THE SHAPE OF DRAINAGE

ENGLISH ASSIGNMENT

By :

Veni Andriana

061530100755

Class : 1 SC

Lecturer:

Eriza, S.PD.,MPD.

DAPERTEMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

STATE POLYTECHNIC OF SRIWIJAYA

2015/2016

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 PREFACE

Praise be to God who has helped his servant finish this paper with great ease. Without
help she may not to be able to complete the author well.
The paper is organized so that readers can find out how to calculated the need for
bricks in a bulding in a more specific and detailed.
Authors also thanks the teachers/ lecturers who have helped to finish this paper.
Hopefully this paper can provide a broader insight to the reader. Although this paper
has advantages and disadvantages. Authors beg for advise and criticism. Thank you.

Palembang, December 2015

Writers

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ............................................................................................................. i

Prefece ................................................................................................................. ii
Table Of Contents ................................................................................................ iii
Chapter 1

1.1 Background .............................................................................................. 1

1.2 Formulation of the problem ..................................................................... 1
1.3 Function of Drainage ............................................................................... 1
1.4 Benefit of Drainage ................................................................................. 1
Chapter 2

2.1 Definition Of Drainage ............................................................................ 2

2.2 Drainage Use ........................................................................................... 2
2.3 Drainage System ...................................................................................... 2
2.4 Shape of Drainage ................................................................................... 4
2.5 Contruction Of Drainage ......................................................................... 6

Chapter 3

3.1 Conclution ............................................................................................... 8

3.2 advice ....................................................................................................... 8

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 CHAPTER 1
PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background

The city is a place for many people to do various activities, to ensure the health and
comfort there must be a population of adequate sanitation, such as drainage. With the
drainage of the rainwater can distributed so that flooding can be avoided and will not cause
the impact on public health disorders as well as community activities will not be disturbed.
Drainage is a system for channeling rain water. This system has a very important role in
creating a healthy environment, especially in densely populated areas such as in urban
areas.Waste management is not good can lead to blockage of the drainage system, which can
cause overflow of water due to reduced flow of water can be collected and distributed by
drainage. Population growth is also a problem itself for the drainage capacity. Increasing
population means more infrastructure, which is accompanied by the increasing amount of
waste released into the environment.

1.2 FORMULATION OF PROBLEM

1. What is the Drainage ?
2. What is the shapes of drainage?
3. How does the drainage used ?
4. How does the system of drainage ?
5. How does the construction of drainage ?

1.3 FUCNTION OF DRAINAGE

To determine the definition of drainage , shapes of drainage, drainage used, the system of
drainage, and the construction of drainage.

1.4 BENEFITS DRAINAGE

In order for us to know the the definition of drainage , shapes of drainage, drainage used,
the system of drainage, and the construction of drainage
CHAPTER 2
DISCUSSION

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2.1 DEFINITION OF DRAINAGE

Drainage or steaming is the removal of the mass of water in natural or artificial surface or
subsurface of a place. This can be done with the disposal drain, drain, discard, or divert water
. Irrigation and drainage is an important part in structuring the water supply system in
agriculture and layout.

Drainage channels is often referred to as drainage because it is technically almost all

related to the manufacture of drainage channels. Surface drainage channel is usually a trench,
while the so-called underground culverts under the ground.
In the sphere of civil engineering, drainage water is limited as a series of buildings that
serve to reduce and / or remove excess water from an area or land, so the land can be used
optimally in accordance with the interests. In layout, the drainage was essential to regulate the
supply of water for flood prevention. Drainage is also part of the effort to control the quality
of groundwater in relation to salinity.

2.2 DRAINAGE USE

Drainage has several uses such as :

1. Dry the area muddy and puddles so that no ground water accumulation.
2. Lowering the water table at an ideal level.
3. Controlling soil erosion, damage to roads and buildings.
4. Controlling excessive rain water so it does not disaster flood.
5. Drain the water surface to the body of water (surface water and
below ground level) or buildings catchment.

2.3 DRAINAGE SYSTEM

1. Type Drainage
a. According to the Establishment History
1) Natural Drainage
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 Drainage occurs naturally and there are no support structures such as buildings spillway,
masonry / concrete, culverts and others. These channels are formed by moving water
scours due to gravity, which gradually form a permanent waterways such as rivers.
2) Arficial Drainage
Drainage made with the intent and purpose so require buildings - special buildings such
as gutter masonry / concrete, culverts, pipes and so on.
b. According to the Building Layout
1) Surface Drainage
Drainage channels that are above the soil surface that serves drain water runoff. Flow
analysis is an analysis of open channel flow.
2) Subsurface Drainage
Drainage channels aimed drain water runoff through the media under the soil surface
(pipes), due to certain reasons. Demands that reason, among others, artistic, demand
function of the soil surface that does not allow any channel on the surface of the
ground like a football field, airfields, parks and others.
c. According to Function
1) Single Purpose, which is the channel that serves the one type of waste water, such as
rain water or other types of wastewater such as domestic sewage, industrial waste
water and others.
2) Multi Purpose, the channel that serves the several types of waste water either mixed or
alternating.
d. According to Construction
1) Open channels. That is more suitable channel for rainwater drainage, located in
regions that have a considerable extent, or for non-rain water drainage which is not
harmful to health / environment disturbing.
2) Closed channel, that channel is generally often used for gross flow (water that
interfere with health / environment) or for the channel located in the city / settlement.

Figure 1. Artificial Drainage

2. Patterns Drainage Network

a. Elbow

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 Created in areas that have a slightly higher topography of the river. The end of the
discharge channel of the river as being the end located in the city center.
b. Parallel
The main channel is parallel to the branch channel. With a branch line (secondary) are
quite numerous and short, in case of urban development, the channels will be able to adjust.
c. grid Iron
For areas where the river is located in the suburbs, so that the channels of branches are
collected at the collection channel.
d. Natural
Just like the elbow pattern, only the load of the river on a larger natural patterns
e. radial
In the hilly area, so that the channel pattern scattered in all directions.

2.4 The Shape of Drainage

1) Open channel primary and secondary Length primary and secondary channel can not be
standardized, because depending on the shape and size of the drainage area of the river
(DPS)
DPS oval-shaped leaves will cause the primary channel becomes longer
DPS round shaped leaves causes the primary channel becomes shorter.
The size of the primary and secondary channel cross section can not be standardized,
because it depends on: The area of drift there is 6
sectional shape of the primary and secondary channels
1. Trapezoidal
a trapezoidal shape is a cross-sectional shape of the channel that is formed naturally in
which the slope of the embankments follow the slope of the original soil type.
a. trapezoidal channel with percutaneous talud of masonry times
b. trapezoidal channel with embankments reinforcement of concrete and concrete beams
Serves to accommodate and channel rainwater runoff with large discharge. Continuous flow
properties with little fluktuas. The channel shape can be used in areas that are still enough
available land.

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2. This type of rectangular channels
channel cross-sectional shape of the square is a form created by retrofitting requirements
talud (keculi solid ground). In terms of the four types of channels:
a. retrofitting of masonry broken
b. strengthening embankments with hollow concrete
c. strengthening embankments with reinforced concrete pile site
d. retrofitting with piles

Serves to accommodate and channel rainwater runoff with large discharge. The nature of the
flow is continuous with minor fluctuations. Serves to channel rain water sewage to discharge
small. This channel is commonly used form channels for the bulk of the population and on the
side of the dense residential street.

3. The tertiary open channels

tertiary channels are channels that receive flows of homes around the channel and drain
the water flow to the secondary channel. besides it is also the left and right channels are
usually standardized channel of a certain size depending on the area drainage channel / path.
a. Tertiary channel cross-section is the smallest cross section of the channel compared to
other channels and serves the flow of rainwater from roads and homes.
b. tertiary canals are generally made of brick, crushed stone and concrete slab.
c. channel cross-sectional shape is rectangular with a semicircular floor or trapezoid.

2) Closed channel closed channel is part of the channel drainage systems in certain places
such as regional markets, trade and so that the soil surface is not allowed to be made open
channels. Closed channels can be divided into two kinds:

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 1 open channel closed
The advantage is the upper part of the closed channel can be used for various
purposes.
The disadvantage is the maintenance of closed channels is much more difficult, let alone
awareness in Indonesia is still low in terms of supporting existing sampah.Fasilitas
disposal is in line equipped with control holes or man-hole and There are also trash mouth
filter channels.

2.5 Construction Of Drainage

Construction should take into account the average volume of water collected from the
area. In making the drain is closed, the work began by marking the area. This should be done
on the slope around the house. After marking, a trench two feet wide and a foot deep is
excavated. When the trench is completed, concrete is poured on the ground and put fall
toward the exit. A short wall one foot high which was set up on two sides of the trench. When
the walls of emigration is established, rough plaster done on the side to make them smooth. In
the case of trench steep gradients, a short wall of eight inches was set at wide moat. This is
done at intervals of six meters to reduce water velocity. It covers were then placed on top of
the wall. If the grille used on the sewer cover, a piece of metal angle line is fixed to remain in
place. When using sheets, the remaining two-inch gap between them.

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 Calculation:

(Length Channels and Beams Confessor) (The cross-Channel Details)

(Cross-section Beam and Beam Bracing Score)

Tip: To calculate the total concrete volume, should be done with Complete and Thorough.
The calculation begins with a thorough cross-section area as well. Because the longer the
channel to be calculated, the greater the difference in volume due to the possibility of
inaccuracy in the cross-section area calculation.

1. Calculate the cross-section area in advance, (data from Figure 2).

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 a. Duct Floor broad cross-section = ((0.84 + 0.80): 2) x 0.12 <----- (unit changed in
Meters) = 0.0984 m2
b. Broad cross-section of Wall Channel (2-sided) = (0.15 x 0.79) x 2 = 0.237 m2.
2. Add the cross-section area Duct Floor and Wall Channels = 0.0984 + 0.237 = 0.3354 m2
3. Volume Concrete Floor and Wall Channels = 0.3354 x Length Channels
= 0.3354 m2 x 500 m = 167.7 m3.
4. Now we can calculate the volume of Concrete Beams Confessor (Score), which in Figure
1 is known is made at each distance 250cm (2.5 meter), (Detail Beams see Figure 3).
a. Volume 1 piece Beam = 0.15 x 0.15 x ((0.8 + 0.75): 2) = 0.0174375 m3
b. Number of beams = (500m: 2.5 m) + 1 = 201 pieces
c. Volume 201 m3 Beams = 0.0174375 x 201 = 3,50 m3
5. Volume Concrete Total = 167.7 m3 + 3.50 m3 = 171.2 m3

CHAPTER III
COVER

3.1 CONCLUSION

Of the existing research, it can be concluded that the drainage is indispensable

in life because it has many uses. Especially in urban areas, drainage is indispensable because
in urban areas prone to flooding in the season rain. Besides rainwater, drainage can also be as
irrigation or irrigation.

3.2 ADVICE

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 As a student in Civil Engineering we should pay more attention to all aspects relating to
development. But not only the development should be considered, maintenance is equally
important.
Revamping the drainage system needs to be done because it proved the drainage system
has contributed the most to the deterioration of the road. Improvement of drainage system can
be done by looking at the level of cleanliness of the drainage channels so as not to disturb the
flow of water or with
taking into account the dimensions of the drainage channel.
Of this paper, the authors hope that readers pay attention to environmental awareness
around and keeping our country in the future of our country could be better.

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