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Documenti di Professioni
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The undersigned certifies that he has read and hereby recommends for the acceptance by
the Ardhi University dissertation entitled study on Municipal solid waste management
and collection route optimization using GIS network analyst tool. as partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Municipal and Industrial
Services Engineering.
. ....
Prof. Mengisenyi,E.Kaseva Dr. Stephen E. Mbuligwe
PHD,(Dar) PhD (Louisiana State University, USA)
Msc. Eng (Odessa) MSc Eng (UDSM, Tanzania)
Adv. Dip (ARI, Tanzania)
Date..................................
Date..................................
Dr. D. J .V Ngowi
PhD (WITS)
M.Sc. Engineering (MOSCOW)
Head of department of Environmental
Engineering (ARU)
Date.............................................
i
DECLARATION
I, YOTHAM ANDREA, declare that the contents of this dissertation are results of my own
findings and study, and to the best knowledge, they have never been presented and submitted
anywhere as dissertation for Diploma, Advanced Diploma, Degree or any other professional
award in any institution of higher learning.
.
YOTHAM ANDREA
Bsc. Municipal and Industrial
Services Engineering
Department of Environmental
Engineering
ARDHI UNIVESITY
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Prof.Kaseva,M.E. and Dr.Steven
Mbuligwe for their valuable and constructive advice, comments and criticism to my work at all
stages to the completion of the thesis report. I am thankful to Temeke Municipal Council for
allowing me to conduct my research within their municipality. Not only that but also I would like
to thank Mr.Ally Hatibu who is the head of Solid waste management sector in Temeke municipal
council, Mr.Jumanne.A. Mhogo and Ernest Mamuya who are solid waste officers in charge in
Temeke municipal council.
Also I would like to give my great thanks to Administration and Risk Environment
Manager.Mr.Haitham Abdulrahman at MP.Environment Co.ltd for allowing me to conduct the
survey with them during the collection of solid waste at Chamwenyewe street ,Ubena
street,Changanyikeni street and Industrial areas.
I am also grateful to Julitha Ipopo Senior GIS Laboratory Scientist from Institute of Resource
Assessment Department University of Dar es salaam, for giving me assistance in GIS software
application.
Also I would like to thanks my great friends Hamisi Azizi, Phanuel Efraim, and Elisante
Luvonike for their assistance in my reaserch writing.
iii
ABSTRACT
For many years solid waste collection routes for Industrialized society was characterized by
problems associated with the existing of the unplanned and local solid waste collection routes.
Gradually this altitude has begun to change, and much progress has been made over the past
decade. It is increasingly recognized that the goal of a cleaner environment can only be achieved
by integrated control of all types of pollution and al wastes, whether they are along solid waste
collection routes, be discharged to air, to water or to land.
This report is directed at the subject of assessing solid waste collection routes. Purposely Solid
waste is defined as materials that are discarded as unwanted materials by consumers or
manufactures as being of less or no value. Thus am concerning with all solid waste and non solid
waste collection.
This book contains five chapters, whereby chapter one it introduces historical background and
the subject of solid waste management including generation rates, storage, collection system and
disposal from different researches conducted from different areas in the world, also it describe
methods and materials used to prepare this report. Chapter two (Literature review) seek to
elaborate solid waste management process, generation rates, composition of solid waste, solid
waste collection system, the concept of GIS in solid waste management and GIS network analyst
application in solid waste collection route optimization.
Also chapter three describes case study area including location, geographical condition, Map of
Temeke municipality and methods and materials used in obtaining different varieties of
information used in achieving my report writing. Chapter four elaborates results and discussion
of the research conducted, in this chapter the amount of solid waste generated per day is
identified and those amounts which are collected and uncollected were also identified. Chapter
four also describes the solid waste collection stakeholders within the study area. The chapter also
elaborate the existing solid waste collection route used by MP.Environment contractor at
Changombe ward including street routes and Industrial route, Also the optimization of such
particular existing routes and spatial database for existing solid waste transfer stations in Temeke
is have done in this chapter four. Chapter five describes conclusion and recommendation of the
study.
iv
ABBRIVIATION
UDSM University of Dar es salaam
SW Solid waste
SWM Solid waste management
GIS Geographical information system
DCC Dar es salaam city council
GPS Global position system
ARU Ardhi University
CAD Computer Aided Drafting
CAC Computer Aided Cartography
CBOS Community Based Organisations
NGOS Non governmental organizations
TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATION..........................................................................................................................i
DECLARATION...........................................................................................................................ii
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................iv
ABBRIVIATION...........................................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENT................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................................x
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................xi
LIST OF PLATES.......................................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background..............................................................................................................................1
1.3 Objectives.................................................................................................................................3
1.5 Methodology.............................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................5
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................5
vi
2.5.2 Coordination Theory..........................................................................................................13
2.5.3 Location Theory..................................................................................................................14
2.5.4 Variable and indicators of the study.................................................................................15
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................17
3.0 Material and methods............................................................................................................17
3.2 Methodology...........................................................................................................................18
4.2 Population...............................................................................................................................22
4.3.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................22
4.3.2 Discharge and storage........................................................................................................23
4.3.3 Sources of solid waste generation......................................................................................24
4.4 Solid waste collection and transportation system...............................................................27
vii
4.5 Transfer and transfer stations..............................................................................................31
CHAPTER SIX............................................................................................................................46
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................46
6.1 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................46
6.2 Recommendation...................................................................................................................46
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................48
viii
LIST OF TABLES
ix
Table 2.2; Variables indicators of the study...................................................................................16
Table 4.1 Show the quantity of solid waste produced and generation rates in Temeke
Municipality...................................................................................................................................25
Table 4.2 Show the quantity of all sources of solid waste produced in Temeke Municipality......25
Table 4.3 show quantity of solid waste produced per day in Temeke Municipality......................27
Table 4.4 Contractors and Municipal authority ............................................................................28
Table 4.5 ;CBOS and their collection zone .................................................................................28
Table 4.6; Summary of table 4.4 and 4.5.......................................................................................29
Table 4.7; Illustrates existing solid waste collection route............................................................33
Table 4.8; Data for the collection vehicle .....................................................................................34
Table 4.9(a) Comparison between the existing route and the new proposed................................37
Table 4.9(b) Comparison between the existing route and the new proposed................................38
LIST OF FIGURES
x
Figure 3.1 Map showing case study area.......................................................................................17
Figure 4.1; Organization setup for Waste management sector (Source; Temeke SWM
sector,2013)....................................................................................................................................21
Figure 4.2;Waste generation and collection in Temeke Municipality............................................30
Figure 4.3;Map showing Temeke solid waste transfer station.......................................................31
Figure 4.4; Software image showing construction of optimal SW collection route......................35
Figure 4.5; Data processing in obtaining optimal route................................................................36
Figure 4.6 ; Fuel consumption with respect to route distance.......................................................39
Figure 4.7; Time taken with respect to route distance...................................................................40
Figure 4.8;Spatial database for existing transfer station................................................................41
Figure 4.9; Spatial databases for existing transfer station in Temeke municipality.......................42
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 4.1; Solid waste accumulation due to low collection frequency at Lumo sokoni (source,Site
visit)...............................................................................................................................................23
Plate 4.2 Communal collection point ( Site visit,2013).................................................................24
xi
Plate 4.3;Tandika sokoni transfer station.(Source; Field survey,2013).........................................43
xii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Solid waste is not uniform in terms of its constituents, but all waste bears the shared
characteristic of being perceived as valueless and therefore unwanted. If waste generated from
various sources is not managed, it may accumulate and result into environmental pollution.
Solid management is the storage, handling, separation and processing, collection, transfer
and transport and final disposal of solid waste,(Tchobanoglous,1993).Following global
population growth, economic and industrial development, there has been significant increase in
waste generation. This has not been a problem in developed countries. Beside their advanced
economic and industrial development, developed countries make use of their large capital
investment, modern technology, equipment, enacted legislation and private companies to manage
solid waste,(Kennedy,2000).
In sub-Saharan Africa waste generation is approximately 62 million tonnes per year. Per
capita waste generation is generally low in this region, but spans a wide range, from 0.09 to 3.0
kg per person per day, with an average of 0.65 kg/capita/day. The countries with the highest per
capita rates are islands, likely due to waste generated by the tourism industry, and a more
complete accounting of all wastes generated.(Mustafa and Najib,2008).
Kuala Lumpur, which is a city in a country of transition, generates 3,500 tons/d of
domestic and industrial wastes with per capita domestic waste generation approximately 0.81.3
kg per day (Abdul2010). 50 % of the waste generated in Kuala Lumpur is organic (Bavani and
Phon2009). Generation rates in Africas major cities vary between 0.3 and 1.4 kg per capita per
day (Eric2003). More than 60 % of the urban area is inhabited by low-income citizens in African
urban communities making collection difficult (Eric2003).
Africa is now undergoing rapid changes. In most African countries a major population
and redistribution process is occurring as a result of urbanization at a time when economic
performances of these countries is generally poor. One of the major areas where urban authorities
have appeared to fail in their duties is the waste management. Despite laws requiring urban
authorities to manage waste,in most areas only a fraction of waste generated daily is managed.
According to Yhdego(1985) it is estimated that in Nirobi, Dar es salaam, Lagos, Accra, and other
cities in Africa only 20% - 30% of the waste generated is collected and disposed of, while the
1
remained percentage is left in the environment.Yhdego(1985) continues to say that in these
African cities collection of solid waste is usually confined at city centres and high-income
neighborhoods and even there services are usually irregular.
Tanzania, like most developing countries, generates a lot of solid waste. The per capital
urban rate for the whole of Tanzania is estimated to be 0.68kg/person/day, (JICA 1996).This
poses a high risk in the absence of proper waste management.
This study is going to examine solid waste collection in Dar es salaam.Dar es salaam is chosen
for this study because it in Tanzanias largest city with high populated places. Poor solid waste
collection in Dar es salaam is due to a number of factors.Some of these are first, presence of
squatter areas where the majority of the people dwell; second, inaccessibility and environmental
settings of the squatter settlement; third, low waste reduction and waste environmental
management elements like recycling.
The amount of solid waste produced in Temeke Municipality is 743 tons per day. Of the
total waste produced, 243 tons are produced in rural areas/ wards which are disposed of locally
since the area has enough space for waste disposal. The remaining 500 tons are produced in the
urban areas/wards and are supposed to be collected and disposed of by the Councils waste
management division. Out of the 500 tons, only 280 tons are collected and disposed of by the
council and private contractors (56%).(htt;//www.tmc.go.tz/wastemanagement)
2
1.2 Problem of statement
The problem statement of this research is based on improper Solid Waste Management in Dar-es-
salaam city particularly in Temeke where the case study is located. It is found that solid waste
management is becoming prevalence problem in Dar es Salaam though there a lots of efforts
made by CBOs, NGOs and government authority including performing research, discussion
and establish paper to solve problem, these includes dividing the City for making easy collection,
transport and disposal of solid waste, but still today the City is Dirty. Therefore the study
analyses Solid Waste Management and collection system.
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Justification/Motivation
The solid waste management and collection system is the most important process within our
environment. But it is still a problem in our surroundings; therefore there is a need of finding the
simplest and easiest solution for the problem in order to decrease total solid waste generation and
to minimize the costs of solid waste management which will be necessary to perform route
optimization on current solid waste collection paths.
3
1.5 Methodology
My research was conducted through different methods on collecting and gathering information.
These are as listed below;
Literature reviews
Physical observation
Consultation to experts on solid waste
Questionnaires
Table discussion with leaders at Temeke
Hand GPS for capturing coordinates of the existing transfer station.
GIS software; GIS software to determine the minimum cost/distance efficient in
collection paths for transporting the solid wastes to the dumping site and digitizing
Municipality boundary map, existing road network map, transfer stations by locating
their positions according to its easting and northing
CHAPTER TWO
4
1977). According to Addis Ababa health bureau, solid waste is the general term used to describe
non-liquid waste materials arising from various social and economic activities in a human
setting. Similarly, Addis Ababa municipality operational health regulation
(Legal Notice 1/1989 E.C) states solid waste as anything discarded as public sweepings, food
remains, vegetable, ash, grass, metal, plastic, paper, dead animals and other materials that pose
environmental health risks.
According to the city government of Addis Ababa Sanitation, Beautification and Parks
Development Agency (AASBPDA, 2003); the sources of solid waste are: house holds 76%,
institutional /Commercial, factories, hotels and health centers, 18% and 6% from street
sweeping. Another study states that from the total waste generated in the city, 71% by
households 10% street, 6% industries, 9% commercial centers and institutions, 3% hotels and 1%
hospitals (Tadesse kuma, 2004). The sources and types of solid wastes are described in Table 2.1
according to Urban Development Sector unit East Asia and Pacific Region (1999).
The table below describes the eight major categories of solid waste generators. They are
classified according to their source, type of solid waste generated and the kind of process from
which these wastes solid wastes are generated.
Table 2.1 : Major categories of solid waste generators. (Source: Urban Development Sector unit
East Asia and Pacific Region, 1999).
5
wastes, wood, glass, metals,
ashes, special wastes (e.g.,
bulky items, consumer
electronics, white goods,
batteries, oil, tires), and
household hazardous wastes.
Construction and demolition New construction sites, road Wood steel concrete and dirt,
repair, renovation sites, etc.
demolition of buildings
6
Agriculture Crops, orchards, vineyards, Spoiled food wastes,
dairies, feedlots, farm agricultural wastes, hazardous
wastes (e.g. pesticides)
Cities in the world are facing a high level of pollution; the situation in developing countries is
more acute, partly caused by inadequate provision of basic services like water supply, sanitation
facilities, transport infrastructure and waste collection (UNCHS Habitat, 2001). Thus, there is a
need to work towards a sustainable waste management system, which requires environmental,
institutional, financial, economic and social sustainability.
Municipal solid waste management is part of public health and sanitation and is entrusted to the
municipal government for execution. Presently, the systems are assuming larger importance due
Waste generation
to population explosion in municipal areas, legal intervention, and emergence of newer
technologies and rising public awareness towards cleanliness (Kumar, 2005).
Disposal
Figure 2.1; Solid waste management process
8
40-85 percent of the total. Packaging wastes, such as paper, plastic, and glass will become more
predominant in the waste stream as the economies increase and the population becomes more
urbanized (UDEPA, 1999). As countries become more urbanized,their waste composition
change. The substantial increase in use of paper and paper packaging is probably the most
obvious change. The other significant change is a much higher proportion of plastics and
consumer products and their packaging materials. More newspapers and magazines, more
packaged foods and mass produced products are all the causes and bring with it more waste, of
higher volume making waste more expensive to collect and a related rise in the amount of litter.
Normally collection accounts for almost 50% of the total urban annual cost urban solid waste
management. Collection services for industries vary widely. Some industries wastes are handled
like residential wastes; some companies have their disposal sites on their own properties that use
conveyor belts or waste slurry transport.
9
Stationery container system
The waste storage container remains at generation location, the collection vehicles travel to each
pick up location and loads or empties the storage containers, when the truck is full it travels its
wastes to the unloading stations.
Rind (1988) defined GIS as a computer system for collecting, checking, integrating and
analyzing information related to the earth surface. Other definitions give clearer insight into
what GIS really is. Burrough (1986) believed GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting,
storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world. GIS is
also a decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a
problem-solving environment (Cowen, 1988)
These definitions are few of the numerous available but for the purpose of this study, the
definition provided by DeMers (2000) shall be the guide. He defined GIS as the tools and
procedures for gathering, colleting, storing, managing, analyzing and integrating spatially
referenced data for decision making in a problem solving environment. The above represents
tools and techniques derived from a number of disciplines such as geography, cartography,
mathematics, and computer science and information technology. Hence, GIS is a tool to aid
10
decision making in a complex problem environment. This activity is also referred to as Spatial
Decision Support System (SDSS).
GIS can be viewed as a holistic integration of computer hardware, software, data and people.
Fabiyi (2001) identified a number of elements that are essential for an effective GIS. These
include: (1) Institution, (2) People, (3) Organizational Structure, (4) Software, (5) Computer
Hardware, (6) Graphically referenced Data, and (7) Procedural Techniques/Analysis.
A GIS is designed to accept geographic data from a variety of sources, including maps, satellite
photographs, and printed text and statistics. The GIS converts all geographical data into a digital
code, which it arranges in its database. Operators program the GIS to process the information
and produce the images or information they need. The applications of a GIS are vast and
continue to grow. By using a GIS, scientists can research changes in the environment; engineers
can design road systems; electrical companies can manage their complex networks of power
lines; governments can track the uses of land; and fire and police departments can plan
11
emergency routes. Many private businesses have begun to use a GIS to plan and improve their
services. (Michael F. 2006).
GIS will continue to improve as an essential acquisition tool and analysis tool respectively not
only in the analytical description of spatial subjects, but also in environmental planning, impact
assessment, disaster management and simply monitoring remote sensing (Dahdouh, 2002).
However, recent satellite imagery is extending its use to urban areas with the increase of its
resolution to one-meter (i.e. IKONOS satellite), its high positional accuracy, the revisit frequency
of only three days, and its GIS-readiness, despite their relative expensive cost (Montoya, 2002).
12
2.5.1 Networking theory
Networking theory has been written by a number of people, In this study the theory combines the
idea of Antony Sequeira and Kelvin Wallace. Networking can either be internal or external
connection depending to the purpose. Generally the theories include Open System International
(OSI) models, routing concepts, networking standards, and protocol mechanics (Antony &
Willace,2004)
By using a simple management protocol (SNMP) the least cost route is measured by various
principles eg.distance, topology, overlaps, time, landuse, population and number of pickups. The
network optimal to all these factors is very stable, scalable and cheap. Networking can be done in
unstable route to improve it or in a virgin land in order to meet the principles above. The aim is
to control the routing size and aggregate traffic (Antony & Wallace,2004)
The theory is used to answer one of the objectives of the study. The routing efficiency is known
though networking.
13
theory. Coming into the waste management issue how can strategic location of waste collection
point improve the market for recycling materials?
Apart from that Chan elaborated about remote sensing and GIS to be best ways of having a
strategic location. Finally the author gives some ways on which GIS can provide proper
interrelations between non-spatial and spatial (location) analysis.SWCs is spatial in nature; can
the GIS help to bring better analysis for location behavior of the point in relation to non-spatial
data according to this theory?
GIS start to applied when there is a need. After knowing what you want GIS to do; there should
be data sources e.g. data related to space, peoples views, aerial photos etc.in order for the data to
be processed GIS need tools i.e hardware and software; Lastly GIS users should decide the
method to use in GIS depending on the nature of work. The Figure 2.2 elaborates research
Conceptual Mode
Coordination
Information mgt tools
Work organization
Ways to select SWCs
Organization Resources
Institutional framework Viable GIS Human
Legal & policy framework Application in Equipments/facilities
Actors SWCS Capital
Organization
Institutional framework
Legal & policy framework
14
Actors
Figure 2.2: Research Conceptual Model (Source; Morgan, 2004)
Referring to the figure above, having a viable GIS in solid waste collection system need a
number of elements. The main elements include organization, resources, information and
coordination. If all these are available and well performing GIS becomes viable and applicable.
15
Information on generation rates and composition
Information on catchments
3 Coordination Information management tools
Work organization
Ways to select SWCs
4 Organization Institutional framework
Legal and policy framework
Actors
Decentralisation of power in SWCs
5 Resources Human
Equipment/facilities
Capital
(Source; Mwakalinga.2005).
CHAPTER THREE
Temeke Municipality is located in the south of Dar es Salaam City. It borders Coast Region in
the South, Ilala Municipality in the north and west while in the east it stretches by the coastal line
of the Indian Ocean. It covers an area of 656km with a coastal line of 70km length and lies
between 3912' - 3933' east and 648' -733' south. Temeke is the largest municipality among all
municipalities of Dar es Salaam. It consist three (3) division (Mbagala, Kigamboni and
Changombe) and thirty (30) wards (Temeke municipal).This is represented in the figure 3.1
16
Geographical condition
In Temeke Municipality, the land is characterized by the three major features which includes
High Land, this is the area from which woodland and seasonal streams originate and farming
activities and informal residential development are also taking place.
Relative upper land, in this area resident has occupied a large proportion. Due to continuing
urbanization process, other land is being turned into physical development activities such as
residential, industrial, and commercial and infrastructure development.
Low land, this land is found along flood plains of Yombo River, Keko valley, low lying lands of
Unubini and Migombani areas in Kigamboni. The land is suitable for urban farming activities
including gardening.
17
3.2 Methodology
3.2.3 Checklist
Checklist were conducted as the third stage during the research methodology, the main purpose
of this methodology is to know or to find out the generation points of solid waste within the
study area.
3.2.4 Questionnaire
Questionnaires were conducted on focusing the assessments of different stakeholders awareness
on solid waste management to get their views on the current situation, and challenges. Two
different questionnaires will be used
Private contractor questionnaires;This type of questionnaire was to follow-up on solid waste
management by private contractors and to establish the constraint, which hinder the contractors
from providing good quality services.
Questionnaire for municipal authority;To get information on how management is conducted
and who is responsible, equipment used and other necessary information concerning to solid
waste management system.
18
Environmental Engineering at Ardhi University as well as at the local government officials. The
purpose of this part was to obtain views on the causes, extent and effects of poor solid collection.
3.2.6 Equipments
The Materials which were used to collect data at the case study area includes GPS which was
used for capturing the location of existing solid waste transfer station so as to develop the
collection routes
CHAPTER FOUR
19
decide to drop the waste from their carts in many places,eg roads, open spaces,valleys,and in
storm water drainage before reaching the collection points.
20
Organization setup for Waste management sector in Temeke Municipality
MUNICIPAL MANAGENT
HEAD WASTE TEAM
MANEGEMENT
DEPARTMENT
WARD DEV.COMMITTEE
CONTRACTORS /CBOS
Figure 4.1; Organization setup for Waste management sector (Source; Temeke SWM sector,2013)
21
4.1 Physical infrastructure
The situation of infrastructure, including roads and transportation are a fundamental and
underlying issue in almost all aspect of development in Temeke Municipality.
In general the road condition is not good in per-urban- areas in Temeke Municipality.
According to discussion with SWM stakeholders in the municipality it is observed that
304km of the accessible road is paved.Despite their poor conditions, roads are the most
important means of transportation within the Municipality and to other parts of the
Southern Regions of Lindi and Mtwara which passes through Temeke Municipality and
the port access road (Mandela Road) also passes through Temeke Municipality.
4.2 Population
According to the nation population census results of 2012 Temeke Municipality has a
total population of 1,368,881 out of 669,056 is males and 699,825 are females. This
statistics reveal that this was about 31 percent of the total Dar es Salaam population and
makes Temeke Municipal Council the second populous Municipal Council after
Kinondoni which has 41 percent of the total population in Dar es salaam.
4.3.1 Introduction
Poor collection has resulted in the solid waste accumulation of solid waste in the streets,
thus worsening the pollution situation in the ward.(refer plate 4.1).Temeke residents have
the chief complaints related to the solid waste, which are poor collection facilities,
Collection frequency being low following the factor that the Municipality has only six
vehicles assigned for the solid waste collection for all wards found within the
Municipality.
22
Plate 4.1; Solid waste accumulation due to low collection frequency at Lumo sokoni
(source,Site visit)
23
Plate 4.2 Communal collection point ( Site visit,2013)
4.3.3.2 Institutions.
Schools
The average number of all primary schools (primary and secondary schools) is
208.Among these schools 130 are primary schools and 78 are secondary schools whereby
66 are day schools and 12 are boarding schools and seven out of 130 primary schools are
day schools. Number of nursery school is included in primary school so the waste
generated in the primary school includes the waste from the nursery school. The waste
24
was measured in three primary and secondary schools basing on low, medium and high.
Table 4.1 shows the amount of waste generated per day from different sources of waste
generation.
Table 4.1 Show the quantity of solid waste produced and generation rates in Temeke
Municipality
No Source of waste Quantity/day (tons) Average number Generation rates
of people (kg/cap/day)
1 Domestic 698 1368881 0.51
2 Hotels & 7.7 112 85 0.68
Restaurants
3 Institution (boarding 0.23 8289 0.03
schools)
4 Institution (day 4.36 165984 0.03
schools)
TOTAL 710.29 1554439 0.31
Table 4.2 Show the quantity of all sources of solid waste produced in Temeke
Municipality
No Source of waste Quantity/day (tons)
1 Markets 105.67
2 Street sweepings & drainage cleaning 12.16
3 Industries 52.76
4 Commercial establishments 257
TOTAL 427.59
25
found in the study area, establishment of waste generation per day was drawn basing on
that hotel. The management of giraffe hotel reported they have 55beds in their hotel, from
that information the waste generated per day becomes 198 kg per day. Also the number of
people visit in all restaurants per day are 10875 people. From that number of visitors per
day, the amount of waste generated per day becomes 7395kg per day.
4.3.3.4 Markets
There are twenty formal markets waste productions within the study area. But from the
survey it is identified that only Temeke Stereo market and while others are not well
designed and managed.Refering to the study done by (Mbuligwe and Kassenga, 2004)
generation rate of wholesalers and retailers is 3.12 and 5.36kg/day respectively. From this
study it is found that the number of wholesalers in 20 markets are 9825 who generates
30654kg/day and the number of retailers are 13995 who also generates 75013.2kg/day.
From this findings 105667.2kg generated from the market per day.
Table 4.3 show quantity of solid waste produced per day in Temeke Municipality
26
5 Street sweepings & drainage 12.16
cleaning
6 Industries 52.76
7 Commercial establishments 257
Total 1137.84
27
and market waste
4 LekaTugeme No specific area Refuse collection 1
Enterprises and steet sweeping
5 JanethMahunda No specific area Refuse collection 1
Company and street sweeping
6 MP Environment Changombe Refuse collection 4
Company and Industrial waste
7 Pick traders company No specific area Refuse collection 1
28
generated per day to be collected and transferred to the disposal site. Figure 4.2 shows the
amount of waste generated collected and uncollected per day.
According to the discussion conducted with solid waste collection stakeholder it was
identified that only 322 tones is collected per day which is equivalent to 28.29%
comparing with the amount of waste generated per day within the Municipality.
29
4.4.3 Refuse collection charge
This is the most serious issue in running the collection services. According to interview
made the solid waste contractor reported that people are not paying for the service they
are provided. This makes them difficult in running the services because they are using the
trucks which require fuel and maintenance and crewmember who are supposed to be
paid. Contractors reported that refuse collection charges ranging from 1500 to 2000/=
TSH and sometimes it can exceed up to 3000/=TSH depending on amount of waste.
30
Figure 4.3;Map showing Temeke solid waste transfer station
31
4.7 Methods which were used in selecting the routing system
32
Table 4.7; Illustrates existing solid waste collection route (Source; Field Survey,2013)
S/No Route
1 Route No.1
Changombe road Diwani road Ubena road Basra road Changa
road
2
Route No.2
Chamwenyewe road Sheffied road Nelson Mandera road Msikiti
road- Togore road
3
Road No.3
Basra road- Chamwenyewe road Togore road Msikiti road
Table 4.8; Data for the collection vehicle (Source; Field Survey,2013)
Travel Time spent in Loading time in Collection point location
minutes minutes
5.08 16.03 Changombe and Diwani road
4.01 15.06 Diwani and Ubena road
6.10 14.04 Ubena and Basra road
5.07 12.02 Basra and Changa road
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4.03 15.09 Msikiti and Togore road
34
Figure 4.4; Software image showing construction of optimal SW collection route.
Distance
DATA COLLECTION
Time
Fuel consumption
D
GIS CONSTRUCTION
COMPARISON-
GIS ANALYISIS BENEFITS
35
Optimal routing New collection Vehicle
routes
Figure 4.5; Data processing in obtaining optimal route
Table 4.9(a) Comparison between the existing route and the new proposed.
36
Total 9638.83 7055.56
From the GIS analyst tool the route distance is reduced from 9638.83m to 7055.56m
which is equivalent to 26.8%.
According to the Interview with the contractor he said that fuel consumption for the
existing route is 20litres. But basing on the optimized route, fuel consumption reduced to
14.6litres.
Time taken for existing collection route is 2hrs and 40min (field survey).But basing to the
optimum route (new route) time taken during the collection reduced up to 1hr and 57min.
Appendix 1 & 2 illustrate the optimized and existing route for MP Environment
contractor in solid waste collection.
t
Industrial route
MP.Environment also collects the waste in Industrial areas. Contractor reported that fuel
consumption in this route is 15litres, because they are not providing the service to all
industries found in the area, other industries are having their own truck and collect the
waste themselves and transport to the dump site. Table 4.9(b) show comparisons between
the existing and optimized route for waste collection in Industrial area.
Table 4.9(b) Comparison between the existing route and the new proposed.
37
From GIS analyst tool Industrial route also were reduced from 3969.34m to 2851.71m
which is equivalent to 28.15%.Contractor reported that fuel consumption for the existing
route industrial route is 15litres. But basing on the new route (optimized route), fuel
consumption reduced to 11litres. MP.Environment driver responsible for industrial route
collection reported that time taken for the collection is 2hr.From that information it is
identified time for collection using the optimal route(new route) it becomes 1hr and
26min.The existing route and the optimized route are illustrated in appendix 3 & 4.
Figure 4.6 and 4.7 show fuel consumption with respect to route distance and time taken
with respect to time taken respectively.
38
Figure 4.7; Time taken with respect to route distance
4.9 Spatial database for designated solid waste transfer stations in Temeke.
In the study area there ten transfer stations which are only used by municipal authority in
collecting the waste to disposal site. Figure 4.3 indicates the transfer stations found in the
study area
39
Figure 4.8;Spatial database for existing transfer station
According to the standard transfer station should be well constructed and designed, but in
the municipality only four transfer stations are designed out of ten. Even though there are
some existing transfer stations in the study area but they are not well designed and
constructed. Also poor collection frequency is low compared with the amount waste
generated. Figure 4.8 show spatial database for existing transfer station in Temeke
municipality.
40
Figure 4.9; Spatial databases for existing transfer station in Temeke municipality.
Figure above shows software image describing spatial databases for ten existing transfer
stations in the study area including their location, design condition, collection frequency,
amount of waste stored, type of waste and distance from settlement.
Spatial database is only constructed in those wards where the transfer stations are found.
Wards like Somangila,Kimbiji,Toangoma,Chamazi,Vijibweni,Pemba mnazi,Kibada and
Mjimwema their spatial database are not constructed due to absence of transfer stations
in such wards.
The plate below show one of the existing transfer stations found in the study area
(Tandika sokoni) which has designed and constructed.
41
Plate 4.3;Tandika sokoni transfer station.(Source; Field survey,2013)
CHAPTER FIVE
42
5.0 IMPROVEMENT NEEDS AND OPTION ANALYSIS FOR SOLID WASTE
COLLECTION SYSTEM
43
5.4 Technical system
The present SWM technical system in Temeke municipality is simplest system which is
composed of collection and transportation of waste to dump site without any major
intermediate treatment or recycling systems. The first priority objective of SWM is to
maintain sanitary condition in the city, by immediately removing waste generated from
within the human living space. The present total waste collection rate in Temeke is
28.29% of the total waste generated per day. Therefore the first priority on waste
management in the city should be given to the improvement of present collection,
transport and final disposal.
44
CHAPTER SIX
6.1 Conclusions
Waste management system in all aspect including storage, collection, transfer and
disposal are conducted in the study area, but the difficulties are emerged in the
collection system due to insufficient number of transfer stations for waste
generated and low number of collection vehicles. The study revealed that the
waste generated per day is 1137.84tons.
Collection system in the Municipality is conducted by Municipal authority itself,
Contractors and CBOS, but their efforts have achieved to collect only 28.29% of
the total waste generated per day.
From using GIS technology in this study I have achieved to optimize solid waste
collection route basing on collection time, route distance and collection vehicle
fuel consumption. Collection time was reduced from 2hrs and 40min to 1hr and
57min, route distance also optimized from 9.6km to 7.05km and fuel consumption
from twenty litres to fourteen litres.
The results demonstrate that the proposed routes (street route and Industrial route)
are significantly efficient in terms of collection time and distance covered by
26.8% and 28.15% respectively, whereby it ends up on saving fuel consumption
and collection time.
6.2 Recommendation
Since the existing routes are optimized from 26.8% and 28.15% then contractor
should prefer the optimal route in order to reduce the collection cost and
increasing collection efficiency.
The government authority should increase the number collection trucks and solid
waste collection contractors so as to increase the amount of waste collected per
day compared with the amount generated.
Transfer station should be designed and well managed so as to increase the
collection efficiency.
45
Poor solid waste collection should be not be looked at a narrow perspective, it
requires a lot of strategic plan which incorporate community and technical
personnel so as to reduce risks and negative effects on public health and the
environment.
Solid waste collections point should be located nearby accessible roads for aim of
truck to reach the collection point where the waste can be collected throughout the
time.
GIS has to be introduced in solid waste collection by contractors, municipal and
city councils in order to ease information management and able to manage huge
spatial and non spatial data.GIS is to be used as guiding tool during the selection
of collection system in the built up areas and designing for the areas to locate the
new plan.
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46
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