An Error Analysis In Analyzing Simple Sentences

By Using Bracketing System At Fifth Semester

Of English Department In IAIN Langsa

PROPOSAL SKRIPSI

Diajukan Oleh:

MAYANK ARYANTI
1042013060

Program Studi
Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

FAKULTAS TARBIYAH DAN ILMU KEGURUAN

INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI (IAIN)
ZAWIYAH COT KALA LANGSA
2017 M / 1437 H
 Table of Contents

Kata Pengantar.....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table of Contents................................................................................................................i
A. Background of study...........................................................................................1
B. The Problem of the Study...................................................................................5
C. The Purpose of Study..........................................................................................5
D. The Scope Of the Analysis..................................................................................6
E. The Significant Of The Analysis.........................................................................6
F. Theoritical Framework........................................................................................6
1. Sentence.........................................................................................................6
2. Transformational Generative Grammar.........................................................9
G. Research Method..............................................................................................12
1. Research Design..........................................................................................12
2. The Source Of Data.....................................................................................13
3. The Step Of The Research...........................................................................14
H. References........................................................................................................14

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 A. Background of study

All people must agree that language is the most important thing for human

life. The language is connecting people to the society, even the world. Without the

language, the knowledge and the information have never been known by the

people. When we wanted to express something , we will produce the sounds. It is

called as language. The brain is the most important think to speak. When we study

about the language, we have to know how to create the structure of the language.

According Chomskys language is mirror of the mind in a deep and significant

sense. It is product of human intelligence, created anew in each individual by

operations that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness.

Language is a system of communication in speech and writing used by

people of a particular country. Writing as one of artistic creation using language as

media presentation. However, different form of language used in daily life,

language in literatures has its own uniqueness. Language in literature are the result

of processing and expression of individual author.

Jones defined literature is simply another way we can experience the world

around us through our imagination. Literature in the broadest sense, includes all

written materials. In general literature can be divided into: history books,

philosophical works, novels, poems, plays, scientific articles, dictionaries,

magazine, and school textbooks. There are some materials of literature works such

as drama, novel, poetry, and short story. All there are works of imagination or the

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capacity for invention. One of the known everlasting of writing form and likely by

readers is Novel.

Language is a tool to communicate; however childrens language and

adults language are the different. The differences are in style, vocabulary,

grammar, and syntax. Children usually use short words to communicate with

people. They are not thinking logically to concrete object but understand

conversation. Whereas adults language is more complex and structured than

childrens language. They are able to tell long story, word processing according to

grammatical. In this case children used simple sentence. Meanwhile, adults used

long words that consist of main clause and subordinate clause (compound

sentence or complex sentence).

In preschool or kindergarten, short story or novel is the common practice

to introduce literary works. That is when children start learning to read

and understand a text. They will be entertained when they read it. Besides to

entertain the readers, it is also to educate and give information to children. The

children are entertained if they are able to understand the text. The researcher

assumed if a short story or a novel especially for children, it will has simple

sentence. So, the children can get the message from the story.

Chaer states that internal language structure is an object of micro

linguistics that involves system of sound, word formation, sentence structure

and etc.1 The study of the rules governing the way words combined to form

1 Abdul Chaer. Kajian Bahasa: Structural Internal, Pemakaian, dan Pembelajaran. (Jakarta:
Rineka Cipta, 2007). p.15

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sentences in a language is called syntax. From the definition above, syntax is the

one of linguistic studies about structure language that can make word became

phrase, clause, and sentence. The aspects that is analyzed in this thesis is simple

sentences in Roald Dahls novel The BFG. To learn simple sentences, this analysis

is going to give simple understanding about them in the novel through Chomskys

theory.

In this thesis is going to analyze simple sentences by using theory of

Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG). The Transformational Generative

Grammar is genrative grammar that approach towards language, inaugrated in

1957 by Noam Chomsky.The function is to develop the idea and to specify

Transformational Grammar in each sentences in a language which has two level

representations: a deep stucture and a surface stucture. The deep structure is the

output of the base rules and the input to the semantic component, while surface

structure is what is in your mind or you write and say (Harley, 2014). In other

words, deep structure is a structure which is in the mind of the speaker and had a

complete meaning, while surface structure is the sentence which is spoken or

written. In deep structure, the true meaning of what we want to say is kept on

peoples mind, for instance when someone wants to convey his/her idea to other

people, she/he needs to express it in a sentence so that it can be understood by

other people.

The BFG - or, to give him his full name, The Big Friendly Giant - is one of

Roald Dahl's best-loved characters. The BFG was written in 1982 by Roald Dahl.

The book is dedicated to Dahl's late daughter, Olivia, who died of measles

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encephalitis at the age of seven in 1962. These books established his legacy as a

delightful childrens author. The idea for The BFG, the tale of a giant who

captured dreams and gave the good ones to children, occurred to Dahl several

years beforehand.

As of 2009, the novel has sold 37 million copies in UK editions alone. In

1989, The BFG was adapted for a UK TV movie, with David Jason voicing the

Big Friendly Giant. A new film version of the story directed by Steven Spielberg

is planned for release in 2016.

It is interesting if the students or the literature lovers desire to analyze

some syntactic structure from a novel. We can get much information about the

both struucture in novel; deep and surface structures.

The researcher is interested in analyzing The BFG (The Big Friendly

Giant ), as one of short story or literary works that is intented to be read by the

children. In the BFG, the researcher thought the most interesting theme is

friendship. Rold Dalhs teaches us about friendship by telling a story about

Sophie and the BFG. In the BFG friends are important because they stand up for

each other, take care of each other and get to know each other.

Based on the statement above, the resercher tries to present Simple

Sentences found in Roald Dalhs novel The BFG by using Transformational

Generative Grammar (TGG).

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 B. The Problem of the Study

Based on the description in the background of analysis above, the problem

of the research are as follow:

1. How is Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) used in analysing

Simple Sentences found in in Roald Dalhs novel The BFG (Big

Friendly Giant)?
2. What are the rules applied in Found analysing Simple Sentences found in

Roald Dalhs novel The BFG (Big Friendly Giant)?

C. The Purpose of Study

Based on the problem of the study, the purpose of the research are as

follow:

1. To describe the usage Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG in

analysing Simple Sentences found in in Roald Dalhs novel The BFG

(Big Friendly Giant).

2. To identify the rules applied in Found analysing simple sentences found in

Roald Dalhs novel The BFG (Big Friendly Giant).

D. The Scope Of the Analysis

Scope of this research is about sentence structure in The BFG (Big

Friendly Giant) by Roald Dalhs. In order to limit this problems, the researcher

only focuses on Simple Sentences by using Transformational Generative

Grammar (TGG).

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 E. The Significant Of The Analysis

The writter hopes that this thesis can be a guidance for teacher in teaching

syntax. For Students, It can help students to understand how Transformational

Generative Grammar (TGG) used in analysing Simple Sentences. For Readers are

expected can be reader to understand about syntactice stucture on simple

sentences in Roald Dalhs novel The BFG (Big Friendly Giant). and also it can

help some reader to read short story.

F. Theoritical Framework

1. Sentence

1) Definition of sentences

A sentence is a group related of words which begins with a capital letter

and ends with a full stop (.), question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!). A similar

definition is given by Teschner and Evans as any sense-making piece of writing

that begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, with three dots, with a

question mark or an exclamation point.2

Traditional grammar defined sentence in two ways. Firs is by meaning, it

is the term, sentence is a complete thought. And the second is by function. In this

term, setence consist of a subject or a predicate. According to Marcella Frank,

2 R. V. Teschner and. E. E. Evans. Analyzing the Grammar of English. Washington, D.C.:

Georgetown University Press. (2007). P.225

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sentences is a full predication containing a subject plus a predicate with a finite

verb.3

2) Type of Sentences

Based on the definition above, sentence clasified into 4 kinds according to

number of clauses they contain:

a. Simple Sentence

A sentence composed of one clause is called a simple sentence, and its

structure is the same as that of a clause. In a simple sentence there is one main

clause and no subordinate clauses.4 It contains a single statement, question, or

command.

A simple sentence has one independent clause. It has a single subject and

predicate by describing only one thing, idea or question, and has only one verb,

and contains only an independent (main) clause.5 Any independent clause can

stand alone with a full meaning as a sentence. It has a subject and a verb with

which it expresses a complete thought. For example, The girl bought a story

book.

b. Compound Sentence.

Compound sentence is a sentence which has to more predications in the

form of independent clauses. To know whether it is a compound sentence we can

3 Marcella Frank, Modern English; A Practical Reference Guide (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1972)
p. 220
4 M. Demirezen. From Sentence to Paragraph Structure. (Ankara: Adm Publications. 1998. P.1
5 H. Jackson, Analyzing English: An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. (Oxford: Pergamon
Press, 1982). P.92

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see the form of the structure it is : Independent clause + Sentence connector +

Independent clause. For example, The girl bought a story book and she read it.

c. Complex Sentence

Complex sentence is analyzed based on an independent clause and one or

more independent clause namely adjective clause, noun clause, and adverbial

clause. The independent clause is connected the main clause by a subordination

conjunction. Subordination involves two ides, one of which is more important

than the other. The more important idea is placed in the independent or main

clause. A complex sentence is formed: Independent Clause + dependent Clause or

Dependent clause + independent Clause. For example, The girl who bought a

story book was read it.

d. Compound-Complex Sentence

Compound-complex sentence is a sentence which has two or more

independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. For example, The girl

bought a story book and she read it when she arrived at home

2. Transformational Generative Grammar

Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) is a generative grammar

which analyze particularly of a natural language, it has been deveoped in

Chomskys idea.6 The purpose of Transformational grammar is specify a generatif

grammar. Transformational Process of the Syntactic Structures according to

6 Noam Chomsky, Aspects Of The Theory Of Syntax. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press,
1965).p.16

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Chomskys Transformational Grammar can be best summarized by adding,

deleting, moving, and substituting of words. These changes take place through

specific rules, which are called Transformational Rules.

The way to describe the underlying syntactic structure of sentences is

called transformational grammar. It is a method in analyzing sentence based on its

structure. Here are the notations used in transformational grammar.

a. Phrase categories (Preposition-phrase, noun phrase)

b. Grammatical categories (parts of speech)

c. Secondary grammatical categories (case: the function of thing in sentence,

tense (past, present, future), aspect (possessive, perspective), voice

(passive and active), mood (declarative, imperative, interrogative)

d. Functional categories (S, V, O, direct-indirect, C)

e. Sub categorization is syntactic feature of word

f. Strict sub categorization: syntactic feature of a word which is related with

semantic. For example: red rose

g. Selectional restriction is the restriction on the combination of word due to

semantic feature of word. For example: fish loves spoon.

In analyzing sentence, one also can use Immediate Constituent (IC)

analysis. Immediate Constituent (IC) is an implicit assumption that linguistic

structure, especially syntactic structures are layered structures amenable to

analysis by progressive dichotomous cutting. It is a method in analyzing a

sentence by dividing constituents into sub component parts. There are three kinds

of IC analysis; they are Bracketing System, Tree Diagram, and Phrase Structure

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Grammar (PSR).7 These tree kinds of Immediate Constituents has been so far used

in transforming the deep structure of the sentences into the surface structure of the

sentences. Below are the figures of the pattern for Immediate Constituents:

Figure I
Bracketing System

The little girl buys a pen

Det N

Det Mod N V NP

NP VP

Sentence

Figure II
Tree Diagram

Sentence

7 Robert D. Van Valin NP

JR. An Introduction To Syntax. (New York:VP
Cambridge University Press,
2001).p.

Det Mod N V
10

The Little Girl Buy Det

a Pen
N
 NP

Figure III
PSR

a. S= Np + Vp
b. Np1 = Det1+ Mod + N1
c. Vp = V + Np2
d. Np2 = Det2 + N2
e. Det1 = The
f. Mod = Little
g. N1 = Girl
h. V = Buys
i. Det2 = A
j. N2 = pen

Bracketing System is important thing in the analysis of syntax, and it is

important to be clear about what they mean. The development of Bracketing

System can be described in terms of a bottom-up analysis of the sentence, that is,

an analysis which begins with the words of the sentence, rather than with the

starting symbol of the grammar. The process begins by matching the right-hand

sides of lexical rules such as A nice and N dogs to the words of the sentence.

This matching is represented by inserting brackets into the sentence that carry

subscripts corresponding to the lexical category of the individual words. All

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sentences are transformed from deep structure into surface tructure by generating

the process.

G. Research Method

1. Research Design

Research design is a strategy to arrange the setting of the research in order

to get valid data that are suitable to all variable characteristic and the objectives of

research. According to Ary et al research design is the researchers plan of how to

proceed to gain understanding of some group or some phenomenon in its content.8

The research design which is used in this study is descriptive qualitative

research to study the problem. It is not only limited in colleting and explaining

data but also analyzing and interpreting data. Arikunto states descriptive research

is a research to describe method in certain situation systematically, accurately, and

factually. It means that in this analyze the researcher described the syntactic

structure on declarative sentence as the problem statement. Issac state

Descriptive qualitative method describes the population and the evidence of the

data systematically, factually and accurately. This study is carried out by

formulating problem, collecting data, classifying data, and analyzing data. So, the

research that is done by the researcher is descriptive qualitative research.

2. The Source Of Data

The aim of the research is to get data. The data is the important tools in the

research which are in the form of phenomenon in the field and number. From the

8 Ary, et. Al. Introduction for research in education. (USA: Wadsworth Group, 2010). p.426

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data, the researcher will know the result of the research. Collecting the data must

be relevant with the problem of research. The data in this research will be in the

form of descriptive qualitative data and use qualitative data procedure for the data

analysis. Ary et.al argued that in qualitative research, there are two sources that

can be used to get the data. Those are:

1) Primary Source

Sugiyono (2008: 225) stated that primary source is source which can give

valuable information directly. In other word, the primary source is to give

prominent data relate to problems of the research. For the primary source, the

researcher uses Novel from Roal Dahls as the result collecting data. In

qualitative research, the result of collecting data can be used as the strongest

source to get the information.

2) Secondary Source

Secondary source is additional source to get the data. Given (2008: 803)

argued Secondary data source is preexisting source that have been collected for a

different purpose or by someone other than the researcher. In other word,

secondary source has function to collecting data for different purpose when

conducting research. Here, the secondary source which books that are relevant or

related to Tranformational Generative Grammar.

3. The Step Of The Research

To analyze the data, the researcher used description method. In this

analyzing, the researcher uses several steps, there are:

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 1. The researcher reading the novel carefully in order to understand the

novel and collect the simple sentences.

2. The researcher writing all the simple sentences to be analyzed by using

TGG in Tree Diagram.

3. The researcher Specify rules which are used in the novel

4. And the last, the researcher makes conclusion and writing report.

H. References

Arikunto, Suharsini. 2005. Manajemen Penelitian. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta

Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge,

Massachusetts: MIT Press

Demirezen, M. 1998. From Sentence to Paragraph Structure. Ankara: Adm

Publications.

Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English ,a practical Reference Guide .New Jersey:

Prentice Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs.

Jackson, H. 1982. Analyzing English: An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics.

Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Teschner R. V. and. Evans E. E. 2007. Analyzing the Grammar of English.

Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

Valin JR, Robert D. Van. 2001. An Introduction To Syntax. New York: Cambridge

University Press.

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