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P.M.B. 2000
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their evolution.
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THE NEOLITHIC COMPUTER
The first computer was found about 3500 years ago in England.
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Across Western Europe are collections of standing stones dating back
movements.
Built over 5,000 years ago during the Late Neolithic and early Bronze
Ages, the standing stones of Europe range from small, isolated circles
in the Scottish Isles measuring only nine meters (30 ft) across to huge
One clue to why Stonehenge and the many other stone circles were
constructed is the fact they exhibit alignments with the Sun and the
Moon during the 18.6 year Metonic cycle, and solar and lunar eclipses
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THE MODERN COMPUTER
work that began during World War II. Yet the most basic idea of
the ancient world, people used devices such as notched bones, knotted
twine, and the abacus to represent data and perform various sorts of
calculations.
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arithmetic functions with numbers, including addition, subtraction,
tasks without the need for human intervention. They require a type of
clockwork mechanism, but the technology of his day could not create
the various gears needed with the precision that would have been
ways. The earliest electronic device, the vacuum tube, is a glass tube,
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various ways. Created by Thomas Edison in the 1880s, vacuum tubes
can be used for amplification, which is why they powered early radios
For years, experts have forecast that the trademark of the next
see how many transistors they can pack on a chip. This effort alone
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to recognize and transcribe human speech. Although fourth-
new question.
What appears to truly differentiate the late 1990s from previous years
WAN levels. Many new homes now include local area networks
(LANs) to link the familys several computers and provide all of them
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SUMMARY
saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. The
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-
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REFERENCES
Diodorus of Sicily, Book II, 47 (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambr., 1935).
London 1961).
Van den Bergh, G. , Eclipses 1600 to 1207 (Tjeenk, Willink and Zoon,
Holland, 1954).
Alan Turing: The Enigma Andrew Hodges, 1983. Simon & Schuster, New
York.
28, 1994.
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