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Abstract Off-grid remote electrification with the aid of Hybrid Power System (HPS) has become cost-effective and
convenient alternative for areas where grid connection is neither available nor feasible. HPS combines two or more modes of
electricity generation together; usually using renewable technologies such as Solar, Wind etc. This research focus on creating
a model for electricity generation from mix of renewable resources to satisfy the electrical needs of an off-grid remote village of
Bakpo in Eleme L.G.A. of Rivers State, Nigeria using HOMER software. The HPS selected for this village scenario comprises
of biomass, gas turbine, solar PV associated with battery and converter. Load demand pattern over different seasons was
studied and suitably modeled using HOMER. The solution obtained shows that the use of decentralized hybrid power systems
at an off-grid location is the best alternative to grid extension. More so, it is sustainable, techno-economically feasible and
environmentally friendly. Total Net Present Cost (NPC) was used as a yardstick to measure the viability and feasibility of the
project.
Keywords Hybrid,Renewable,PV-Diesel,Biomass,Nigeria
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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering Technology
Volume 1, Issue 4, July-2015, ISSN (Online): 2395-566X
stand-alone hybrid system to minimize its costs and environmental and socio-economic factors and reached the
concluded that using wind-solar hybrid system is cheaper result that HPS is the best option in cases like this, mostly
than to rely on one of these resources individually. During because of high costs incurred when transmitting
their analysis, various technical details of the system such electricity from conventional sources to extremely remote
as PV modules tilt angle, installation height of wind locations. Anayo (2007)conducted a study on small remote
turbines etc, that were significant for the installation and villages with low load factors and found that stand-alone
maintenance costs were considered. A case study on HPS can be an attractive alternative to grid extension.
Dahran and its energy demand of 620,000 kWh/year was Several studies on stand-alone HPS showed that this
conducted (Givler and Lienthal, 2005). A hybrid SPV-DG- technology is generally not a cost-effective alternative to
battery system, with 175 kW DG and 80kW SPV was grid extension. Only where the grid would have to be
built. The authors envisaged several scenarios in their extended by more than 20km, stand-alone SPV becomes
study and examined the difficulties arising in various financially attractive. According to Ahmed (2002), rural
scenarios such as unmet load situations, emission area located in Kaduna in Northern Nigeria, where 99.5%
decrease, excess electricity and energy cost. A are of rural households and 80% of the households in
combination of SPV and a small wind turbine with fuel cities are not grid-connected. The researcher examined the
cells was used by Chiemeka and Chinekein 2003. The use of stand-alone HPS to improve this scenario and
combination with fuel cells for excess electricity was summarized that in order to make HPS readily available,
found to be well suited for remote village applications. the government policies concerning it and key market
Kassam in 2010, developed designs of solar-wind hybrid barriers hampering its fast dispersion must be eliminated.
systems to supply electricity to remote areas of Australia. The work was extended to combination of stand-alone
These hybrid RET systems were studied with different SPV with DGs. It was observed that SPV were techno-
configurations of switched, parallel, and series economically more efficient and gave an output of
connections. Also concerned with the right sizing of 15kWh/day and 68kWh/day when the economic
solar-wind hybrid system is the study by Lietzmann et al circumstances were better, making SPV market-
in 2002. A method to determine the exact demand load of competitive. Biodun et al (2013) assessed the suitability of
the location and to calculate the appropriate size of SPV stand-alone renewable energy (RE) systems to meet
array with batteries for best results was formulated. Khan energy demands of big hotels (large-scale enterprises) and
and Iqbal in 2005 investigated the feasibility of hybrid found that wind energy is more cost-efficient than SPV, as
systems with hydrogen as energy carrier in New found the latter has the disadvantage of requiring lots of space
land, Canada. The energy carrier was introduced to for large-scale energy production.
alleviate disadvantages of stand-alone system (for example
high battery costs, limited storage and low capacity). III. METHODOLOGY
Several renewable and non-renewable carriers were
discussed, comparing their environmental friendliness and Various modeling techniques are developed to model
cost-efficiency using HOMER. In the end, combination of components of HPS. General methodologies for modeling
wind turbines, Distributed Generators (DG) and batteries HPS components such as PV, turbine set, and battery used
was discovered to be the most efficient solution at the are described.
given cost. (Okedu and Uhunmwangho 2014), in their 3.1 Modeling of PV System
study used HOMER software to propose an optimization In order to achieve best performance, PV modules must
solution of hybrid system of renewable energy for remote operate at maximum power point (MPP). Power generated
areas asserted that in order to determine optimum system by DC power and PV cell temperature are calculated using
configuration that would be more energy efficient, the net equations 3.1 and 3.2 respectively
present cost should be used as the basis for selection of = N (3.1)
best operation conditions considering a system made up of
= (1 + ( ))* (3.2)
PV, wind turbine, AC diesel generator, battery and
converter system. A developed HPS model combining The temperature of PV cells is a function of weather
SPV, DG and batteries to meet the load demand of an conditions and PV cells characteristics.
electric machinery laboratory using HOMER software was 3.2 Modeling of Battery Bank
used for optimization and simulation of different Surplus power produced by PV modules is used to
combinations (James, 2010). charge the battery bank. The batteries charging current
According to Poopola (2013),HPS combine two or more (ICO) is limited by the charge controller to the maximum
modes of electricity generation together, using renewable allowable charging current I.Cmax and SOC must be equal
technologies such as Solar, Wind turbines etc. Solar to or less than S.O.Cmax. Charging current ICO is
photovoltaic configuration is one way to provide off-grid calculated as:
electricity and can be employed in a tropical country like = + 1 (3.3)
Nigeria for any kind of electrical application. More studies
Where C is charge controller efficiency (it is constant and
on the viability of HPS for remote villages have been
equal to 0.98 in the model); B1is the AC/DC converter
conducted by Ayodele et al. (2005) considering
efficiency, though it varies insignificantly with the load
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required exceeds generated power from the battery, 3.4 Electrical Load Assessment
contributes to compensate for the shortfall power. The off-grid study was conducted in Bakpo, a remote rural
+
= (3.4) village in Eleme L.G.A near Port Harcourt, Rivers state,
1
Nigeria with a population of 100 people living in 40 houses.
The change in the battery capacity CD with a period of It has a primary school block with 4 class rooms and a health
time of t is and battery state of charge are calculated as center block with 2 rooms and located at Latitude 439N
shown in equations 3.5 and 3.6 respectively and Longitude 79E with average elevation of 460 meters
= ( )- (3.5) above sea level. It lack electricity supply due to non-
=(1) + (3.6) availability of grid network but requires power supply to
3.3 Modeling of Converter power appliances like tungsten filament bulbs, ceiling fans,
Mathematical Model of Power Converter of power security outdoor lights, television sets, etc. For the pre-
delivered by an inverter is given by: HOMER study, load requirement is calculated considering
= + (3.7) variations of season (rain and dry). Table 3.1 shows the
Mathematical relationship required by the inverter in village daily power demand.
order to fully supply power is shown in equation 3.8 where
is the discharge efficiency determined as:
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3.6 HOMER Software under study was also computed. The process produces
HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric biogas, which comprises methane, carbon dioxide and
Renewable), simplifies the task of evaluating designs of traces of other contaminant gases that can be used for
both off-grid and grid-connected power systems for cooking, electricity generation etc.The resulting
various applications. Various selections of different calculation from latrines wastes to produce methane gas in
components like generators, PV arrays, battery banks and Bakpo village near Port Harcourt, in Rivers State, Nigeria
other power system components via the add/remove button is as thus:
are chosen as shown in Figure 3.3. Let 1kWh = 3415btu.
With 0.34 as plant factor, gas turbine fuel consumption
of 3415/0.34 =10000Btu/kWh,
Net heating value of methane = 21433Btu/pound, then
methane consumption in a simple gas turbine is
10000/21433 =0.47pounds/kWh = 0.21kg/kWh
But, 1000litres = 1m 3; 22.4litres = 1mol; Molar mass of
methane (CH4) = 16g per mole
Then, 16mol-11000l m-31/22.4l = 714g/ m3; Volume
of human waste from each house = 5.0 m3. Total volume =
5.0 20 houses = 100m3
100 m3 0.714 =71.4 kg
If 1000 litres of village latrine waste produces 1000litres
of biogas, 71.4kg will produce 71.4m3 of biogas. Energy
produced from 71.4kg of biogas is 71.4kg /0.21kg/kWh =
Fig.3.3
340kWh
3.6.1 Load Input Recommending a 1kW biogas generator that can run for
Hourly load profile readings throughout the year for 340/24h = 14.17 i.e. approximately two weeks.
both seasons (dry and rainy) was obtained and entered as Density of human waste is approximately equal to the
shown in figure 3.4. AC load data is obtained and density of water = 1000kg/ m3.
converted via a converter to Dc voltage that is produced Mass of human waste = 1000 100 = 100000kg
by PV module and DC voltage stored in Battery system.
Let assume that the village latrines pits are evacuated
after every two years, the mass per month =2083.3kg.ass
per day = 69.44kg. The available biomass waste in tonnes
per day is given as:
3662.5/1000 = 0.0694tonnes per day.
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Figure 3.9 shows solar resource profile considered over process are shown where the best possible combination of
a span of one year. The average clearness index and SPV, DG, converter and batteries are able to fully meet the
annual average solar radiation was found to be 0.438scaled village load demands at the lowest possible total NPC of
and 4.37114kWh/m2/Day. $1,357,033 as shown in figure 4.2. The next most
economical combination is about $23,690,664,followed by
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION $33,894,256 and so on.
REFERENCES
[1] Ani, A.A. Simulation and Optimization of Stand-Alone
Photovoltaic/Diesel Hybrid System for Banking
Industry. International Journal of Energy Optimization
and Engineering.Vol.5, no.3, pp.1-5, 2013.
[2] Ashari, M. and Nayar, C.V.. An Optimum Dispatch
Strategy using Set points for a Photovoltaic (PV)
DieselBattery Hybrid Power System. IJRRAS vol. 6,
no.1, pp.19, 1999.
[3] Omorogiuwa E, Uhunmwangho R Design and
Simulation of Solar Monitoring Tracking System IOSR
Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-
JEEE) e-ISSN: 2278-1676 Volume 4, Issue 5 (Jan. - Feb.
2013), PP 35-39 www.iosrjournals.orgwww.iosrjournals.
org.
[4] Bala, E.J, Ojosu, J.O. and Umar, I.H. Government
Policies and Programmes on the Development of Solar-
Fig.4.2. Optimization result details PV Sub-sector in Nigeria Nigerian Journal of
Renewable Energy. vol.8, no.1, pp. 1-6, 2000.
HOMER uses the total NPC as its main selection tool. [5] Givler, T M and Lilienthal P.O, Using HOMER
All the possible hybrid system configurations for the Software, NRELs Micro Power Optimization Model, to
Explore the Role of Gen-sets in Small Solar Power
village of Bakpo are listed in ascending order of their total
Systems; Case Study: Sri Lanka Technical Report,
NPC. Technical and economic details of all the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA,2005.
configurations of hybrid systems from the optimization
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AUTHOR'S PROFILE
Omorogiuwa Eseosa
research interest include power system
optimization using power electronic devices
(Flexible Alternating Current Devices and
Custom Power Devices), power system
optimization, economics, marketing, renewable
energy and application of intelligent techniques to power
systems networks and machines. He hold a Ph.D. in power
systems and electric machines and currently lectures in the
university of port Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria.
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