4 ICN Slides Addressing 2016

Introduction to Computer Networking
Network Addressing
Peter Gallert
Department of Computer Science

Faculty of Computing and Informatics
Namibia University of Science and Technology
1st Semester 2016
Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 1 / 31

Chapter Outline
1 Addresses
Introduction
MAC
IP
2 IP Address Space
Address Classes
Special IP Addresses
IP Network Design
Address Space Preservation

Addresses
Outline
1 Addresses
Introduction
MAC
IP
2 IP Address Space

Addresses Introduction
Address Spaces
A regulation how to form an address is an address scheme.

The set of all possible addresses of an address scheme is called
the address space.
Example:
Address scheme: How to form a number plate - an N, 1 - 6
numerical digits, town abbreviation
Address space: The set of all possible number plates in Namibia
Note 1: A number plate is part of the address space even if it is not
allocated to any car
Note 2: A number plate like N 23 N 55 N is not part of the
address space
Note 3: The system of number plates addresses all registered
Namibian cars
Instead of possible addresses it is better to say wellformed
addresses

Address Spaces

the address space.
Example:
address space
Namibian cars
addresses

Address Spaces

the address space.
Example:
address space
Namibian cars
addresses

Address Spaces

the address space.
Example:
address space
Namibian cars
addresses

Tiers and Hierarchy
Address schemes often are hierarchic: part of the address gives

general information, another part gives specific information.
This is done to:
1 Make addresses easy to allocate: All N ... RU number plates
belong to Rundu, Namibia.
2 Make addresses human-readable: N 1955 RU is easier to
understand than Car #4021435
The layers of any address scheme are called tiers.
For instance, the number plate system is a 3tier address space
1st tier: country, 2nd tier: district, 3rd tier: car number
Assignment: Polytechnic student numbers form a 2-tier
hierarchical address space - Discuss.

Tiers and Hierarchy

This is done to:

Tiers and Hierarchy

This is done to:

Tiers and Hierarchy

This is done to:

Letter Analogy to OSI Model
A Letter Head
To: Peter Gallert
P.O. Box 25520
Windhoek, Namibia
Re: DSTV Subscription Fee
For world-wide addressing P.O. Box, city and country are

required (layer 3).
The name is for local addressing - maybe I share my P.O. Box
with someone (layer 2).
To what it refers will determine what I do with it - file, answer or
throw away (layer 4).
Note the internal structure in the worldwide address:
First send it to Namibia, then to Windhoek, then to P.O. Box 25520

A Letter Head
To: Peter Gallert
P.O. Box 25520 ==> Worldwide address, line 1
Windhoek, Namibia ==> Worldwide address, line 2

required (layer 3).

A Letter Head
To: Peter Gallert ==> Local address

required (layer 3).

A Letter Head
To: Peter Gallert ==> Local address
Re: DSTV Subscription Fee ==> Reference

required (layer 3).

A Letter Head
To: Peter Gallert

required (layer 3).

Addresses MAC
Ethernet Addresses
IEEE 802 family of standards uses Medium Access Control

(MAC) addresses.
48-bit address, written as 6 double-digit hexadecimals, separated
by dashes or colons
Example: 00-0C-0E-15-2A-D7
For local unique addressing of computers (OSI layer 2)
MAC addresses are only one way of addressingdifferent layer 2
standards use different (or no) layer 2 addresses:
Frame Relay: DLCI numbers
ISDN: Service Provider ID
PPP: no address
Form a 2-tier hierarchical address space (Tier 1: Organisational
Unit Identifier (OUI), tier 2: Network Interface Card (NIC) number)

Addresses MAC
Ethernet Addresses

(MAC) addresses.
by dashes or colons
PPP: no address

Addresses MAC
Ethernet Addresses

(MAC) addresses.
by dashes or colons
PPP: no address

Addresses MAC
Ethernet Addresses

(MAC) addresses.
by dashes or colons
PPP: no address

Addresses MAC
Ethernet Addresses

(MAC) addresses.
by dashes or colons
PPP: no address

Addresses MAC
Ethernet Addresses

(MAC) addresses.
by dashes or colons
PPP: no address

Addresses MAC
Ethernet Addresses

(MAC) addresses.
by dashes or colons
PPP: no address

Addresses MAC
Properties of Ethernet Addresses

Ethernet is a nonroutable protocol because its address space
is unsuitable for routing.
Even though it is a 2tier hierarchy, the information that tier 1
provides tells nothing about the topology.
A router would have to remember the location of 1 billion
computers not feasible.
For local addressing a MAC address is perfectly suitable: switches
can easily store a few hundred addresses.
Fixed separation into OUI (first three bytes) and NIC number (last
three bytes)
Ethernet provides for unicast, broadcast, and multicast services.
1 Broadcast address: OUI: FF-FF-FF, NIC specific number:
FF-FF-FF
2 Multicast addresses: OUI: 01-00-5E, NIC specific number: any
3 Unicast addresses: All other OUI and NIC specific number
combinations
Addresses MAC

three bytes)
FF-FF-FF
combinations
Addresses MAC

three bytes)
FF-FF-FF
combinations
Addresses MAC

three bytes)
FF-FF-FF
combinations
Addresses MAC

three bytes)
FF-FF-FF
combinations
Addresses MAC

three bytes)
FF-FF-FF
combinations
Addresses MAC

three bytes)
FF-FF-FF
combinations
Addresses MAC

three bytes)
FF-FF-FF
combinations
Addresses MAC

three bytes)
FF-FF-FF
combinations
Addresses IP
Internet Protocol Addresses
Networks running on TCP/IP use IP addresses.

32bit address, written as 4 decimal numbers that represent 8bit
binaries (octets), separated by dots
Example: 192.168.64.171
For worldwide unique addressing of computers
IP addresses are only one way of addressing on OSI layer
3different layer 3 protocols use different layer 3 addresses:
IPX: IPX addresses
X.25: Phone numbers
ATM: NSAP addresses
Form a 2tier hierarchical address space (Tier 1: network number,
tier 2: host number)

Addresses IP

Example: 192.168.64.171
IPX: IPX addresses
X.25: Phone numbers
ATM: NSAP addresses

Addresses IP

Example: 192.168.64.171
IPX: IPX addresses
X.25: Phone numbers
ATM: NSAP addresses

Addresses IP

Example: 192.168.64.171
IPX: IPX addresses
X.25: Phone numbers
ATM: NSAP addresses

Addresses IP

Example: 192.168.64.171
IPX: IPX addresses
X.25: Phone numbers
ATM: NSAP addresses

Addresses IP

Example: 192.168.64.171
IPX: IPX addresses
X.25: Phone numbers
ATM: NSAP addresses

Addresses IP

Example: 192.168.64.171
IPX: IPX addresses
X.25: Phone numbers
ATM: NSAP addresses

Addresses IP
Properties of IP Addresses
IP is a routable protocol because its address space is suitable

for routing.
Tier 1 tells about the location, tier 2 specifies the computer number
at that location.
Routers remember only the locations (tier 1) about 1 Mio
networks just about feasible
Flexible separation into Network Number (left x bits) and Host
Number (right y bits), every bit must either be network or host bit
(x + y = 32).
Internet Protocol provides for unicast, broadcast, and multicast
services (details later).

Addresses IP

for routing.
at that location.
(x + y = 32).

Addresses IP

for routing.
at that location.
(x + y = 32).

Addresses IP

for routing.
at that location.
(x + y = 32).

Addresses IP

for routing.
at that location.
(x + y = 32).

Addresses IP
Binary Representation of IP Addresses
IP address is not a decimal number!

Otherwise, what would be 192.168.64.171 x2?
IP address is a 32-bit binary number that we write as a
sequence of 4 decimal numbers, separated by dots.
We do that because nobody can remember
11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011.
That doesnt mean we can calculate as if it was a decimal.
Calculation has to be done on binary level
Here we would find out that binary, 11000000101010000100000010101011
x2 would result in a 33bit number, rendering the result invalid in the IP address
space.

Addresses IP

11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011.
space.

Addresses IP

11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011.
space.

Addresses IP
Subnet Masks
Remember, the IP address space is separated flexibly into

Network Number (left x bits) and Host Number (right y bits).
What values x and y assume is indicated by the Subnet Mask.
Subnet mask is 32-bit mask, written like an IP address.
Sample subnet mask: 255.192.0.0
Every IP address must be supplemented with a subnet mask.
Otherwise, one would not know what part of the IP address is
network number, and what part is host number.
However, there are default subnet masks that can be used,
details later.

Addresses IP
Subnet Masks

details later.

Addresses IP
Subnet Masks

details later.

Addresses IP
Subnet Masks

details later.

Addresses IP
Binary Representation of Subnet Masks
Subnet masks are also not decimal numbers!

A subnet mask is not even a binary number, in fact, its no number
at all!
A subnet mask is a binary object that points to another binary
object (IP address) and denotes one of its properties (the bits
being network or host).
A binary one means: the corresponding bit in the IP address is a
network bit.
A binary zero means: the corresponding bit in the IP address is a
host bit.
No calculation can be done with it.
Without the IP address it refers to, a subnet mask is meaningless.

Addresses IP

at all!
network bit.
host bit.

Addresses IP

at all!
network bit.
host bit.

Addresses IP

at all!
network bit.
host bit.

Addresses IP

at all!
network bit.
host bit.

Addresses IP

at all!
network bit.
host bit.

Addresses IP
Example
IP Address 192. 168. 64. 171
binary:
binary:
Subnet mask 255. 255. 255. 0
1 Convert the IP address into binary

2 Convert the Subnet mask into binary
3 Match bitwise to mark network bits and host bits

Addresses IP
Example
IP Address 192. 168. 64. 171
binary:
binary:
Subnet mask 255. 255. 255. 0


Addresses IP
Example
IP Address 192. 168. 64. 171

convert convert convert convert
binary: 11000000 10101000 01000000 10101011
binary:
Subnet mask 255. 255. 255. 0


Addresses IP
Example
IP Address 192. 168. 64. 171

binary: 11000000 10101000 01000000 10101011
binary:
Subnet mask 255. 255. 255. 0


Addresses IP
Example
IP Address 192. 168. 64. 171

binary: 11000000 10101000 01000000 10101011
binary: 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Subnet mask 255. 255. 255. 0


Addresses IP
Example
IP Address 192. 168. 64. 171

binary: 11000000 10101000 01000000 10101011
binary: 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Subnet mask 255. 255. 255. 0


Addresses IP
Example
IP Address 192. 168. 64. 171

binary: 11000000 10101000 01000000 10101011
network network network host
bits bits bits bits
binary: 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Subnet mask 255. 255. 255. 0


Addresses IP
Suffix Representation of Subnet Masks
In an IP address, all network bits must be followed by all host bits.

A valid subnet mask therefore starts with a number of ones, and
ends with a number of zeros:
255.255.255.0 (11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000)
All other subnet masks are invalid:
255.100.0.0 (11111111.011001010.00000000.00000000)
Subnet mask can be written shorter:
255.255.255.0 is the same as /24 because the binary
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 starts with 24 ones
Subnet masks can be written in three different ways:
1 Binary notation: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
2 Dotted decimal notation: 255.255.255.0
3 Suffix notation: /24

Addresses IP

255.255.255.0 (11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000)
255.100.0.0 (11111111.011001010.00000000.00000000)
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 starts with 24 ones
1 Binary notation: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Addresses IP

255.255.255.0 (11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000)
255.100.0.0 (11111111.011001010.00000000.00000000)
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 starts with 24 ones
1 Binary notation: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Addresses IP

255.255.255.0 (11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000)
255.100.0.0 (11111111.011001010.00000000.00000000)
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 starts with 24 ones
1 Binary notation: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Addresses IP

255.255.255.0 (11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000)
255.100.0.0 (11111111.011001010.00000000.00000000)
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 starts with 24 ones
1 Binary notation: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

IP Address Space
Outline
1 Addresses
2 IP Address Space
Address Classes
Special IP Addresses
IP Network Design
Address Space Preservation

IP Address Space Address Classes
The IP Address Space
Every IP address belongs to an address class and has a default

subnet mask.
This is determined by the highorder bit pattern of the first octet of
any IP address:
Binary 0 indicates a class A address, default subnet mask is
255.0.0.0 (or: /8).
Binary 10 indicates a class B address, default subnet mask is
255.255.0.0 (or: /16).
Binary 110 indicates a class C address, default subnet mask is
255.255.255.0 (or: /24).
Binary 1110 indicates a class D address (multicast), default subnet
mask is 255.255.255.0 (or: /24).
All other bit patterns belong to class E and are reserved for
experiments.


subnet mask.
any IP address:
255.0.0.0 (or: /8).
255.255.0.0 (or: /16).
255.255.255.0 (or: /24).
mask is 255.255.255.0 (or: /24).
experiments.


subnet mask.
any IP address:
255.0.0.0 (or: /8).
255.255.0.0 (or: /16).
255.255.255.0 (or: /24).
mask is 255.255.255.0 (or: /24).
experiments.

Determining the Address Class
Examples
10.0.0.5
1 10=00001010 binary
2 Therefore must be class A
3 Therefore has default subnet mask 255.0.0.0
200.100.3.6
1 200=11001000 binary
2 Therefore must be class C

Examples
10.0.0.5
1 10=00001010 binary
200.100.3.6
1 200=11001000 binary

Examples
10.0.0.5
1 10=00001010 binary
200.100.3.6
1 200=11001000 binary

Examples
10.0.0.5
1 10=00001010 binary
200.100.3.6
1 200=11001000 binary

Examples
10.0.0.5
1 10=00001010 binary
200.100.3.6
1 200=11001000 binary

Examples
10.0.0.5
1 10=00001010 binary
200.100.3.6
1 200=11001000 binary

IP Address Space Special IP Addresses
Network Number
Every IP address belongs to exactly one IP network.

IP networks are denoted with a Network Number (NN).
Network numbers look like IP addresses:
10.0.0.0/8
200.100.130.0/24
Network numbers are IP addresses where all host bits are zero.
Can not be used as destination or source address in any packet.
Routers operate on network numbers.

Network Number

10.0.0.0/8
200.100.130.0/24

Network Number

10.0.0.0/8
200.100.130.0/24

Network Number

10.0.0.0/8
200.100.130.0/24

Network Number

10.0.0.0/8
200.100.130.0/24

Manually Calculating the Network Number
Example
IP address with subnet mask: 192.168.64.171/24
In binary:
Host bits:
Change host bits to zero:
Convert back:
Manual calculation:
1 Convert IP address into binary
2 Determine the host bits as indicated by subnet mask
3 Change all host bits to zero
4 Convert back into dotted decimal notation
Result: The IP address 192.168.64.171/24 is in network
192.168.64.0/24.

Example
In binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Host bits:
Convert back:
Manual calculation:
192.168.64.0/24.

Example
In binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Host bits: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Convert back:
Manual calculation:
192.168.64.0/24.

Example
In binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Host bits: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Change host bits to zero: 11000000.10101000.01000000.00000000
Convert back:
Manual calculation:
192.168.64.0/24.

Example
In binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Host bits: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Convert back: 192.168.64.0/24
Manual calculation:
192.168.64.0/24.

Example
In binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Host bits: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Convert back: 192.168.64.0/24
Manual calculation:
192.168.64.0/24.

Calculating the Network Number, Boolean Operation
Example
IP binary:
SM binary:
AND:
Convert back:
Calculation with boolean operations, NN = IP AND SM:

2 Convert subnet mask into binary
3 AND the IP address with the subnet mask
192.168.64.0/24.

Example
IP binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
SM binary:
AND:
Convert back:

192.168.64.0/24.

Example
IP binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
SM binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
AND:
Convert back:

192.168.64.0/24.

Example
IP binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
SM binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
AND: 11000000.10101000.01000000.00000000
Convert back:

192.168.64.0/24.

Example
IP binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
SM binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
AND: 11000000.10101000.01000000.00000000
Convert back: 192.168.64.0/24

192.168.64.0/24.

Example
IP binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
SM binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
AND: 11000000.10101000.01000000.00000000
Convert back: 192.168.64.0/24

192.168.64.0/24.

Broadcast Address
Every IP network has one specific broadcast address (BA).

The broadcast address is used if a packet is delivered to all
members of the IP network.
Broadcast addresses look like IP addresses:
10.255.255.255/8
200.100.130.255/24
Broadcast addresses are IP addresses where all host bits are one.
Can not be used to address particular hosts or nodes. They
address the entire network, with every hosts in it.
Many protocols use broadcast addresses, but mainly on the local
network (delivered by layer 2).
Special broadcast address: 255.255.255.255/24 for all hosts
in the local network

Broadcast Address

10.255.255.255/8
200.100.130.255/24

Broadcast Address

10.255.255.255/8
200.100.130.255/24

Broadcast Address

10.255.255.255/8
200.100.130.255/24

Broadcast Address

10.255.255.255/8
200.100.130.255/24

Broadcast Address

10.255.255.255/8
200.100.130.255/24

Broadcast Address

10.255.255.255/8
200.100.130.255/24

Manually Calculating the Broadcast Address
Example
In binary:
Host bits:
Change host bits to one:
Convert back:
Manual calculation:
3 Change all host bits to one
Result: The broadcast address of the network to which IP address
192.168.64.171/24 belongs is 192.168.64.255/24.

Example
In binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Host bits:
Convert back:
Manual calculation:
192.168.64.171/24 belongs is 192.168.64.255/24.

Example
In binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Host bits: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Convert back:
Manual calculation:
192.168.64.171/24 belongs is 192.168.64.255/24.

Example
In binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Host bits: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Change host bits to one: 11000000.10101000.01000000.11111111
Convert back:
Manual calculation:
192.168.64.171/24 belongs is 192.168.64.255/24.

Example
In binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Host bits: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Convert back: 192.168.64.255/24
Manual calculation:
192.168.64.171/24 belongs is 192.168.64.255/24.

Example
In binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Host bits: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Convert back: 192.168.64.255/24
Manual calculation:
192.168.64.171/24 belongs is 192.168.64.255/24.

Calculating the Broadcast Address, Boolean Operation
Example
IP binary:
Inverted SM binary:
OR:
Convert back:
Calculation with boolean operations, NN = IP OR (NOT SM):

2 Convert subnet mask into binary and invert it
3 OR the IP address with the inverted subnet mask
192.168.64.171/24 belongs is 192.168.64.255/24.

Example
IP binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Inverted SM binary:
OR:
Convert back:

192.168.64.171/24 belongs is 192.168.64.255/24.

Example
IP binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
Inverted SM binary: 00000000.00000000.00000000.11111111
OR:
Convert back:

192.168.64.171/24 belongs is 192.168.64.255/24.

Example
IP binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
OR: 11000000.10101000.01000000.11111111
Convert back:

192.168.64.171/24 belongs is 192.168.64.255/24.

Example
IP binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
OR: 11000000.10101000.01000000.11111111
Convert back: 192.168.64.255/24

192.168.64.171/24 belongs is 192.168.64.255/24.

Example
IP binary: 11000000.10101000.01000000.10101011
OR: 11000000.10101000.01000000.11111111
Convert back: 192.168.64.255/24

192.168.64.171/24 belongs is 192.168.64.255/24.

IP Address Space IP Network Design
IP Network Design Principles

Behind every router interface must be one distinct IP network:
1 All devices have the same network number (and therefore also the
same subnet mask and broadcast address).
2 If there are other routers in the network, they must also have the
same network number.
3 Every host has one router that serves it as the default gateway.
4 This routers interface IP address will be configured as default
gateway for the host.
5 Routers normally do not use default gateways (more in CMN620S).
Behind two different interfaces of the same router there must not
be any IP network overlap.
1 No IP address behind interface A must fall in the range of the
network number at interface B.
2 The IP settings on interface A must not overlap with the IP settings
on interface B.
Remember: Routers operate on network numbers.

on interface B.

on interface B.

on interface B.

on interface B.
Example: Incorrect IP Addressing

Example: Correct IP Addressing

IP Address Space Address Space Preservation
IPv4 Address Space Preservation
The IPv4 Address space provides for the following distinct

addresses:
1 126 ClassA network numbers with 16 Mio addresses each
0.0.0.0/8 is unused, 127.0.0.0/8 is for testing
2 16.000 ClassB network numbers with 65.000 addresses each
64 256
3 2 Mio ClassC network numbers with 254 addresses each
32 256 256
Class A and B are completely allocated since the Mid90s
Only (about a quarter of) class C remains to be given to new
applicants


addresses:
64 256
32 256 256
applicants


addresses:
64 256
32 256 256
applicants


addresses:
64 256
32 256 256
applicants

Private IP Addresses
An address block is a contiguous set of consecutive IP
addresses. Its size is given by a prefix (like a subnet mask).
Polytechnic has been allocated the 196.31.225.0/24 classC
address block.
How do we cater for more than 5000 computers if we have only
254 worldwide unique IP addresses?
We use private IP addresses, and we translate them into official
addresses only for the duration of network communication.
The technology is called Network Address Translation (NAT),
covered in IWT310S.
Private address blocks are the following:
1 10.0.0.0/8 in ClassA,
2 172.16.0.0/12 in ClassB,
3 192.168.0.0/16 in ClassC.
Private addresses are not routed through the Internet.
address block.
covered in IWT310S.
1 10.0.0.0/8 in ClassA,
2 172.16.0.0/12 in ClassB,
3 192.168.0.0/16 in ClassC.
address block.
covered in IWT310S.
1 10.0.0.0/8 in ClassA,
2 172.16.0.0/12 in ClassB,
3 192.168.0.0/16 in ClassC.
address block.
covered in IWT310S.
1 10.0.0.0/8 in ClassA,
2 172.16.0.0/12 in ClassB,
3 192.168.0.0/16 in ClassC.
address block.
covered in IWT310S.
1 10.0.0.0/8 in ClassA,
2 172.16.0.0/12 in ClassB,
3 192.168.0.0/16 in ClassC.
Other Preservation Mechanisms
Private IP addresses are an important preservation mechanism:

By multiplicating the use of some addresses we save the unique
addresses.
Can only be done in LANsWAN devices need unique addresses
because they are part of the Internet.
Other possible measures:
1 Subnetting and supernetting (covered in CMN)
2 Using IP version 6 as a larger address space (covered in IWT)
3 Reclaiming unused addresses (currently not covered)
4 Unnumbered interfaces (currently not covered)


addresses.


addresses.

End of Chapter
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Introduction to Computer Networking

Department of Computer Science

1st Semester 2016

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 1 / 31

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 2 / 31

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 3 / 31

A regulation how to form an address is an address scheme.

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 4 / 31

A regulation how to form an address is an address scheme.

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 4 / 31

A regulation how to form an address is an address scheme.

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 4 / 31

A regulation how to form an address is an address scheme.

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 4 / 31

Tiers and Hierarchy

Address schemes often are hierarchic: part of the address gives

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 5 / 31

Tiers and Hierarchy

Address schemes often are hierarchic: part of the address gives

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 5 / 31

Tiers and Hierarchy

Address schemes often are hierarchic: part of the address gives

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 5 / 31

Tiers and Hierarchy

Address schemes often are hierarchic: part of the address gives

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 5 / 31

Letter Analogy to OSI Model

For world-wide addressing P.O. Box, city and country are

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 6 / 31

Letter Analogy to OSI Model

For world-wide addressing P.O. Box, city and country are

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 6 / 31

Letter Analogy to OSI Model

For world-wide addressing P.O. Box, city and country are

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 6 / 31

Letter Analogy to OSI Model

For world-wide addressing P.O. Box, city and country are

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 6 / 31

Letter Analogy to OSI Model

For world-wide addressing P.O. Box, city and country are

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 6 / 31

IEEE 802 family of standards uses Medium Access Control

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 7 / 31

IEEE 802 family of standards uses Medium Access Control

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 7 / 31

IEEE 802 family of standards uses Medium Access Control

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 7 / 31

IEEE 802 family of standards uses Medium Access Control

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 7 / 31

IEEE 802 family of standards uses Medium Access Control

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 7 / 31

IEEE 802 family of standards uses Medium Access Control

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 7 / 31

IEEE 802 family of standards uses Medium Access Control

Peter Gallert (FCI) Introduction to Computer Networking 1st Semester 2016 7 / 31

Properties of Ethernet Addresses

Properties of Ethernet Addresses

Properties of Ethernet Addresses

Properties of Ethernet Addresses

Properties of Ethernet Addresses

Properties of Ethernet Addresses

Properties of Ethernet Addresses

Properties of Ethernet Addresses