**All the matter is made up of tiny particles; these

may be atoms, molecules or ions.

**States Of Matter:

Solid Liquid Gas

Definite Shape Take the shape Take the shape
of the container of the container
Definite volume Definite Volume No definite
volume
Incompressible Incompressible Compressible
Particles are Particles arent Particles are very
tightly packed to tightly packed far from each
each other other
Intermolecular Intermolecular Intermolecular
forces are strong forces are forces are very
moderate weak
Intermolecular Intermolecular Intermolecular
spaces are very spaces are spaces are very
small moderate large
e.g. Wax, Marble Blood, Water, Methane, Neon
Wood Mercury
 **Changes of states of Matter**
Condensation and solidification: condensation is when
a gas turns back into a liquid. When a gas is cooled, the
particles lose energy. They move more and more slowly.
When they bump in to each other, they do not have
enough energy to bounce away again. They stay close
together, and a liquid forms. When a liquid cools, the
particles slow down even more. Eventually they stop
moving except for vibrations and solid forms.

Evaporation and boiling: evaporation constantly occurs

on the surface of liquids. The high energy particles
escape from the liquid, even at low temperatures.
Boiling occurs at the boiling point and then the liquid
evaporates everywhere in the liquid (not just on the
surface) and is much faster. During a change of state
the temperature of the mixture does not change.
 **Kinetic Theory**
*The properties of solids, liquids and gases can be
explained by kinetic theory.

*Kinetic theory states that matter is made of tiny

particles that move all the time.

*The main points of the theory are;

1 All matter is made of tiny, invisible, moving particles.

2 The particles move all the time. The higher the

temperature the faster they move.

3 Heavier particles move more slowly than light ones

at a given temperature.

DIFFUSION: this is the mixing of atoms or molecules

due to their continuous and random motion. E.g. mixing
of bromine vapour and air.

BROWNIAN MOTION: the constant random

movement of tiny particles (e.g. smoke particles, or
pollen on a drop of water) is caused by collision with
(invisible) air or water molecules, which are themselves
in continuous and random motion.
E.g. Experiments using gases diffusing in a tube are
used to examine the motion of the particles.

Ammonia and hydrochloric acid particles under

Brownian motion as they hit air particles in the tube.

When they meet white smoke (ammonium chloride)

forms.

As the ammonia travels farthest along the tube we

know that;

The ammonia particles move faster than hydrochloric

acid particles.

The ammonia particles are lighter than the

hydrochloric acid particles.