EE334: Tutorial-1 Solutions

January 29, 2017

Ans 1: From Fig. 1,

d=0.5 m d d

a a b b c c

D=6 m D=6 m

Fig.1

Deq = (Dab Dbc Dca )1/3

Dab = Dbc = (D(D + d)(D d)D)1/4

Dab = Dbc = (6 6.5 5.5 6)1/4 = 5.99 m

Dca = (2D(2D d)(2D + d)2D)1/4

Dca = (12 11.5 12.5 12)1/4 = 11.99 m

Deq = (5.99 5.99 11.99)1/3 = 7.55 m

0.7788 1.725 0.5
Ds = (r0 d)1/2 = = 0.082 m
100
7.55
Inductance, L= 0.4605 log( )= 0.904 mH/km
0.082
XL = L = 0.284 /km

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 Ans 2: From Fig. 2,

4+j16

T1 T2
G2
G1
2 + j8 2 + j8

Load

Fig.2

12.2
Base kV in the generator ckt. G1 = 100 = 9.24 kV
132
13.8
Base kV in the generator ckt. G2 = 100 = 10.45 kV
132

(M V A)base,new (kV )2base,old

Xg1,new = Xg1,old
(M V A)base,new (kV )2base,new

100 (12.2)2
Xg1,new = 0.10 = 0.3486 pu
50 (9.24)2
Similarly,

100 (13.8)2
Xg2,new = 0.10 = 0.8719 pu
20 (10.45)2

100 (12.2)2
XT 1,new = 0.10 = 0.2179 pu
80 (9.24)2

100 (13.8)2
XT 2,new = 0.10 = 0.33 pu
40 (10.45)2
Base impedance of transmission line ckt.

(100)2
Zbase,line = = 100
100
4 + j16
Z12 (pu) = = (0.04+j0.16) pu
100
2 + j8
Z13 (pu) = Z23 (pu) = = (0.02+j0.08) pu
100
Load, L = 50(0.8 + j0.6) = (40+j30) MVA

Series combination of resistance and inductance

(120)2
ZL = = (230.4 - j172.8) = (2.304 - j1.728) pu
40 + j30
Rseries = 2.304 pu and Xseries = 1.28 pu

2
 Parallel combination of resistance and inductance
(120)2 (120)2
Rparallel = = 360 = 3.6 pu and Xparallel = = 480 = 4.8 pu
40 30

Ans 3:

R = 0.15 60 = 9

X = 2 50 1.4 103 60 = 26.39

i) Receiving end voltage per phase is,

22000
Vr = = 12700 kV
3
Three phase apparent power at 0.8 pf lag,

S = 30036.870 MVA

The current/phase is given by,

S 300 36.870
Ir = = 103 A
3Vr 3 12700

= 787.4 36.870 A

The sending end voltage magnitude is,

|Vs | = |Vr | + |Ir |(Rcosr + Xsinr )

|Vs | = 127 + 0.7874(9 0.8 + 26.39 0.6) = 145.13 kV

Sending end line to line voltage,

|Vs |LL = 3 145.13 = 251.37 kV
251.37 220
Voltage regulation = 100%= 14.26%
220
Per phase real power loss,

PLoss = |I|2 R = 5.58 MW

Per phase receiving end power,

300 0.8
Pr = = 80 MW
3
Per phase sending end power,

Ps = (80 + 5.58) = 85.58 MW

80
Transmission line efficiency, = = 93.47 %
85.58

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 ii) Sending end voltage magnitude at leading 0.8 pf can be written as,

|Vs | = |Vr | + |Ir |(Rcosr Xsinr )

|Vs | = 127 + 0.7874(9 0.8 26.39 0.6) = 120.2 kV

Sending end line to line voltage,

|Vs |LL = 3 120.2 = 208.2 kV
208.2 220
Voltage regulation = 100%= -5.36%
220
Per phase real power loss,

PLoss = |I|2 R = 5.58 MW

Per phase receiving end power,

300 0.8
Pr = = 80 MW
3
Per phase sending end power,

Ps = (80 + 5.58) = 85.58 MW

80
Transmission line efficiency, = = 93.47 %
85.58
Ans 4:
ABC is the line voltage triangle (Fig. 3),

AB = BC = CA = 440 V

O, is the supply neutral point and centroid of the triangle. N is the load neutral point and
BN A = 1000

BM = 220 = NB sin 500

N B = N A = 287 V, i.e. the voltage across R1 and R2 = 287 V each.

N C = M C M N = 220 3 - 287 cos 500 = 196.57 V = the voltage across R3
287
I1 = I2 =
R1
The resultant of these two currents
1000 2 287 368.96
= 2 I1 cos = cos 500 =
2 R1 R1
196.57
again I3 =
R3
by KCL, I1 + I2 + I3 = 0

4
 3C

N 1000

O
B
2 1A
Fig.3

2 287 196.57
So, we must have, =
R1 R3
or, R1 : R3 = 1.88 : 1

So, R1 : R2 : R3 = 1.88 : 1.88 : 1

Ans 5: Hint:
Current coil
R
M L

Pressure coil
C
Z

Z Z

V
B

Vr
Ir
-Vb

Vyb

Vb Vy

Fig.4

The connection diagram for reactive power measurement using wattmeter is shown in Fig. 4.
Note that here M and C terminals are disconnected. From phasor, the reactive power can be
calculated as

Q = |VY B |.|IR |.cosVIRY B

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 Ans 6: Let x represent three phase line and y represent return lines. Dad = Dbe = 9 m, Dab
= Dbc = Dde = 6 m,

Dae = Dbd = Dce = 62 + 92 = 117 m,

Dcd = 122 + 92 = 15 m, Dac = 12 m,

Daa = Dbb = Dcc = 0.25 102 0.7788 m,

Ddd = Dee = 0.5 102 0.7788 m

q
6 3
Dm = 6 Dad Dae Dbd Dbe Dcd Dce = 92 . 117 .15 = 10.743 m
(x) p
Ds = 9
Daa Dab Dac Dba Dbb Dbc Dca Dcb Dcc = 9
(0.25 102 0.7788)3 .(64 ).(12)2 = 0.481 m
(y) p
Ds = 4
(0.5 102 0.7788)2 .(62 ) = 0.153 m

0 Dm
Lx = ln = 6.212107 H/m = 6.212107 1.609106 mH/mile = 0.9997 mH/mile
2 Ds(x)
0 D m
Ly = ln = 8.503 107 H/m = 8.503 107 1.609 106 mH/mile = 1.368 mH/mile
2 Ds(y)
L=Lx + Ly = 2.3677 mH/mile

Ans 7: (Note: In Q7, line voltage = 20 kV)

D = 5 ft, r = 0.023 ft, Hxx = 2H = 36 ft, Hxy = 362 + 52 = 36.346 ft

Fig.5

0
a) Considering effect of earth, Cxy = = 5.178 1012 F
D Hxy
ln ln
r Hxx
0
b) Neglecting effect of earth, Cxy = = 5.169 1012 F
D
ln
r
c) q = C.V = 5.178 10 12 * 20,000 = 103.56 109 C/m,
q
ES = = 2.656 kV/cm
20 r

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 Fig.6

d) Eground due to y y 0 is
q cos q y
E2 = 2p = 2 2
20 2
x +y 2 20 x + y2
Eground due to x x0 is
q 1
E1 = 2
20 y
103.56 109

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Referring Fig.5 & Fig.6 Electric field at point A is E1 E2 =
 0 18 0.3048
18 0.3048
= 48.61 V/m
(18 0.3048)2 + (5 0.3048)2
Ans 8: For a simple two conductor transmission line remote from earth, r = 5 mm, d = 500
mm
0
C=
D
ln
R
0 D
L= ln
ds

where R - radius of conductor,

D - distance between conductors
1
ds = e 4 R
1
Geometric mean conductor spacing, D = (d2 .d2 ) 4
= d = 500 mm
 1 1

2 2 4

For inductance, ds = e 4 R ( 2d) = 52.47 mm

1


For capacitance, ds = R2 ( 2d)2 4 = 59.46 mm. Then,

8.852
C= = 13.06pF/m
500
ln( )
59.46
4 107 500
L= ln( ) = 902nH/m
52.47

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 Ans 9: (Correction: In Q9, please use r = 0.12 /km)

The series resistance and series reactance of the line are given by
R = rd = (0.12 /km)(140 km) = 16.8 , X = xd = (0.88 /km)(140 km) = 123.2 .
As the line is considered as short, we will neglect shunt reactance.
The current out of this transmission line is given by

Sout = 3VL IR

Sout 150 M V A
IR = = = 412 A
3VL 3 210 kV
Note that the per-phase equivalent circuit implicitly assumes a wye (Y) connection, so the
current is the same in phase or line configuration.
The phase voltage of the transmission line is

210 kV
VR = = 121 kV
3
a) The phase voltage at the sending end of the line when the power factor is 0.85 lagging
will be
VS = VR + IR R + IR X
(1)
= 1210 + (412 31.8 )(16.8 + j123.2) = 158.614.4 kV

The resulting line voltage at the sending end (0.85 pf lag) is VL = 3 158.6 = 275
kV .
The phase voltage at the sending end of the line when the power factor is unity will be
VS = VR + IR R + IR X
(2)
= 1210 + (4120 )(16.8 + j123.2) = 137.621.6 kV

The resulting line voltage at the sending end (unity pf) is VL = 3 137.6 = 238 kV .
The phase voltage at the sending end of the line when the power factor is 0.85 leading
will be
VS = VR + IR R + IR X
(3)
= 1210 + (41231.8 )(16.8 + j123.2) = 110.525.0 kV

The resulting line voltage at the sending end (0.85 pf leading) is VL = 3 110.5 = 191
kV .
b) The voltage regulation of a transmission line is given by
Vnl Vf l
VR = 100%
Vf l
The voltage regulation at 0.85 pf lagging, unity pf and 0.85 pf leading
275 210
VR = 100 = 31.1%
210
238 210
VR = 100 = 13.7%
210
191 210
VR = 100 = 8.7%
210

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 c) The output power from the transmission line at 0.85 PF lagging

Pout = 3VR IR cosR

= 3 121 412 0.85 = 127 kW

The input power from the transmission line

Pin = 3VS IS cosS

= 3 158.6 412 cos(14.4 (31.8 )) = 135.7 kW

The transmission line efficiency at full load and 0.85 PF lagging is

Pout 127 kW
= 100% = 100% = 93.6%. (4)
Pin 135.7 kW
2
Vbase 2302
Ans 10: Zbase = = = 21.16
V Abase 2500
V Abase 2500
Ibase = = = 10.87
Vbase 230
R (pu) = Ractual /Zbase = 10/21.16 = 0.472

XL (pu)= (XL actual )/Zbase = (2 50 100 103 )/21.16 = 1.484

XC actual = 1/(2 50 300 106 )) = -j10.61

XC (pu)= (XC actual )/Zbase = 10.61/21.16 = -j0.5014

V 230
Iactual = = = 4.3161 - j8.9801
R + j(XL XC ) 10 + j(31.416 10.61)
I (pu) = Iactual /Ibase = (4.3161 - j8.9801)/10.87 = 0.3971 - j0.8261

Ans 11:

i) a) All inductive loads draw reactive power. For example: Fans, Air conditioner, induc-
tion motors etc.
b) All capacitive loads supply reactive power. For example: An open circuited trans-
mission line, over excited synchronous motor etc.
ii) (a) Same as part (a) of question (i)
A current carrying element creates magnetic flux in the region surrounding it. The
amount of energy that is drawn by the device to create the magnetic flux is repre-
sented as inductive part of the load.
(b) Same as part (b) of question (ii)

Two potentials separated by a distance have a capacitance. Under steady state, it

wont draw a considerable amount of energy for low frequency or DC conditions.
The loads are modeled as capacitors when they draw energy to create electric flux.

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 Ans 12:
i) R (Resistance) represents the heating loss of a conductor when current passes through
it.
L (Inductance) represents the magnetic flux linkages of the conductor.
C (Capacitance) represents the electric flux linkages of the conductor.
ii) In the given case, a long transmission line model needs to be considered because the
length of the conductor is larger than the wavelength of the supply.
Ans 13:
i) Let us take a hypothetical co-axial cylinder of radius x and length L. Assume that there
is +Q charge per unit length on the inner cylinder and -Q on the outer cylinder. Let
the electric field at the surface of the cylinder be E.
R Qenclosed
By Gauss law, E.dA =
r 0

b
R2 +Q
-Q
R1
x a

Fig.7

QL
= E(2xL) =
r 0
QL
= E =
2xLr 0
Q
= E =
2xr 0

dV = -E.dx

The difference in potential between points a and b is:

RR
V(b)-V(a) = - R12 E.dx

Q R2
V = V(a)-V(b) = ln
2r 0 R1
2r 0
C= Q/V = F/m
R2
ln ( )
R1
ii) The maximum supply voltage that can be fed to the cable is decided based on the
dielectric strength of the insulation.

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