and A m erican
.
, ,

I ndians having in their turn bee n pointed o u t as the l ost tribes o f

I srae l it is w ell to state here in advance o f those who identied t hem
,

s e l ves not afterwards with the peop l e o f Judah a m algam ated a m o n g t h e ,

pagan s where they l ived o r sti ll exis t in m inor tribes abou t the Caspian
,

S ea o n the Tarta ry m ountains o r in th e int erior o f Africa

, , .

The l o c al ities t o which the cap t ives o f I srae l were deported are no t
d istinctly enough described in t he Bib l e (I Chron v 20 3 II K ing s .

xv ii 6)t o be discrim ina t ed a t the rs t gl ance o n the m ap al though

. . .

.
,

the author o f K ings te ll s us the y were d eport ed t o Ass yria The .

author o f Chronic l es who wrote after t he ret urn o f the ca ptivity

, ,

c ou l d , o f course , not s ay that those distan t par ts be l onged sti ll t o

,

A ssy ria .
38 2 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AE L .

The I srael ites i n Babyl onia and S usiana m ust have been num erous ,
a s I saiah every where m en t ions the m T heir hatred agai ns t Assyria , .

their l ong practice in warfare and their trie d bravery together with the , ,

fact o f M erodach s at tem p t to enter upon an a ll iance with Hezekiah ,

convinces us o f the active part the I srae l ites p l ay ed in this war The .

s agacious I saiah perceiving at once the m e l ancho ly term ination o f this

,

e nterprise prevented Hezekiah fro m an a ll ianc e wi th t h e kings o f

,

B abyl oni a and S u siana .

M ore successfu l than the for m er were the M edes and it appears ,

from the s u bs equent history al so the Arm enians I t m ust be borne in ,

.

m ind th at in both countries m an y o f the dispersed I srae l ites had settl ed

, .
-

The exi l es o f K habur o n the frontiers o f Ar m enia cou l d and m ost l ikely
, ,

did ren der th e m good services .

History records four distinct deportation s from J u dah to Bab yl onia .

I s t during the y ears 60 6 60 5 60 4 B C in the ti m e o f K ing J o ach i n

, , , . .
,

2n d during the y ears 59 7 and 59 6 B C , wi th K ing J o a c hi n 3 3r din

-

the year s 58 9 58 8 58 7 and 58 6 before and after the destr u ction o f

, , , ,

J er u s alam with K ing Zedekiah and 4 thi n the y ear 58 0 B C after

, , ,

the e m igration of John an d his fo ll owers to Egypt .

The rst exil es a ccording to the united testim on y of t he books o f

,

D aniel Bar u ch and Susana were deported to the Ci ty and Pro v ince o f
, , ,

Babyl on w here the y existed as congregations wi th thei r o w n l aws and

, ,

rel igion a dm inistered b y the o fcers o f their o w n race The Prophet

, .

Ez eki al al so testies to the existence o f Hebre w Co m m unit ies in Bab y

lo n to who m he spo ke (xii 24
,
He call s t h at Pro v ince Chal dee
.
, ,

but h e evidently referred to the o n e o f which Bab yl on was the capita l

xii l l The distinction of the Provi n ces o f Chal dee an d Bab yl o n
( .
,

w a s evident ly unkno w n to Ezekie l D anie l and hi s friends cam e w ith .

these exil es to Ba byl on .

The second exil es from Judah with who m Ezekie l cam e w er e , ,

l oc ated as a prudent po l icy dictated at the O pposi te end o f the Ba b y

, ,

l onian E m pire in the north of the M es s o p o ta m i a and al so as high up a s

, ,

the W estern bank o f the Tigris s o that the y ca m e near the exil es fro m ,

I srael (K iddushin
,
-

The third exil es appear to have been l ocated bet w een the two for m er ,

in Southern M es s o p o tam i a and Northern Bab yl o n .

The fourth and l ast exi l es went to unknown p l aces probab ly to ,

Arabia where m an y congregations were fo u nd during subse quent hist ory

, .

M an y Hebrews m aintai ned the m se l ves i n the D esert (Ezek v 2 x ,

. . .
 TH E LOS T TEN TR I BE S . 38 3

Zach . 7 to 9 3 Ezek xxx 27 3 I saiah I i whil e m an y

others were s o l d as s l aves
. . .

(N eh em v 8 Joe l i v 6 7 8 3 Corp Ezek

, . . .
, ,
. .

xxvii .

The Hebre w set tl em ents existing in Egypt and Ethiopia were con ,

s i der ably augm ented during the Ass y rian and Bab yl onian invasions in

Pal estine The e m igrants who cam e with John and others settl ed on
.

the side o f their brethren in D aphna P elu si ze (Thap an hes) dc c Jere , ,

.

m iah uttered terrib l e orac l es again s t the Hebrews o f Egy pt and the

Egy pt ian king ; still the peopl e re m ained there They disappear alto .

g ether fro m history W hether they am al gam ated with the Egyptian s
.
,

em igrated into the in terior o f A frica o r to Greece o r returned to Pal es ,

t ine cannot b e asc ertained Their fate is entirely unknown So is the

, . .

'

fate o f J e r em iah and Bar u ch So m e m ain tain witho u t a p artic l e of evi

.
,

dence that the patriotic prophet was ki ll ed in Egypt Tradition say s

, .

t hat both Jere m iah and Baruch went to Babyl onia where they died ,
.

T h e l atter is said to have been the teacher o f Ezra .

Am ong the rst captives brought to Babyl onia there were m an v of ,

the nobi l ity of Judah and of the D avidian house Nebuchadnezzar s el .

c ot ed s o m e of those y ou ng m en to be p l aced under the particul ar c are of

A sp hen az o n e o f the high dignit aries that they be instructed in the
, ,

C ha l dean l an guage art and science in order to prepare the m for o fcial
, ,

fu n ctions D anie l Hananiah M ish a e l and Az ariah , were the m os t dis

.
,

t in gu i sh ed am ong the y o u ng H ebrews thus se l ected They were s o s c r u p .

u lo u s in re l igious m atters that the y wou l d nei ther eat the d ainties nor
,

d rink the wine which was o ffered them fro m the roy al tabl e Their .

s t eward ,
at rst bein g afraid that frugal ity wou l d i m pair their bo dily
,

v igor refused to co m p ly with their wish to subsist on grains and water

,

but a trial to this effect having cp n v i n ced h i m to the contrary he ,

a ll owed the m their choice diet which proved favorab l e to their ph ysical
,

c ondition .

Their tim e for instruction being passed A s p her az presented the Hebrew ,

l ads to Nebuchadnezzar who was particu l arly p l eased w ith D aniel

, ,

Hananiah M ishae l and Azariah They proved to be very e r udite in

,
.

Cha ldean l iterature and D anie l unders tood es p ecially well to inter
,

ret drea m s a science th en hig h ly va l ued o f which we have no knowl e dge

p
.

, , ,

Greek w riters tell u s that Py thagoras w ent to the Chaldeans to l earn

this science Th e four Hebrews were retained at the royal court
.
.

D anie l a l so rose in the esti m ation o f hi s o w n peop l e by the fo ll o w ing ,

incident Tw o j udges and e l ders of the Hebrew con grega tion att e m pted
.

vain to begui l e Susana h beautifu l wife of a ca ll ed J a ki m

in t e ,
m a n o .
38 4 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AE L .

Either to revenge them sel ves o r to escape the punish m ent of the law ,
they appeared at the seat o f j ustice as prosecutors and w itnesses a gainst
Susana accusing her of adu l tery According to the l aw of M oses
,
.
,

Susana w as sentenced to death D anie l cl ai m ing the benet of I srael s .

l aws as tradition presented the m in behal f o f the aficted wo m an , cause d

,

her t o be brought back to the co u rt o f j ustice a n ew trial granted when , ,

h e cross exam in ed the m al ignant accusers and b y his sagacity entrapped

-

,

them in contradictions which estab l ished their g u il t and S u sana s inno
,

cence She b eing exonerated the penal ty o f the l aw fell u pon the
.
,

heads o f the gui l ty m en .

The sudden e l e v ation o f D anie l and his co m patriots to high o fces ,

is ascribed in our sources to the fo ll owing cause Nebuchadnezzar had a

dream which he forgot None of his n u m erous s av an s cou l d g u ess th e
'

.
,

drea m o r its interpretation which cost the m their l i v es D anie l suc , .

c eed ed in guessing t he drea m or at l east in m aking the king bel i eve so

, ,

and, l ike Joseph of o l d gi v ing a proper interpretation This p l eased the

,
.

capricious m onarch s o well tha t he paid ho m age to the God o f D aniel ,

.

B y re q uest of the l atter h e raised h i s three friends to the dignity o f

'

governors o f th e Province of Bab yl onia m ade hi m rich presents and , , .

retained him at court as a special favorite D anie l was q uite youn g .

t hen for h e outl ived the Babyl o n ian e m pire

,
His piety and wisdom . .

were far fa m ed 3 s o that he appears to his exce ll ent cote m porary Ezeki e l
-

, ,

as one of the m ost pious and al so the wisest m an of his age (Ezekie l ,

x iv . 1 3 1 9 3 xxviii b u t he w as never considered a prophet

. .
,

t is evident that at one ti m e the condition of the rst exi l es w as

q uite to l erab l e at l east during the tim e that D anie l and hi s friends
,

m ai ntained their infl u ence on the governi n g head of the countr y .

Nebuchadnezzar contrived h i s war l ike operations in the west of Asia

l ong a fter the fall o f Jerusa l e m According to m odern researches he .
,

took Ty re in the y ear 57 3 B C and succeeded in subj ecting nally . .

,

C es l o S yria A i n m o n and M oab in the y ear 57 2 B C I t is doubtfu l

, ,
. .

that he ever succeeded in subj ecting Egypt and Ethiopia 3 still Jo s ep hu s

m entions this as a fact and the pro phets appear to spe a k o f it
,
.

E l ated with success weal th power victory and the ho m age paid to the
, , , ,

m ight y con q ueror N ebuchadnezzar turned s o haughty and se l sh that he

,

becam e insane Having erected a huge i m age o f him sel f or of the god w hose
.
,

n a m e he preferred to his own in the va ll e y of D uro a ll the o fcers o f the

, ,

state were invited to the dedication and re quired to pa y ho m age to th e ,

ido l The penal ty o f death was dictated to the disobedient The ofcers
. .

o be y ed except the three friends o f D aniel Hananiah M ishael , an d

, ,
38 6 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH IS R AE L .

n a tions sh e h ad b ereft o f their ho m e and l iberty threw the r ebr an d in ,

h er roya l edi c es W hatever c onnec tion there existed betw een th e

.

Hebrews in the city o f Babyl on and the besiegin g arm y their particu l ar ,

friends those w h o avenged the wrongs of I sr ael 3 whatever pa r t D anie l

,

a cted in this connection ; how and wh y the m y sterious w riting and its

e xpounding w ere produced w hether to sho w the direct interposition o f

,

Providence a t so i m portant a crisis o f histor y o r to arrest th e attention ,

o f the king and his o i c er s whi l e C y rus execu t ed his p l an 3 whatever

c onstruction m a be put upon th e pecu l iar stratage m s o f C y rus o n thi s

y .

occasion as recorded b y X enophon and Herodotus the fact is certain

, ,

that Cy rus took the city b y surprise and m ade an end to the Bab yl onian ,

E m pire and that both Cy r u s and D arius were the friends o f D anie l and
,

his peop l e .

D arius t he M ede died in the y ear 556 B C and C y rus that great
, ,
. .
, ,

a n d good m an assum ed the govern m ent o f the l argest e m pire in those

,

d ay s . He gave the Hebre w s per m ission to return to Pal estine and

rebuil d the Te m p l e o f Jerusal e m .

I n the Apocrypha l book Esdras which a l th ough excl u ded fro m the , ,

s acred canon a s an uninspired production i s neverthel es s entitl ed to , , ,

consideration as stating m uch which in all p robabil ity is an i n disp u

,

tab l e fact ; there is this inform ation respecting the m 3 Tho s e are the
ten tribes which were c arrie d away prisoners o u t o f t h ei r o w n land, in '

the ti m e of Osea the king who m Shal m aneser the K ing o f Assyria l ed
, , ,

a w ay captive and he c arried them over the waters and s o t h ey cam e ,

,

into another l and But they took this counse l a m ong the m se l ves that they
.
,

wou l d l eave the m u l titude of the heathen an d go forth into a further

c ountry wh ere never m ankind dwe l t that the y m ight there keep the
, ,

s tatutes which the y ne v er kept in their o w n l and 3 and the y entered

,

into E uphrates by t h e narrow p a ssages o f t h e river F or the M os t High .

th en shewed signs for the m an d he l d still the ood till th ey were passed,

ove r F or thro u gh that country there w as a great w ay to go nam ely

.
, ,

o f a y e a r and a ha lf A n d the sa m e region is ca ll ed A r s ar eth (ch

. .
,

x i ii 4 0
,
or Ararat and w hich in Hebre w signifi es th e Curse o f
,

T re m b l ing

F or the fo ll owing we are indebted to an interesting paper On th e

Ten Tribes b y the author o f L etters to the Hebre w n ation in vo l i o f .

, ,
.

th e Christian s Pocke t M agazine I t is said that in t h e fth century .
,

Jero m e has the s e words when treating o f the dis p ersion o f the J ews ,
unto this d ay (5th century) the Ten Tr ibes are subj ect to the kings o f
, ,

t he Persians nor has their ca ptivity eve r be en l oosene d vo l vi p 7

. . .
, , ,
 TH E LO S T T EN TR I BE S . 38 7

A n d again , the ten tribes inhabit at this day , the citie s and the m oun

t a ins of th e M e des V ol v i p 8 0 . . .
,
. .

I n a curiou s and l ear ned pam ph l e t pub l ished in L ondon En g in

, ,

1 650 entitl ed Jews in Am erica 3 or Probabil iti e s that the Am erica n s

,

a r e Jews proposed b y Tho m as T ho r o w go o d B D

, o n e of the Asse m b ly , . .
,
"
o f D ivines the author observ es That the I n dian s u s ed strong knives
, ,
,

very sharp and cuttin g l ike the I srael ites o f o l d i n circum cision 3 and
,

that L er i u s afrm s he saw som e of those cutting stones or knives in

Brazi l
In The Journ a l o f a Two M onths Tour in A m erica b y

C harl es Beatty A M ( L ondon E n

g ,
the .author say
. s :
,
A , ,

Christian I ndian inform ed m e that an o l d uncl e of h i s who died about ,

forty y ears ago rel ated to h i m several custo m s and tradi tions of the
,

I ndians in form er tim es 3 and a m ong others that c i r c u m ci s i on was pra e ,

t ised l ong a go b y them 3 b u t that their y oung m en at l ength m aking

m ock o f it brought it into disrepute a n d s o it c a m e to be disused
, , .

Th e
cel ebrated D r Robert son an d others agree that the m ost of th e
.
, ,

I ndians ca m e originally fro m Tartar y and passed over in to A m erica fro m ,

Behrin g s Straits I f this can be proved it avails m uch to prove that
.
,

m an y of the I ndians are th e descendants of the ten tribes for Shal m an ,

e ser carried the ten tribes into Ta rtary .

I t i s a rem arkab l e fact t hat the I ndians pronounce th e He b rew

w ord Y o h e wah ( -
Jehovah ) m ore l i ke the Je w s than do the Engl ish
-

,
.

W i ll iam Penn w h o w a s governor of Pennsyl vania and m ust have

, ,

c onse quent ly known m uch abo u t the I ndians w as decidedly of the

,

O pinion tha t the y are descendants of t h e I srae l ite s He says : They .

agree in r i tes the y reckon b y m oo n s ,

they o ffer their r s tf r u its the y , ,

have a kind of a fea s t of ta ber n a c les they are said to l ay their al tar on ,

t w elv e s ton es th ei r m ou r n i n g a y ea r th e c u s to m s o f w o m en ; with m an y

, ,

that do not n o w occ u r .

Ja m es Adair Es q al so who l ived a s a trader a m ong t h e Indians

, , ,

North A erica for fort y y ears in hi His tory o f t h e A m erican

o f m s

,

I ndians thus expresses his conviction : I t is v e r y di i c u lt to divest

,

o urse l ves of prej udices and favorite opinions and I expect to be censured ,

for opposin g co m m only r eceived senti m ents 3 b u t truth i s m y o bj ec t and ,

froin the m o st exact observation I cou l d m ake i n the l ong ti m e I t rad ed

am ong the I ndians in North A m erica I w a s forced to be l ieve the m to
,

b e lineally descended fro m the I s r ae l ites .

H ence it i s probab l e that the desert or fu rther country referred , ,

to b v E sdras where never m ankind dwe l t m ay b e A m erica wh ich

,

, ,
38 8 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-

M I KVE H IS R AEL .

o t ry i n d eed wou l d m uch bett er a cco rd t h an an y c on tigu ou s o n e

c un , ,

co u l d do wit h tha t o ther r epr es entat ion whi ch he m akes of it as a grea t

, ,
"
w ay t o go n am ely o f a y ear an d a hal f s u a e Esdra f r ther s y s th

.
, , ,

s am e region is c all ed A r ar ash or A r ara 3 r , an d D Boudinot says
. A ,

en t l e m an o f t he rs t c h ara c ter o f the c ity o f N ew York , we ll a c q uainte d

g
w i t h t he I ndian s fro m his chi l dhood ass u red hi m , t h at w hen w i t h the m ,

at a p l a c e c a ll ed C oho ch or O w ia t n o w degenerat ed t o Co okhou se yet

, , ,

w ell known the y showe d hi m a m ountain t o the wes t

,
v ery h igh and , ,

th at appeared from C o h och m uch as the N e v er si n ks d o from the s ea, at,

r s t a ppro a chin g th e Am erican co as t and to l d hi m that t he I n d ians ca ll ,

it A r ar a t
There
.

M r Bruce the c e l ebrated trave ll er says are Jews i n Aby s

.
, , ,

i
s n i a as b l ack as t he origina l natives ; w hich Jews h e say s m ust b e , ,

t he d escendants o f the Ten Tribes He further say s the m ot to o f .
,

t h e king o f Aby ssinia i s The l ion o f the race of Sol o m on an d of th e

,

tr ibe of Judah hath Accordin g t o M r B t he people of . .

,

Ab y ssinia suppose that they are t o bear a part i n the na l restoration

o f Jerusal em .

U pon the w ho l e then I incl ine to concl ude that at l east a portion
, ,

of the Ten Tri bes are to be found in every c ount ry and in every quarter ,

o f the g l obe and th at the y are to be found especially in those coun t ries
,

m en t ioned in I s x i l l na m e ly Assyria, Egypt Pathros Cush El am

. .
, , , , , ,

Shinar Ham ath , and t he I s l ands o f the Sea
,
Nor do I think it at a ll .

im probab l e that they m ay be exis ting in very considerab l e num bers

where conj ecture has p l aced the m part icu l arly am on g the Afghans o f ,

Persia an d the R ed M en of North Am erica I re l and t oo has i ts share .

, , ,

fo r the ph y sica l features are in strong harm on y wi t h t hose o f the Jews .

39 0 HA J EH U D LM
-
A ND M I K V EH I S R A EL .

A gain , D e ut xxx ii 39 : . .
S ee
t h a t I I al one a m H e an d n ow , ,

th e re i s n o G o d w i t h m e 3 1 k i ll an d I m ak e al iv e 3 I wo u n d an d I h eal
;

n ei th er i s t h er e a n y t h a t c a n deli v er o ut o f m y h an d I t i s h ere .

e x p ressl y sa id t h a t n o kin d o f s i ckn ess n o r death o r l ife c a n be en gen

, , , ,

d ere d e x c e p t by t h e w i ll o f G o d alon e an d th a t n o o n e exists w h o i s ,

able t o al t er this di vin e w i ll .

S om e th eolo gi an s m ain ta in t h at th e w or d f fy L ev x v i 8 1 0 . .
, ,

26 m ean s a n e vi l s pi r i t o r t h e d e vi l
,
T he y d e c lare thi s false an d t r y .
,

t o p ro v e i t b y t h e follo w ing
1 I t r eads L e v xvi i 7 : An d they sh all n o m or e o ffer their

.
.
, .

s ac r i c es u n t o de v i l s e tc This sha ll be a s tatut e for ev er u n t o t h em
,
.

C o n se qu e n t l y a sa cr i c e w hi c h s h o u l d be

t h ro u gh o ut th ei r g en era t i on s .
,

o ffere d t o a n ev i l spi r it in th e d esert w o u l d be c o nt ra d i ct ory n o t o n l y t o ,

t h e m e n t i o n e d law b ut also t o th e gen er a l r el igi o u s pr i n c ip les o f M o sa

,

i s m w hi c h re p ea t e d l y e nj o in s t h a t G o d alo n e s h all be ado r ed and wor

,

s hipp e d

.

2 T h e d eni t i o n o f t h e wor d

. A sasel a n evil spi r i t i s w i th o ut , ,

an y gr a m m at i c a l fo u n d a t i o n T h e word A s asel s i gn i es e ith er as th e

.

S ep tu agint re n d ere d the sam e n am el y ap o p o m p ai o s

t ran s p orta t i o n
, ,
"
, ,

o r as o th er s m a in t a in t h a t i t i s t h e n a m e o f a p la c e in t h e d eser t w h er e
, ,

t h e s c a p e g oa t was sen t t o
-
.

T h e p r o ph et S a m u el sai d S am x ii 20 21 ) b ut s er v e
. .
,

t he L o r d w i t h all y o u r h ear t a n d t u r n y o u n o t as i d e for t h e n sh o u l d yo u

, ,
"
o a ft er v ain t hing s w h i ch c a nn o t p r o t n or deli v er fo r t h ey are v ain
g ,
.

I sa i ah s a i d (x l iv 8 ) I s th ere a G o d bes i d e m e ? y ea there i s

.
,

n o d i v in e p ower : I k n ow n o t a ny
An d I b i d x l v 6 7 : T h a t th ey . .
,

m ay k n ow fro m th e r i si n g o f th e s u n an d fr o m the wes t th a t there i s , ,

n o n e bes i d es m e I a m t h e L or d a n d there i s n o n e else

.
,
I for m t he .

ligh t a n d c r eate d ark n ess I m ak e p eac e an d c r eat e e vi l

. I th e L ord .

d o all th e s e thin gs e tc etc

,
.
,
.

T h e p ro ph e t Jere m ia h a d m o ni shin g t h e I sra el it es n o t t o c on t r act

,

t h e v i ci o u s h ab i t s o f th e Bab yloni a n s a n d n o t t o e mbra c e th eir worship

, ,

s ai d (
"
ch a p F or t h e r el igi o u s cu st o m s o f t h e p eo p le are v a in

. ,

et c . a n d I b i d 1 5 1 6 : The y ar e v ani ty an d th e w ork o f er r or s e tc

, , ,

, ,
.

I t i s t r u e th a t we n d so m eti m es in t h e H ol y S c r i pt u r es th e e x p ress i o n

[1 11 ( R u a c h B aah 3 b ut in o r d er t o g e t a t r u e m ean i n g o f i t the y

)

,

en deav o u r t o s h o w b y t h e following w h a t w as m ea n t by a R ua ch ,

w h e n s p o k e n o f b y t h e an c i en t H ebrews .

I t s ign ieslst S o u l (N u mbers x vi 22 e tc ) 3 2n d T h e t ale n ts

.
,
.
,
. .

an d s k i l fu l n ess
( E x
,
o d u s xx vii i 3 e t c ) 3 3r d T h e d i s p os
. i t i,
o n an d . .
 D EM O N S AN D EV I L S P I R I TS . 39 1

e m o ti o n s of (G en es is xxvi 25 3 Exo d v i 9 e tc 3 P s I i
th e h ear t , . . .
, . . .

7 171 n l (R u a ch R aah ) o ccu rrin g i n t h e Boo k o f

Th e exp r es si o n . , , ,

Judg es ix 23 m ean s c on s equ en t l y n o t a n evi l s p i r i t b u t a n ev i l m in d

.
, , , , .

Bu t j u s t as l i tt le can b e r en der ed I S am xvi 15 D n sx r h

A n evi l spi r i t fr o m G o d 3 b e cau se were S a u l an d hi s co n tem p o r a r ies

. .
, .
, ,

b el iev in g that h e was p o ssess ed b y a de m on t hey h ad s ur ely n o t tri e d to ,

c ure an ev i l o f su c h a n atu r e by t h e m ea n s o f m u si c al s p o r t s a n d wo u l d ,

r at h er h av e c o n s u l t ed a c o n urer a n d r eq u es t e d hi m t o e xo r c i s e th e e v i l
j ,

s pi rit j u s t as S au l h ad tak e n re fu ge i n h i s desp er at e p o l i ti c al ci r cum

,

s ta n c es t o a wo m a n w h o m h e s upp o se d t o b e a sor c eress

, .

A n d t here c a m e for t h a s p i r i t
"
Th e p as sage I K in gs xx i i 2 1
,
. .
,

e tc i s by n o m ean s a p r o o f th at th e n o t io n o f th e exis ten c e o f a S ata n

.
,

h a d b een al r ea dy p r e vai lin g a m o n g t h e J ew s a t t h e ti m e o f King A hab 3

fo r t h ere i s n o t s p o k e n of a n evi l s p ir it b u t o f a ser vi n g an ge l c o mm iS
,

s i o n ed b y t h e L o r d t o ex e cu t e H i s d e c ree o f pu n i s h m en t an d e s p e ci ally ,

as t h e di ct i o n o f th e wh o l e n ar r at i ve sh ows i t h a s n o t bee n a re a l fa ct ,

b u t a m etaph or u se d b y t h e p r o p h e t i n hi s v i s io n .

T his th en i s the R efo r m er s b el ief tha t there ar e n o de v il s o r evil

, ,

s pi ri t s w hi c h is c o n t rary t o t h e O rth o d o x p ar t y w h o b el i ev e i n a D ev i l
, ,

a n d e vi l s p i r i t s .
 C H A P T ER X I I .

TR A D I T I O N O F T H E J EW S .

Th e U n w i ten rt L aw Th e Mo de of i t s Tr an s m i s s i o n M ak n i g a Hedge fo r t h e
L aw

v
D i i s i o n s o f th e L aw .

Their t r adi t ion s are th ree fol d ; ei th er those that t h e y c alle d a n d

-

ac c ounte d a n u n writte n law given t o M oses at S ina i an d h an ded b y ,

t ra d iti o n fr o m gen er at i o n to g e n era t i o n 3 o r the p r a c ti c al glosses an d

c an on s w hi c h were m a d e up o n that u n w ri tten an d t ra d i t i o n al law i n the
,

s ev er a l g e n era t i o n s as the y p ass e d 3 bo t h th ese w e r e c alle d t h e t r a di ti o n s

o f th e fat h ers an d o f th e el d ers .

Th e d el iv erers o f th e u n writte n law (whi ch t h e y say c am e s ucc ess

s i v ely fro m M oses ) t h e y w i l l n a m e y o u di r e c t ly fr o m g en erat i o n t o gen

, ,

e r at i o n
. M oses (sa y th ey) r e c ei v e d hi s t ra d it i o n al law fr o m S i n a i a n d ,

d el iv ere d i t t o Jos h u a Jos h u a t o th e e l der s th e el der s t o t h e p r ophets

, , ,

a n d t h e p ro ph e t s t o Ez r a s g rea t s yn a g og ue

.

A ft er the return o f t h e c a p t ivi ty the y d er i v e i t s p e d ig ree th u s

S im eon th e J ust re c e iv e d it fro m Ezra 3 An tigo n u s o f S aco fr om
,

, , ,

S i m e on 3 Jo s e s t h e s o n o f J o ezer o f Z er eda h an d J ose ph t h e s o n o f

, , ,

J o h an an o f J eru sale m r e c ei v ed i t fr o m A n t igon u s 3 Josh ua t h e so n o f

, , ,

P er r kiah a n d N i ttai t h e A r b eli t e r e c eiv ed i t fr o m t h em 3 Jud a h t h e

, , , ,

so n o f Tabba i a n d S i m eo n
,
th e so n o f S h et ah re c e iv e d i t fr o m J os h u a
, ,

a n d N it ta i 3 S h e m a i a h a n d A bt ali o n r e c ei v e d i t fr o m Jud a h a n d S i m eo n ;

H i ll e l an d S h am ai fr o m th e m 3 R abban S im eo n t h e so n o f H i llel a n d , ,

Rabba n J o c han an Ben Z a cca i r e cei v ed i t fr o m Hi ll el an d S h a mm ai ;

Rabba n G am al i el c alle d the o ld (P a u l s m as ter ) r ec eiv ed i t fro m Rabb an
, ,

S i m eo n hi s fat h er 3 R a bb an S i m eo n t h e s o n o f G a m a l ie l r e cei v ed it
, , ,

fro m G am al i el (h e was slain a t t h e d est ruc tio n o f th e t e m p le) 3 a fte r

,

h i m was hi s son Rabban G a m al i el o f Jab n eh w h o re c e iv e d i t fro m his

, , ,

fa t h er 3 a n d after hi m was Rabban J o c han an Ben Za cc ai w h o h ad

, ,

re c eiv e d it fr o m H i llel a n d S h amm a i & c

,
.

This i s t h e t rad i t i on c o n c ern ing the des cen t a n d c o nv ey a n c e o f th e

t ra d i ti o n al law o f whi c h p erso n s an d o f whi ch la w these two t hings are
, ,

to b e t ak e n n o ti c e o f zl s t T h a t all th o se t h a t are n a m ed s in g le i n t hi s
,

s ucc ess i o n w er e t h e h eads o r p res i d e n t s o f t h e S anh e d r in ; an d w h ere

,

t h ey are n am ed d o uble o r (S u go th ) p ai r s th e r st n a m e d o f th e t w o
,

,
-

N as i or p res i d en t a n d t h e s e c o n d n a m e d w as
"
w as , , A b b et h di n or -

,
39 4: H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AE L .

g eneration did give en l arge m ent as the y thought best

, And in the
.

"
day s o f Rabban Gam al ie l (sa y t hey ) heretics increased in I srael and
, ,

the y v e xed I srae l and persuaded the m to turn fro m their re l igion
, .

seeing this to be a m a tter o f m ore i m port than an ythin g e l se stoo d up , ,

h e and his Sanhedrin and appointed another pray er in which there w as

, ,

a petition t o God to des t ro y those heretics , and this pray er he s et am on g

the eighteen prayers and ordained it to be in every one s m outh ; and
,

s o t he dai ly pra y ers were ninet ee n.

 C H A P T ER X I I I .

A BS U R D LE G E ND S A N D S T O R I ES .

R Judah s at l abouring in th e l aw before the Bab yl onis h sy na

.

gogue in Zippor : there was a bu ll ock passed by h im to the s l aughter ,

an d it l owed Because he did not del iver his bull ock from the
.

s l aughter he was struck with the tooth ache for the space o f thirteen -

years . A certain travell er who was a barber an d an a strol oger s aw ,

,

b y his astro l ogy that the Jews woul d shed his b l ood (which was to be ,

u nderstood o f his prose l t is m nam ely when t hey circu m cis ed h im )

y , , .

W h en a certain Jew therefore cam e t o h i m to have his hair c u t he

, , ,

c ut his th roat And h o w m an y throats did he cut R Lazar Ben Jose

W hen a
. .

s aith eight y R Jose Ben R Bo w saith three hundred

. .

.
, .

h o g was drawn up upon t he wall s o f Jerusa l em and xed his hoofs ,

"
u pon the m the l and o f I srae l shook four hundred pars as every way
They say o f Charina that h e seeing once his fellow citizen carrying
, .

-
, ,

their sacrices to Jerusal em cried o u t A l as 2 the y every one are carry

,

ing their sam ic es a n d, for m y part I have n othing to carry ; what

, ,

s hall I do 1 Straightwa y he b et aketh hi m s el f i nt o the w i l derness o f

the city and nding a stone he cuts it s quares and articially form eth
, , , ,

it and saith W hat wou l d I give that this stone m ight be conve y e d
into Jerusal em Away he goeth to hire so m e th at shou l d do it 3 they
ask hi m a hundred pieces o f gol d an d they woul d carry it A l as , .

saith he where shou l d I have a hundred pieces ? indeed where shou l d

, ,

I have three T I m m ediately the Holy B l essed God procureth v e ,

ange l s in the l ik eness o f m en

,
who o ffe r h i m for v e shi ll in gs , to con
, ,

ve y the st one into Jerusal em if him se l f wou l d but give his hel p ing ,

hand He gave them a l ift ; and o f a sudden they all stood in Je ru

. , ,

s al em an d when he woul d have given th em the reward they bargained

fo r his work m en were gone and vanished
" A huge stone o f i ts o w n .
,
,

a ccord , takes a skip fro m the l and o f I srae l and stops up the m outh o f ,

t h e den in Babyl on where D a nie l and the l ions l a y

"
,
A dam when .
,

rst form ed reached from earth to heaven and had a tai l l ike an
,

Our a n Outang 0 g o f Bas han wal ked dur in g the del uge by the s ide
-
.
, , ,

o f the ark and so m eti m es rode astrid e i t 3 fro m o n e of his teeth Abraham
,
,

m ade a beds t ead Th e w i ngs of the bird Bar J u c h n e when extend ed

. , , ,

cau s es an ecl ips e of the s u n One of her eggs which fe ll fro m her nest,
. ,
396 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AE L .

broke dow n three hun dred cedars and i nundat ed s ixty v ill ages R abb a,
, .

grandson o f Ch anna s aid ,

I once saw a frog as l arge as the v illage o f

Akra , in H agr o n i a .But h o w l arge w as that v i llage ? I t contain ed
s ixt y houses There cam e a huge serpent, which swall o w ed the frog
. .

But after that cam e a raven which devoured the serpent Rabba

.
,

Papa answered : I f I had not seen i t m ysel f I shou l d n o t h av e

,

b el ieved it
.
39 8 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AEL .

p l ac e which o n ly becam e a xed tem p l e ve centuries after the con qu est

o f Canaan and whil e the Egy p tian peopl e w ere rigorous ly divided i nto
castes risin g in order up to the sovereign and do m inant caste o f th e
,
.

priests I srae l was form ed o f o n e c l ass o f peop l e am ong who m l iberty

, ,

and e qua l it y com pl etely reigned am on g who m a ll in dustria l and spiritua l

,

l abou rs were e qua lly share d I n Egy pt the m il itary state was a separate
.

caste whi l e a m o n g the Hebrews the nu m bering of the peop l e at the

,

going o u t of Egypt is indicated b y the total nu m ber of m en capab l e o f

,

bearing ar m s I f we oppose the fam i ly of hereditary priests who

.
,

were appointed at th e foot of Sinai after the m aki n g o f the go l den ,

cal f we m ust not forget that this i s indicated in Scripture as a

,

deviation fro m the genera l princip l e that this sacerdota l fam i ly ,

in a ll things which do not concern worship was p l aced exactly ,

o n t he sa m e footing as the rest o f the peop l e that b y their exc l usion

fro m a considerab l e territoria l possession th e y were fro m the very rst , ,

deprived o f a l arge am ount of in u ence and the revenues which were ,

assigned to the m w ere free gifts offered from the rel igious fee l ing o f indi
v idu a ls ; whi l e i n Egy pt this w as c o m p u lsar y tax Thence the great .

po v erty which th e I srae l itish priests often en d ured ; and fro m this cl r
c u m s t an c e it w a s that the m aj ority o f t h e peop l e and so m e m en ar t i c
p ,

u lar l
y were generally m ore pious than the priests and that the l atter
, ,

on ly exercised te m porary power durin g short periods and under extra ,

ordinar y circu m stances W e m ust not forget that whil e a m on g other

.
,

peop l e the priests m ade the rel i gion am ong t h e I srael ites th e religion
, , ,

m ade t he priests Neither do the M osaic l aws of pur ication rese m b l e

.

those of the Egyptian W h il e a m o n g the E gyptian s the care bestowed
.
,

upon the Egy ptians w a s very great i t w a s v er y l im ited with th e ,

I srael ites Am o n g the Egy p tians precisely those ani m al s were prob i
.
,

bited to be ea ten which were considered a s cl ean b y the I srael ites

,
.

A m ong the for m er the d ietary prohibitions extended to p l ants i n

,

general W e cannot forget th at th e laws regarding food for the Hebrews

.
,

did n o t exist before M oses .

I t is thus th at th e re l igion of I srael in its m ost ancient portions , ,

for m s a n a b so l u te contrast to Egyptia n cus to m s ; and to endeavour to

seek in the l atter the origin of the for m er is an evident error M odern
, ,
.

researches have proved that the prim itive al phabet is that of the ancient
Hebre w and t h at it has n othi n g in co m m on with hierogly phical writing
, ,

but w a s rat her in co m p l ete op p osi tion to it .

 C H A P T ER XV .

THE P R A YER A L EN U .

The c l osing pray er o f the m ornin g prayers in private as w ell as ,

pub l ic worship is call ed A l enu fro m the rst word with w hich th at
, ,

pray er begins the m eaning o f which i s O n u s
, ,
.

This pray er is an exce ll ent o n e the only obj ection which m ight be
m ade , is that t h e Jews speak of them se l ves as they o u h t to be and not as in
g
fa c t they are F or th e sake of i ts ex cell ency and in order to expl ai n
.
,

how it becam e th e cau se of persec u tion w e transl ate it adding the cl ause, ,

w hich is o m m itted in the present editio n s of the Jewish pray er book .

I t is on u s (our specia l duty) to praise the L ord of a ll to ascribe ,

greatness to H i m w h o created all thin gs in the beginning that He h as

-

not m ade us l ike other nations o f the l ands and has not p laced u s l ike ,

o ther fam il ies of the earth for h e h as not given u s a portio n l ike theirs ,

n o r o u r l ot with a ll t heir m ul titudes F or they kn eel w or ship (an d bow

.
,

d o w n befor e v an i ti es an d lifeles s thi n gs they { m y an d a re n ot d eli v er ed ;

but we kneel worship and bow down before the Supre m e K i n g of kin gs
, ,

the Holy O ne b l essed be He He who stretch es out the heavens an d

,
.
,

l aid the foundations of th e earth the residence of Hi s gl ory i s in heaven

above and t h e dwe llin gs of H i s power in the highest heavens He i s
,
.

o u r G o d and none besides H i m O u r Ki n g i s Truth an d the r e i s none

.
,

l ike H im a s it i s written in H i s la w
,
K no w therefore this day and , , ,

re ect i t in thine h eart t hat Jehovah i s t h e God i n heaven above and

, ,

o n the earth beneath and th e re i s none e ls c

,
Therefore we h e pe i n thee .

,

O Jeho v ah our God speedily to beho l d the gl ory and beauty of Th y

, ,

po w er to re m ove a ll abom inations fro m the earth and cause a ll idol s

, ,

to be utterly d est o r yed To estab l is h the worl d into a kin gdo m of t h e

.

A l m ighty G o d s o that all esh m a y invoke T hy n a m e and all the

, ,

w icked on the earth turn unt o Thee hI av a ll t he inhabitants of t h e

.

e arth kno w and acknow l edge Thee for unto Thee ever y knee m us t bow, ,

and every tongue s hall pr aise Before Thee O Jehovah our G o d the y
.
, , ,

shall fall down and worship and ascr ibe honor to th e gl ory of Th y n a m e .

They shall w i ll ingly take u pon them se l ves t he y oke of Th y do m inion ,

a n d Tho u sha l t speedily be K i n g over the m for ever and ever A nd .

a gain i t i s said : A n d Jehovah s h all be K i n g over a ll the e a rth ; a t

th a t ti m e J ehovah sh all be One a n d H i s Na m e O ne

.
40 0 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

Th is i s th e p r ayer ,
A l e un and t h e i tali s iz ed p ass a es i s t hat
g
which ca u sed n o t o n ly p er s e cuti o n s a n d s uffer in gs b u t dest r uctio n o f

h un dr eds an d p er h ap s t ho u san ds o f l i v es o f t h e J ew i sh p e o p l e
, ,
. Bu t i t
w as n o t t h at c l au se a l o n e whi ch c a u se d so m uch i n d ign at i o n a m on
g th e
G en ti l es o f t h o se dar k ages bu t th e cu s to m t o sp i t ou t after h av in g said
,

t h o s e w o r ds hi s o b n o xi o u s c l a u s e i s o m i tt ed i n all m o d er n p r a ye r
.

T
\

b o o k s ; b u t m o st o f t h e o r th o do x t ea ch t h ei r chi l dr en t o i n ser t it b y
h ear t 3 an d e v en t h e s p i tt in g i s s t i ll p r a c t i c a l i n t h o s e dar k c o r n er s o f
E u r o p e wh er e pu r e gosp el l ight h as n o t p en et r at ed an d wh er e J ew s~
,. ,

an d G en t i l e s ar e s ev er a l c en t u r i es b ehi n d t i m e

W h at t h e J ew s p r a y fo r w h en th ey s ay A l en u ,
th o u gh n o t t en
i n a h un dr ed u n der st an d w h at t h ey s ay ,
-
w e an d all t r u e C h r i s t i an s
, ,

l o n g an d p r a y fo r wh en w e s ay ,
Thy k in gdo m c o m e t hy w i ll b e do n e
,

o n ear th as i t is d on e i n H ea v en .
40 2 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K v s H I S R A EL .

ow n destr ucti o n , w er e led in t o r eb el li on b y a fal s e C hr i st in P er s ia an d ,

b y an o th er i n M o r av i a D a v i d A lm a sa r a s h e w as call ed
, I n t h e y ear , .

1 19 9 a gr eat m agi cian D a v id A lr oy o th er wis e r ej o i cin g i n th e r o ya l

, , ,

t itle o f D a v i d E l D a v i d, st o o d for t h in P er s i a an d p l ea s e d t h e J ew s fo r ,

a wh i l e an d i ck er ed a n d ash ed as t h eir M ess i ah

,
an d e xp i r ed In ,
.

t h e year 1 222 a J ew s tyl e d The S on of D a v i d a n n o un c ed hi m s el f i n

, , ,

G er m an y a s t h e Mes si ah , an d i n d uc ed m an y o f t h e Jews t o fo ll o w hi m .

I n t h e y ear 1 4 65 s oo n after C o n s tan ti n op l e h ad b een t aken b y t h e

,

Tur ks, an d t h e S ar a c en s w er e t ea chi n g b y th e s wor d th e degen er at e

n at i o n s o f C hr i st en dom R abbi A b r ah am A v en ar i s an as tr o l o ger p r e
, , ,

di ct ed th e c om in g o f t h e M essi ah fr o m a c on j u n cti o n o f th e p lan et s ,

J up it er an d S at u r n i n t h e sign P i s c es
,
Th e c o n j un c ti o n o f Jup it er an d .

S at u r n i n P i s c es i t w o u l d app ear i s a j un ct u r e i n j u di ci a l a s tr o l o gy
, ,

e cu l i ar ly fav o r a b l e t o Jew i sh d o m i n i o n 3 fo r ev en R abb i I s aa c A b ar b an el

p ,

w h o di st i n
gui sh ed h i m sel f i n t hi s c en t ur y aft er war ds p r o fes s ed i n h i s ,

c o m m en t ar y o n t h e b o o k o f D an i el t o ded uc e t h e p er i o d o f t h e M ess i ah s

a pp ear an c e fr o m t hi s c on j un ct i on A cc o r din gly M ilton wi th app r o

.
, ,

p r i at e sh r ew dn ess an d n o t w ith o u t a s ly hin t at J ewi sh as t r o l o gy h as

, ,

p u t s i m i l ar c al cu l ati o n s in t o t h e m o u t h o f th e T em p ter i n h i s ad dr es s t o ,

o u r S av i ou r i n t h e w i lder n ess .

N o w c o n tr ar y, i f I r ead au ght i n h ea v en ,

O r h eav en wr i t e au gh t o f fat e b y w h at t h e s tar s , ,

V o l um i n o u s o r si n gl e c h ar acter s
, ,

I n t h eir c on j u n c ti o n m et gi v e m e t o s p ell , ,

S o r r o w s an d lab o u r s o pp o s i t i o n s h at e , , ,

A tt en ds th ee, s c or n s r ep r o a ch e s i n j u r i es , , ,

V i o len c e an d s tr i p es an d l a st ly c r u el deat h 3
, , ,

A k i n gdom t h ey p o r t en d Th ee b u t wh at ki n gdo m , ,

R ea l o r a l legor i c I di s c er n n o t 3 ,

N or wh en e ter n a l s u r e a s w i t h o u t en d
, , ,

W i th o u t b egi n n i n g 3 for dat e p r efi x t ,

D i r ec t s m e i n th e s tar r y r ub r i c s et
,
.

I n t he y ear 1 4 9 7, I s m a el S ohp u s s pr ead his

v i c t o r i o u s ar m s t h r o u ghs
M e dia ,
P er sia M es o p o t am i a an d A
, , a w hile r m en i a 3 an d t h e J e w s fo r

r es t e d u n d er h i s s h ad o w t r u s t i n
g h i m as t h ei r M es s iah 3 b u t h e s ett l ed
,

d ow n a s t h e h ea d o f a n ew s e c t am o n g t h e M ah o m edan s I n t h e y ear .

R abb i A s h er L em la gav e him sel f o u t i n G er m an y as th e fo r e , ,

ru n n er o f t h e M es s i ah w h o t h at v er y y ea r w as t o r es t o r e t h e J ew s t o
, ,

C an aan Pub l i c p r ayer s an d fa sts w er e o r der ed an d o b s er ved 3 b u t t he

.
1 534 , a n ew M es si ah mp a de c h is
i S p ai n
3 b u t h i s s ucc es s w a s
a
p ea r an e n

s im ilar t o t h a t o f h i s i m p i o u s p r ed e c e sso r s
3 h e w a s m a de t h e s ubj ec t o f
an a n to d a f u n der C h ar l es V I n t h e year 1 61 5 a n o the r fal s e M es
.

s i a h app ear ed i n t h e Ea s t I n di es I n t h e y ear 1 624 et an o th er s h o w ed

y
.
,

hi m s el f i n H o ll an d I n t h e y ear 1 66 6 S a betha i Z ev i i n l i k e m an n er
.
;
'

,
,
b o ast ed h i m s elf t o b e a M ess iah w i th n o s m all exp ectat io n o f t he J ew s 3
,

b u t t o s av e h i s l ife h e b ec am e a M ah o m edan A n d i n t h e y ear 1 68 2 .

,
m an y o f t h e G er m an Jew s an d a l m o s t all t h o s e o f I t aly
, o w n ed R a bbi ,
M a r d oc/La i as t h eir M es si ah 3 b u t h i s M es s ia h sh i p a l s o c am e t o n o u h t
g .

Th o s e dat es an d fa cts a s gi v en b y L es l i e i n hi s t r eat ise o n th e

, ,

J ews ar e t ak en fr o m t he wo r k o f J o h an n es a T en t p r in ted a t H er b o r n
,
, ,

i n 1 69 7 an d c o n r m ed b y s ev er a l J e wi s h R abbi s
, Th ey ar e n o t b ar e .

fa c ts an d dat es b u t i nv o l v e a p r i n ci p l e 3 th ey s h ew th e c eas el ess a n t i c ip a

,

t io n o f a M es s iah o n t h e p ar t o f t h e J ewi s h n at i o n
3 an d n o w a ft er a ,

c o u r s e o f n in et een c en t u r i es m igh t h av e t aught t he J ews t hat i n s eek ~

,
,

i n g t h e o bj e c t o f t h ei r s ear ch t h ey h av e r o c eeded i n t h e w r o n di r ec
p ,
g
t io n .
H a vi n g r ej ec ted Jesu s o f N a zar eth as t he t r u e M ess iah t hey h av e ,

b ec om e th e dup es o f e ver y w r o n gh ea ded an d u n p r i n c ip l ed i m p o st er .

T he fa ct i s m o r e t h an o n e o f t h e m o s t l e ar n e d am on t h e J ew s
,
g
h av e d en i ed t ha t t h e M ess i ah i s t o b e k n o wn b y t h e w o r k in o f m i r a c l es
g
H e i s s im p ly t o gat h er t h e J ews t ogeth er t o ght t h e L o r d s b at tl es a n d

c on qu er t h e w o r l d A n d i n so far m o der n Ju da i s m lo o k s fo r t h e s a m e
.
, , ,

w eap o n t ha t w as s o effecti v e i n t he diffu si on o f th e I s l a m Th e s wo r d .

t h at m a d e M e cc a t h e c en tr e o f a n ew r el igio n i s t o m ak e J er u sa l em t he ,

m et r o p o li s o f t h e w o r l d:

Yet n o twi th s tan din g a ll th ei r w an der i n gs in t h e m ids t o f a ll t h eir

, ,

c a l a m i ti es l ear n ed m en h av e app ear ed a m o n g t h e J ew s L i t er atu r e h as

, .

b e en cu l t iv at ed 3 s ch o o l s an d p r i v at e s o ci e ti es h a v e sp r un g u p an d o u r ,

i sh ed an d s ti ll s h o w t h ei r fr u its i n a bu s y i n t er m eddlin g wi th all k n o w

, ,

l edge 3 i n s t r ai n s o f a b s o r b in g p atho s a n d d eep es t m el an c ho ly 3 i n ,

p r ay er s a n d s upp l i c ati o n s m i n gl ed wi th t h ei r p a ter n a l c er em on i es 3 i n

,

k een cur t a n d c au sti c e x egesi s o f th e i n s p i r ed b o o ks 3 i n p r o ver bi al s ay

, ,

i n gs an d p i th y a p o th egm s 3 i n q u ai n t an d cu r io u s s t o r i es a n d h yp er b o l
, ,

i c a l en igm a s 3 i n s tr an ge an d en t r an c i n g t al es o f s u r p a s si n g w o n der t h at ,

o ft en l e av e t h e r ea de r i n d o ub t w h e th er t h e n ar r at o r i s i m bu e d w i th t h e

s p i r i t o f s o r r o wfu l ear n es t n es s o r i s l a u hi n i n h i s s l ee v e a t t h e d u
g g , pe
o f h i s q u ai n t h u m o r an d m a r v ell o u s i n v e n t i o n 3 an d w e w i s h t h at w e ,

h ad n ot to a dd, s o m e t i m es , to o , i n the m an ifes t a ti o n of a

p ir it , n o w
s

w il d an d u n sa vo r y as
th e vin e of S o do m ,

n ow p ois o n o u s a n d d ea dly
404 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

as
th e eld s of G o m or r h a .

Th e gr eat C o un c i l at J er u sa l em , w ith
Ezr a as i ts Pr es i den t th e m
,
am es o f J afu e, an d C aes ar ea, an d T i b eri as ,

a r e k n o w n a s c el eb r at ed s ch o o l s i n P al es ti n e a s t h o s e o f N ah ar d ea a n d
, ,

S o r a an d P io m b adu tha w er e in th e far th er East i n Bab yl o n

, , .S u ch if ,

n ot t h e b i r t h p l a c e
-
,
w er e t h e c r adl es o f th e p r esen t J ewi sh liter at u r e ;
t h en c e s p r u n g up o r gat h er e d st r en gth t h e M a sor a , t h e C a ba la an d t h e
, , ,
406 HA J E HU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

J er u salem b y ,
the r o es
( w hi ch i s i n t h e H eb r ew an d b y th e

h in ds of t h e el d , he sa ys ,
t hi s m ean s t h e K i n g M ess i ah ,
w ho i s c a ll ed
Z eba o th .

6 . S ON OF G OD . Th e M i dr ash R a bb ah on E x o du s , fo l 1 33, . sa ys :

I n fu t u r e a ll n a ti o n s sh a ll b r i n g p r es en ts t o th e K i n g M es s i ah a n d G o d ,

wi ll sa
y t o him t ak e fr o m t h em as it is w r i t t en P r i n c es sh a l l c o m e

ou t of Egypt , E thi o p i a s h all so on s t r et ch ou t h er h an d s u n to God .

P s al m s l xv ii i 3 1 : A n d a l s o K i s s t he S on les t h e b e an gr y P s ii 1 2 :

. . . .
,

a l s o P r o v xxx 4
,
.W h o h as as c en de d up i n t o h ea v en an d des c en ded ?
.

W h o gath er ed t h e w i n d i n hi s st s z W h o h as b o un d th e w at er s i n a

.

ar m e n t ? W h o h a s est ab l i sh e d a ll t h e en d s o f t h e e ar th ? W h a t i s H i s
g
n a m e a n d w h at i s t h e n am e o f H i s S o n
,
if t h o u k n o w es t i t ,

7 . L I G HT .
-
On I s ai ah 1x . 1 A r i s e, s h i n e, fo r t h y ligh t i s c o m e,
the T ar gum p ar aphr a ses 3 t hy s a lv a ti o n i s c om e .Tan c h u m a , fo l 7 5 .

s ay s : Th e p r o p h e t s p eak s o f t h e a ge o f M es s i ah 3 an d t h e light i s t h e

M e ssiah Th e M idr as h R abb ah o n L am en t ati on s ay s : Th e n a m e o f

.
, ,

t h e M es s i a h i s light 3 a s i t i s w r i tt en H e r e v eal eth t h e de ep t hi n gs ,

an d t h e se c r et t h i n gs 3 H e k n o w s w h a t i s i n t h e d ar k n ess an d t h e light ,

d well eth w i th hi m .

8 . M A TR O N .
S o h ar y s I n th e a ge o f
,
on E x o du s , fo l . 21 , sa

M essi ah all t h o s e n at i on s w h o w o u l d sh o w t hem s e l v es h o sti l e t o I s r ael

,

sha ll be ed l i v r
e e d i n t o t h e h an ds o f f a tr on 3 a s I sai ah s ai d W ho is
h e t h at c o m eth fr o m E do m w i th dy e d gar m en t s fr o m Bo z r a h 9
, ,

F o r I w ill t r ea d t h em i n m y fur y an d t h ei r b l o o d s ha ll b e s p r in k l ed ,

up o n m y gar m en t s Th en i n an o th er p l a ce s ays th e s am e b o o k : t h e
.
,

S h eki n a i s th e M a tr o n i tha .

9 . YEER A N FI N ,

V J Th e l i t tl e
,
fac e .

T hi s t it l e t h e

C ab a l i s t s c o n fer up on t h e S on ,
t o di s tin gu i sh hi m fr o m t h e F ath er 3 an d
it is v er y fr equ en tly u s ed i n t h e S o h ar , an d o th er C ab a l i s t i c w o r k s .

10 . J I N ON .

11 . P H EL E H .

l2 . J O E Tz .

1 3 EL .
-
GI BOR .
-
M
( gi h t y God) .

14 . A BI A -
D .
-

(E v er las ti n
g F at h er
) .

15 S . AR
S HA L O M .
-

(P r in c e of P e a c e) .

Th es e ar e t h e n am es o f M es s i ah i n h is D i vi n e ch ar ac ter . I n his
h um an c h ar a ct e r h e h as t h e fo ll o w i n g n am es
 O F F C ES I AN D T T I L ES or TH E M ES S I A H . 40 7

BA R EN O S H S o n o f M an S ohar o n Gene s is fo l 8 5 s ay s I t
l

-
. . .
, , .
,

as written , There cam e o n e l ike a S o n o f M an in t h e c l ouds o f , ,

Heaven D an i 1 3 : This is the K ing M e s siah and has the sam e
. . .

and the
,

s ign i cation as i n the se cond chapter (of D anie l ) verse 4 4 , ,

f
G o d o Heaven sh ll set up a kingdo m which sha ll nev er be destroy ed
a .

2 DA V ID
,

. S ohar o n Exodus fo l 9 3 say s : A s D avid w as K ing

.
,
.
,

in this worl d (or age ) s o sha ll D avid be the King in the age to co m e 3 ,

which is the King Mes siah .

3 Z E MA C H
.
Z e l
c a
l r vi 1
. 2
it i s written : B eho l d the m an .
,

w ho s e nam e i s Z EM A C H ( the branch ) and he shall grow o u t o f hi m se l f

, , ,

and he shall bui l d the tem p l e o f the Lord O n which the Targu m .

paraphrases instead o f Ze m ach M es siah I n M idr as h R abbah o n Lam en ,

.
,

t at i o n s we n d R abbi Joshua Ben Levi say s

,
Th e nam e of M ess i ah is
Z E MA C H as it is written I sha ll bring my servant Z E MA C H Z echar ii i
,
. .

8 R abbi Tan c h u m a fo l 68 o n the sam e passage in Zechariah : This

,
.
.
,

is the King M es s i ah 3 as a l so th e prophe t Jere m iah ys : Beho l d s a

the day s com e saith t h e Lord that I wi ll rai s e unto D avid a righteous
, ,

branch Z E MA C H and he shall reign as a Kin g and shall prosper and

, , , ,

execute u dgm ent and u st i c e upon the earth .

4 BA R N A F L I
.
- This i s the nam e which the Ta lm ud gave h i m and
. ,

i s hard ly to b e trans l ated in the s ense in which it is unders tood b y the

scho l ar o f the Ta l m ud Th e passage W here we n d this nam e is in .

Tract S an h edr i n fo l 9 6 2 and r e ads thus : S aith R N ac ham an to R

, .
.
, ,
.
,

I saac : Hast thou an y infor m ation o f the com ing o f BA R N A F L I ? The -

o ther rep l ied : W h o is Bar N ai ? I t is the M ess i ah answere d the -

,

rs t D ost thou call t h e M essiah Bar N ai ? Yes he rep l ied for it i s -

, ,

written :
.

I n that day wi ll I raise up the tabernac l e o f D avid which i s ,

fa ll en A m os ix 1 1 Th e word N ai h as the sam e root as the word

.
.
,

N o feleth , w hich i s fa llen .

5 E r. ma S ervant I n I saiah x l ii 1 ; x l iii 1 0

. ; Z ech a r iii 8 ; . . .

Psalm s l xxxvi l 6 ; I sa l ii 1 4 ; l iii l l 5 and m an y other p l aces the

. . . . ,

R abb i ns agree with Christian s that it i s the M essiah ,

.

Th e M essiah as Kin g R edee m er and High Priest , ,

.

1 K a ta.
Hebrew M e l ech Cadean M a l ka S ohar
,
on E xodus fo l , , , , ,
.

52 sa y s : W eh rever S cripture speaks o f a M E L EC H without s peci al

,
,

a m e we have a l wa y s to under s tand King M essiah .

2 S HI L o
.
T a 1m .
T ract S an h edr i n fo l xcvi .
ii 2 sa y s W h at i s the
,
. .
,

nam e o f the M essiah ? R S hi l a rep l i ed : His nam e is 8 m m . M idr ash .

abbah Genesis y s U nti l S hi lo co m es 5 this m e an s the K i n g
R on ,
s a :
,
408 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

M essiah Targum O n kelo s as we ll as

.
,
Targu m J er u salem i , tran s l at es
this pas sage U nti l King M essiah co m es ,
to who m bel ongs the govern
m ent .

3 G O EL R edeem er R abbi Berechiah s ay s : Even as the rs t

. .
-
,

R edee m er M oses m ade him se l f known as such b y h s works s o t h e

, ,
i , , ,

la tter R edeem er King M essiah wi ll be acknow l edge d b y his works The

, , .

r st brought down m anna fro m Heaven 3 s o wi ll the l att er do as th e

Ps al m ist s ays when pr ophesyi ng o f the M es s iah
,
that the corn wi ll ,

g row even upon the t o p o f the m ountain s Th e rst gave the peop l e .

water fro m the rock , the l atter wi l l do t h e s a m e 3 as it i s wr it ten i n

.

Joe l iii 1 8 and it s hall co m e to pass in th at day that the m ountain
, ,

s hall drop down n ew m ade w in e and the hi ll s s ha ll o w with m i l k ,

and
t h e rivers o f Judah sha ll o w with waters and a fountain sha ll co m e ,

"
forth fro m the hou se o f the Lord and shall water the va ll ey of S hitti m , .

4 MA L A C H HA G O EL
. e R edeem ing A n ge l .
Th

S o har C hadash .

o n Gen x l viii 1 6 say s : W h o i s the R ede em ing A nge l who s hall b l ess
. .
,

the chi l dren ? I t i s S hekin a because no other c a n redee m and no other

, ,

can b l ess .

5 MA L A C H HA B ER I TH
. Th e A nge l o f th e Cove n ant
-
Thi s is
. .

derived fro m M a l i i i 1 , and the S ohar takes it as a ru l e that wherever

. . ,

S cripture say s the A n ge l o f the Covenant it speaks o f Jehovah

, , .
410 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K VEH I S R A EL .

the covenant p op l e th e l ight

e ,
of nations .

O n ly once he app l ies thi
e pitap h to hi m se l f (I saiah x l iv ,
. 1 to

4I srae l i s ca ll ed the servant of the Lord because it i s the m es
.
,

senger o f God to bring to m ankind the D ivine l es s ons o f truth j u s tice

, ,

a n d virtue t h e truth of re l igion , the princip l es o f abso l u te j ustice to

,

gover n t h e s oc i eties o f m an S o an d not otherwise can this be under

.
, ,

stood ; because the sam e proph et says Yo u are My witnesses saith , ,

God a n d My servant who m I have chosen that y ou m ay know and

, , ,

cause others to bel ieve M e and understand tha t I a m He ; before M e

,

t here was no cre a tive power and there wi ll be none after M e , I hav e .
-

for m ed thi s peop l e to M e that they m ay narrate My g l ory (I saiah x l i i i
, . .

1 0 to
A n d nations wi ll wal k after Thy l ight and kings after the radi ,

ance of Thy s u n (I bid lxi. T h e who l e sixty r s t chapter convey s
. .
-

this idea and the sixty second chapter agam begins and en ds with it
,
-
.

The conc l u ding chapter e s pecia lly the 1 8 t h and 1 9 th vers es agai n
, , ,

c l ear ly express this idea .

5 . doctrine o f Gnos tic Chris tian and Caba l i s tic theo l ogy which
Th e , ,

tran sfers the m i ss ion and exce ll en c y o f all I srae l t o o n e M essiah Christ , ,

o r R e d e e m er according to inveterate conceptions o f r ega l m aj e s t y and

, ,

therefore call tha t o n e person the chosen o n e

,
the servant o f the ,

Lord has not the l eas t foundation i n this prophet s words He h as n o t
,
.

the re m otest idea o f a M es sia h Christ o r R edee m e r W e l et the p r o , ,

.

phet sp eak for hi m sel f He say s T hus saith God the King o f I srae l ,
.
,

an d i t s R edeem e r G o d o f Ho s ts I a m the r s t an d the l a s t

,
and beside , ,

M e there i s no Lord (I bid x l iv I e v en I a m G o d and b esid e

. . .
, , ,

m e there i s no S aviour (I bid x l iii I srae l i s saved b y G o d an ever

. . .
,

l astin g sal vation (I bid x lv . A m I not God and none beside
. .
,

M e ? a j ust Lord and S aviour there is none bes ide m e (I bid x lv ,
. . .

O u r R ede e m er God o f Hosts i s H i s na m e the Ho ly O n e o f I srae l

.
, ,

( I bid . x l vii . A n d He (God

) wi ll co m e a R edee m e r to Zion and

,

to those who turn fro m transgression in Jacob saith G o d (I bid ,

. .

x l ix.

6 This prophet l ike a ll others never expres s es anywhere the idea

.
, , ,

that o n e shou l d die for the sins o f I s rael or an y other nation O n t h e ,

.

contrar y the y thought on ly pun i sh m ent o r true repentance brings fu ll

, , , ,

r e m i s sion of si ns The prophet say s right at th e s tart that Jerusa l em s
.
, ,

sins are pardoned because sh e hath received from th e hand o f God a

, , ,

d oub l e portion for a ll her sins I even I a m He who ex tin gu i sh eth .
, ,

t hy transgres s ions for My sak e I wi ll not re m e m ber th y sins (I bid ,
. .
 H O W T H E F I F T Y T H I R D C H A P T ER o r -
I S A IA H I S EXP L A I N ED . 41 1

x l iii
.
I have
e xtingui sh ed th y tran s gre ss ion s l i ke m ist and th y ,

sins l ike c l ouds ; return to M e for I have r edeem ed th ee (I bid x l iv

, . . .

L e t t h e wick e d forsake h is wa y and the m an o f in i q u i ty h is ,

thoughts a n d l et h im r et urn to God a n d H e w i ll have m ercy with h i m

, , ,

a n d to o u r Lord for h e w ill increa se p ardoning (as t h e iniq uity

,

i ncrea s eth ) (I bid l v . . .

7 L as tly w e h a v e t o pr e m i s e thi s
.
,
N o t only I bn Ezra an d D on .
,

A b ar h an el but a l m o s t all m od ern c r i t i c s agr e e th at t h e s p e ech cont ain i n g

, ,

the fty third chapte r o f I s a i ah b eg in s w i th t h e th i rt eenth v er s e of t he

-

pr e v i ou s ch apte r : B eho l d m y s erva nt will b e pro sp erous
.

Th e obj ect

.

o f t h e ch apt e r or q u est i on i s m y s e rvant Th e s ubj e c t of th i s chapt er

.

can be none e xc ept t h e m an y nat i on s or t he k i ngs w i th wh i ch th e , ,

fty s econd ch a pt er ends

-
Th e context w i ll show th a t the k ings a r e

,
.

i m ag i n e d s p eak i n g of m y s erv ant a s th ey do fro m l iii l to I bi d : 9 ,
.
, .

'

Th e l as t thr ee v e rses are t h e Prophet s o w n word s Th e r efore t he rst .

nine vers e s are in th e pas t t en s e an d th e r es t i n t h e fu ture ten s e

, .

prem i ses i nform u s

Thes e

( a)
My s ervant
.

cannot r e fe r to a M ess i ah Chri s t R ede em er
, , ,

o r to a n y one who di e d for t h e in i q uity o f oth er s , wh e r e a s a ll tho s e

ideas a r e foreign to the Prophet .

()b T hi s prophet ca ll i ng
.
My servant
e ith e r hi m s e l f or I sra e l , ,

h e cou l d r efe r on ly to e ith er .

I srae l a pp e aring t o t h e Proph e t suffering in t h e c apt i v i t y an d

()
0 , ,

being th e m es s enger of God to the n at i on s i t c annot b e exp ecte d that ,

the Prophet wou l d s p eak o f hi m s el f i n a m an n er a s h e do es in t he thre e

co n cl uding v erse s My servant can refer to I s ra el on ly ,
.

Ta k e the se few i deas a s a gu id e and t h e who l e c h apter r ead s ri ght is

, ,

p l ain and can be rendere d l it era lly

,
.

I n tr o clu c ti o n I s a i a h, lit 1 3, 1 4, 1 5
. .

13 B eho l d m y s erva nt wi ll b e pro sperous ; h e w i ll be e l evated

. ,

e xa l t e d a n d v e ry h i gh
,
.

1 4 A s t h e m u l t i tude were a m a zed a t Thee (s o d i sgure d b y m an

. ,

i n h i s vi s a ge and h i s form b y t h e s on s o f m an )
,
.

1 5 S o s h a ll H e ll m an y p e op l e w i th j o y 3 k ing s s h a ll shut their

.

m ouths at h i m for th ey s a w wh a t w as not n a rrated to the m and thev

,
,

com preh ended what th ey n ever h eard .

T h es e t h r ee ver s es fo r m th e i n tr o d u c ti on f t h e n ext c h pter an d al so c o n tai n

o a ,

th e o utli n s of i t e \V e ar e
.
t o l d t h t I s r ae l w ill bae g r e t yet (al t h ou gh i t i s n o w de a ,

gr ad ed i n c aptivity) b y t he tr ium ph o f trut h an d j u sti c e w hic h it b r in gs th e n atio n s

,
,
41 2 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

D E S CR I P TI O N or TH E su r n am es or I S R A EL ,
BY THE K I N GS S I A IA H liii .

1 . W ho wo u ld h ave b el i ev ed ou r re po r t ,
an d th e ar m of G od
o v er w h o m it w as r e v eal e d .
0

2 l i k e t h e s uck er b efo r e H im an d l ik e t h e r o o t fr o m a
. He r o se ,

d es er t l an d w hi ch h as n o fo r m an d n o b ea u ty
,
W e s aw h i m an d h e , ,

h ad n o a pp ear an c e an d w e sh o u l d h av e d es i r ed hi m 2 ,

3 H e w a s d es p i sed an d for s ak en b y m en a m an o f s o r r o w an d
. ,

u s ed t o di s ease L i k e o n e w h o hides t h e c o u n t en an c e b efo r e u s h e w as

.
,

des p i sed an d w e r egar ded h i m n o t

,
.

T HE CA U S E O F TH E SU FF E R I N G S A S TH E K I N G S WI L L C O N CE I V E I T .

4 . V er i ly h e h at h b o r n e o u r s i ckn es ses a n d ,
ou r so r r o w s h e h at h
c ar r i e d th e m ; an d w e c o n s i der e d him w o u n ded ,
sm i tt en b y th e L or d ,

an d af i ct ed .

s om eth n i g wh i ch th e y n ever p er e v ed ci
Th e o m m en t at o r s o . c verl o ok ed t h e f ct th at a ,

t h e h o p es of I sr ael , ex p r es s ed i n t h s an d t h e n ex t h ap t er ,i c ar e i n t h e fut u r e t en s e ,

w il
h e th e su f fer i n gs (as h er e i n v er s e ar e ex r es s ed i n t h e
p p ast or p r es en t t en s e
b ecause th e p r op h et s p eaks o f a p r es en t s tat e w h i ch i n s om e futu r e t im e w i ll b e ,

n ar r at ed a s s o m eth i n g p as t an d go n e I f h e h ad i n t en ded t o s p eak o f J esu s an d Hi s .

s uffer i n gs o r o f an y o th er M es s i ah t h e su ffer i n gs al s o m u s t b e s t t ed i n th e fu tur e

, , a

t en se wh i ch i s n o t t h e cas e
,
Th e ab ove t h r ee ver s es b ei n g r en d er ed l i ter ally w e
.
,

n eed n o t acc o un t fo r i t W e r en d er ed Yaszeh wi th G es en iu s

. h e sh all ll wi th

,

s p r i n kl e as t h e En gl i sh v er s i o n h as i t b ec aus e i t i s n ot fo ll owed

an d n o t
j y
o

, ,

by an obj ect o f a t h i g b n u t b y an o bj c f p er s n m an y n at i on s N at ion s

e t o a ,
o .

can n ot b e s p r i n kl ed ui ds m ay b e sp r i n kl ed Up on an obj ect as

,
9
b ,

S t i ll Y aszch i n t h e hip h zl fo r m m u st b e t r an s i ti v e

Th e H eb r ew s chol ar m us t adm i t th at o u r t r an slat i o n i s l i ter al i n ever y p o i n t

, .

T h e E n gl i sh ver s i o n m uti l at ed m os t u n p ar do n ab ly t h es e th r ee ver s es s o th at t h er e ,

is i n th en , is wh en
der ed th er e f h e sh all gr ow
"
n o s en s e r en
JJ or u p,

c on cludi n g th e s econ d v er se m akes i t evi den t th at th e c an ) i s con ver s ive Th e s am e

,

b lun der i s co m m i tted wi th w i ch i s r en der ed th er e A n d w e sh all s ee

h , ,

al th ough i t i s p r eced ed an d fo ll owed b y a p er fect t en s e Th e r ul es o f

9
h im , .

gr am m ar wer e set s i d e t o m ak e a p r o p h ecy c o n c er n i n g J esu s i n th i s ch p ter bu t i t

a a

w s s t i ll i n v ai n
a J esus w as n o t us ed t o d i s eas e w e ar e n o t t o l d t h at h e ev er w as
.
,

s i ck n or w as h e for s aken b y m en o n t h e c on tr ar y w e ar e i n for m ed t h at th ous an ds , ,

w en t aft er h i m wh er ever h e wen t .

9 i n ver s e s ec on d s i n i ed l i ter ally su cker th e s h o o t of a l an t fr o m t h e

31
P ,

r oo t s or t h e l ower p ar t o f a s t em
g , p
Th i s i s a gur ati ve o f I s r ael d i s p er s ed am on g
,

S o is
.

n at i on s h an gi n g l i ke l i t tl e s ucker s o n l r ge t r ees fro m th e des er t lan d

a a .
, ,

r efer en c e t o I s r ael s d es c en d i n g fr o m a l an d t h en d es er t ed an d was t e Th e ki n gs de

w
.

s cr i b e th e su er in g o f th e c ap ti ve I s r ael i t es i n b r i ef b u t e x p r ess ive t er m s

.
414 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

TH E P R O PH ET S
D E F EN CE OF T H E J U S TI C E OF PR O V I D EN CE .

10 . D id G o d d es ir e his o pp r essi on , or to i
af ct h im wi t h
disease ?
I f th o u w i l t m ak e H i s p er so n an o ffer i n g fo r tr an sgr ess i o n H e m ust see ,

at w i ll l i v e l o n g a n d th e d el i h t o f G o d m u st p r o s p er i n Hi s
s eed,
( )
t h g ,

h an d .

11 . F or t h e t r av ai l of h is so ul he s h all s ee, h e s h a ll b e sati s ed w i th

t hi s kn o w l edge (that ) He w i ll br i n g t he r ight eo u s t o r ight eo u s n ess H e
, ,

i s m y s er van t t o t h e gr eat an d He w i ll c ar r y t heir i n i qu i ti es

, ,

1 2 T h er e t h er efo r e w i ll I affo r d h i m a p o s iti on w ith t h e gr eat an d

.
, , ,

h e sh all di v i de t h e s p o i l wi th t h e m igh t y b eca u se h e h at h exp o sed hi s ,

p er s on t o death an d w as c o un t ed am o n g t r an sgr essor s , wh i l e h e b o r e th e

,

s i n o f t h e m u lt i t u de an d h e w i ll a l way s ass ai l t he tr an s gr es s o r s f
, .

d own t o ver se 9 th er efor e w e con n ected th e t w o ver s es The un p r ej udi ced

in .

r eader wi ll eas i ly ob s er v e t h at t h er e i s n o t t h e l eas t r efer en c e t o J esus or an y o th er

,

Mess i ah i n an y o f t h es e ver s es .

Th e p r op h et wh eth er G o d (w h o i s gr aci ous t o all ) sh oul d d esi r e or d eli gh t

asks , , ,

i n t h e afi c ti o n of his s er v an t I sr ael ? Th e r a w o f th e b egi n n i n g o f ver s e t en i s a

, , .

i n di cat i n g a ques ti on To th i s h e an swer s i f Go d (Th ou) ali ct est h im

.
,

for o th er s h e m us t b e r ew r d ed for i t by s eei n g h i s s eed (ch i l dr en ) l ivi n g l o n g an d

,
a , ,

t h e d esir e o f G o d (tru th an d j us t i c e) p r o sp er i n th e h an d s o f hi s s eed th e gr eates t

, ,

r ewar d o f a fath er Th i s i dea i s s i m i l ar t o th at w h i ch co n clud es t h e b ook o f J ob ;

.

t h at i s n o t all s ays t h e p r op h et t h at gives hi s suffer i n g s ervan t s at i sfact i o n an d

, ,

s tr en gth i n t h e h our o f af fli ct i o n b u t t h e co n s c i ou s n es s t h at h e s uffer s for t h e w el ,

far e o f t h e gr eat es t an d b est i n t h e w or l d w h o l abor un d er th e m i st ake o f er r o r an d

i n j ust i ce m ust give him s r r en gth an d s ati sfacti on Th e p r o p h et i n con clus i o n

,
.
, ,

i n tr o duces Go d h i m sel f p r om i sin g a h ap p y fut ur e t o th o se w h o suffer ed for th e

,

ct i on s an d i n j us t i ce o f o th er s an d wer e au x i l i ary i n r em ovi n g t h es e s tum b l i n g

,

s t on es . Th i s r ew r d sh oul d b e t h ei r o w n th ey sh oul d b e affo r ded a p o r t i o n & c

a , , .

H avi n g s p ok en o f t h e K i n gs h e c o n cludes wi th , D j j t h e gr eat an d '

I

m i gh ty w h o sh o ul d ack n owl edge I s r a el as t h ei r equal

,
Th e p r op h et c o n s i der s .

n o t t h e j ust i ce o f P r ovi d e n ce an d t h e suffer i n gs o f I sr ael fr o m a n ar r o w i n

, ,

d ivi dual p o i n t o f vi ew b u t h e do es s o fr o m un iver s al p o i n t o f v i ew

,
I s r ael t h e .
,

b ear er o f t ruth an d j ust i ce suffer s an d p at i en t ly b ear s th e op p r ess i on o f th e K i n gs

,

i
an d n at o s ad d
n i ct e d t o er r or a n d i n j us t i c e ; b e c au s e m y s er v n t kn o ws h e i s a

a
p p o i n t ed t o th i s m i s s i o n an d wi ll b e t r i um p h an t at las t wi th t h e t r ium p h of t ruth

,

an d j us t i c e E V er s i on hi s s oul on acc ou n t o f

. . w e t r an sl at ed p er son
, ,

th e so ul di es n ot In ear l i er S cr i p tur e th e t er m n ep h esh

l i fe s o
.

s i gn i es u l,

b u t th i s p ro
p h et h as t h e t er m s In ver s e 1 1,
all l at or s for get i on th e m ur e wh i ch is g
P
m os t t r an s to ay att en t to eas
p

s 9
mm : m m a s:
n ew w her e
5 9
i p 3 ,
2, 2, 2, 3, an d so w e t r an s lated .
 CHA P TER IV
D ID C HR IS T B O R R OW FR OM TH E R A BBI ES
U se o f th e R abb i n i c l w iti g
a r n s in xpl ain in g th e N ew Testam en tS ever al illustra
e

ti v e exam pl sN t e o e on C h r i st s r el ation t o tr u th o ld an d n ew

, .

A Christian writer say s W i t hout s om e know l edge of Tal m udica l

.

w r itin gs we s ha ll be unab l e to understa nd even the fundam enta l s o f

,

Christianity ; since fro m these authoriti es w e l earn that our Lord con ,

desc ended t o borrow even the sacram ents o f Bapti sm and Co m m union
fro m the rites o f His countrym en and that even t h e pray er which w as
be queathed u s in contradistin ction to th e vain repetiti on s of the Jewi s h
D octors is derived from expressions that h ad been l o n g fam iliar in t he
,

9
s choo l s an d s yn a gogues o f Judea .

W wi ll giv e the reader but a few s peci m ens which

e m ay be co m

p ar ed with each other

SA YIN GS 0F R A BB I E S . N EW T E S TA M EN T .

B e
de l iberate i n j udgm ent W ith wh at j udgm ent y e j udge
y e s hall b e j udged M att vi i 2
.

Judge all m a nk i nd favourab ly
Make a fence for the L aw Think not t hat I am com e to
. . . . .

destro y t h e law or t h e Prophets ;

I am not com e to des troy but to

,

fu ll M att v 1 7 . . . .

E v . .
,
m an y h vi g K m

a n a a as un d er th e L a m ed , th e d e n i t e h a t t hus
repl ac ed ,
ust b e r en er e r e s e
m d d p c i l y lik
e i n ver s e 1 2 w hi c h t h e E V ,
. .
,

w ith th e g r e t i s r en d er ed b y t h e E V c essio
r en d ers an d m ak e i n t

a . er n ,
. .
,

whil e this i s pl ai n l y i n t h e fu tur e t en se an d t h e s m e t er m i t h e s am e fon ,

a n n ,

Th e er r o r i s c n s pi cuo u s
p 39
9 i n ver s e 6 i s r en d er ed
,
h ath l i d on h i m a \V .
"
o .

tr an s l ate literall y Th es e thr ee ver s es c a n ot r efer t o J esus fo r He s aw n o s e d l on g

.
n e

livin g as He h ad n o c hil d r en an d th e Bibl e n o w h er e h as t h e i d ea o f s pi r itual seed

, ,

h e n ever w as all o te d a p o r ti o n am o n g th e gr eat s o h e is ai d t o h ave b een v e y h u m ,

s r

b le n o r d i d h e d ivi d e s p o il w ith t h e m ighty Th e wh o l e c h ap ter d o e n t s y t h t s o a ,

a

m y s ervan t d i ed or w ill di e
.
,

.

I t i s s ai d o f D r L i gh tfo ot th at h e c oul d n o t p ti n t l y h ear t h e n c i e t r ec o r d s

.
,
a e a n

o f th e R abb in s t o o m u c h as p ers ed as p ro c eed i g m o t c om m o l y f

r m ig or n c e o f
n s n ,
o n a
, ,

th eir adm ir ab l e u s e i n expl i n i n g t h e Hol y S c ip t u r e l t u R th er f r d i n t h e

a r .
u o ,

as s em b l y of D iv i n e s h a d s ai,
d t h a t t h er e w a s n o n e w s o f s o m e w h at i n c o t r overs y n ,

b ut i n t h e R abb in s it w as o f a cu p i n th e i n stitutio o f the P ass over s em i n g t o

, ,

n ,
e

p
s eak on emc t p ti b l y o f t h em D r L i gh t fo o t r epli e d .
T h at t h er e ar e d iver s t hi n g s

i n t h e N ew Tes am en t t w hi c h m u s
,
t b e b e h o l d e n t o t h e R abb i n s for th e un d erst an d
"
i n g o f or el s e w e know n o t w h at t o m ake o f t h em .
4 16 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

SA YI N GS 0F RA BB I ES . N EW T ES TA M EN T .

He that doth a l m s in secret is D

not y our al m s before m en
o
M att vi 1 L et not th y l eft
.

g reater than o u r ma ster M oses hi m . . .

se l f hand know what th y righ t hand

.

n
R abbi Jannai s a w o n e giving doeth M att .vi 3 D o not . . .

m oney O pen ly to a poor m an to s ound a tru m pet before thee as the

w ho m he said :
I t i s better y ou h ypocrites do in the s ynagogues and

had not given at all than so to have in the s treets .

gi v en
D oes any one give hi s neighbour
.

W
hosoev er shall s m ite thee o n
a box o n the e ar o r a bl o w upon th y right cheek turn to hi m the

, ,

t he cheek l et hi m give hi m t w o ,
other M att v 39 . . .

hu ndre d z u zees (Co i n s ) .

Be not l ike servants who serve

. But he
sha ll receive an hundred
their m as ters for the s ake o f r ec ei v fo l d n ow in this ti m e & c & c with
, ,
.
,
.
,

in g a reward but be l ike servants persecutions and in t he wor l d t o

who serve their m a st ers wi thout a co m e eterna l l i fe M ark x 30
,

. . .

vie w o f rec eiving a reward ; and F o r h e had respect unto the

l et the fear o f h e aven b e upon y ou
. r e co m p enc e of the reward
Heb . .

xi 26
. .

Be not prone to m uch discourse W hoever l ooketh o n a wo m an

w ith w o m e n kind W hoever con -
. to l us t after h er h a t h co m m itted ,

verses m u ch with wo m en bri ngeth adu l te ry with her a l read y in his

hear t
,

e vi l o n hi m s elf and at l a s t w i ll i h ,
M att v 28
. . . .

herit he ll He who l ook eth upon. W hore m o n gers sh a ll have th e ir

a wo m an s heel i s as if he l ook e d par t i n the l ake which burneth
with re and bri m ston e R e v
,
3
upon her be lly he that l ook s . .

upon her b elly i s as i f he had l aid ,

xx i 8 . .

with her ; he that l ook s upon her

l itt l e nger is as if he l ooked u pon ,

her priv y parts
M ak ing pea c e bet w een neigh
.

B l es s e d a r e the Peace M akers .

h o u r s i s nu m b ered a m ong tho s e M att v 9

, . . .

things which bri ng for t h good fru i t

in th i s l ife and b en e t in the l ife
,

to co m e
Be ca u tious in th y words L et your co m m unications be
.

Giving and re ce i v ing am ong the y ea y ea n ay nay M att v 3 7

.

'

. . . .
,

d i sc ip l es of t h e wi s e m en w a s i n ,

truth and fa i th b y s ay i ng Yes , , ,

y es ; no no

.
,

H i ll e l s a i d Be of t h e d i s c i p l es L i v e p eac eably with all m en .

o f A aron who l ov e d p ea c e and pur

,
R o m xii 18 . . .

s u e d peac e so th a t thou l ove m a n

kin d

.

W ho ever i s a m bitious of ag A n d whoever sha ll e xal t h im

g r a n d i z in
g hi s na m e de s tro y s his s e l f s ha ll be ab a sed
,

M att xxii i . . .

n am e . 12 .
41 8 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

TH E LO R D
S PR A YER .

SA YI N GS OF RA BB I E S . N EW TES TA M EN T .

Let none pray in the singu l ar ur F ather which O art in

nu mber but in the p l ura l s ay ; Heaven
, , .

O u r F ather which art in Heaven .

S anctify Th y nam e above a ll Hall owed b y T hy na m e '

that do s anctify Thy na m e .

A pray er wherein is not m en Thy Kin gdo m co m e .

t i on ed Kin gdo m of God , i s not a

pray er .

W hat is
the short pray er 2 ' Thy will be done on earth as it

R abbi El iezer saith Thy wi ll be is in Heaven .

done i n Heaven and g ive quietness ,

of s p i ri t to the m that fear Thee on

ear th .

Let it be Thy good p l easure to Give us this day ou r dai ly

give every m an what su i c eth hi m bread .

for hi s dai ly food .

R ab bi Judah w as wont to pray us not into tem ptation Lead ,

"
5
thus Let it be Thy good p l easure but de l iver us fro m all evi l .

to de l iver us fro m evi l m en evi l ,

affection and from S atan the de

stroy er s
,

W e therefore hope i n Thee O F or thine i s the kingdo m and , ,

Lord o u r God speedi ly to beho l d the power and the gl ory fo r ever
, ,
.

Thy g l or ious power for the kingdom A m en ,
.

is thi ne Th e Lord sha ll reign for

.

ever .

I n the m easure tha t a m an

ith what m easure y e m ete

W ,
3

m ea s u r et h others m easure to hi m it sha ll be m easured t o you again -

M att vii 2
.

Hill e l s aw a sku ll oating o n the . . .

water and said Because thou didst ,

m ake o thers oat have they oated ,

thee and the end o f those who

,

m ade thee oat wi ll be that the y ,

will a l s o o a
W hen an y (j udge ) said to a n
-
How wi l t thou say t o th y bro
other C as t o u t the m ote o u t of ther let m e pu ll out the m ote o u t o f

,

thine eye he ans w ered Cast y ou
, ,
thin e ey e and beho l d a bea m i s in

out the beam o u t o f your ey e .
thine o w n ey e 2 '

It till i s a law a b elief am on g th e J ews th at m en can n ot exp ect

w as , an d s , ,

forgiven ess of th eir sins on th e D ay of A tonem en t un l ess th ey for give on e an other ,

.
 D ID I
C HR S T BO R R O W FR O M THE R A BBI Es ? 41 9

SA Y I N GS OF R A B B I ES . N EW TES TA MEN T .

R . Tar p ho n
said I wonder
Thou h y pocrite ; rst cast out the
whether there be an y in this age beam o u t of thine o w n ey e and then ,

that w i ll receive reproof But i f .

shal t thou see cl earl y to cast o u t
o n e saith to a n oth e r Cast out the
the m ote out O f thv brother s ey e

M att v ii 4 5
, .

m ote o u t of thine ey e he w ill be ,

. .
,
.

read y to answer Cas t o u t the ,

beam ou t o f thine o w n ey e .

GO forth and consider which B lessed are the m erciful

is the good part for m an to adhere B l essed are the pure i n heart
.

to 2 R El eazar said .
A good ,
Matt . v . 7, 8 .
.

benevo l ent and p u r e hear

Go forth and consider which is For the heart proceed
ou t of

the evi l way m an shou l d shun ev i l thoughts m urders a dul teries
fornications &c (ir e Matt x v
, , , ,

A n evi l heart was the answer , .
,
.
,
. .

19 .

A certain Gentil e cam e to S ha m W

hatsoever y e wou l d that m en
m ai and said M ake m e a pro s e shou l d do unto you do y e even
so to the m
, ,

lyte that I m ay l earn the who l e for this is the l aw and

,

law standing upon o n e foot
,
S ham . the Prophets M att v ii l 2 . . . .

m ai beat h i m with a staff that w as

in his hand He went to Hill e l.

and he m ade him a prose lyt e and

said That which is odious to
,

th ys el f do it not to th y ne i ghbour ,

for this i s the who l e law .

Let a ll thine actions be in the 6

hatsoever y e do do a ll to
W
the gl ory of God 1 Cor x 31
,
7
nam e and to th e gl ory of God
By their fruits y e shall kno w
. . . .

A gourd i s known b y its

.

branch
the m M att vii 20

.

D ay o f Judgm ent
. .

I n the day of the great j udg

. .

2
.

m ent

is a form of speech very c c Kingdom O f Heaven .

usua l a m ong the Jews as wel l as ,

K i ngdo m of Heaven
I n
.

Let the honour O f th y associate honour preferring o n e an

be as dear to thee as thine o w n other R o m ans x 1 2 -

Be sl ow to w rath James i
. .
. .

Be not easi ly m oved to anger .
. .

19
W hen thou art praying con A n d when thou pray est thou ,
N
,
1
sider not th y pray er as ordin ary shal t not be as the hypocri te ,
.

but as supp l icating m ercy in the M att v i 5 . . .

ee parab l e Pub l ican and Phar

presence o f God (S ,

i s ee ) Luke xviii 1 1 1 3
.

Be expeditious to study the Be ready alway s to give an

-
. .
.

l aw that thou m ay est know how

,
answer to ever y m an
& c 1 Peter ,
.

to refute the epicurean iii 1 5 . . .
 4 20 HA J EHU D I M A N D
-
MIK VEH I S R A EL .

SA YI N GS 0F RA BB I ES . N EW TES TA MEN T .

Consider i n whose presence He shall reward every m an

(l

thou art l abour i n g and in whose accordin g t o his work s M att

. .

service thou ar t e mp l oy ed ; w h o xv i 27
. .

w i ll pa y thee the rewa r d o f th y W e are l abour ers to g ether with

l abour
God

1 C 9
Th
or
. . . .

R Tar p h on s aid :
. The day i s harvest i s p l enteous , but e

s hor t but the l abour i s m uch an d

, the l abourers are few Pra y y e
, .

l abourer s s l othfu l and the m aster therefore the Lord o f the harvest ,

o f the house presseth for dis p atc that b e send forth l abou rers in to

h i s harvest M att i x 37 38 .
-
.
,
.

A s a drop o f m ustar d A s a gr ain O f m us tard seed
2,

Con s ider in whose pr esence

. .

F o r we all m u st appear befo r e

thou m ust in futu rity render an the j udgm en t seat of C hr is t, that
account i n j udgm ent even before every o n e m ay r eceive the th in g s
done i n his body, &c , &c 2 C or
.
,

t he Ho ly S uprem e K in g o f K in g s , . . .

b l essed i s He 10
A r e l i gious m an w ho beco m es
. v . .

L et hi m be u n to th ee as an
.
a pub li can is to b e d r iven o u t O f heathen and a pub l ican

Matt . .

the society of reli g ion xviii l 7

. . .

Tw o o r thr e e w h o set together F or where t w o o r three are

and discour s e o f the l aw the D ivi n e gathered to gether in My n am e there

.

,

p re s ence m a
y be sa id t o r es t o n a m I in the m i dst O f the m M att . .

t hem . xvii i 20 . .

Pray for the peace of the kin g Prayers t o be m ade for kin gs ,

d om for were it not in deference and for a ll that ar e i n authori ty

, ,

thereof m en wou l d swa ll ow each that we m ay l ead a qui et and peace

other al ive
fu l l ife l Ti m oth y ii

2
Give unto God Of H is ow n for
-
. . . .
,

R ender unto God the thin gs

for thou and all thou poss ess est are that are God s M att xxi i 21
. . . .

His . W hat hast thou that thou didst

n o t receive
Lau ghter an d l evity accusto m
.

N either lthin ess n o r foo l ish ,

m an k in d to l e w dn ess ta lk ing n or j estin g which are not
.
, ,

convenient but rather givi n g than ks

unto God Ephes v 4
D

Peace be unto you Luk e

. . . .

H
T hi s w as and sti ll i s , the ordi
,
.

nary sa l utatio n a m on g the Jews xxiv 36 ; John xx 19 . . . .

)3
Be exceedin gly hu m b l e o f Be c l othed w i th hu mili ty .

s pirit . 1 P eter v 5 , . .

I t were better fo r him that he I t had been good fo r that m an

A usua l w ay of i f he h ad not been born M att
i)
wer e not created . . .

s p eakin g xxvi 24

. . .

W hosoever profaneth God s F or there is nothin g covere d

n am e in secret wi ll be punished that sha ll not be reveal ed
,
.

O pen ly .
 HA J EHU D I M A N D
-
M IK VEH I S R A EL .

SA YIN GS 0 1" RA BB I ES . N EW TE S TA M EN T .

They do n ot show a m an a palm A

cam e l to go through the ey e
tree o f go l d, nor an e l ephant goin g o f a needle

M att xix 24 . . . .

thr ou gh t h e ey e o f a nee dl e
S hall
.

To what m a y he be l i k ened he be l ikened unto a

w hose wi sdo m exceedeth hi s good foo l ish m an which bui l t his house
w orks ? To a tree whose branches upon the sand and the rain de ,

are m u l tip l icious , and i t s roots scended ,

c nty s o that the wind com eth

s a
a n d p l ucketh it u p and overturneth

it . But to what is he l ike whose

g ood deeds exceed his wisdo m ? To
u
be l ik ened to a wise m an
S ha ll ,

a tree whose branches are few and ,

which bui l t hi s house upon a rock ,

i ts r oots m u l tifarious s o that if the ,

and the r ain descended and the ,

m ost vio l ent tempest di scharges its oods cam e and the winds b l ew ;
and it fe ll not (he tire M att
,

fury against it it w il l n ot be ab l e
, , , .

to m ove it from i ts p l ace . 24 28-
.

To what was R Bon Bar Chaij a .

(C
Th e k in gdo m of heaven is

l ike ? To a king who hired many l ikened , &c .
,
&c .

labourers a m ong which there w as W ho

went o u t early in the
o n e h i r ed who perform ed hi s work m orning to hi re l abourers & c & c n

The y received every m an a

.
, ,
.

e xtraordinar y we ll W hat did the
.

kin g do ? He took h im aside and penn y & c dzc
They m ur mured against the
. .
, ,

wa l ked with hi m to and fro
good m an o f the house tim
.

W hen even was co m e those l abor M att

e
, . .

er s cam e that the y m ight receive xx . l l4 .

t heir hire and he gave hi m a c o m

(
,

p l et e hire with the rest A n d the .

l abourers m u r m er ed say ing W e .

h ave l aboured hard a ll day and thi s

m an on ly tw o hours y et he hath ,

r eceived a s m uch wages as we ,

t h e Kin g saith unto them He ,

hath l aboured m ore in those two

h ours than y ou in the who l e day
He that is wronged is forbid
.

S h a ll
I forgive him ? Till seven
d en to be dii cu lt to pardon But t im es
M att xvi ii 21
I f th y brother repents forgive
. . . . .

w hen the offender i mp l ores hi m

hi m
,

o nce and again and it appears he
, .Luke xxvii 3 . .

r epents o f his deed l et h i m pardon ,

him and whosoever i s m ost ready

,

to pardon i s m ost praiseworth y
Those that were m ore em in ent But if
.

ye say unto this m oun

for the profoundness of their l earn tain B e thou rem oved and be
,

i n g o r the sp l endour O f their virtues

, , thou cast into the s ea it shall be ,

w ere set o u t b y such an expression done M att xxi 21
.
-
. . .

as this He i s a rooter up (or a ,

)
r e m over o f m ou n tain s .
 D ID CHR S T I BO R R OW FR OM T HE R A BBI ES ? 4 23

SA Y I N GS OF R A BB I ES .
N EW T ES TA MEN T

It was a custo m am ong the y e into the h ighways and

GO ,
Jews o m V I t e poor trave ll ers to
feasts t ,
as m an y as y e nd b i d to the m ar

r i a e M att xxii 9

g
.

A n d to be call ed of m en R abbi !
. . . .

R abbi R abbi ! I t w as cus

v
t o m ar y and they l oved to be sa l uted
, R abbi ~Matt xxiii 7 . . .

with this honorab l e title n o tw ith ,

s tanding the disse m b l ed axio m :

Love the work , but hate t h e

t i tl e
A kin g invi ted his ser vants A
.

n d v were wis e and v e

&c &c
,
e ,

but did not appoint an y set ti m e . were foo l ish ,
M att x x v
.
, . . .

T hose that were wise adorned them ,

1 12
-
.

s e l ves Those that were foo l ish

.

went about their ow n busin ess .

T h e king a ll o f a sudden ca ll ed for

servants : those went in adorned ;
t hese un dressed Th e king was
.

p l eased with the w ise and angry ,

with the fool ish
It w as custom ary am ong the Ti ll heav
.

n and earth p ass o n ee

R abbies to u se the 9 j od to s ign i fy j ot or o n e ti ttle S ha ll in no w i se pas s

s o m e s m a ll o r i nsignicant thin g . from the law t i ll all be fu ll l ed .

S o m et i m es the y ca ll ed a li tt l e to wn M att v 1 8 . . .

"

ironically j o d I n Tal m ud tract

.
,

k i du sh i n i t i s sa id : From a l itt l e
,

j o d I see arise a who l e city .

W h o i s m ight y ? he who s u b R
ist t he devi l and he wi ll
es

ee from you Jam es iv 7

,

d u eth his evi l im agination . . . .

R u n to the perform ance of the Fl e e fro m these thi ngs and fo l

,

lo w afte r righ teo u sness

3,
s li gh est precept and ee fro m the
,
1 Ti m . .

c o m m iss i on O f s in .
v ii . 11 .

Thi s wor l d m ay be l ikene d to a Wshou l d live soberly right

e ,

court yard , in com pari s on with th e

- eo u sly and go dl y in the present
fu ture worl d ; therefore prepare ,
wor l d l ookin g for that b l essed hope
,

and the gl orious appearin g of the

Titu s ii 1 2
th yse l f in the an te cham b er that
great God
-

thou m ay est enter in to the din ing . 13 . .

r oo m .

O n e hour s refresh m ent i n the

F or
what shall it prot a m an .

future wor l d is preferab l e to the if he gai n the whole wor l d and l ose
entire l ife O f this
.
his o w n Mark viii 36 . .

Look not at the a sk but at ,

S ee M att ix 1 7 ; M ark ii 22 . . .

that which is ther ein fo r there a r e ,

Luke v 37 . .

new asks fu ll o f old wine and

O ld asks which have not even n e w

wine in the m .
4 24 HA J EHUD I M A N D
- M IK VEH I S R A EL .

SA YIN GS 0F RA BB I E S . N EW TES TA M EN T .

A gain st th y wi ll m ust thou idle word that m en shal l Every

hereafter r ender an account and speak they shall give an accoun t .

r eceive j ud gm ent in the presence o f thereof i n the day of j ud g e m en t .

th e S upre m e King o f Kin gs the M att xii 36 ,

. .

Ho ly G o d b l e ssed be He
,
.

Let n o t thine ev i l i m agination H o w can y e es cape the dam na

persuade thee that the grave is a tion o f he ll M att 33 . .

p l ace o f refuge for thee .

Pes til ence co m eth in to the Because o f these thin gs com eth (f

wor l d for the co m m iss ion o f sins the w rath of G o d u pon the chi l dren
said to be punishabl e with death in o f Ep h v 6 . .

the l aw .
C o l iii . . .

He w ho saith W hat is m ine (S ee M att xix 21 ; M ark x 21

,

. . .

i s thi ne and what i s thine is a l so Luke xviii 12 ; al so A cts i v

,
. .

thine is the custo m o f the pio u s

.

S a m ae l " the wicked and head

Yet M ichae l the ar ch an gel w hen ,

o f all evi l spi ri ts had n o power contendin g with the devi l he dis
, ,

over M o ses the servant of God p u ted about the body o f Mo s es ci e t

H e waited however im patient ly

. .
, ,

,
Jude i 9 , . .

for the m o m ent when M oses woul d

breathe hi s la st brea th and the peo ,

p le of I srae l without t heir l eader .

He said to hi m sel f 0 when wi l l

the tim e co m e when I shall rej oice , ,

and M ichael the patron o f M oses , '

,

Th e t im e ca m e when

S ha ll weep ?
God said to M oses Go up the ,

m ount A barim and die there and ,

M ichae l said to S am ae l : N o w r e
j oice thou wi cked one and I sha ll
, ,

weep becau se M o ses m y friend m ust

die.

A gain M oses desired t o enter
,

the l and o f prom ise and cou l d n ot ,

bear the idea that he m ust die b e

fore The good an ge l s refused to
.

take the li fe of M oses ; and S am ael ,

who w as read y to do i t had a hard ,

co mbat with him .

The ho ly b l essed G o d saith Be y e therefore wise as serpents

concerning I srae l : Those that b e and harml ess as doves M att x
,

. . .

l ong to m e are as simp l e as dove s 1 6

, ,
.

but am ongst the nations o f the

wor l d they are subtl e as serpents
,
.

S am ael i s on e o f th e nam es given t o S atan b y th e R abbi t s . I t is c mp u

o o n d ed
of S am (p oison ) an d Eli (God) .
 C HA P TER V .

T E S TIM ON Y C ON C ER N IN G J ES U S F R O M A R EF O R MED RA BBI .

Th e anifo l d cal am ities o rigin atin g fro m the wick edness o f the
m

r u l ers and in creased b y th e wars fou ght b y S y rians and Egy t i an s upo n
, y
the soi l of Pa l estined isposed a great m an y m e mbers o f the Jewish
,

S ociety to m e l ancho ly and dej ection whi l e others were inspired with a
,

m artyr s faith in a g l orious ter mination of all the existin g m isery

.

N othin g cou l d shake their trus t in a n a l m ir acu l ous re de m ption , .

Thus their m isery l ed a gr eat m an y Jews to expect the M essiah W ith .

m an y others appe ared Theudas p l ay ing the part of the sam e But all
, , .

failed in securin g th e s ym path y O f the peop l e The y answere d neither .

to the cherished ideas o f the M essiah n or had they in uence and ,

m ind enough to unite the nation and produce the desired effect
, J esu s
b orn of M ary, in N azare th the founder o f th e Christian re l igionw as
.
,

m ore successfu l He won a gr eat m an y fo ll owers c l in ging to the n ew

.
,

faith with greate r pert in acity in proportion as the Jews persecute d hi m .

R e l i gious persecutions however assist in exasperating the roused S pirit

, ,

o f the partiesand i nstead of procuri n g a r ec o n c i lli at i o n wi ll call forth ,

hatred and discord division and m utua l ag gr ession N evert he l ess b y

, .
,

the m eans of an allwi se Providence Christianit y becam e the instrum ent

,

o f bri nging a gr eat m an y nations absorbed in supe r stition and ido l atry
, ,

nearer to the true God the Creato r o f heaven and earth and o f k ind l ing
, ,

anew the zeal o f the Jews in beha l f of their re l igion M an y Jews .

becam e apostates and especia lly a mo n g the Essenes S ad ducees S am ari

, , ,

tans and I du m eans and took a hosti l e position against Judais m ; but
, ,

this very apostas y contributed great ly in unitin g the re m ain in g l arge

m aj ority of the Jews i n spirin g the m with an unusua l affection and l ove
,

for their rel igion and i m bui ng the m with a n ation a l pride in dispensab ly
, ,

n ecessar y for the i m pendin g st r u ggle .


C H A PT E R VI .

I S R A E S T U M BL I N G

L S -
BL O C K S .

There is so m ethin g intense ly i nterestin g in the past hi story and

future destin y of the Jews Fro m whatever poin t viewe d they beco m e
'

.
,

to u s a m arve l and a st u d y .

I f we l ook at them in their n a ti on a l character they present the ,

m ost rem arkab l e ethnic pheno m enon in the history o f the worl d For .

n o peop l e have ever been dispersed a m ong other peop l e without l osing
,

t heir nationa l traits a n d characteristics ; but the Jews though scattered ,

t hrou ghout the habitab l e g l obe for eighteen hundred years still preserve ,

t heir ethnic identity and pecu li arities and though they m ingl e with, ,

every nation , b l end with none .

I f we l ook at the m as an hi s tor i ca l nation they present greater ,

poin ts of interest than can be found in the anna l s o f any other countr y .

Their histories go back a thousand y ea rs beyond the birthday o f the

m ost renowned natio n s o f anti q uity and un l i ke the fab l es and m yths
,

w hi ch han g l ike c l ouds around the orig i n of the A theni ans and o f the

R o m ans are c l ear true and God inspired

, , ,
-
.

I f w e l ook at the m as a p r op heti ca l nation we s ee a nation abo u t ,

who m the rst prophecy in Eden was utt ered and a mong who m exi sted ,

a l in e o f seers extending through a period o f twel ve hundred years

, ,

before whose visions were presented and b y whose pens were wr i tte n
, ,

the future destinies o f the wor l d .

I f we l ook at them as a li ter a r y nation we nd them posse ssin g a ,

written l anguag e history odes l aws and phil o s oph y at the tim e that
, , , , ,

'
Cadmus w as in troducin g his l etters into Gre ece and six h undred years ,

before the W o l f nurs l ing founded R o m e a peop l e whose histories have

-

never been excell ed b y Herodotus or Livy ; who s e poetry ha s n ever

been e q uall ed b y the b l ind O ld m an o f C h i os o r the M an tuan bard ; ,

w hose biograp hi es have never been surpassed b y P l utarch or Tac i tus

w hose m ora l ists far outstrip P l ato and S eneca and whose l ega l writers
leave far behin d the m the theories of A ristot l e i n his N i c o m achean ,

ethics or the de R epub l ica o f Cicero
,
.

I f we l ook at the m as a re l igi ou s nation we see a peop l e h aving a ,

k now l ed g e o f the o n e l iv i n g and true God and givi ng H im ho ly wor ship

, ,

a n d possessin g His ho ly W ord and enj o ying the

m inistration o f a prie s t
,
4 28 HA J EH U D I M -
A ND MIK VEH IS RA E L .

hood w hich He hi d institu ted and above a ll the s ymbo l s of H is D ivi ne

, ,

Presence and S overeignt y when the rest O f m ank ind are sunk in ido l atry
,

and superstition and , not to en large o n thi s com parison if we l oo k at ,

the Jews as the race to which w as given the D iv ine l awt o who m were
com m i tted the orac l es o f God o f who m as co n cerni n g the esh Christ , ,

ca m e an d concernin g who m Christ h i m se l f dec l ared
-
sal vation is o f
the Jew s then do we p l ace this nation outcast though i t n o w is and

, ,

di spersed thou gh it be o n a higher p l atform than can be occupied b y

,

the w i sest th e richest the greatest nations o f the earth ; centerin g in

,. ,

itse l f m ore wonders and cha ll engin g for itse l f m ore stud y than are found
, ,

in o r call ed o u t by all the wor l d b eside

, .

O f the stu mb l in g b l ocks in the m in ds of no m ina l Christians the

-

which we wi ll m ention is their genera l prej udice a gain st a J ew In

r s t , .

the works o f l earned historians fro m Bede to Hall a m in the pages o f ,

popu l ar nove l ists fro m Cervantes to S i r W a l ter S cott in the verses o f

,

the m ost popu ar poets fro m Bacc ac cio to S outhey the J ew has been
l
, ,

drawn as an O bj ect o f ca l um n y satire, and scorn and when S haksp ear e ,

wou l d concentrate in on e character , subtl ety cunnin g covetousness and

, , , ,

an overreachin g avarice he conj u res up a S h yl ock a Jewish m oney

, ,

l ender o f V enice and holds hi m up t o the contem p t of the Christian

, ,

wor l d as the representative o f the Hebre w race so that the nam e o f

,

S h yl ock and J ew are a l m ost s yn on ym ous o n Genti l e l ips W e have .

thus been educated to despise the Jews and s o accusto m ed to s ee them ,

m entioned with O pprobrium that we easily becom e im bued with the ,

prej udi ce an d act it o u t in o u r dai ly l ife But this i s unj u st W hat is . .

it that h as m ade the J ew a wanderer a usurer a trader an al ien in , , ,

every l and branded an d persecuted with r e and sword ? I t i s Chris

,

tian in to l erance ! Christian avarice ! Christian revenge ! Genti l e

nations have trodden the m in th e dust and then revi l ed the m because ,

they have fa ll en beneath their iron hee l .

Th e secon d stu m b l ing b l ock in the way is the apath y o f Christians , .

I t is rea lly l am entab l e to know h o w l itt l e ho l d the subj ect o f pro m oting
Christianity am ong the Jews has upon the Church of God Th e very .

person s who are deep ly interested in m issions to the heathen here fee l
but l ittl e s ym path y ; and y et every argu m ent which can urge to foreign
m issions co m es with additiona l force when app l ied to the J ew
,
I f it is .

right to send m issionaries to th e heathen who know not G od m uch m ore ,

t o send the Gospe l to the Jews who do worship Jehovah and ack n ow , ,

l edge the S criptures of the O ld Testam ent I f it i s right to send m is .

si o n ar i es t o ido l aters m uch m ore to the Jews who have never bowed the
,
4 30 H A J EH U D I M
-
A ND M I K VEH I S R A EL .

back a corrupt church to a pure faith Th e very nature o f the work .

forbids the expectation O f l arge and i m m ediate res u l ts .

Turn in g fro m the stu mb l ing b l ocks in the m inds of Christians l et -

us l ook at those which exi st in the m inds of the Jews W e will m ention .

a few l ead ing and pecu l iar ones .

F i r s t Their heredita r y hatred o f the Genti l es

. I f you h ad been .

fro m t h e rs t dawn i ngs of know l edge taught to hate a certain cl ass o f ,

m en if they had been represented t o you as vi l e in them se l ves in their ,

be l ief in thei r practices as hostil e to your parents and to their faith i f

, ,

this hatred had been draw n in n o t on ly with your m other s m i lk and , ,

y our father s teaching but fro m the sacred books of your worship and
,

if all the deep rel i gious senti m ent o f your sou l had been shaped and
warp ed b y such m ou l ding in uences ; then wou l d few understand the
depth and inveteracy o f those prej udices which the Jews have against
Christians F or this is their state towards us They have been
. .

educated fro m infancy to regard Christians as their enem ies and the ,

ene m ies of their faith The y have l ooked upon the m as having no par t
.

in God s covenant m erc y as being outcasts and ido l aters This has
,
.

been taught the m b y parents an d R abbies in the house and in the s yna ,

go gu es in their schoo l books and in their Ta l m uds and this hatred

, ,

has been perpetuated fro m generation to generation for near ly four

thousand y ears A n d when to this hereditary dis l ike o f a ll the uncir
.

c u m c i sed you add their in tense hereditary pride o f descent fro m

,

A braha m and their pride o f nation as being God s favoured peop l e y ou
, , ,

can in som e m easure understand h o w thorough ly ingrained m ust be their

(
en m it y to the Genti l es not on ly their persons o f which in this country
, , ,

at l east we s ee but l itt l e ) but especia lly to their rel igion and to a ll
, , ,

attem pts to bring them to their despised fai th .

T he s econ d stu m b l ing b l ock is the O ppression and persecution of -

the Jews b y professi ng Chris tian nations ,

A m ore m e l ancho ly record cannot be found in the vo l u m e o f

history, than that wh ich narra tes the fate o f this peel ed and scattered
peop l e Though the Gospe l was rst preached to the Jews and n o t t o
.
,

the Genti l es unti l the Je w s had as a nation fair ly rej ected it yet th e
, , ,

Jews as we l earn from the A cts were ever ready to stir u p oppositions
, ,

to the Chr istians and incite persecutions again s t them

,
A s the Genti l e .

Christians increas ed they soon began to avenge th eir inj uries upon the
,

Jews and nding them im m ovab l e in their faith s oon m ade l aw s and
, ,

edicts which p l aced this unhapp y peo p l e between the upper and nethe r
,

m i ll stones o f oppres sion

-
.

I s R A EL s S T U M BL N G I -
BL O C K S . 4 31

Eve ry Christian nation in Europe has in turn persecuted and

banished the Jew The rs t persecuting l aw of a Christian Prince w as
.

b y Constantine in A D 325 against the Jews I n the fourth century

, . .
, .

the y were banished from Ro m e having rst had their ears cut o ff I n , .

the sixth century they were com pell ed in F rance, to em brace the
, ,

dogm as of the Church , o r l eave the kingdo m I n the seventh century .

the sam e edicts were enacted in Spain I n the eighth and ninth cen .

t u r ies the y were m ade to wear badges of servitude and denied m an y ,

priv il eges I n the tenth century, they were driven out of Bohem ia I n
. .

the e l eventh century they were subj e cted to the m erciless persecutions
,

of the cr usaders the chi efs o f t hat rst crusade

,
decl aring that before ,

they attacked the M ussu lm ans they shoul d destroy the nation which ,

crucied the Son o f God ; and hence there was a genera l m assacre of ,

the Jews in the c ities o n th e banks o f the M osell e and the Rhine I n .

the twelfth c entur y they were banished from F rance b y Phi lip Au gustus
,
.

His success or St L ouis twice expell ed them 3 and Charl es V I in A D

,
.
, ,
. .

1 39 4 again banished them fro m the e m pire

,
I n the thir teenth century .
,

u nder Edward I , a ll Jews were re q uired t o depart fro m Eng l and They .

were proscribed in Spain in the fteenth century and the l ast year of ,

that century was signal ized b y their banish m ent from Portugal One of .

the prim ary reasons for the estab l ish m ent of the I n quisition w as to root

out what was call ed the Jewish L eprosy
.

To recount the barbarities w hich the Christian nations of Europe

have in i cted on the Jews woul d ll vo l u m es and they shoul d be wr it ,

ten with tears, in stead of ink and on sackc l oth instead of par ch m ent , ,
.

Every species o f anno yance every diabo l ica l torture every debasin g , ,

usage every epithet of O pprobrium every m an i festation of hatred and

, ,

cont em pt has been exercised again st them 3 their property was ever
regarded as l awfu l prey 3 and their persons were never secure from
ill treatm ent Their l ives were at the m ercy of r uth l ess rul ers 3 every
-
.

where they h ave been treated b y the Chr istian nations o f Europe with
cont um ely and wrong L aws o f the m os t O ppressive kind have been
.

enacted against them They coul d not testi fy against a Christian in

.

the civil courts 3 they were forced to wear badges designed to m ark them
with disgrac e 3 they were forbidden to institut e suits against Christians
in the courts o f l aw They were m ade the foot ball o f kings and princes
.
-
,

being spurned n o w hi ther now thither by the feet o f petty despots , ,

.

They were com pell ed to reside in certain sect ions of cities and l ocked in ,

at nigh t N o Christian servan ts o r nurse cou l d stay with or attend

.

them 3 no inn fo r trav e ll ers c ou l d receive or entert ain the m They were .
4 32 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R AE L .

in truth what prophecy d e cl ared they sh o u l d be a by wo rd an d a ,

-

r eproach a m o ng a ll nat ions W hen Chr is t ian nat io ns have t hus m al
.

t reated an d abused this an c ien t peop l e d o w e w on der at their prej ud ic e

,

a gain s t Chris tianit y ?

Thi r dly I f Chri st ian n a ti on s have d eal t t hus w ith t he m t he Chris

.
,

t ian Chu r ch h as b een e q ua lly cu l p ab l e in p l a cing an o ther s t u m b l ing

b l o c k before the m .

The co uncils of the Church fr om tha t of L a o d ic ea in A D 350

, , . .
,

thr o ugh hundreds o f y ears have m ade canons against the m The
, .

fest ival s and fas ts of the Church have b een m a d e o ccas ion s o f assault
up on them an d even Bishops Ar chbish ops Cardi n al s an d Popes ,
, , ,

have urged the bigoted an d the s upers titio u s t o m assac re an d ex ter m i n ~ ,

ate t h i s e v erywhere ha te d seed o f Ja c o b K or is t his exercise o f its

.

pers e c uting power all the obsta cl e (great as it i s ) which t he Church h as

put in the way o f this peop l e s c onve r sion 3 for , fou r thly a great er

,

st u m b l ing b l o ck than even t his i s fo un d in the ido l at ry an d superstit ion

-

o f the Greek an d Ro m an Churches .

The Jews hav e b ee n t augh t b y G o d H im s el f to hate an d abuse i d o l s

.

They have been tr ained up in the w o rshi p o f th e o ne l ivin g an d t ru e

G od . F or their s evera l aberr ati ons in t o ido l atr y t hey have b een m os t ,

s o rely punishe d Again s t such worship there s tan ds the se co n d c om ~

.

m and m en t, the w ar n i n g s o f t he pr o phe cy an d the threa ten ings o f the

Al m igh ty F rom infan cy they are train ed to hate idol s an d ido l worship
.
,

an d rather than s ubm it to i t m ill ions have en d ur e d c ru e l tortures and

, ,

m i ll ions m o r e vi ol en t death Ye t w hat m ee ts t he eye o f the Jew in

nearly every nom ina l Ch r istian l an d ? I d ol atr yim age w or ship
.

The l arger par t of the Jews espec ially th ose on the co nti nen t of
,

Europe As ia M i no r an d S y r ia know no th i ng of Christian ity but w ha t

, , , ,

they s ee of i t as di spl ayed in the Gr eek and R o m an Churches .

They have behel d o nly this c orr up t for m of o ur holy rel igion 3 t hey
have wi tnessed the debasi ng idol atr y of thes e ido latrous church es 3 the y
have seen the V irgin M ary el eva ted ab o v e th e Lo rd o f Hos ts 3 Je w i s h
apostate s as they woul d te rm the apos tl es m ade to be obj ects of worship ; ,

s tatues pictures al tars shrines an d the m iserab l e tinse l worship of a

, , , ,

m eretricious ri t ual to take the p l ace of si m p l e devo t ion 3 and above all ,

they have seen the c r u cix everywhere kissed and caressed pray ed to
, ,

and worshipped and y et the very word b y which they designate an ido l
, ,

i s that b y which they desig n ate the cross s o that the very l anguage o f ,

the Apostl e God forbid that I shoul d gl ory save in the cross o f ,

o u r L or d Jesus Christ i s to the m e qui v a l ent t o sa ying that Christians
,
4 34s H A - J EH U D I M A N D M I KV EH I S R A EL .

e xpre ss the utm os t p r o igacy o f l ife t o whi ch one o f their nation c an ,

d ebase hi m s el f) the y say : ,
He lives j ust l ike a Christian .

S i x thly No peop l e on ear th have s uch obs t acl es t o conten d w i th in

.

be c o m ing Chris tians as the Jews , m ore particu l ar ly those l ivin g in for
ei gn l ands .F ew records are m ore ex c iting th an thos e whi ch tell of th e
s t ru ggl es o f Jew ish convert s in co m ing o u t fro m t he s ynagog u e fromt h e ,

i nu ence o f their Rabbies 3 from the in t ense fam i ly prej udices 3 fro m
.

t h e s o c ia l surroundings which l ike m eshes o f ir o n , h em the m in on

, ,

ev er y s ide Th e v ery l is t ening b y a J ew to Chris t ian t eaching i s

.
,

r egarded as encouraging b l asph em y 3 t he receiving o f a Chris t ian m i n iS

t er into h i s h ouse i s regarded as ai ding nationa l rebe ll ion ; t he takin g

an d reading o f t he N ew Tes t am en t is es t eem ed a h en i o u s c ri m e 3 t h e

e ntering a Christian church is e q uiv a l en t to c asting reproa c h o n Judais m ;

an d wh e n the e y es o f the poor I srael it e begin to be opened he i s m et b y

nger vio l ence r ep u l~

,

e n t rea t ies b y argu m en t re m ons t rance in vect ive , a

, , , , ,

s ion 3 and if h e sti ll persis t s s t ripes and i m priso n m ent often await hi m
,
*

H e is cursed ; h e is turned out o f the s ynago gue , he is disinh erit ed 3 he

i s stripp ed o f hi s property 3 he is p l aced un der a fearfu l int erdict s o th at ,

n o J ew c an go near him H i s father t urns him fro m his door hi s

.
,

m oth er forgetting a m other s l ov e in a m other s faith reproaches h im as

,

a r eprobate ; brothers an d sis t ers l eague against h i m 3 wherever he t urn s

h e m eets con ti nua lly reproach vio l ence and p erhaps d eath ,
Yo u ha v e ,
.

e rhaps read t h e narr ativ e o f t h e conversion o f som e Jews an d painfu lly

p ,

i n te nse a s the y are they are but speci m ens of what t akes p l ac e
,

i n near l y ev ery instan c e when an I sra e l ite turns to Jesus as h is

S av iour . I ndeed t h e narratives are rather under co l oured t han

,
-

o ver co l oure d
-
Th ere are a hundred l i ttl e circu m stan ces which c anno t
.

b e brough t ou t 3 there are crowds of t u m u l tuous em o t ions whi ch

c annot be expressed There is a si l en t suffering known on ly to
.
,

G o d bitt erer far than an y outspoken grief 3 an d there are secret agonies
,

e ndure d in the privac y o f the househo l d o r the cham ber which no p en ,

c an de s cribe bu t which are known b y the s ym pa thising h ear t o f Jesu s

,
.

Oh ! it is n o t the t earing the esh with pincers it is not the breaking of t h e ,

b one s on t he wheel i t is no t the roasting o f th e so l es o f the fe et before

,

res it is no t the co l d dam p dark food l ess foet ed dungeon it is no t a l on e

, , , , , ,

t h ese things tha t are the m ost crue l to r t u res No ! These eat on ly in t o .

t he bod y 3 t hese on ly waste and l acera t e esh and b l ood ; these on ly

c ripp l e l i m b sand m ai m m em bers 3 but t h e rack which breaks up a onc e

s y m m etrica l m ind the pincers which nip an d twis t and t ear away t h e
, ,

s en s ibi l ities of t he sou l t he res which burn out the l ife b l ood o f warm
,
-

IS R AE L S S T U M BL I N G BL O C K S . 4 35

aff ec tions , whi ch are found not in In quisitions but in fam il ies and which
, , ,

are inicted not b y executioners but b y rel atives ; these are the fearfu l
, ,

tortures which have ever m et t he Jewish converts in their who l e course ,

fro m t h e rst inception o f a Christian idea to the fu ll devel op m ent of

,

the Christ ian faith .

But who can portray the gl ories of this regathered peopl e and t he ,

b l essings conse quent o n their return to Pal estine ? I m agination fol d s

its wings before the vast conception , and thought stands m ute at the
m agni cent vista which opens before t he e y e o f faith W ith t h e con .

version o f th e Jews is l inked every great hope o f the Christian wor l d .

W ith their Christianity is entertained the rede m ption o f the who l e earth 3
and the gl ories o f the m ilen n i al daysecond on ly to the gl ories of the
perfec t day i n heaven are reserved as the c o m p li m en t , th e ll ing u p o f

a scene the prel i m in ary act o f which is the nat iona l conversion of I srael ,
a n d their restoration to their earth ly Canaan .

Hail gl o r i ou s day exp ected lon g

, ,

W h en J ew an d Greek on e p r ayer s h all j oin

W ith eager feet on e t em p l e th r on g
"
W ith gr atefu l p r ais e on e Ch r ist adore .
 C HA P TER V I I .

S UF F E R I N G S OF THE J EW S .

S u er i n gs i n th e ol den tim eI n Britain O n th e C o n tin en t o f Eu rop e Fro m th e

'

wic edn ess o f th eir o w n p eop leO n ac c ou n t of false M essiah sA c c o u n ted for
k
fr o m t h e W R O D
o f G OD
D awn o f a b etter day N o t es o n p er secu tion s b y
C hri stian s .

History has no t shew n a m ore inj ured nation than I srael This .

peop l e who m ay be styl ed the so l e survivors o f the really o l den tim es

, ,

when m ankind was in its i nfancythis peop l e unm ixed and unchange d ,

in their be l ief and re l igious Observances and whose history down to the , ,

present day inseparab ly connects itse l f with those prim eva l and m ost
,

sa c red records fro m which the civi l iz ed por tion o f m ankin d deri v es i t s
,

faith , and o n which it rests i ts hopesthis peopl e has bey ond all others
exer c ised th e m os t l asti ng inuence o n the hum an m ind .

Every Bib l e reader m ust readily a ll ow , that t he di spersion o f th e

Jews ever since the ti m e o f the dest ruction o f thei r Tem p l e and city o f
, ,

Jerusa l em is at tended wit h such particu l ar m arks o f reprobation that

, ,

m an m ust be b l ind no t t o discern the hand o f God in it This dispersio n .

is beco m e a el d ferti l e in m iracl es prodigies and invectives Th e, ,

.

Christian and the J ew m ay e q ua lly reap their harvest therein both m ay ,

discover wonders there ~and y e t beho l d the m in a different l ight Som e .

o f the Chris t ian expounders o f the word o f G o d have fro m ti m e to ti m e , ,

b y the ar t o f persuasion fo u nd m eans t o a w aken in the m inds of their

,

audience an idea o f the reprobat ion o f the Jews The opprobrious l an .

guage with which that peop l e are b y the m aj orit y o f other nations dai ly
treated the odious character they b eart he abo l ish m ent o f those cere
m onies which are t he m ost essentia l to their re l igion t he who l e do m inio n

o f t heir church subverted their tribes and fa m i l ies confounded and the i r ,

sacrices suppressed are so m e o f the visib l e m arks o f that fatal reprobation

,
.

The Jews o n the other hand nd m atter o f gl ory and triu m ph in

, ,

their very m isfor tunes and proud ly assert that thei r actions is the hear t
,

o f the universe Th ough the heart is the nob l e s t part o f the hu m an

.

body y et it is that which suffers m os t b y i ts indispositions that which

, , ,

is consu m ed b y the passions and tor m ented with anguish 3 no corruption

, ,

however can b e found in it since i t is endued as it were with an

, , , ,

i nnate purity and preser v es t o itse l f t he power o f discharging all

,

su ch corrupt hu m ours as destro y the o ther parts That ne an d .

4 38
H A J E HU D I M A N D M I KV EH i i A EL .

it, the Jews gave b l indly into the idl e traditions of their form al doct ors ,

who raised their own m erits upon the ruins o f prophes y and t hough t ,

the surface and extern a ls o f th e l aw r equ i s te for supporting the s p l endor

o f a di i c u lt and troub l eso m e discip l ine which was no l onger uphe l d b y
,

m irac l es 3 the who l e for m o f the Je w ish rel igion was therefore changed , , ,

an d the Jews assu m ed the m ask o f h y pocris y But though the cere .

m onies and custom s o f m en appear never so in co m m odious y et the y ,

are still innitely m ore easy than the refor m ation o f the heart .

I n the m idst o f this corruption Paganis m triu m phed over the weak
,

ne s s and decay o f the Jewish rel igion b y the awfu l power o f the Ro m ans
, ,

and as the ti m e o f i t s destruction grew n ear th is corruption see m ed to ,

spread over the Jewish Church i n e q u al proportion and so ripened them ,

into that rebell ion which brought upon the m the destruction o f their
State Th e Ro m an e m perors under whose governm ent the Jews were
.
,

ob l iged to l ive treated the m after a very severe m anner ; but after the
,

d estr uction o f their great city , they were m uch l ess regarded The .

Em peror D o m itian l oaded them with into l erab l e taxes and exacte d ,

the m s o rigorously tha t h e cau s ed those who were only suspected o f

,

Judais m to be stripped stark naked Under the E m peror Adrian the y

.

were reduced to such extrem ities as to turn fortune te ll ers for their
daily subsistence .

The severe su fferings which th e J ews endured under K i ng Richar d

was the cause o f the em igration o f m an y John I shortly after th e .
,

beginning o f his reign per uaded the m to return as their expatriation

s , ,

l essened his revenues Trusting to his pro m ise to bui l d their synagogues
.
,

t o appoin t s pirit u a l guides under the nam e o f El ders and to all ow ,

t hem the ac quisition o f rea l estate an d to restore the m a ll their form er

,

l iberties a great m an y returned to E ngl and but they soon found o u t

, ,

they had not co m e to an ange l s l and The proper y which th ey brought

. t

back was taken fro m the m again and the peopl e continually c l am ore d
, ,

for their expu l sion But the Engl ish kings wou l d n o t throw away such
.

a va l uab l e revenue as the Jews were The reven ue which they brough t
.

in increased s o fast that a particul ar treasurer o f the Jews w as
, ,

appoin ted K ing John asked at one ti m e

.
,
M arks and as the y, ,

c ou l d n o t co ll ect at once such a su m they were im prisoned and p l undered

,

t ill the re q uired s u m was forthco m ing Thus a J ew was taken prisoner .

i n Bristo l because he cou l d not pay at the order o f the King the s u m
, , ,

of on e th o usan d M arks sil ver and as he continued t o refuse paym ent o n e

, ,

o f hi s t eeth w as daily ext racted till he cashed the order on the eighth da y
,

o f his i m prisonm ent .

 S U F F E R IN G S or T H E J Ew s . 4 39

When in the ye ar 1 254 l arge sum s were ac quired fro m the Jews ,

fo r p r o sec u t in g the war against Spam an d o n e Jew in L ondon paid ,

M arks in the roya l treasurythey asked

,

during seven y ears ,

perm ission t o em igrate .

Richar d the king s brother assured them of the good w ishes of the
, ,

king and shewed them the uncertaint y o f a better fate in other countries
, .

Thus they rem ained and enj oyed the hum anity w ith which they were
treat e d b y Richard to who m the Jews had been so l d b y the king
, .

E dward I 1 27 3 issued an e dict which secured the s afety of the Jews

, , , ,

s ett l ed the pa y m ent o f regu l ar y ear ly dues and per m itt ed the m the ,

a c quisition o f rea l estat e But in the y ear 1 28 7 he acted very severe ly

.

a gainst the m He oppressed the m in different ways repeal ed m an y o f

.
,

t heir l iberties and accused them o f m an y crim es

,
This was done to ex .

tort m one y but i n ord e r to hide all appearance o f greedines s he ordered

, ,

the m oie ty o f all conscated m oney s to be paid to Christian apostate s .

But few on ly m ad e use o f this bait The year 1 29 0 crowned E dward s .

ini m ical views He se qu estere d all their property and com m anded them
.

to l eave the c ountr y 3 travell ing expenses only were per m itted to b e

ret ained And t hus sixteen thousand Jews were forced to l eave a co un
.

t ry which the y had he lped i n m an y an hour o f need and to sai l with ,

m ari ners who p l undered and drowned them and carried the rest to fur ,

ther persecutions .

U nder Crom we ll th e Jews returned to En gl and again through the ,

i nterc ess i on o f M anasse ben I srae l fro m Portugal we ll known as author

-
, ,

phil o l ogian divine and a friend t o all m ankind

, ,
.

I n Sevill e Spain the Jews were doom ed t o a nother terrib l e pers e

, ,

c u ti on I n 1 39 1 the m o b excited b y the ser m ons of the Archbishop

.
,

Nie b l a, des tro y ed t h e Jew ish quarter ki ll ed m ore than hal f o f the ,

fa m i l ies l iving there and forced the others to becom e converts

,
The .

s a m e a trocities were co m m i tted in V al encia To l edo Cordova and Bar , ,

l ona B y baptis m on ly cou l d t he Jews be rescued fro m t h e hand s

ce .
,

th e rabb l e and o e than repor t ed to have sub m itted t o

of m,
r a r e

baptism But the large m aj ority o f these n ew converts in heart r e

.

m a in e dft r u e to t heir for m er re l igion 3 in ce ll ars and caverns and at the ,

isk of l ife the y sti ll ce l e brated their Sabbath and ho l ida y s and carefu lly ,
r ,

a voided interm arriages with the Gent i l es .

I n Castile t o o the Jews suffered very m u ch from the pro scrip t ive
, ,

l aws issued b y the Antipop e Benedict XII 3 they had t o s ub m i t to

,
.

baptis m but in secret still observed their re l igious c erem onies F er

,
.

V and Pope Pius II being i for m e d of the s ecre t r eli gi o u s

di n an d .
n .
4 410 HA J EH UD I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R AEL .

m eetings , call ed o n the o i c er s o f the I n q uisitionthe c l er i c al c o ur t

e s t ab l ish ed b y F erdinand and I sabe ll a for the purpose o f exter m inating

all here s y in the Ca tho l ic Church t o enforce their rigid l aws agains t

t hes e secre t Jews . o f t he m were executed b y com m and o f th is

form idab l e and fanatic cour t 3 o thers cast into dungeons and whe n ,

r el eas ed fro m prison co m pe ll ed to wear a r e d ba dge o n

,
their gar m en t s ,

a s a s ign that the y had been conde m ned to the stake Their propert y .

w as conscated 3 their chi l dren decl ared unt to take possession o f t h e

a t erna l inheritance and both par ents and c h i l dren were deprived o f a ll
p ,

t heir tit l es and privi l eges The peop l e wer e still diss atised with t h e
.

a ppoint m e n t to pub l ic o fces o f even converted Jew s 3 and in 1445 a

r evo l t broke o u t in To l edo where t he i n habitants co m p l a i ning o f this

, ,

i nfringe m ent o n their privi l eges ransack e d the dwe ll ings of the Jews
,

a n d butch ered the in m a t es The revo l t was q ue ll ed , and the govern

.

m en t reso l ved to appoint no m ore converts as pub l i c o fcers The .

S pani s h c l erg y and at their head the D ean o f M adrid opposed this
, ,

m easure with a ll their m ight fearing that such a l aw wou l d do awa y

,

with a great ind u ce m en t o f t h e Jews t o apost as y The govern m ent .

,

however desirous o f peace in their various states was unwill in g t o yie l d

, ,

to the rem onstrances o f the c l ergy till Pope Nico l ai threaten ed wit h
,

e xco m m unication all t hose who decl ared the Jewish converts u n t t o

h o l d pub l ic o fces But hen c eforth were persecuted an d hunted down

.

w i th re m orse l ess cruelt y t hose Jews who pub l icly feigning to be Chris ,

t ians sti ll secretly adhered to th e Jewish faith Tho m as o f Tor q ue m ada

,
.
,

the great I n q uisitor enforcing the decrees of his predecessors , ob l iged th e

,

Rabbis to denounce a ll these renegades and t ired of hi s unav ai li ng ,

e ffort s o f m aking the Jews converts to the Church h e caused in the , ,

y ear 1 4 9 2 the passage o f the ro ya l decree b y which a ll the Jews were

, ,
"

exc l ud ed fro m Spain A respite o f four m onths was granted t o the m

. .

t o se ll their goods and estates U nder penal ty o f death they were for
.

bidden to rem ain an y l onger in Sp a in and the Spaniards were not even ,

all owed to furnish the m with t he necessar y s t ores o f provisions .

I t was in vain that D on I s a a c A ba r ban a l threw him sel f at the feet ,

of Q ueen I sabell a i m p l oring the revocation o f this fat a l decree K now

,
.

i n g t h e covetousn ess o f t he king he o ffered hi m a present o f ,

d ucats t owards defray ing t he expenses incurred b y th e wars agains t th e

M oors the audience was sudden ly interrup t ed b y Tor q uem ada who
, , ,

r u shing into the roo m in which D on A b ar b an al was i m p l oring the

,

grace o f their m aj est i es l ifted up hi s crucix and exc l ai m ed : Judas I scario t

,

s o l d his m as t er for 30 si l ver pieces 3 y our m a est i es i nten d to se ll him

j
 .

4A2 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A E L .

se ver a l Jew s s ett ed

l i n L i sb o n , u n der th e p r o t e ct io n of Br it i sh G O V
th e
er n m en t . p r esen t fr o m
A t ,
to ew s ar e r ep o r te d t o l i v e i n

P o r tugal o f wh o m ab o u t 600 r es ide i n L i s b o n

, M o s t o f th em ar e fr o m .

Gi b r al ter an d th e Bar b ar y S tat es whi th er t h e P o r t ugu ese Jews o ften

,

t r av el fo r c o m m er ci a l pur p o s es S o m e o f th em ar e en gaged i n man u fac

.

t u r in g Tur ki s h s l i pp er s t h e m aj o r i t y i n c o m m er c i a l pu r s u i t s w i th A fr i c a ,
,

fr o m w h en c e th e y exp o r t w ax l eath er gu m an d o th er p r o du ct i o n s
, , , In .

1 8 39 a s m all n u m be r e m i gr a ted fr o m L i sb o n t o th e Br azi l s 3 a fe w ar e

, 1

li vi n g i n O p o r t o I n L i s b on t h er e ar e t h r e e s yn ago gu es i n p r i v at e
.
, ,

h o u ses o ccup i ed p ar t ly b y Ch r i s t ian s an d p ar tly b y J ews

, Bu t wh en .

t h e C hr i s ti an s w er e o n c e m a st er s o f t h e R o m an Em p ir e t h ey did n o t ,

s h o w an y i n du l gen c e t o a n at i on w h o w er e l o o k ed up o n a s t h e i n v et e

r at e en em i e s o f J es u s C hr i s t t h ey r ec o ll e c ted t h at t h ey h ad c r uc i ed
,

t h e M es si ah an d t h o ught t h em se l v es i n d u t y b o u n d t o a v en ge t h e i n dig
,

n i t i es w h i ch h e h ad s u ffer ed at t h ei r h an d s .

I t i s t r u e t h at t he J e w s h av e s u ffer ed m an y p er secu ti o n s fr e q ue n t ly ,

r o u n de d o n en o r m o u s c r i m es i m pu t ed t o t h em b y t he n ak e dn ess o f s o m e
g
p ar ti cu l ar m en an d whi ch th e i ll i ter at e vu lgar o u t o f a m i sgu i ded z eal
, , ,

pu n i sh ed w i t h all t he r age an d r esen t m en t t hat en th u sias m an d b igo t r y

c o u l d i n s pi r e th em b u t m an y t im es p er so n s o u t o f t h ei r o w n p eo p l e h av e
,

l ai d t h e fo u n dati o n o f th eir s uffer i n gs an d p er secuti o n s .

O n e o f t h e gr eat es t c r im es w hi ch w as an d s till i n so m e c o un t r i es i s
, , ,

i m pu ted t o t he J ew s i s t h eir c r uc ifyi n g o f ch i l dr en 3 t h ey h av e b een

,

an d ar e s t i ll c h ar ge d t o m eet p r i va t ely o n a Th u r s da y b e fo r e t h e F ea s t

o f t h e P a ss o v er an d at th e s a
,
m e t i m e sa cr i c e an i n fan t t o t es tify th ei r ,

ab h o r en c e o f t h e C h r i s t i an r el igio n Th e c a u se o f t h ei r b an i sh m en t fr o m
.

Fr an c e in t h e r eign o f P hi li p A u gu s tu s w as an a ccu sati o n o f s uch a

, ,

c r im e . I t i s v er y p o ss i b le t h at s o m e o f th e J e w s m i gh t b e s o i m pi o u s
an d i n h u m an as t o c o m m i t s o agr a n t a c r i m e b u t i t i s n o t an d c an n o t , ,

b e t h o u gh t as s u fc i en t gr o u n ds t o ch ar ge t h e wh o l e n at i o n w it h i t o v er
an d o v er a s s o m e fan at i c m o n k s an d Jes u i ts e v e n i n o u r p r esen t age a r e
, , ,

n o t ash am ed t o m ak e th ei r p e o p l e b el i ev e wi th an a ddi t i o n ,
o f t h e m o st

o di o u s an d aggr av at i n g c i r cu m s tan c es Bu t b e th at as i t wi ll t hi s p r a
.
,

t en ded s acr i c e o f i n fan t s h as m an y t i m es o cc as i o n ed a gr eat n u m b er o f

,

Jew s to b e m assac r ed li ke an i m al s 3 an d at t h e sam e t i m e t h i s pr et en ded

s ac r i c e w as o f n o s m a ll em o l u m en t t o t h e R o m an C ath o l i c C h u r ch w ho ,

u n der th at s p ec i o u s p r et en c e s eiz e d o n a ll t h e effe c t s o f t h e J ew s .

Th e J ews h av e b een li k ew i s e ch ar ged w i th an i m pi o u s an d p r o fan e

abu s e o f th e sa c r ed H o st an d s c o u r gi n g c r u c i x es 3 an d i n dee d t h ey a r e
, , ,

n ot a b s o l u t ely t o b e j u s ti e d up o n a ll t h ese a r ti c l es o f i m p ea chm en t 3 b u t

 S U F F ER I N G S or T H E J EW S .
4 43

t hi s, t hi n k , v en t ur e v er a l h av e i m agin e d t hat
y , t h at
w e w e m ay to sa se

it w as fo r t h e in t er es t o f r eli io n
g ch c r i m es t o thei r c har ge as
to lay su
,

fo r ex a m p l es a t t h e b egin n i n g o f th e 1 4t h C en t u r y an I tal i an M o n k
,
,
h av i n g c o n c ea l ed a c r uc i x u n der a du n h i ll i m pu t ed t h at s a c r il e e t o
g g ,

t h e J ew s an d c a u s ed t h em to b e d es tr oy ed w i th o u t m er c y
, Th ey w er e .

li k ew i se a ccu sed o f h a v in g p o is o n e d t h e w at er s o f s e ver a l s r i n s an d

p g
r i v er s an d t h u s c au s e d a v er y r e at n u m b e r o f t h e m t o b e d es t r oy e d
, g .

T h i s a c u s at i on o r igi n at ed o r t o o k i t s r i s e fr o m a c er tai n c er e o n y
g ,
m
whi ch t he J ew s p er fo r m o n t he feas t o f thei r N e w Year O n t h i s day .

t h ey w en d t h ei r w ay t o t h e r i v er a n d t hr o w i n t o i t a n m ll m i i l
,
y s a s s es
t h ey m ay h a v e i n t h ei r p o ck e ts a n d p r o n o u n c e th e w o r ds ,
A n d Tho u
wl ci t a s t a ll t h e i r s i n s i n to t he d e t h o f t h e s ea
p

.

'

W e s h a ll n o w r et u r n t o t h o s e k i n ds o f s u ffe r i n s wh i c h s o m an y
g ,

t i m es h a s b efall en t h em t h r o ugh t he h an d s a n d w i ck ed c al cu l ati on s o f

t h ei r o w n p eo p l e ; yes t h e m o s t fa ta l b l o w w hi ch t h ey s u ffer e d at t h e
,

t im e w h en t h ei r T em p l e an d C i ty w a s d es tr o yed w h en a b o v e a m i ll i o n
,

an d a h a l f o f h u m a n b ei n
gs p er i s h e d s o m e w r i t er s i n t h e T al m u d a s cr i b e
,

t o s uch c a u ses Th e T al m u d Tr ac t G i tt i m fol 4 5 2 c o n t ai n s a

p
.
, ,
.
,
. .
,

d es cr i p t i o n o f J er u s a l em an d o th er c iti es o f i m p o r tan c e am o n w hi c h
g
Tu r
, ,

H an alkah (th e l igh t o f th e q u een ) an d Bit t er wh ich t w o c it i es w er e ,

t h e s c en es o f th e b l o o d y w a r s I t s ay s F o r t h e s ak e o f K am eza an d
.

Bar K a m eza c am e the des tr ucti on o f Jer u sal em 3 fo r t h e s ak e o f a h en

-

a n d a c o ck c am e t h e d es t r uc ti o n o f Tu r H a m alka h
3 an d fo r th e s ak e o f
-
,

a p o l e o f a c ar r i a e t h e d es t r uct i o n o f B

g , i tt er I t t h en go es o n t o .

en l ar e up o n
g t h es e s ubj e c ts a n d gi v es t h e fo ll owin g s t o r i es :
, On e of
t h e r i ch est a n d m o s t di s t i n gui sh ed m en i n J er u s al em sen t o u t h i s ser van t s
t o i n v i t e all t h e n o b l e fam i l i es o f t h e c it y t h e high p r i est s an d t h e , ,

m e m b er s o f t h e hi gh c o u r t (S an h edr in ) t o t h e w e ddi n g o f hi s d au h t er
g .

O n t h e l i s t o f t h o se w h o w er e t o b e i n v i ted w a s a m an w ith t h e n am e ,

K am eza 3 b u t t h er e w as an o t h er m an i n J er u sal em w i t h t he n am e Bar

K am ez a 3 an d b y m i s tak e t h e s er van t i n v i t ed t h e l a tt er i n s tea d o f t h e

'
,

fo r m er an d h e c a m e
,
Th e h o u se w as ll ed w i th gu es t s a n d a ll w er e
.
,

a l r ea dy s i t t i n ar o u n d t h e t ab l es wh en t h e l o r d o f t h e h o u s e a p p ear e d
g ,
.

I n p a ss i n g ar o un d t o r ev i ew an d s a l u t e hi s gu ests h e s aw Bar K am eza

'

, ,

s it t in g am o n
g t h e m w i t h w ho m
,
h e h ad h ad s o m e q u ar r e l l o n g

b efo r e th at t i m e W i t h i n dign a ti on h e b ade hi m t o l eav e hi s h o use

.

i m m edi at ely as h e had n ev er i n v i t ed hi m

,
Bar K am eza r ep l i ed t h at
.
,

h e w as i n vi ted 3 an d thi n ki n g t h at hi s o ld fr i en d desi r e d again t o h av e

p eac e with h i m h e a ccept ed t h e i n vi tati o n an d c am e Bu t th e m as ter
,
.

o f t h e fea st s ai d t hat h e did n o t w i sh t o b e h i s fr i en d an y m o r e an d h e ,

4 44a H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

m u st t h er efor e l eav e th e h o u s e Bar K am ez a o ffer ed hi m a s u m of .

-

m o n ey whi ch w o u l d p ay h al f t h e e xp en se o f t h e fea s t 3 b u t i n vai n Th e .

m er ciles s m an i n s i s t ed th at Bar K am eza sh o u l d l ea v e an d h e l eft i t wi th

-
, ,

a b i tter s ti n g i n hi s h ear t R et ur n i n g t o hi s h o u s e h e s ai d t o h i m self

.
,

Bec au s e all th e R abb i n s w i s e m en an d p r i ests sat at t ab le an d m ade

, , ,

n o t e v en an a tt e m p t t o r e c o n cil e t h at i n ex i b l e m an 3 an d I deep ly ,

as h a m e d w a s c o m p ell e d t o l eav e t h e h o u s e I w i ll go an d p u t a s t o n e i n
, ,

t h eir w ay up o n w hi ch t h ey s h all s t u m b l e, a n d fa ll an d p e A ri d

,
r is h ,
,
o ff h e w en t t o t h e Em p er o r i n R o m e an d b ein g p er m i tt ed t o app ear ,

b efo r e h im h e said : C aes ar m y l o r d t he J ews r eb el agai n s t th ee Th e

, , , .

E m p er or r ep l i ed : H o w s h all I k n o w th at t h o u s ayes t t h e t nu t h My
v i ce r egen t m ak es n o m en t i on o f a r eb ell io n i n h i s last r ep or t
-
Bar .

K u z em a s ai d : I t i s sti ll secr et ly p r ep ar in g 3 b u t t r y th em s en d th em a ,

y o u n g h eifer a y ear o ld w i tho u t an y b l em i sh o r sp ot t o b e o ffer ed for

, , ,

t h e e a s a bu r n t o ffer in g an d s ee w h e th er t h ey w i ll a cc ept an d o ffer i t

,
.

T he Em p er o r di d se 3 h e s en t an h eifer w i th o ut b l em i s h t o t h e h igh
p r i es t i n J er u s al em t h r ough a s p ecia l m essen ger r eq u es tin g th a t i t
, ,

s h o u l d b e o ffer ed up o n t h e a l t ar o f J eh o v ah i n h i s b eha l f Bu t Bar .

K a m eza ei th er i n agr eem en t w i t h t h e m es s en ger o r s t ea l th ily m ade a

, , ,

sm all c u t in t h e li p s o f t h e h ei fer 3 an d o f c o u r s e s h e w a s n o t a cc ep t ed , , .

Th e m es sen ger r etu r n ed t o t h e Em p er o r w i t h t h e s a d r ep o r t t h a t t h e

J ews r ej e c ted hi s o ffer i n g up o n w hi ch h e c o m m an de d V es p as ian t o go

,

t o J er u sa l em w i t h a m igh t y a r m y t o pu n i sh t h e r eb el s 3 a n d t h u s t h e
u
p ,

b l o o dy w ar c o m m en c ed w hi ch t er m in at ed i n t h e d es tr uct io n o f Jer u sa l em

an d t h e T em p l e .

Bu t w e c o m e n ow t o t h e o th er t w o sto r i es whi ch fo ll o w i m m edi

, ,

a tely t h e o n e a b o v e r el a t e d
Ham alkah w a s dest r o y ed
F o r t h e s ak e o f a h en an d a c o ck T u r
, ,
I t w a s cu s to m ar y a m o n g th e Jews t h a t t h ey
.
,

o n t h e o cc a si on o f a w e d di n g t o o k a p ai r o f c hi ck en s a s a s y m b o l o f
, ,

fr ui tfu l n es s b ear i n g t h em up o n p ai n t ed s ti ck s b efo r e th e p r o c es s i o n

, ,

fr om t h e h o u se o f w eddin g t o t h e s y n ago gu e an d b a ck agai n 3 an d t h en ,

k i lli n g an d p r ep ar in g t h em as a m ea l fo r t he yo u n g m ar r i ed c o up l e O n .

s uc h an o c c a s i o n a p ar t y o f R o m an s o l di er s p as s ed t h r o u gh t h e c i t y an d
, ,

i n t h eir i n s o l en c e s eiz ed t h e fo w l s fr o m t h e b ear er s an d m o ck e d a t t h e

, ,

i n dign an t J ew s Bu t th e p eo p l e w h o c o n s id er ed t hem s el v es o ffen de d i n

.
,

th eir r el i gi o u s l i b er t y c r o wded t o t h e s p o t an d m assacr ed t h e so l di er s o f

, , ,

w h o m o n ly a few es c ap ed t o c ar r y t h e sad n ew s t o t h e go v er n o r o f t h e
,

p r ov i n c e A s so on as th e Em p er or r ec ei ved i n fo r m ati o n o f wh at th e
.

J ew s h ad do n e h e s en t a m i gh t y ar m y t o pun i sh t h em
,
O n e h u n dr ed .

t h o u san d R o m an s w i th dr a wn s wo r ds en t er ed at o n c e th e u n h app y ci ty ,
4 46 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

an d a c er tain D i el 3 al s o , Tz ev e, & c , & C

an Th e r esu l t o f all t ho se fal s e
. .

M es si ahs w as t h at n o t o n ly di d t h ey p ay fo r t h ei r c r i m es W i th th ei r o w n
li v es , b u t un for tun at ely t h e p o o r an d wr et ch ed J ews s uffer ed li kew I se
,

A n d n o w w e c o m e t o t h os e p er se cu ti o n s whi ch t h e J ew s s uffer ed i n
a l m o s t ev er y p ar t af t h e w o r l d w h er e th ey h ad b e c o m e di sp er s ed
, .

Fir s t th e J e ws s uffer e d fo r th ei r zea l i n c o n v er ti n g H eat h en s an d

,

M o h a m edan s t o th e Jewi sh fai th A b o u t fty y ear s aft er war ds i n

.
,

G er m an y at W o r m s s ev er al t h o usan ds o f J ews wer e m assa cr ed A t

, , .

t h e s am e t im e a H er m it w h o s e n am e w as R u do l p h u s so u n ded th e

a l ar m a ai n st t h em u n d er t h e p r et en c e t ha t ch ar i t y r e q u i r ed t h e t o t al
g
e x t i r p at i o n o f t h e en e m i es o f th e C h r i s t i an r e l i i o n T h i s m an h a d
g .

d o ub tl ess ass u m ed a m i ss i o n w hi ch w as by n o m ean s c on fo r m ab l e t o

t hat o f J es u s C h r i s t w h o h ad b r o u gh t p ea c e i n t o t h e w o r l d an d
, ,

r ep r o v e d H i s ap o s t l es w h o t h r o u h a m i s u i d ed z ea l w er e fo r h a vi n
g , g , g ,

t h e S am ar i t an s dest r o y ed b y r e fr o m h ea v en Th e p er s ecu ti on s o f th e .

C r u s ades w er e gen er a l an d all E ur o p ean Jew s fel t t h e dr eadfu l effects

,

o f th em 3 b u t all t h o se p er se cut i o n s w h i ch w e h av e a l r ea dy m en t i o n ed ,

h av e n eit h er b een s o u n i v er s a l n o r s o v i o l en t a s th o se o f S p ai n w h er e
, ,

as a l r eady m en t i o n e d th o u s an ds w e r e bu r n t ali v e t h o u san ds s o l d a s

, ,

s l av es chi l dr en dr agge d a wa y b efo r e t h eir p ar en ts & c

, ,
.

W e c an w i t h s u r et y say t h at n o t o n e gen er at io n fr o m t h e
,

t i m e o f o u r b l ess ed R edeem er has p ass ed wi t h o ut wi tn ess i n g s uc h h o r

, ,

r i b l e p er se cu t i o n s o f t h e J e w s i n s h o r t t h er e i s n o t a s p o t i n t h e w h o l e
'

i n h ab it e d w o r l d w h er e J ewi s h b l o o d cr i eth n o t o u t fr o m th e gr o u n d ,

e xc ep t t h at o f t h e n ew w o r l d 3 fo r ev en i n E n gl an d t h e J e w s w er e n ot
t r eat e d w i th m o r e h u m an i t y t h an in o t h e r C hr i s t ian c o u n tr ies .

W h at w e h a v e a l r eady sai d m u st b e I t h i n k s u f c i en t t o gi v e an
, , ,

i dea t o m y C hr i s t ian fr i en ds o f th e p er s ecut io n s whi ch t h e Jew s h av e

,

s u ffer e d fr o m t i m e t o t i m e i n all p ar ts o f t h e w o r l d an d a l th o u h i t
g ,

m u st b e c o n fessed t h at t h e J ew s o ft en b r o u gh t t h em sel v es i n t o t r o ub l e

t h r o u gh differ en t e xc ess es whi ch w er e e qu a lly c r i m in a l ye t t h e m o s t o f

,

t h ei r p er s ecut i o n s w er e h o we v er fr equ en t ly gr o u n de d o n en o r m o u s
, ,

c r i m es i m pu t ed t o t h em b y t h e w i ck edn es s o f s o m e p ar t i cu l ar m an an d ,

whi ch t h e i ll it er a te an d vulgar o u t o f m i sguided zeal pun i shed wi t h all ,

t h e r age a n d r es en tm en t t h a t en t h us i as m a n d bigo t r y c o u l d i n s p i r e t h em
w i th .

A n d n ow ,
upp os in g t h e q u esti on wer e t o
dear Ch r i s tian fr i en ds, s

b e ask ed : W h y ar e t h e J ews s o m uch p er secut ed an d affli c t ed ? I s i t

th e h an d o f G o d an d hi s wr at h w hi ch r es ts up o n t h em o r i s i t a m er e ,

fat e ? O u r an s wer i s : W e m u st b e b l in d n o t t o s ee in i t the h an d of

 S U F F ER I N G S OF T H E J EW S .
4 47

G o d, an d s eein g it w e c an n ot b u t a dm i r e an d
what other a do r e i t 3 for
p r ob ab l e ac cco u n t c an th ey t h em s el v es gi v e for
t h eir l o n g c ap t i vi ty dis
,

p er s1 on an d m i ser i es
, , b u t t h at th ey h av e t o b e
th e m o n u m en t s o f G o d s

j u s ti c e Bu t i s t h er e n o t aft er all a sp eci a l r eas on given u s fo r their

.

s uf fer in gs i n t h e w o r d o f G o d ? I t i s a qu es ti on w ell w o r th the i n q uir y .

Th er e i s h o w ev er an o th er i m p o r tan t qu esti on wh i ch yo u wi ll p er m i t m e
, ,

t o an ti ci p at e an d t h at i sW h y ar e th e Jews af i ct ed b y G o d wi th a ca
,
p
t iv i ty wh er ei n th ey ar e n ow an d w hi ch m i gh t b e t er m ed t h e p er p etual
,

wr ath o f G o dfo r it do es n o t s eem t o h av e an en d ? F or m o r e t han

1 7 0 0 y ear s h a v e elap sed s in c e th ey w er e m ade c ap ti v es b y Ti tu s W e .

kn o w t hat th eir fo r efath er s w o r shipp ed i do l s ki ll ed p r o ph ets an d r e , ,

ec t e d t h e law o f G o d N o w fo r all t h ese t r an s r es s i o n s t h ey w er e k ep t

j .
g
o n ly 7 0 y ear s c ap t i v e in B abyl on an d aft er th e p er i o d fo r et o l d b y t h e
,

pr op h et s G o d b ec am e pr o piti o us again t o th em an d led th em back i n t o

, ,

t h eir o w n l an da l th o ugh a cc o r di n g t o S cr i p tu r e t h e wr ath o f G o d w as

,

at t his t i m e ev en m o r e vi o l en t t han b efor e

ye t t h ei r pu n i sh m en t o n ly
,

last ed 7 0 y ear s Bu t n o w w e s ee th e wr ath o f G o d wh er ewi th h e

.

pun i s h es th em do es n ot en d m u st i t n ot n eces sar i ly fo ll o w fr o m t hi s

, ,

t h at th ey m u s t h a v e c o m m i t t ed sin s gr eater t h an those o f t h ei r an c est o r s ;

an d again s i n c e G o d d o es n o t pu n i s h a w h o l e n at i o n exc ep t fr o m a s in
,

o f whi ch t h ey ar e a ll
gui l ty i t m u st fo ll o w, t hat t h e wh o l e J ew i sh n at ion
,

i s gu i lt y o f o n e c r i m e .

L et u s t h en , th er efor e c ast a s er i o u s gl an c e i n t o th e wo r d o f G o d
, ,

an d s ee if w e c an n o t n d t h er e so m e s at i s fac t o r y an s w er G od s p ak e by .

t h e pr o ph et A m o s 6) F o r t h r ee t r an sgr essi on s o f I sr a el an d for ,

fo ur , I w i ll n o t t u r n a way the pun ish m en t t h er eo f3 b ecaus e th ey s o l d th e

A ll th ose w ho s t u dy t h e s ac r ed b o ok s ar e an d m u st
i

r ght e o u s fo r s i l v er .
,
,

b e w ell awar e th at t h e r s t o f t h e fo ur tr an sgr es s io n s o f I s r ael w as t h e

,

s e lli n g o f J osep h b y hi s b r et hr en 3 t he s ec on d s i n p o in ts t o t h e w o r s hi p

o f th e c al f o n M o u n t H o r eb ; t he thi r d t o t he k i ll i n g o f t h e p r o p h et s ,

fo r w h i ch t h ey l i v ed 7 0 y ear s i n c ap ti vi t y 3 b u t t h e fo ur th tr an s gr es s ion ,

w hi ch ev en i n i ts lan u age i s s ep ar at ely a n n o u n c ed fr o m t h e b efo r e m en

-

g
t i o n ed t hr e e s u r e ly c an b e an d i s n o o t h er c r im e
, ,
t h an t h e s ell in g o f ,

J es us Chr i s t w h o i n fa ct w as s o l d aft er th e 7 0 year s c apti v ity 3 fo r w er e

, , ,

t hi s n o t s o t hat i s t hat t h i s sell i n g o f Jes u s b e th e fo u r th t r an sgr es si on

, ,
,

w e sh o u l d a s s i n v ar i o u s c r i m es t o I s r a el b efo r e t h e s ell i n g o f J os ep h 3
g
t hi s h o w ev er w e c an b y n o m ean s m ai n tai n s in c e t h e t es tim o n y o f t h e
, , ,

b oo k o f G en esis i s again st u s for w e n d th e s ell in g o f Jo s eph t o ,

b e th e r s t cr i m e i n n u m eri ca l or der l ai d o n all th e s on s o f J a c o b ;

w h ils t t h e p r o ph et A m os dw ell s dis tin ct ly o n t h e fo u r th si n
4 48 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

the se ll in g o f th e j u st o n e 3 wh er efo r e th ey w er e t o c o m e i n to th is p r e
sen t c apt i v i ty o u t o f wh i ch G o d th r e at en s t h em n o t t o r et u r n wh en h e
,

s ay s A n d for th e fo u r th I w i ll n o t t ur n a way th e pu n i sh m en t t h er e

of . I n l i ke m an n er w e r ead th e w o r d o f G o d, th r o u gh t h e m o uth
o f t h e p r o ph et I s ai ah , c h lx v 12 15 . Ther efo r e w ill I n u m b er yo u to
.
-

t h e s wo r d an d ye sh a ll all b o w do wn t o t h e s l a u gh t er 3 b e cau s e w h en I
,

c all e d e di d n o t an s w er 3 w h en I s pa k e e d id o t h ear 3 b u t d id e vil

y y n

b efo r e m i n e eyes an d did ch o o se t hat wh er ein I del igh ted n o t Th er e

,
.

fo r e th u s s ait h th e L o r d G o d : Beh o l d m y s er v an t s sh a ll eat b u t ye

, ,

sh a ll b e h u n gr y 3 b eh o l d m y s er v an t s sh al l d r i n k b u t ye sh a ll b e th ir st y ; ,

b eh o l d m y s er van t s shal l r ej o i c e b u t ye sh a ll b e a sh am ed ; b eh o l d m y
,

s er van t s s h a ll s in g fo r j o y o f h ear t b u t ye sh all c r y fo r s or r o w o f h e ar t ,

,

a n d s h a ll h o w l fo r v e x at i o n o f s p i r i t A n d ye s ha ll l eav e y o ur n a m e fo r
.

a c ur s e u n t o m c h o se fo r t h e L o r d G o d s h all s l ay t h ee an d c all h i s
y n , ,

s er van ts b y an o th er n a m e T h er e i s n o wan t o f m an y m or e w o r ds t o
.

p r o v e t hat fo r th e s ell in g an d r ej e ct i o n o f H im w h o i s o u r Gr eat T ea ch er ,

a n d P r o p h et t h e u n b e l i e v i n
, g Jew s s uffer an d b e l i ev er s r ej o i c e fo r i t i s
, ,

v i si b l e t o all th e w o r l d th at th e p eop l e o f th e J ew s h av e b een an d s till ,

ar e s ev er ely u n i sh ed fo r t h ei r i n del i t y a n d di s ob edi en c e t o th at p r o

, p
ph et an d th o se ar e b l essed b y G od up o n ear th w h o r ecei v ed th e o th er
,

n am e Th e p r o p h e c y i s c l ear an d e xp r es si v e D e u t xvi ii 1 8
. I . .
,

w ill r a i s e t h em up a pr o ph et fr o m am on g th ei r b r et h r en l ik e u n t o th ee,
an d wi ll
p u t M y w o r ds i n h i s m o uth an d h e s h a ll s p eak un t o t hem all
-

t h at I s h all c o m m an d him an d i t s h all c o m e t o p ass

,
t h at wh o so ev er ,

w i ll n ot h ar k en un t o M y w o r ds whi ch h e shal l sp ea k i n M y n am e I ,

w i ll r eq u i r e i t o f h i m

that i s I wi ll sev er ely pun i sh him as the H e
, , ,

b r ew w o r d sign i es Thi s pr o ph ec y evi den t ly r el a te s t o J es u s C hr i st 3

.

a n d h as n o t t h i s t er r i b l e d en u n c i at i o n b een fu lly e x e c u t ed up o n th e J ew s ,

c o m m en c i n o ft r J es u s h ad n i sh e d h i s m i n i s tr v a m o n g t h e m an d
g s o n a e ,

H i s ap o st l es h ad l ik ewi se p r ea ch ed i n v ai n w e m ay b e t h e m o r e c er .

t ai n o f t h is app l i c ati o n as o u r S av i o ur H i m sel f n o t o n ly d en o u n c ed th e

,

s am e d es tr u c t i o n b u t a l so fo r et o l d th e s ign s t h e m an n er an d t h e c ir
, , ,

c u m s t an c e s o f i t a d t h os e o f t h e J ew s w h o b el i ev ed i n H i s n am e b y
3 n , ,

r em em b e r i n t h e c a uti on an d fo ll o w i ng th e a dv i c e w hi ch h e h ad gi v en
g ,

t h em e s c ap ed fr o m
, th e gen er a l r u i n o f t h eir c o un t r y, l i k e r ebr an ds
pi ck ed o u t o f th e r e Th e m ai n b o dy o f t h e n a tio n eith er p er ish ed i n
.
'

t h eir i n deli ty o r w er e c ar r i e d c ap t i v e i n t o all n a t i on s 3 an d h av e t h ey

;

n ot e v er s in c e p er s i s t ed i n t h e s am e i n del i t y b een o b n o xi o u s t o th e ,

s a m e pu n is h m en t an d b een a di st r essed an d m i s er ab l e p eo p l e i n t he
e ar th th e h an d o f G o d w as s c ar ce ev er m o r e vi s ib l e i n an y o f h i s di s
,
4 50 H A J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I KV EH I S R A EL .

d u ty t o l ea v e t o t hy hildr en a fter t h ee
wi t ho ut s tai n ? Hast t h o u n o t
.

g
m ade t h em th e i n h er i to r s o f t h y sh am e ? Hast th o u n o t b eq u eat h ed t o
t h em t h e c o n t e m p t wh i ch th o u h a s ear n ed an d o f w hi c h t hey in a c er ,

t ai n degr ee m ay b e i n n o c en t ? I s n o t t h e i n i q uit y o f t he fat her s

vi s it ed o n th e c hildr en in th e u n m er it ed di sgr ace whi ch atta ch es
to the m ? O r t hin k est th o u t hi s an i n j u st i c e ? F o o l i sh t ho u gh t !
\V o u ldst th o u th at G o d s h o u l d s u bv er t t h e o r der o f t hin gs an d ,

chan ge fo r t hy s ak e t he et er n a l l aws o f ca u s e an d e ffect whi ch r u l e ,

t h e m at er i a l w o r l d ? A n d as i t i s w i th t hi s i n di v i d u al so i t i s w i t h ,

wh o l e n atio n s H is to r y t ea che s u s h o w w ho l e n at i o n s h a d t o exp ia te

.

t h e s i n s o f t h ei r fa th e r s 3 h o w e m p i r es gr eat an d p o w er fu l v an i sh e d ,

fr o m t h e fa c e o f t he ear th by e x t er m in at i n g w a r s a n d fear fu l p esti l en c es ,

t h r o ugh t h e c r i m es an d t h e d ep r av i ty o f t h ei r an c es to r s 3 an d yet G o d i s
j us t a n d fu ll o f l o v e w h o s ho w s m er cy u n t o th o u s an ds o f th em th at
,

l o ve H i m A n d c an t his i dea he di c u lt fo r u s t o c om p r eh en d ? M u s t
.

i t n o t p r esen t i t self c l ear ly b efo r e o u r m i n d s eye w h en w e r e ec t o n ,

t h e fat e o f th e Jewi sh n ati o n whi ch fo r n ear ly 1 8 0 0 year s h as b o wed

,

t h em do wn an d wh i ch t h e m i s dee ds o f t h eir an c es to r s h a ve b r o ugh t

,

up on t h em ? H a v e n o t t he p r o ph ets i n o wi n g an d s o u l s tir r in g
,
-

l an gu age p o r tr ayed t o t h e fath er s t h e fut u r e m i s er y o f thei r ch i l dr en

, ,

an d th e s u f fer i n gs wh i ch t h e l att er wi ll h av e t o en dur e fo r th e si n s o f

th e fo r m er ? A n d t h o ugh t he di s p er s i o n o f t h e J ew s t o geth er w i th ,

t h eir s u ffer i n gs ha s b een m ade i n st r u m en t al i n t h e h an ds o f eter n a l

,

w i s do m t o er ec t i t as a li vi n g st an dar d an d t o p r o v e th e tr u th o f
, ,

t he w o r d o f G o d t h eir di sp er s i on s an d s u ffer i n gs ar e n ev er th eless t h e

,

j u st pun i sh m en t G o d h as i n i cted fo r th e sin s o f th ei r for efath er s w ho

,
"
sai d : L et hi s b l o o d b e up on u s an d o u r c hi l dr en .

A n d n o w w e c o m e t o an o th er p o in t The fo r t un e a n d c ir cu m st an c es
.

o f t h e J ew s h v e h ad th ei r r ev o l u t i o n a l so
a A cc or di n g t o t h e z eal o f t h e
.

p eo p l e w h o w er e an i m ate d b y th e c l er gy or b y t h e p o l it i cal v iew s o f

,

Ch r i st ian p r i n c es an d s in c e th e R efo r m ati o n at th e t im e o f L u th er an d

, ,

C a l v i n c i r cu m s t an c es h av e b e c o m e m o r e fav o r ab le t o t h em
, T h e J ew s .

h av e e v er s i n c e es t ab li s h ed t h em sel v es t o a dv an tage i n s ev er a l P r o t es
, ,

tan t k i n gdo m s H o ll an d w as th e r st wh i ch r ec ei v ed th em m o r e
.

gen er o u s ly t h an an y o f t h e o th er P r o tes tan t c o u n t r i es A n d n ow t h e .

,

J ews ar e s et tl ed p eac eab ly i n all t h e Pr o t est an t c o u n tr i es I n s h or t .

,

e v er s i n c e m en h av e b e u n t o t hr o w o ff th e t r am m el s o f p r ej u di c e an d
g ,

t h e fet ter s o f h at r ed an d en m i ty an d w h er ev e r t h e dign it y o f h u m an

,

n at u r e h a s b e en r e sp ec t e d wh er ev er t h e i r o n h an d o f i n o r an c e an d
, g
b igo tr y has c eas ed t o c r u sh v ir tu e th at digu ies m an k in d t o the d u s t
, ,
 S U F F ER I N G S or T H E J EW S . 4 51

an d wh er ever con t em p t an d O p p r essi o n t h at m ak eth a wi s e m an m ad , ,

h as v an i sh ed away 3 i n a w o r d wh er ev er pu r e C hr is t i an ity has er e ct ed it s

,

b an n er an d th e l o ve o f C h r is t w as m an i fest ed an d p r ac tic ed an d o n ly
, ,

t h er e t he J e w w as an d i s s t i ll p e r m i t te d t o p r o ve t h at h e l ikew i s e i s
, ,

m a de i n t h e i m age o f G o d an d t h at h e ha s p r es er v ed m an y n o ble th i n s
, g ,

m an y n o b l e fe eli n gs i n sep ar ab l e fr o m hi s fo r m er gr eatn es s

, .

A n d n ow m y d ear C hr isti an fr i en ds let u s c o n s ide r th er efo r e t h , , ,

desi gn o f t h e r ej e c i o n o f m y b el o v ed p eo p l e an d y o u r a do p tio n i n t h e i r
t
,

s t at e fo r i n t i m es p as t ye h a ve n o t b el i ev ed G o d yet h av e n o w o b ta i n e d
, ,

m er c y th r o ugh t h ei r u n b el i ef e v en s o h av e t h e s e al s o n o w n o t b el i ev ed
, ,

th at t hr o u gh yo u r m er cy th ey a l s o m ay o b t ai n m er cy L et u s r em em b er

.

a lso th at
,
s al v at i o n i s o f th e J ew s w h o ar e I s r a el it es t o wh o m p er tai n et h
, ,

the ado p ti on an d t h e glo r y an d t h e c o v en an t s an d the giv i n g o f t h e

, ,

L aw , an d t he s er v i c e o f G o d an d th e p r o m i s es w ho s e ar e t h e fath er s
, , ,

an d o f w h o m a s c o n c e r n in
g th e flesh C hr i st c a m e w h o i s o v er all G o d , ,

b l essed fo r ev er L et u s r ej o i c e i n t he pr o sp ec t o f th e J c 3 b ein g
.
'

r afted a ai n i n t o t h e d l i v t r ee if t h ey c o n t i n u e n ot i n u b li f
g g g o o o e n e e
, ,

an d m a
y o u r p r ay er be t o Him W h o i s o u r L o r d an d R edeem er t h at H e ,

m ay h ast en th e ti m e w h en t h ei r u n b eli ef t o ge tn er w i th th ei r p er s ec u
, ,

ti o n s an d s uffer i n gs sh a ll b e t ak en away w h en J ew an d G en ti l e w i ll
, ,

wal k h an d i n h an d to the Tem p l e o f ou r L o r d .

N OTE T
c un t th e barbar i t i es wh i ch th e Ch r i s ti an n ti on s f Eur o p e hav e
O re o a o

i n icted o n th e J ews woul d fi ll volu m es an d th ey sh oul d b e wr i tt en w i t h t ea s i n s te d

, ,
r
a

o f i n k an d o n s ackcl o t h i n s t ead o f p ar ch m en t Ev er y s p eci es o f an oyan c e ev ery

'
. n ,
,

d i ab ol i c al t or tu r e ev er y d ebas i n g u s ge ev er y c p cth c t o f O p p o b r i u m every m en i f e

,
a ,
r ,
e

t ati o n o f h atr ed an d c o n t em p t h as b een ex er ci s ed agai n s t t h em ; th ei r p r o p er ty w s a

ever r egar ded a s l awful p r ey ; t h ei r p er s o n s wer e n ever s ecu r e fr o m i ll t r e t m en t ; a

-

th ei r l ives wer e at t h e m er cy o f r u th l es s r ul er s ; ever ywh er e t h ey h av e b een t r eat ed

by th e Chr i s ti an n at i o n s o f Eur o p e wi th c on tu m ely an d wr o n g; l aws of th e m ost
op p r ess ive ki n d h ave b een en act ed agai n st th em ; th ey c oul d n o t t es ti fy agai n s t a

Ch r i sti an i n t h e civi l c our ts ; t h ey w r e for c ed t o wear b adges desi gn ed t o m r k t h em

e a

wi th di sgr ace ; th ey wer e for b i dden to i n sti tute sui ts agai n st Ch i sti an s i n th e cou r ts r

o f law ; th ey wer e m ade t h e fo o t ball o f ki n gs an d p r i n c s bei n g s p ur n ed n o w h i th er e , ,

n o w t h i th er by t h e feet o f p etty d es p ot s ; t h ey w er e c o m p ell ed t o r es i de i n c er tai n

,

s ect i on s o f ci t i es an d l o ck ed i n at n i gh t an d n o C hr i s t i an s erv an t s o r n urse c ou l d

, ,

st ay wi th o r att en d th em
,
n o i n n for t r av ell er s c ou l d r ecei v e o r en t er t ai n th em ; t h ey
,

wer e i n truth w h at p r op h ecy decl ar ed th ey sh oul d b e A byw o d an d a r ep r o ach

, ,
r

am on g all n at i on s W h en Ch r i st i an n at i o n s h ave thus m al t r eat ed an d ab u s ed t h i s

.

an c i en t p eo l e d o w e won d er at th ei r p r ej u di c es agai n st Ch r i st i n i ty a
p
.

N O T E 2 O n ly a sh o r t t i m e ag a l it tl e p e san t gi l i n th e vi ll age o f S c h aw l n
. o, a r ,
a ,

w as m i ssed S udd en ly t h e r ep or t w as sp r ead th t t h e ch ild w as kid n p p ed b y t h e J en s

.
a a
4 52 H A J EH U D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

in o r der to m ake u se o f i ts bl o o d i n th e Pass over cerem on i es A j udi ci al en qui ry w as at

.

o n ce i n st i tut ed th e h ouses o f t h e n ei gh b or i n g J ews wer e t h or ough ly s ear ch ed b u t n o

, ,

tr ace o f th e gi r l could b e di scover ed A m o n th aft erwar ds h er b o dy w as foun d un der

.

a m as s o f sn ow wh i ch h ad b egun t o m el t
, Th e vi ll age p r i es t th en p r each ed i n th e
.

chur ch th at th e J ews after h avin g d r awn th e bl o o d fr o m th e ch il d h ad bur i ed th e

. ,

cor p s e i n th e sn ow Th e p r op r i et or of th e est at e equall i n g th e p r i est i n fan ati ci sm

.
, ,

m ade t h e s am e asser ti on Th e ex c i tem en t o f t h e i gn o an t p eas an try agai n s t t h e

.
r

un for tun at e J ews thus sp r ead far th er dai ly an d at l ast gr ew t o such i n t en si ty th at it

, ,

becam e r eally fur i ous A ll i n ter cou r s e wi th th e J ews o f th e wh o le d i str i ct w as cu t

.

o ff an d ever y J ew th at dar ed t o sh ow h i m s el f i n th e s tr eet w as ass ai l ed wi th h atch et s

, .

M or eover t h e l eadi n g J ews o f S ch aw lan w er e at o n ce t h r o w n i n to p r i s on th er e t o

, ,

awai t t h ei r t r i al a s m u r der er s .
4 54 H A J E HU D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

I feel c o n vi n ced t hat t h e Jews w i ll b e l iter ally r es tor ed to th eir

c o u n tr y .

Ther e i s b u t o n e o bj ect i o n says an other H ebr ew c on v er t an d
, ,

t hat i s that i f t h e J e w s ar e t o r etu r n t o C an aan b efo r e t h ei r c o n v er s io n

, ,

t h en i t i s n eedl es s t o m ak e e x e r ti on t o p r o m o te t h ei r c on v er si o n .

D o es i t fo ll o w t h at b e c au se w e d o n ot exp ect th e n ati o n a l c o n v er s i o n o f

o u r p eo p l e t i l l a ft er th ei r r est or at i o n t o C an aan
,
t h at th er efo r e n o i n di
v i du als m a b e c o n v er t ed b efo r e t h at t i m e ? T h e A p ost l e P a u l s ai d an d
y
b eli ev ed t hat m y dear b r ethr en the s o n s o f A b r ah a m wo u l d c o n t in u e
, ,

u n der t h e in u en c e o f s p ir itu al dar k n ess u n ti l th e fu l n ess o f th e G en ti l es

c o m e in 3 yet th at di d n o t p r even t hi m fr o m goi n g i n to th e syn agogu e
e v er y S abb at h day an d r easo n in g w i th t h e m fr o m t he S cr i p t ur es t hat
, ,

J es u s i s th e C h r is t th e S o n o f G o d
,
.
 C O N C L U S IO N .

I t is bu t r ar e ly t h a t C h r i s t i an
u th or s affo r d u s an o pp or tu n ity
a

fo r exp r essi n g o u r s at isfacti o n w i th t he r es u l t s o f their r es ear ch es i n

th e e l d o f Jewi sh l i t er a tu r e Th ey gen er ally v i ew Je w i sh even t s an d
.

Jewi sh effor ts thr o ugh a dis to r ted m ediu m I n t h e m o st o f th ei r

.

ey es m o der n J ew i s h h i st o r y h a s o n ly a v a l u e i n a s far a s i t s er v es t o

s et o f f ev en t s i n o u r C h r i s ti an it y C o m p ar i s o n ~ t h e r eal u s e o f w h i ch
.

o n ly c o n s i st s i n b r i n gin g o u t i n b o l der r el i ef either i n div idual char ,

a c t er i s ti c s
,
or t h e di s ti n gu i sh i n g m ar k s o f o ccu r r en c esar e a l as t o o h

o ft en o n ly i n st i t ut ed b y G en t i l e w r i t er s on J ewi sh histo r y fo r th e ,

pur p os e o f e xal t in g G en ti l e v i r t u es an d Ch r i st i an p r o c eedin gs o n th e ,

p edes ta l o f Jewi sh vi c es , an d J ewi sh m i s doi n gs W i th th e exc ep ti o n .

o f o n e or tw o w e ar e n ot a c q u ai n t ed w i t h a w o r k i n t h e En l i sh
, g
l an guage n ar r atin g ev en t s s ub seq u en t t o the Chr i s t ian Er a i n a dis ,

p a ssi o n at e m an n er r eady t o v i ew an d t r eat o f Ju dai sm i n dep en den tlv

,

o f C h r i s ti an i t y
. H o w ev er m uch s uc h a c o ok ed up h istor y m ay be t o
t h e t a st e o f so m e i t c an n o t b u t r a ise dis gu s t i n th e m in ds o f t he u n
,

bias ed C hr i sti an an d J ew A p o pu l at i on l ik e that o f th e J ews exi stin g

.
,

i n fu ll v igo u r n um er o u s an d i n t he p o ssess io n o f m en tal fa cu l ti es

, ,

o f a ck n o w l ed ed s up er i o r i t y o f m ean s an d i n u en c e equ a l t o t h o se
g ,

en j o y e d at an n t e c eden t p er i o d i h t e h u n dr ed an d s i xty n in e
y a e g en -

y ear s after t h e o bj ect o f i ts exi s ten c e i s supp osed t o h av e b een

a tt ai n e d,
m u s t h av e a n i n dep en den t v a l u e an d s ti ll a m i ssion t o ,

fu l l. They m ay app ea l t o n at u r al p r o fan e an d sacr ed histo r y, ,

a l i ke fo r ev iden ce b ear in g o u t t h e c o r r ec tn ess o f thi s v i ew Th e .

l o vel iest o w er fades aft er it h as pr o duc ed s eed ; an d t he s tatel iest

t r ee i s st r ipp ed o f i t s fo l i age a s s o on as i t h a s yi el ded t h e fr u i t

w hi ch i t s b o u h s w er e l a den an d b ar e an d n ak ed i t r e m ai n s u n t il
g ,

th e s easo n c o m es fo r i t s r en ew ed m i ss i o n N o n ati on h as r em ai n ed o n t h e
.

s tage o f t h e w o r l d o n e m o m en t bey o n d t h e p e r i o d n ec essar y fo r t h e r eal

i zati o n o f th e idea o f w hi c h i t w as t h e b ear er W h en i t s p ar t i s a c t ed

. ,

i t ei th er d ecay s ser v i n g t o p r ep ar e t he gr o u n d fo r s ucc essor s o r i s s u d

, ,

den ly ab s o r b ed b y a v i go r o u s a s s ai l an t Th e p r esen t G r eek s do n ot

.

e qu al th ei r an c es t o r s ei th er i n c l a ssi c t a s t e o r p h i l os o p hi c a cu m en or in ,
, ,

v a l o r o u s expl oi t s The v ir tu es wh i ch d is tin guish ed th e an ci en t R om an s

. ,

hav e n o t b een t r an s m i tte d to an y o f t h ei r des c en dan ts i f s uch b e an y ,

wh er e s ti ll tr a c eab l e Bu t th e pr esen t J ews a r e a c tually m o r e n um er o u s

.

n ow than thos e t ha t w er e c on q u er ed b y Ti tu s Thei r r eligion is .

4 56 HA J EHU D I M A N D
-
M I K V EH I S R A EL .

s ubs tan ti ally the s am e . The i dea th en

p r esen t ed b y the m s till fo r m s
re
,

t h e s tan dar d r o u n d whi ch t h ey r ally an d n o d eca y c an b e p er c ei v ed i n

,

an y o f th o se v i r t u es a n d i n tell e c t u al q u ali ti es wh i c h m ar k ed t h em o f o ld
, , .

I f an ythin g t h e u n p ar alelled c a l am i t i es an d s uffer in gs o f t w o th o u s an d

,

year s h av e fr eed th em fr om s o m e v i ces w i t h w h i ch they w er e r ep r o a ch ed

,

o f o ld 3s o ft en e d do w n s o m e o f th ei r fau lts an d b r ou ht o u t t o
g , gr eat a dv an t
a e s o m e o th er p o w er s l at en t fo r c en t u r i es A c p t i v i t y o f ei h t een
g a .

g
c en tu r ies h as b een a fu r n a c e thr o ugh whi ch t h ey n o t o n ly hav e p ass ed
un s c athed b u t whi ch has a ctu ally r en ed t h em o f m uch dr o ss 3 yea an d
, ,

p r ep ar ed th em fo r t h e acc o m p li sh m en t o f a D i vi n e pu r p o se C an t h i s b e .

s ai d o f an y o th er n at i o n H av e A s syr i an s Egyp ti an s G r eek s o r , , ,

R o m an s sh o w n fo r th t o a dv an tage aft er t h e s w o r d o f t h e c o n q u er o r h ad
,

p assed thr o u gh t h eir c o u n tr i es ? Th e s tr eam m ay gain i n si ze yet n o t ,

i n pur i t y as it fl o w s o n w ar ds
,
Yet t hi s i s t he p r o c ess exhibited by the
.

J e w s as th ey a r e bor n e o n war d b y th e wa ve o f ti m e .

C an J u di ai sm t h er efo r e fo r m i n g as w e k n o w i t do es t h e m ain
, , ,

s p r i n g an d l ife b l o o d o f o u r C h r i sti an i ty r ea lly b e s o effet e an d w o r n

-

o u t a s t o b e fi t o n ly t o lay d o wn an d di e ? C an i t b e n othin g els e b u t

m u m m y e m b al m e d an d wi th alli t s fo r m er gr eat n es s gl o r y pr edi c ti on s an d
, , ,

p r o m i ses bu n dl ed up an d bur ied eight een h u n dr ed y ear s ago i n the sep u l

, ,

ch r e o u t o f whi ch C hr i stian i ty ar ose ? H a s I s r ael t o p l ay n o p ar t an y m or e

o n th e p latfo r m o f ev en ts t o c o m e 2 Has th e cur tai n o v er th e p r o ph eci es o f
O ld an d N ew T es t am en t S cr i p t u r e s c on c er n i n g th em b e en dr o pp ed
a l r eady ? N o ! Th er e i s v igo r an d i nt en se v i tal i ty s ti ll t hr o bb in g i n

e v er y on e o f I sr ae l s v ei n s 3 i ts pu l sa ti on s ar e a s s t r o n g as e v er Bl in d .

th ey ar e b u t n o t dead for
,
b li n dn es s in p ar t i s h app en d to I sr ael
, ,

i

u n ti l t h e fu l n ess o f t h e G en ti l es c o m e i n A n d s o all I s r ael s hall

.

b e s av ed . P er secut ed an d h ated t h ey ar e b u t n o t cast away , God .

h at h n o t c as t aw ay H is p eo p l e w hi ch H e fo r ek n ew D i s p er sed t h ey .

ar e, b u t n o t fo r s ak en F o r I am wi th t h ee s ai th th e L o r d t o sa v e t h ee
, , ,

tho ugh I m ak e a fu ll en d o f a ll n at io n s w hi t h er I h a v e s cat ter ed t h ee ,

e t w i ll I n o t m ak e a fu ll en d o f t h ee 3 b u t I w i ll c or r e c t t h ee i n m ea
y
s u r e an d w i ll n o t l eav e th ee alto geth er u n pu n ish e d
,

J er xxx 12 . . . .

Bl in d th ey ar e bu t n ot dead ,

Bu t Th er e i s n o n e t o p l ead t hy c au s e
.

F or A ll thy l o v er s h av e fo r s ak en th ee

.

Th erefor e I w i ll r est o r e h eal th u n t o th ee b e c au se t h ey c all ed ,

t h e e a n o u t c as t .

Br ethr en m y h ear t s desir e an d p r ayer t o G o d fo r I sr ael is that

,

,
;

they m i ght be s av ed !
C FR ES H MA N . .