Biology Gases important; are required to for different

metabolic reactions to proceed

Nutrition process of providing or obtaining food
necessary for health, survival, and growth of an
organism;
Nutrients provide energy for the
organisms metabolic processes
Energy necessary; allows organism to move
respire, and digest
Modes of Nutrition
Autotrophic can manufacture their own nutrients
by synthesizing inorganic materials
a. Photoautotrophic directly use the energy
from the sun; plants, bacteria, and protists
Paramesium, Euglenia, Amoeba
b. Chemoautotrophic use chemicals to create
simpler organic substances; hydrogen sulfide,
sulfur, ammonia
Heterotrophic obtain their energy by digesting
organic matter
a. Saphrophytic/Saphrotrophic organisms
obtain their nutrients from dead organic
matter; fungi and bacteria
b. Parasitic organism takes food from another
organism; parasite takes food, host
where the food is taken
Ectoparasitism parasite is outside
the body of the host; fleas and lice
Endoparasitism parasite lives
inside the body of the host;
roundworms and hookworms
c. Holozoic organisms ingest solid or liquid
food
Herbivorous only plants as source
of their energy; sheep, rabbits, and
cows
Carnivorous organisms eat other
animals; lions, tigers, and sharks
Omnivorous both plants and
animals; pigs, hens, and bears
Gas Exchange
Gas Exchange involves the use of oxygen
produced by photosynthetic organisms and the
release of carbon dioxide as a waste of product of
respiration
Structures Used for Gas Exchange (animals)
Cell Membrane used by unicellular organisms;
gases pass through it by the process of diffusion
Body Surface/Skin respiratory surface covered
with thin and moist epithelial cells; flatworms and
frogs
Gills convoluted outgrowth containing blood
vessels covered by thin epithelial cells; greatly
increase the surface area for gas exchange in aquatic
organisms (external axolotl, internal fish)
Tracheal Systems series of respiratory tubes; gases
enter and exit through the openings of the body
called spiracles; grasshoppers and cockroaches
Lungs ingrowths of the body wall (respiratory
tubes and small openings); one of the most complex
respiratory organs of the animals; humans
Gas Exchange (plants)
Photosynthesis - plants take carbon dioxide from air;
oxygen as a by-product [day]
Cellular Respiration - plants take in oxygen; energy
and carbon dioxide as byproducts [night]
Stomata - specialized pores in the leaves where
gases enter; open when light strikes the leaves in the
morning, and close during the night
Guard Cells - control the opening and closing of the
pores
Turgor pressure - pressure involved when
the guard cell is pushed against the cell wall
Suberin - waxy, waterproof substance that does not
allow gases and water to pass through
Lenticels - provide a pathway for the direct exchange
of gases between the internal tissue of the plant and
the atmosphere