CRPF PUBLIC SCHOOL, DWARKA

CLASS XI
MATHEMATICS

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
To create interest in Mathematics.
To emphasise on the practical utility of Mathematics.
To develop the habit oflogical reasoning among the students.
To appreciate the beauty of Mathematics.

TEXT BOOKS:
Mathematics for class XI (NCERT)

Month Course Content

Chapter 1:Sets
July Chapter 2:Relations and Functions
Chapter 3:Trigonometric Functions

Chapter 3:Trigonometric Functions (contd.)

August Chapter 4:Principle of Mathematical Induction
Revisionfor I Term Exam

Chapter 5:Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

September Chapter 6:Linear Inequalities
Chapter 7:Permutations and Combinations

Chapter 8:Binomial Theorem

October Chapter 9:Sequences and Series

Chapter 10:Straight Lines

November Revision for II Term Exam

Chapter11 :Conic Sections

December Chapter 12:Introduction to Three Dimensional Geometry
Chapter 13:Limits and Derivatives

Chapter 15:Statistics
January Chapter 16:Probability
Revision for Final Exam
February Chapter 14:Mathematical Reasoning
Revision for Final Exam
 Syllabus

I Term Exam Chapter- 1 ,2,3,4

II Term Exam Chapter1 to 10

Final Term Chapter1 to 16(Complete Syllabus)

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CRPF PUBLIC SCHOOL,DWARKA

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TOPICS: \.-J

Ch:1 Sets '-/

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Ch:2 Relations and Functions
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Ch:3 Trigonometric Functions
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Ch:4 Principle of Mathematical Induction

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Ch:5 Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations V

Ch:6, Linear ,nequalities V

Ch:7 Permutation and Combination V

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Ch:8 Binomial Theorem
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 Ch:l

Sets

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Topic 1.1 : Sets . and their Representation

Set- It is- a well defined collection of objects. By well defined we mean that all the elements of a set have a
common property & no other element outside the set has that property.

Eg. (i) Odd natural nos. less than 10.

(ii) The rivers of India.
(iii) Students of RDPS.
(iv) The solution of the equation x 2 - 5x + 6 = 0 etc.

Note that
(i) Most dangerous animals of the world.
(ii) Most beautiful women of Indian film industry ---etc.

are not sets.

We will be using the following notations for the given sets as :

N : The set of natural nos.

t : The set of integers.
Q : The set of rational nos.
R : The set of real nos..

Z+ : The set of positive integers.

Not~:

A set is always denoted by capital letters.

The elements of a set are represented by small letters a,b,c, x,y,z. etc,
-+ If a is an element of a set A, we say 'a belongs to A' & write aEA.
If 'b does not belong to A' then we write b "" A.
Eg. If A = {1,2,3,4,S}
Then 2 "" A but 6"" A..

Representation of Sets
/ ~
Roster/Tabular form Set builder form

~ .. ~

AI.I the elements are listed, separated . The common property posessed by the

by co.mmas & enclosed within braces elements is written.

{ }. Eg.

Eg.

(i) A = {2,4,6} A = {x : x is an even natural no. less th~n 8}

(ii) B = {a,e,i,o,u} B= {x : x is a vowel of Eng. Alphabets}

(iii) C = {S,C,H,O,L} C = {x : x is a letter of the word School}

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CA-l.l \ .. D : .

I
. I -_ _ ~C_'h_l_-_S_et._s _

Qi.List all the elements of the following sets:

,(i) A =..[x : x is an odd natural no.)..

(ii) B ={x : x Is a letter of the word LOYA~

. (iii) C ={x : x is.a letter in the word FOllOW}

0 R}
-...../.

(iv) ={x:x is a consonant in the. English alphabet which precedes

Q2. Are the following pair of sets equal? Give reasons:

'--.../

i) A= {2, 3} B = {x :xis a solution of x 2

+ 5x + 6 = 0}
ii) A ={x : x Is a letter in the word FOllOWS }
B= {x : x is a letter in the word WOLF}

HA-l.l Date: .
. Ch I-Sets

'-../.

Q1.Write the following sets in Roster form:..,

i) A ={ x :x is an in~eger & -3 < x < 7}

ii) B ={x : X is a two digit natural no. such that the sum of its digits is 8 }

iii) C ={x : x is a prime' number which is dJivisor of 60 }

Q2. From the following sets, select equal sets:

A = {2,4,8,12'} B = {1,2,3,4}, C = ~,8,t2,14}

o ={3,t,4,2}, E = {-t,l}, F ~ { 0,9} ,G ={t - y.. H ={ Olt}

Q3. The set of lines which are parallel to the x - axis, is a finite I infinite set

.'-./

'.........

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Da:............. I

.I_
. _Chw_S-_l.1_
1 - Sets _

Ql. Define a set and give 2 examples from practical life. (3)

Q2. Tn,Je / False correct the false. statement. (4)

(i) (2,3) is a set

(ii) All equivalent sets are equal.
(iii) Set of triangles congruent to a giVen triangle isa finite set.
(iv) . All real 'numbers are I)atural . .

Q3. (i) Write any 2 equal sets. (3)

(ii) Write A {x : x is a letter ofFOLLOWS} in Roaster form.
. .

Definitions:
1. Empty Set: A set having no element
For example: 1) {x : x is a real solution of x 2 + 16 = O} = q>

2) B = {x : x is a natural no. & 1 < x < 2} = q>

2. Finite Set: A set having finite number of elements.

A = {a,e,i,o,u}

B = {x : x is natural number between i & SOOO}

3. Infinite set: A set having infinite no. of elements For example:

A = {1,2,3,4.--------:-------}

B= {----2,-l,O,l,2,--'----------}

4. Singleton Set: A set having ,a single element.

For example: A = {x : xis a natural number between 2 & 4}

5. Equal Sets: Two sets A & Bare said to be equal if

(i) They have the same no. of elements.
(ii) . Elements are the same.
For example: .(i) A = {l,2,3,4,S) B = {3,2,S,l,4}

A=B

(ii) A = set of letters in ALLOY.

B = Set of letters in LOYAL.

A=B

6. Equivalent se~s :Two sets A & B ~re said to be equivalent if they have the same number
of elements..
For example: A={l,2,3,4}

B={a,g,y,k}

NOTE: fjJ means an empty set, but {fjJ} is a singleton set.

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Topic 1.2 : Subsets

A set A is said to be a subset of a set B if every element .of A is also an element of B.
We write ACB if a EA => a EB

Note that:

(i) If ACB & BCA => A = B ..

(ii) Every set is a subset of itSelf.
(iii) <p is a subset of every set.

Examples: (i) A = {l,2,3}, B = {l,2,3,4}

ACB

(ii) Set Q of rational. numbers C set R of real numbers i.e. Q CR.

Subsets of Set of Real Numbers

. Natural Numbers: N = {l,2,3,4,------------}

Integers Z = {--------------3
.1 -2-2
1 10-
1112,3'-----'----------}
.

Rational Nos. Q = {x : x = p/q, p;qEZ, q =1= o}

Irrational nos. T =:= {x: XE R & x II Q} =R- Q Eg. --./2, --./5, 1t.

We have:
NcZcQ,QcR,TcR,NT

Intervals as Subsets of R

[a,b] = {x : a $ x $ b}

[a,b) = {x : a $ x < b}

(a,b] = {x: a < x $ b}

(a,b) = {x : a < x < b}

For eXi3mple:
Th.e set {x : x ER, -5 < X$ 7} can be written in interval form as (-5, 7 ]and

[:"3,5) = {x : x is a real no st -3 $ x < 5} .

. Power Set
The set of all subsets of a set is called its power set. For ego

If A = {1,2}

Then peA) = H, {l}, {2}, {l,2}}

Note that if neAl = 2, n(P(A= 2 2 = 4

In general,
If neAl = n, then n(P(A = 2"
Q1. Write the power set of {a,b,c}
Universal Set
Set containing all the other sets is denoted by U. For example:
For set of natural numbers & set of prime numbers, we can take the set of real numbers
as U or set of integers as U. Note that U is not unique
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CA- 1.2
Ch J -Sets
Date: .
[. J
I
--.J
,QL Write all the subsets of {1,2,3}
0
Q2. Write the following as intervals:

1) {x : x E R, -4 < x ~ 6 }

2) { x : x E R, -i2 < x <- 10 }

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Q3. Write the following in set builder form:

1) (-3, 0 ) '-./
2) [6, 12 ]

Q4. What universal set (s) would you propose for ea~h of the following :
1) The set of right triangles.

2) The set of Isosceles triangles.

HA -1.2 Halt': ,
Ch J -Sets
'''-./
Q1. Write all the subs~ts of { a,b,(,; )
'~,

Q2. Write the following as Intervals.

i) { x : X E R, 0 ~ x < 7 }

ii) { x : x E R, 3 ::; x ::; 4 }

Q3. Write the following in set Builder form:

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i) (6, 12]
il) [ -23, 5 ) '-.)
Q4. Given A ={ =
l,3,S}, B {2,4,6}, C = {O,2,4,6,8}
Which of the following may be considered as universal set (s) for all the three sets A,B & C. 0
i) {O,l,2,3,4,S,6} ii)
ii) {O,l,2,3,4,S,6,7,8,9,10} iV) { l,2,3,4,S,6,7,8}
',,---,

WS-l.2 Date: .
Ch J -Sets

Ql. Classify the following statement as True or False:

1. Every subset of finite set Is finite.
2. Every subset of infinite set Is finite.
3. A proper subset of finite set Is equivalent to the set Itself. ,'-
4. 01s a subset of {0}. '
5. 5 E {2,4, {5}}
6. {O} e {O,l,2}
7. If two sets are equal, then they are equivalent.
8. Corresponding to a given set, there are infinite number of equivalent sets.
9. ' Two equivalents sets are also equal. ,'----'
10. {O} C {O,l,2}
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~/ CRPF
'-./ Topic:l.3(a) Venn Diagrams

Most of the relationships between sets can be represented by m~ans of diagrams called 'Venn Diagra~s'.

The diagrams consists of rectangle (for universal set) and circles (for subsets.of U).

For example.:

L~ @./"]U
Here
U= {1 ,2 '--------------------10}
.

A == {2,4,6,8,10}
B = {4,6}
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Topic:1.3(b)-Operations on :SEltS'

If A & B ~re 2 ~ets then

il AU B = {x : x E A or x E. B} Union
ii) A (\ B = {x: x E A& x E 6} Intersection
iii) . A- B ={ x : XE A& x ~ B} Difference
B - A =. {x : x E B& x ~ A}
= {1,2,3,4,S} B = {2,4,6, 7,8,9}

J:g. If A
Then AU B = {1,2,3,4,S,6,7,8,9}

A liB = {2,4}

A- B = {1,3,S}

B- A = {6,7,8,9}

In Venn diagrams:
.......----:----'----~.-'U

A B A. . ~.
u ~.,.

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ALJB .~.
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A (JIZ;/'
~-A
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"-' Note: A & B are said to be disjoint if A (\ B = cjI

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'Properties of Operation of union Properties of Operation of

intersection

1. A U B = B UA (Commutative Law) 1. AnB=BnA

2. (A U B) U,C ::: AU( B U C) (Associative law) . 2. (A n B) n C = An (B n C)
3. A U~ =: A ( Identity law, ~ - Identity of U) . 3. ~nA =~,U nA = A (Law of ~ & U)
4. A U A= A (Idempotent Law) 4. An A = A
5. UuA:::U(lawofU) 5. A n (B U C) = (A n B) U ( An C)
(distributive Law)

CA-1.3 Date: .
Ch I - Sets

Ql. Find the uni.on of the following

. pairs of sets:.

i) . X ={ 1,3,5 } , Y = {1,2,3 } .

ii) A = {x : x is a natural no. & 1 < x ::s; 6 }

B = { x is a natural no. & 6 < x < 10 }

Q2. If A ::: { 1,2,3,4,} B = { 3,4,5,6,}, C = { 5,6,7,8} and 0 = { 7,8,9,10}, find:

i) AVB Ii) AUC iii) BUC

iV) BUD v) A U BU 0 Vi) A (1 C (10 vi) B(1 0

 CRPF

HA-t.3 Date: .
Ch I-Sets

Q1. If A = {l,2,3,4,S}, B = {4,S,6,7,8}, C = {7,8,9, 10,11} and 0 = {10,11,12,13,14}

And . . .
i) A U B ii) AUC iii) A f"'I 0
iv) A f"'I ( B U C) v) (A f"'I B) f"'I (B f"'I C) vi) BUCn 0
vii) (A U D) f"'I (6 U C)

Q2. Let A = {x : x eN}, 8 ={ x : x =

2x, xeN}
= =
C {x. : x. 2x - 1, x e N} and
=
o {x : x is a prime natural na. }, find:

I) A f"'I B Ii) A f"'I C Iii)' 8 f"'I 0

....../
Iv) C f"'I 0
Q3. If A = {3,6,12,lS,18,21}, B {4,8,12,16,20} =
'-./ C:::: {2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16} & 0 = {S,10,15,20}
And: ~
'-.....
i) B- C II) D - B iii) B- A
Q4. = =
If A {3,S,7,9,ll}, B {7,9,U,13} & C {l1,13,1S} =
Verify t h a t : ' .
I) A f"'I (8 U C ) =(
A f"'I B ) U ( A f"'I C)
il) A U ( 8 f"'I C) =(
A U B) f"'I ( A U C)
......./

WS-'1.3
Ch 1- Sets Date: ..

Fill ups:

1. A ("\ ( B U C) = ---'-_ _"

2. If A = {1,2,3,4} & B = {2,3,S,7}, th~n A- B = &8 - A = _

3. If X e A and X, B, then Xe _

4. -rhe Venn diagram depicts _

5~ B-A= _

6. If A = { 1, 2, {3, 4}, S}, then are the fallowing statements true ar false:

(i) {3,4} CA (II) {3, 4} e A (iii) {{3, 4}} CA

v
(Iv) SeA

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Topic 1. 4 : Complement of a Set

If A is any set, then complement of A, given by
A' = {x : x E U &. x ~ A}
=U-A
Example: If U = {l,2,3.,--,;--------10} A = {l,3,S,7,9}
Then A' ={2,4,6,S,lO}
Note (AT = A ""---J
Properties of Complement Sets:
i) Complement Laws: .
a) AUA'=U'

\3) A 1\ A' = <I>

ii) De. Morgan's Laws

a) (A U B)' = A' 1\ 6'
b) (A 1\ B)' = A' U B'
iii) Law of double complement
(AT = A
Iv) Law of empty set & universal.set
</>' = U & U' == <I>

These laws can be verified by Venn diagrams.

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, CA-l.4
Ch I-Sets

Q1. Let u = {l,2,3,4,S,6,7,S,9} , A = {1,2,3,4}

6 = {2,4,6,S} and C = {3,4,S,6}

Find (I) A' (II) B' (iii) (A U C).'

(Iv) (A U B)' (v) (A')I (vi) (B-C)'

Q2. If V == {l,2,3,4,S,6,7,S,9}, A = {2,4,6,8}

B = {2,3,S,7}. Verify that:- .

i) (AU B)' = A' nB'

ii) (A nB)' = A' U B'

Q3. Fill Ups:

i) A U A' =
II) fjJ' n A =
iii) A n A' =
Iv) u' (\ A =
. ..

Q4. Verify 'De Morgans Laws by Venn Diagrams:

. Q5. If U = {a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h}, find the complement of :

(i) A ~{a,b,c} (Ii) B = {d,e,f,g}
(iiI) C {a,c,e,Q} (iv) =
0 = { f,9,h,a}.

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.,: ~-,.~., ~'''''''-'''-' ., .-.." P .... , ;~ .... , '
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HA-l.4 Date: ..............

Ch I -Sets

Q1. Taking the set of natural numbers as the universal set, write the complement of :

i) {x : x Is an even natural number}

{ x: 2x + 5 = 9}
,-/'
ii)
iii) .{ x : x + 5 8} =
iV) { x : x ~ 7}

Ql. If U = {2,3,S,7,9}, A = {3, 7}, B; {2,5,7,9}, the prove that :

i) ( A U By = A'rt B'

ii) (A n By = A' U B'

WS-1.4 Date: .
Ch I-Sets

Q1. Which .of the following pairs of sets are disjoint?

i) {1,2,3,4} and {x: x is a natural number and 4 ~ x ,~6}

ii) {a,e,i,o,u} and {c,d,e,f}

iii) {x : x is an even integer} and { x : x is an odd integer}.

Q2. State whether each of the following statement is true or false:

I) {2,3,4,S} and {3,6} are disjoint sets.

il) ,{a,e,i,o,u} and {a,b,c,d} are disjoint sets.

iii) {2,6,lO,14} and {3,7,l1,lS} are disjoint sets..

Iv) {2,6,lO} and {3,7,11} are disjoint sets.

Topic 1.5 : Problems on Union&. Intersection of two sets

Resul~s:- I) n(A U B) = n (A + n (B) - n (A rtB)
i i ) n ( A - B) = n (A) - n (A riB)
iii) n ( B-A) = n (B) - n (A riB)

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..- / - - - - - - - - - ' - ' - ' - - - - - ' - .
.. ....;.:.;. ...,.-~...,...----------_ ........_---------_-----.:_~-
". ~ .. ~".:.:_:..~:.:;';fo.I:.~-.{~;.....""...~-.k;:S~~:-~i'.-._;,..;:.~-.
 CRPF

'-
CA-1.5
C_h_l_~S_e_ts
I .
Da.e'...............
I
Ql. If X& Yare two sets such that n (X) = 17, n (Y) = 23 & n (X U Vr = 38, find n ( X n V).
Q2. In a group of 400 people, 250 can speak Hindi & 200 can speak English. How many people can speak
.both Hindi & English? .

Q3. Ina group of 50 people, 35 speak Hindi, 25 speak English and Hindi and all the people speak at least
one of the two languages. How many people speak only English and not Hindi. How many people
speak English? .

Q4. If A, B & C are three sets andU is the universal set S.t. n(U) = 700, n(a) = 200, n(B) = 300 & n(A n
Find n(A'nB'). . .

Q5. In a survey of 700 students ina college, 180 were listed as drinking Limca, 275 as drinking Mirinda& .
95 were listed as drinking both Limca and Mirinda. Find how many students were drinking neither
Limca nor Mirinda. . .

Q6. In a survey of 25 students, it ~as found that 15 had taken mathematics, 12 had taken physics, and 1:
had taken chemistry,S had taken mathematics & chemistry, 9 had taken mathematics & physics, 4 he
taken physics and chemistry and 3 h~d taken all the three subjects. Find the number of students that
had: . .

1 . Only chemistry

2 Only mathematics

3 Only physics'

4 Physics & chemistry but not mathematics

5 Mathematics & physics but not chemistry

6 Only orie of the subjects

7 At least one of the three subjects

8 None of the subjects

HA-1.5
Ch 1 - Sets "I Dau,............... I
I
If X &.y are two sets such that X U Y has 18 elements, X has 8 elements and Y has 15
elements; how many elements does X n V have?
In a group of 70 people, 37 like coffee, 52 like tea and each person likes at least one of the tw< .
drinks. How many people !.ike both coffee and tea? . .

In a group of 65 people, 40 like cricket, 10 like both cricket & tennis. How many like tennis
only and not cricket? How many like tennis? .

There are 40 students in a chemistry class and 60 students in a physics class. Find the'
.number of students which are either in physics or chemistry class in the folloWing cases:
The two classes meet at the same hour.
The two classes meet at different hours and 20 students are enrolled in both the subjects..

Out of 500 car owners investigated, 400 owned maruti car and 200 owned Hyundai;
50 owned both cars. Is the data correct (Hint, findn (M U H)

I-Il- .
 CRPF

Q6. In a survey of 100 students, the number of students studying the various languages were foun
to be: English only 18, English but not Hindi 23, English & Sanskrit 8, English 26, Sans~rit 48,
Sanskrit & Hindi 8, no languages 24. Find
1. How many students were studying Hindi?
2. ' How many students were studying English and Hindi?

Q7.In a survey it was found that 21 persons liked product P1 , 26 liked productP 2 and 29 liked
product P3' If 14 persons liked product P1 & P2 ; 12 people liked product P1 & P3 and 14 people liked
P2 and P3 , 8 liked all the three products. Find how many liked product P3 only. ,

WS~1.5
Ch 1 - Sets Da'...............
I
Fill ups:

(i) n(A u B) ;;' (ii) n(A - B) =

(iii) nCB - A) = (iv) . n(U) - n(A) =
(v) n(A' n B') = . (vi)' n(UnA) =
(vii) . n(A' u B') = (viii) . n(A + n(A') =
(ix) n(A n A') = (x) n(A u A') =

Miscellaneous
Ch J - Sets I Date: .. uo

Ql. Show that for any, sets A & B,

A = ( A n B) U (A-B)
&
Au ( B-A ) = (A u B)

Q2. Using properties of sets, show that

i} A U ( A n B) = A
ii) An (A U B) = A

Q3. Show that

A (l B =A n C ne~d not imply B =C

Q4. Assume that peA) =P(B). Show that A= B.

Q5. Let A,B,C be the sets such that AUB= AUC and AnS =A nco
Show that B=C .

,. ,~
 '..-,'

SETS
THINGS TO REMEMBER

A set is a well-defined collection of objects. ,v

There are two methods of representing a set :.

,
(a) Roster or Tabular form e.g. : ,
''-.-

natural numb~HS less than 5 = {1, 2, 8, 4},

(b) Set-builder form or Rule method e.g. : Vowels in English alphabet

= {x : .x is a vowel in the English alphabet}

, . Types of sets :

(i) Empty set or NuH set or void set

,(ii) Finite set

(iii) Infinite set

(iv) Slngletan set

Subset:- A set A is said to be a subset of set B if a EA =:> 8E 8. '

'if a EA

'j
Equ~1 sets :- Two sets A and B are equal if they have exactly the same
elements i.e A =B if A c Band B c A \_--,,'

Power set : The collection of all subsets of a set A is called power set

of A. denoted by P(A) Le. peA) = { B : Be A }

If A is a set with n(A) =m then n [P(A)] = 2m.

,
. , Equivalent $(tts : Two finite sets A and B are equivalent, if their cardinal

numbers are same i.e., n(A) = n(B}.

r J
I
''--f
 Types of Intervals
.. Open Interval.(a, b) ={X E R:a<x< b}

Closed Interval [a, b} ={X E R:a ~ x ::; b }

Semi open or Semi closed Interval,

(a,b] ={x E R:a<x ~ b}

v
{a,b) ={x E R : a .~ x < b}

Union of two sets A and B is,

A v B = { x :. x E A or x E 8 }

Intersection of two sets A and B is,

A (J B ={x : x E A and x E B}

AnB
Disjoint sets : Two sets A "and B are said to be disjoint if A n B =$

U A B

.. ~

.. ~/
 . Difference of sets A and B is,

A -. B ={ x : x E A and x ~ B}

A-B
Difference of sets B and A is,

B- A ={ x : x E B and x tf: A }

u
v

B-A
Complement of a set A, denoted by A' or AC is

A' = AC = U- A= { x:x E U and x ~ A}

'J

>." ~.: ~~S:i~'~'~-.

; ~.'-....-/ ..
 Properties of complement sets:

. 1. ~omplement laws

v (i) A u A' = U (ii) A (l AI = <p (iii) (A')' = A

2. De Morgan's Laws

"-/ I
(i) (A v B)' = A' n 8' (ii) (A (l' B)' = A' u S'

"'--'

-.

..........

~./

l- ~---------'.--~-~---~--_::_--
 When A and B are disjoint n(A u 6) = n(A) + n(6)

When A and B are not disjoint

. n(A v 8) = n(A} + n(8)- n(A rl B}

n(A u B u C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A n 8) - n(B n C) - n(A n C)

+ n(A (1 B n C)
v

/'/8

_ _ _ _ _~_ _~_ _ -------------------:~~. ..~...-,"'. . .-".

.. ,-,=:.~:~
'f-:'':-'- -'-"'-,-./
 ASSIGNMENT 1

SETS

(1 MARK)

=
]. Write the set A {x: x is an integer, -1 ~ x < 4} in roster form.
2. .Which of the following are empty sets? Justify.

A = { x : x E Nand 3 <x <4}

=
B = { x : x E Nand x2 x}

=
3. B {x: x EN and x is an even prime number} is a finite or infinite set.
4, Are sets A = { -2,2}, B = { x : x E Z, x2 -4 = O} equal? Why?
5. Write (-5,9] in set-builder form.
6. Write {x : -3 ~ x <7} as interval.
7: If A ={ 1,3, 5}, how many elements has P(A)?
8. If A= {2,3A,5}, B = {3,5,6,7} find

a) AvB b)AnB

9. If A :::: {1,2,3,6} , B = {1, 2, 4, 8} find B - A.

10. If A = {p, q}, B = {p, q, r}, is B a superset of A? Why?

11. Are sets A = {1,2,3,4}, B ={ x : x E N" and 5 ~ x ~ 7} disjoint? Why?

12. If X and Yare two sets such that n(X) =19, n(Y) =37 and n(X n Y) =12, find n(X v Y)~

.~.

(4 MARKS)

13. If U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}, A ={2,3,5,7,9}, B = { 1,2,4,6}, verify

a. (A v B)' = A' n B'
b. B - A =B n A' = B - (A n B)

14. In a group of 800 people, 500 can speak Hindi and 320 can speak English. Find
a ) How many can speak both Hindi and English?
b) How-many can speak Hindi only?

15. A survey shows that 84% of the Indians like grapes, whereas 45% like pineapple. What
percentage of Indians like both grapes and pineapple?

'-. 16 .In a group of students: 225 students know French, 100 know Spanish and 45 know both. Each"

student knows either French or Spanish. How many students are there "in the group?

17. If A = [-3; 5), B = (0, 6], then find (i) A - B (ii) A v B

...../ 18. III a survey of ~50 people, it was found that 110 play cricket, 160 play tennis and 70 play both

"--<' cricket as well as tennis. How many play neither cricket nor tennis?

-~ ... _ - . . . . : . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ -
 (6 MARKS)

9. In a survey it is found that. 21 people like product A, 26 people like product B and 29 like
product C. If 14 people like product A and B, 15 people like product Band C, 12 people like
product C and A, and 8 people like all the three products.. Find v
a. How many people are surveyed in all?
b. How many like product Conly?

10. A college awarded 38 medals in football, 15 in basket ball and 20 in cricket. If these medals'
went to a total of 50' men and only five men got medals in all tht;) three sports, how many
received medals in exactly two of the three sports?

'. / .

'.; h. :-.:"

----------------------'-:---------,...."....-~~~----..,....----:-,...-----'----..,....---..,.....,....-----"~'
..,' -." ~o.-~:-~tJ~.~;_~;~~.~~~.:;~ .. 'f." . , , ' . '
. _~ "--0 .'-:----."":.: .......::..~t-:ft.~ ~.-._'t,.- ..,'.

 '-"' .

'-.....-'

~~~~~~~~ ...

v
V .

'J

.Ch:2.
. ReJatlons and
Functions .....

-,./

!
-.Ji .

~'

,~)
~~~~~~~~
\
~.

'J" .
,
~------------------_---'-'-:---'---~-

~~
f ..
 CRPF

Introduction:

Q1. What is a set? .

Q2. What are the different types of sets ?

Q3. What are the different operations on sets?

Q4. What do you mean by a subset of a set? .

0:5. How many subsets can a set having m elements have?

In our daily life we come across relations such as father and son, brother and sister, wife & husband
etc. In Mathematics also we have seen relations such as 'A is equal to B', 'AABC is congruent to
~DEF', 'a line I is parallel to line m' etc. These relations involve pair of objects in certain order.

In this chapter we shall know how to form pair of objects from. two sets and then introduce

relations between the two objects in the pairs. We shall also learn about some special relations

which will form f u n c t i o n s . .

We will also learn about some special functions viz constant function, identity function,

polynomial function, modulus, signum function and greatest integer function,

.Topic. 2.1 : Ordered Pair

Consider a set of 3 sets & another set B of 2 neckties.

Let A = { 51, 52, 53}

. B = {N 1 , N2 }

Now'if we want to make pairs of suits & neckties, then how can we proceed?

The students will forrn the following pairs on the blackboard one by one

Suit 51 with Necktie N1

5uit 51 with Necktie N2

5uit 52 with Necktie N1

5uit 52 with Necktie N2

5uit S3 with Necktie Nl

5uit 53 with Necktie N2

We can rewrite these in the form :

In all these distinct pairs, the first component represents a suit and the second component

represents a necktie.

We call such pairs as ordered pairs.

, . .

An ordered pair is a pair of two objects whose components occur in a specified order.
It is written as(iI, b)

For example: (l,a), (2,b), (3,c) are three ordered pairs whose first components are natural
numbers and the second components are English alphabets taken in order.
 CRPF

(ii) The points in a plane are represented by ordered pairs (x, y) for different values of x & y; .

. ( x ,y) x = abscissa
y =.ordinate

Note that

(3,5) is different from {3,5}. Why?

Is (2,4) the same as (4,2) ? why? . .
The twocomponents of an ordered pair ,may be equal as (2,2), (4,4),etc.

Cartesian' Product of Sets.

Consider the example of Suit & Necktie taken before. If you write all the ordered pairs in a curly
bracket you get a set called the Cartesian product of A & B, denoted by A X B i.e.

A x B = {(51, N1), (51, N2), (52, Nl), (52, N2), (53, N1), (53, N2)}
i.e. the set of all ordered pairs from A to B is called the Cartesian Product of A &.B and is
written as A X B.

Eg:- If A = {1,2,3}, B = {a,b,c,d} then A x B = {(l,a), (l,b), (l,c), (l,d), (2f.a), (2,b), (2,c), (2,d),
(3,a), (3,b), (3,c), (3,d)} .

We write A x B = {(a,b): aeA, beB}

5ee that)f .
If n(A) = m
n(A) =3 .. n(B) = n
n(B) =4 n(A xB) = mn .
n (A x B) = 12 = 3 x 4

Results:

Q. Let A = {1,2}, B = {2,3,4} & C = {2,3,6}

Verify that

i) A x (BuC) = ( A x B) u (A X C)
ii) A x (Bne) = (A xB) n ( A xC)
iii) (A - B) x C = (A x C) -:- (B x C)

Fro~ the aboVe examples, we can generalize that:

A x (Bue) = (A x B) u (A X C)
A x (BnC) = (AX B) n (A xC)
(A - B) x C = (A x C) - (B xC)
 CRPF

Geometric Representation"of Cartesian Product

Ex:- If A = {1,2,3} & B = {2,4} find A x Bgraphically is :

A x B = {(1,2), (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (3,2), (3,4)}

Q. Let A = {a,b,c} & B = {x,y}.

Find A x B, & show it graphically..

Equality of ordered pairs

(a,b) = (c,d) :) a =c and b= d

CA-2.1
ch 2 - Relations
&Functions
I Dare:... I
Ql. Find x & y is (x + 1, Y - 2) :::: (3, 1) ?

Q2. If (~+I,y-D ={H),findX&Y

Q3.' If (2a -3, b + 2) = (3a + 1, 2b + S), finds a & b.

Q4. If A = {1,2,3}, B = {3,4} and C= {1,3,S} find

1) A X (B U C) 2) A X ( B ('\ C) 3), (A X B) ('\ (B X C)

Q5. If G = {7,8} & H = {S,4,2} , find G xH and H x G.

Q6. If AX B = {(2,3), (2,1), (3,3), (3,1), (4,3), (4,1)} find A and B.

Q7. Let A = {a,b,c} and B = {p, q}. find

i) AXB ii) BXA
Is A X B = B X A ?

Q8. LetX = {S,6}, find i) X x X' ii) X x X x X

Q9. Express A = ((x,y) : );< + 2y = 11, x i y E,N} as the set of ordered pairs.

HA-2.1
Ch 2 - Relations Date: .
, &Functions

Ql. Find x & y if (3x 2, Y +4) = (y + 3, x -1 )

Q2. Find x & y if (x + 3, S) = (6, 2x + y)
Q3.. Fine a & b if (a-2, b +S) = (-2, 1/3)
'Q4. If A = {1,3,S,6), B = {2,4} find
i) AX B ii) BXA
QS. If AX B= {(a,l), (b,3), (a,3), (b,l), (a,2), (b,2)}. Find A and B.
 CRPF

'-"

-......-1 Q6. If AX B= {(a, 1), (a,2), (a,S), (b;2), (b,S), (b,l)} find 6 X A.
Q7. Let A = {2,3,4}, B = {2,6}, C = {3,S,6}, find:

v i) A X (B (\ C) Ii) A X (6 U C)

iii) (A X B) (\ ( A X C) Iv) . (A X B) U ( A X C)

'J Q8. Express A = {(x,y) : x + V ~ 3, x, V eN} as the set of ordered pairs.

Q9. Let A = {l,2}, find A x A x A
'J Q1O. If A = {1,2}, B = {1,2,3,4}, C '= {S,6} and D = {S,6,7,8}. Find A x C and B x D.
Verify that A x C is a subset of B x D. .
J Ql1. Express X = {(x,V): x2 + V2 = 1, x, yeW} as the set of ordered pairs.
Q12. .If A = { x :. X < 2 and x is a whole no.}
'-../ 6 = {x : 4<x<7, x e N} and C = {O,l}.
Find i) (C X B) - ( A X B) ii) (A U B) X C

WS-2.1
I n.te: .

Ql.Fi11 in the blanks:

1) If ( x + 1/3, Y - 2/3) = (-1,4), then x = and y = ---'-_

',,,,../

2) If R ::;: {(x,y) : x,y e N & 2x + Y = 9 } , N being the set of natural numbers, then R as
the set of ordered pairs is written as _
3)' If P = { a, b), then P X P X Pis ---'- _
4) If A = {a, 1, 2} , B = {3} and C = {3,4}, then ( A X C) U (B X C)
is, _
5) If A= {1,2,3,4} & S = {(a,b) : a eA, b eA, a divides b}, then the elements of g
'are _
'6) If the set A has 3 elements & the set B = {3,4,5}, then the number of elements in
A X B is
7) .Let A = {1,2} & B = {3,4}, then A x B will have subsets.
. 8) . If A & B are two sets such that nCA) = 3 and and n(B) = 2.
9) If (x, 1), (y,2), (z,l) are in A X B then
A= .&B = -'- ~

10) (a, b, c) in A X A X A = {(a, b, c) : a, b, c eA} are called -'-_

11) If neAl = a, n(B) = b, then n(A X B) = _-----'- _
12) If A = {1,2} & B = {3, 4}, then A X (B n 0) =
Q2.State True / False :

1) If P = {m,n}, and Q = {n,m}, then PX Q = {(m,n), (n,mH

. .

2) If A & B are non empty sets, the~ A X B is a non empty set ,of ordered pairs (x,y) such that
x eA, ye B.

'-../-----:------------_---:._-'--~-~_-:...-_------'--~-----

k~
 CRPF

Topic 2.2 : Relations

A subset of Ax B is said to be a relation from A to B.

Eg. If A = {(l,2,3)}, B = {3,5}

A x B= {(1,3), (1,5), (2,3), (2, 5), (3,3), (3,5)}

We can define relations R1 , R2 as :

R1 = {(l,3), (2,5)}

R2 = {(1,3), (3,3), (2,3)} etc.

Note that if (a,b)e R we write aRb

Relation R from set A to A is also known as a relation R in set A.

Arrow diagram

Let P = {a,b,c}, Q = {I. m. n. o. p} .

P x Q has 3 x 5 =15 ordered pairs.. We can define a relation R as :

R = {(a, I), (b,m), (c,n), (c,o)}

A visual representation of this relation R (called an 'arrow diagram') is given by:

Domain & range of a relation

Theset of all first elements ina relation Rtrom set A to a set Bis called the Domain of the
relation R.

The set of all second elements in a relation is called the Rangeof the relation.

The whole oJ the set B is called the codomain of the relation R.

 CRPF
"
i.e. If

A x B = {(2,6), (2,12), (2,18), (2,21), (4,6)-----------------(6,18), (6,,21)}

Domain = {2,4,6}

Range = {6,12,18}

Codomain = B = {6,12,18,21}

:. Range c Codomain.

Give an example each where:

(i) Range = Codomain

(ii) Range C Codomain ..

A relation may be represented algebraically either by the Roster form ( i.e. writing all the elements)
by Set Builder Method (i.e. writing the common property possessed by the elements).

CA-2.2
Ch 2 - Relations D.te,............... I

&Functions

Q1. Let A = {1,.2,3,4,S,6} .. Define'a relation R from A taA by:

R={(x,y): y =: x + 1}
(i) Depict this relation using an arrow diagram.
(ii) Write its domain, codomain and range.

Q2. The figure' shows a relation between the sets P & Q .

f

Write this relation

i) in set builder form

ii) in roster form

Write its domain & range.

Q3. Let A = {1,2,3-----14}. Define a relation R from Ato A by R = {(x,y); 3x-y = 0, where x,yeA
Write down its domain, codomain & range.

Q4. Let P = {4,6,7,9) & Q = {1,2,3}. Define a relation R from P to Q by

R = { (x,y): the difference between x & y is odd, x eP, yeQ},
Write R in Roster form and depict the relation using"an arrow diagram.

Q5. Let A = {2,3,4}, B = {4,3,6}., R is defined as 'is a factor of' from A to B. Find
i) R ii) domain of R iii) range of R

2.1
 I
CRPF

HA-2.2
Ch 2 - Relations' Date:
&Functiol7s

Q1. Define a relation Ron the set N of natural mimbei-s by R={ (x ,y): y= x + 5, x is a natural

number less than 4; x,y EN}. Depict this relationship using Roster form.

Write down the domain & range.

Q2. Let A = {1,2,3;4,6}. Let R be the relation on A defined by

{(a,b) : a, b E A, be is exactly divisible by a}

(i) Write R in roster form

(ii) Find the domain of R.

. (iii) Find the range of R.

Q3. Find the .domain & range of the relation R defined by

R = { (x, X + 5): x E {O,1,2,3,4,5} }.

Q4. Let A = {x ,y ,z} & B = {1,2}. Find the number of relations from A to B..
Q5. A relation R from the set A = {4;5,6,S} to the set B = {2,3,4} is a defined as (a, b)
. .

E R <=> a =
Express R as a set of ordered pairs.'

Q6. A relation Ron theset A = {O,2,3,4,6,S,10,12} is defined as (x, y) E R :> 3x + 4y= 24.
Write the relation as a set of ordered pairs. Write its domain & range also..
Q7. Let R be the relation on Z defined by R = {(a, b): a, bE Z,a-b is an integer}. Find the domain t
range of R.

'Topic 2.3 : Functions

A relation of from a set A to set B is said to be a function if every element of A is uniquely

associated to an element of B. It is denoted by f: A ---. B. ie. every element of A is mapped
single element of B.

Note that there will be no unassociated elt in A, though it can be in B, and,

element of A will map to a unique elt. of B, though any2 or more elts. of A can map to the

same element of B i.e.

f : A B

Here, complete set A' = Domain of f

Complete set B = Codomain of f

Elements of B having pre image = Range of f

If fis a function from A to B and (a ,b) E f, then f(a) = b , where b is called the image of c
.under f and a is called the_preimage of bunder f. . '

. ,28
 CRPF

Topic 2.3(b) : Real Valued Function

A function f : A~ B is called a real valued function, if B is a subset of R (set of all real numbers).

Le. it has either R or one of its subsets as its range & domain is al.so either R or a subset of R.

Generally domain & codomain both are infinite subsets of R incase of real functions of real variable.

:. Real function is generally described by some general formula.

For ego :f: R ~ R given by f(x) X 2+ X + 1 or =

f : A ~ B given by f(x) = x - 1 etc.
x2 - 4
Exampl~ from practical life to understand the concept of a function:

Let A = Set of students taking up a particular exam in the class

B = Set of their marks

,~;. Then no student will get 2 different marks in the same exam, though,
.. Any 2 or more students can have the same marks in that exam, and
('. Every element of A i.e. every student will get some marks, and lastly,
r .. There may be an element in B i.e. a mark In B which no one gets

~ i.e.
Note that
'-... No element of A is 'unassociated.
. ii
, JThere may be an element in B which is not mapped.
',-" Each element of A is uniquely associated.
Any 2 elements of A can be mapped to the same. element of B.

-. .--'

, .:... ... ~ ...

Algebra of Real Functions:

i'
ii)
Addition
Subtraction
(f+g) (x) ='" f(x) + g(x) y X E X
(f-g) (x)= f(x} g(x) y X EX'
4. Multiplication of a scalar
"---/
(<X: f) (x) = <X: f(x) yx EX

5. . Quotient
f . f(x) .
-(x) =-(-)' y X EX ,g(x) ;t:()
g gx

. I
'

'--.,
 ,--",.

CRPF

CA-2.3 .

Ch 2 - Relations

&Functions

Ql. !-et N be the set of natural numbers & the relation R be defined on N such that ,\,J

=
R = {(x, V) : V 2x,x, VE N}.

What is the domain, codomain,& range 'of R?

Is this relation a function?

. -../

Q2. Examine each of the following relations given below and state in each case, giving reasons where
Is a function or not?
(i) R = {2,1), (3,1), (4,2)}
(ii) R = {2,2), (2,4), (3,3), (4,4)}

(iii)R = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6), (6,7)}

Q3 .. Let X :: {1,2,3,4,5} and

y = {1,2,3,4, 24,25,26}
Find the following functions arid find the domain range of each,where f:X -+y
I) f(x) = x2 II) rex) = 2x +1.
Let f be a function defined from R to R such that:
2x -1, whe,n x < 0

f(x)=" 1, when x = 0

{
3x + 2,'when x > 0

find i)f(2) ii) f( -3) iii) fCO)

'1-.-/
Q5. Let A= {2,3,4,5,6,7}
B = {-3,-2,-1,O,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
\./

And R = {(x,V): V = 2x -,7 , x eA & Y eB}

Is the relation R a function? Find the range also.

Q6. Iff(x)= x - 4 &g(x)= {X2~16 , ,x :f:.~4

. x+4
., . ~ x=4
Find A s.t. f(x) = g(x) 'V x.
Q7. If f(x) = 3x4 - 5x2 + 9~ find f(x -1)

Q8. If f(x) = x + 1" prove that

x' .
[f(x)]3 = f(x3) + 3f(1/x)
Q9. Let f be defined bV f(x) = x -4 and g be'defined bV

g(x)
.
={ X~
+ 4

x:f:.-4
A, x=-4

Find A such that f(x) =;g(x) for all x.

210
 CRPF

HA-2.3
Ch 2 - Relations
&Funciions
J)a:............. .!

"

Q1. Which of the following relations are functions from A to B if

A = {a,b,c,d}, B = {l,2,3,4,S}
i) P = {(a,l), (b,l), (c,3), (d,4)}
Ii) Q = {Ja,l), (a,2), (b,3), (c,l), (d,4)}
IIi) R = {(a,S), (c,2), (d,4)}
Iv) 5 = {(a,3), (b,3), (c,3), (d,3)}
Q2. A'function f is defined by f(x) = 2x - 5. Write down the values of:
i) f(O) ill f(7) iii) f( -3)

Q3. A function 't' which maps temperature in degree Celsius to temperature in degree Fahrenheit is
defined by t(c) 9c + 32. =
5
Find i) , teO) ii) t(28) , iii) t( -10) iV) ,the value of c, when t(c) = 212
Q4. If f(x) =
1/(2x + 1) x ;t -1/2, then show that

f[f(x)] = 2x + 1, provided that x ;I!: -3/2 '

2x + 3

" QS. If f Is a real' function defined by

f(x) = x - 1, then Prove that:

X+l

f(2x) = 3f(x) + 1

f(x) + 3

Q6. Let f = {(1,1), (2,3), (0,-1), (-1,-3)} be a function described by the formula f(x) =a x + b for son
integers a, b. Determine a, -b.
, ''-/,
Q7. Let f : R ~ R be such that f(x) = 2x.

Determine

a) Range of f (b) {x : f(x) = 1}

c) Whether f(x +y) =f(x). f(y) holds.

Q8. The relation f is defined by

f(x) ={x , 0 ~x ~ 3

3x, 3 ~ x ~ 10 .

, ''-../
The relation g is defined by. g(x)
, , '
x 2 , 0~x~2
, 3x, 2~x~10
={
Show that f is a Junction & g is not a function. /
.~.

f(1.1 ) - J(1)

Q9. If f(x) = x\ find (1.1)-1

Q10. If a function, f: R ~ R is d.efined by

f(x) ={3X ~2, x < 0

1, x = 0

4x + 1,x >0

Find f(l), f(-l), f(O), f(2).

211
 CRPF

(:A-2.4
Ch 2 -Relations Date: .
&Functiollf

Ql.Find the domain & range of the following functions:

1. fex) = Ixl -'J

2. -fex) = x - 1
x-3
3. fex) = -vx=2".
4. fex) = ",,4 - x 2
S. fex) = 1/0
6. f(x) = 1/""x - 5
7. fex) = _3_2
2 - x
8. fex)::;; x2 -9
x-3

9. f = . -'XI ~ -) : .x E Rl, from R to R

1 1+x :r

HA-2.4
Ch 2 Relations ,. n.t" .
&Functions

Find the domain & range of following real valued functions;

1. fex)'= 1/x .
1
2. fex) = - - .
x-7
3. fex) = 3x -2
x+1
4. fex) = ""x -1
S. f(x) = Ix -21
6. f(x) = _1_
""x2 -1
7. f(x) = ~
--./

8. f(x) = v16 - xl

9. f(x) = ~X-2
-_ 3-x
10. fex) =.5....=..x
x-5

2112
''--./ .
'-"

CRPF

CA-2.S

,-<.'
Ch :1 - Relations
Date: ..............

&Functions

Ql. Let f (x) = x 2 & 9 (x) = 2x + 1 be 2 real functions: - .

Find ( + g) (x), ( g) (x), (fg) (x), (~J (x)
''''-/

Q2. L~t' f (x) = ~ & 9 (x) = x be two functions defined over the set of non negative real nos.

. Find ( +g) (x), (-g) (x), (Ig) (x), (~) (x) .

HA-l.S

Ch:1 - Relations
Date:. ; .
&Functions

Q1. Find the sum &. difference of the identity function and the moduJus functIon.

Q2. Find the sum & difference of the Identity function and the reciprocal funCtion.

Q3. If f(x) & g(x) are two functions over real numbers defined as:
.f(x) = 3x + 1 & g(x) = x 2 + 2 then find

i) (f +g) (x) ii) (f - g) (x)

iii) (fg) (x) iv) (fig) (x)

Q4. Let f(x) & g(~ be two functions defined over non negative real numbers such that
=
f(x) vx & g(x) =x + 1. Find . .
'.-./

(f + g) (x), (f - g) (x), (fg) (x) &. (fIg) (x)

'" .........,.

Q5. Sketch the graph of the following

f(x} = [x], -4 < x < 4, xeR

Q6. Sketch the graph of f(x) = 12x - 31, x E R

"--./

,---.
 CRPF .

WS-2.2

Ch 2 -Relations
1 n , , ..
&Functions

Fill in the blanks:

1) If relation R is defined as R = {(x' + 1,x+S : x ~(O,1,2,3,4,S)) then domain of R is _

and range of R is _

2) Let R : A ~ B, where A = {3,S} & B == {7,ll} and R= {(a~b) e A X B I a-b is an odd no. }, then.
R= _

. 3) The relation R is Set A, defined as R = {(a,b) e A X A / adivides b} , where A == {1,2,3,4} is giver

by _

4) Let A = {x,y,z} & B = {1,2}, then the possible number of relations from A to Bare _
5) The domain & range of the relation R = {(x,y) : x = 2y + 1, 3 < Y < 6, x,y eN} are S
_ _-'-'---__ respectively.
6) The relation R = {x, x 3) : x is a prime no. less than 10} in roster form is '

. WS-2.3
Ch 2 - Relations

&Functions

Q1. Let A = {2,3 , 4,S,6,7}, B = {-3,-2,-1,O,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

And R = {(x,Y) : Y = 2x-7,x eA & y eB} then
the range of R is _. _

Q2. If f(x) == - -x-I then f (1)

- = _
x+I I

x
Q3. If f(x)== x 2 I when X < 0
'x, when O:$;x<l, then

l/x, when x~ 1 .

f(1) = andf(.J3") =---

Q4. Iff(x) ==x

3- :3 . Then f(x) + {~)== _
 'i

CRPF

Q5. If f(x) = (1 ~:2 J ' then f(tane)' =---~

Q6. If f(x) = x2 - 3x + 4, then the value of x satisfying the equation f(x) = f(2x + 1) is _
Q7. If f(x) = (x - a)2 (x - b)2, find f(a + b).
State true / false:
1. Two elements of A of a function f : A ~ B can be associated to the same element of B.
2. Every relation is a function.
3. Every function is a relation.
4. Range:2 co-domain.

WS-2.4
Ch 2 - Relations Date: .
&Functions

Fill ups:

1. The domain & range of f(x) =x + 3 is given by & _ _'------_ respectively.

3x 1

2. The domain of f(x) = x3 - X +3 is & --'-- respectively.

, X2 - 1 '

3. The domain & range of ..1L-is ~ & respectively.

2x - 8

4. The domain & range of Ix - 31 is ---.,._ & _ _--'-- respectively.

5. The domain & range of f(x) = 1 is ----' & respectively.

X
6.The domain & range of f(x) = -Ixl is -'- & respectively.

7. The domain & range of f(x) = -../25 - x 2 is _' & respectively.

B.The domain & range of f(x) = x 2 + 1 is & respectively.

2 )5

 " \

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

THINGS TO REMEMBER

Cartesian Product of two non-empty sets A and B is given by,

A x B ::: { (a,b) : a E A. b E B}

If (a,b) ::: (x, y), then a :::x' and b = Y

Relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a sUbset of

A x B.

Domain of R = {a : (a,b) E R}
-J
Range of R ::: { b : (a,b) E R}

Co-domain of R ::: Set B

Range c Co-domain
\J

If n(A) ::: p, n(B) ::: q then n(A"xB) ::: pq ',and number of relations ::: 2 pQ

'mage: .If the element x of A corresponds to y E B under the function f.

then we say that y is image of'x under "f'

=> f (x) ::: y

If f (x) ::: y. then x is preimage of y.

A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if every element

of set A has one and only one image in set B. .

. Df ::: {x : f(x) is defined}

. Identity function, f : R -4 R; f(x) :: x V X E R where R is the set of real

numbers. .

Df ::: R R,=R

X' x
Y'

2'16

... ," -', . -" .-'-".. .

\ /

. -.', ~ ;".~~L~~-,-.~::4:~:~.~,i.:~;/,;.,;;,,~" .~ ","

 . Constant function,. f: R ~ R; I(x) = c 'ij X E R where c is a constant

Of =R ~ = {c}
v
f(x)=c
}c

....,,/
x
y'
.Modulus function .. f : R ~ R; f(x) = Ixl '\IX E R

. Df =R
Rf = R+ = { X E R: x~ O}
y

X' x

r1,If x > 0
Signum function. f : R ~ R ; f (x) = io. i~X = 0
. . ' - 1 , If x < 0

Df =R
Rf = {-1,O,1}

y
y=1
1
X' X
-1
y=-1
y'

'-.-/~ . ------~--,--------:--~---::=======-:-:::-:-:==============;====
~"'':l ~~'''~A~-;,~~,.::.~~~~_ ...~~;:. . :r,..~~,~_~ . , . ~ . . .
: ." __ , __
. . -'-."-' .....
~-_.~.~~, ,-,~-:"","",:" -:-- ~.,
 Greatest Integer function, f : R -j, R; f(X) = [xl. x E R assumes the value
of the greatest integer, less than or equal to x

Of = R
y
-0
--0

y'
f: R -4 R, f(x) = x 2

~ = [0, ~)

i
'

\.---"
y'
f: R --) R, f(x) = x3

'J

X'.----:;~--......-X
"J

... ~

" .

.... -;;~ ..

~.:
 ASSIGNMENT 2

RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

(1 MARK)

1.Find a and b if (a - 1, b + 5) = (2, 3)

If A = {1.3,5}, B = {2,3} find: (Question-2, 3)

2. A)( B
3. B lC A

=
let A {1,2}, B = {2,3,4}, C = H,5}, find (Question- 4,5)

4. A lC (B n C)
5. A lC (B v C)

6. If P ={1,3}, Q = {2,3,5}, find the number of relations from A to B

7. If A ={1 ,2,3.5} and ~ = {4.6,9},
R.:: {(x, y) : Ix - YI is odd. x E A, Y E B}

Write R in roster form

Which of the following relation!;; are functio,ns. Give reason. (Questions 8 to 10)
"J
8. R ={ (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4)~ (4,5)}
9. R = { (2',1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4)} ~
=
10. R {(1,2), (2,5), -(3,8), (4,10), (5,12), (6,12)}

Which of the foliowing arrow diagrams represent a function? Why?

(Question~ 11,12)
11.
x y

12.

let f.and g be two real valued functions, defined by, f(x) =,e, g(x) =3x + 2, find: (Question 13 to 16)
13. (f + g)(-2)
14. (f - 9)(1)
15. (fg)(-1)

16. (~)cO)

2 J~
.......

.r

. .', ,"' "."i . ".

'-../'
-. ~ ", ... . :.;~ ."'
 ~.'

17. If f(x) =x 3
, find the value of:
f(5) - f{I)

5 - 1

18. Find the domain of the real function,

f(x) = .Jx 2 -4

19. Find the domain of the function,

f(x) :i +2x-+3

:i-5x+6

~ind the range of the following functions, (Question~ 20,21)

1
!(X)=--2
20; 1- x

2
21. j(x)=x +2
, /
2~.
,~

Find the range of the following relation:

R = {{a,b) : a, bEN and 2a + b = 10} v

(4 MARKS)
= =
24. Let A {1,2,3,4}, B {1 ,4,9,16,25} and R be a relation defined from A
=
taB as, R ({x, y) : X E A, Y E Band y x2} =
(a) Depict this relation using !'Irrow diagram.
(b) Find domain of R. .
(c) Find range of R.
(d) Write co-domain of R.

= =
25. Let R ({x, y) : x, yEN andy 2x} be a relation on N. Find:
(i) Domain
(ii) Codomain
(iii) Range

Is this relation a function from N to N?

26. Draw the graph of the Greatest Integer function

27. Draw the graph of the Cdnstant function, f : R ~ R; f(x) = 2 V X E R. Also find its domain and
range.
 ".

'-'/

"-.../
I

Ch:3 .
l

'V
!

~l

.~ .

: .... TrIgonometric .
.
..:=.../
. .

: .. Functions
....../

.'---'"'

. '-../

. '~J .

v .

\,J

. I
. - . 3-\ .

:'L--.-_.. ~.- -,- - - '~~'

. . '. ~'>", .~------,--------
. ":: .... ,
.~
l\J

 CRPF

Sign of Angles

Angles formed by. anticlockwise rotations of a radius vector are taken positive whereas
the angle formed by clockwise rotation of radius vector are taken as negative.

,~'

Positive angle Negative angle

/ "
Topic 3.1 Units of measurement of angles

There are three systems of units for measurement of angles :

(i) Sexagesimal system or British system: '
(ii) Centesimal system or French system'
(iii) ,Radian or Circular measure

1. Sexagesimal or British system: In this system of measurement a right angle is divided

into 90 equal parts called degree. Each degree is divided into 60 equal parts called minutes

and each minute is further divided into 60 equal parts called seconds. A degree, a minute,

and a second are respectively denoted by the symbol 1, l' and 1".

Thus 1 right angle =90 0

1 '= 60'

l' = 60"

'2, ' Centesimal or French system: In this system of measurement a right angle is divided
into 100 equal parts called grades.-Each grade is divided into 100 equal parts called minutes
and each minute is further divided into 100 equal parts called seconds. Grade is denoted by
g.
Thus 1 right angle = 100g

= 100' .'

l' = 100"

Remark:- l' of Centesimal system :t: l' of Sexagesimal system

*
1" of Centesimal system 1" of Sexagesimal system.

3. Radian or circular measure:- The angle 5ubtended at the centre of circle by an arc

whose length is equal to the radius of the circle is called a radian and is equal ~to

1~ , , '

Examples:
 CRPF

Remark:- (I) Radian is a constant angle.

(ii) If 9 is the angle in radian subtended by an arc of length I at the centre of the
circle with radius r, then 9 =..1
r
Proof
Angle subtended by an arc of length r at the centre of circle with radius r = 1 radian

Angle subtended by an arc of length I :: 1 x I radian

r
9 J= I"

Relation between degree and radian:

0
11t radian = 180 I
Working rule:

1. 1 = 1t radian and 1 = 180

180 -1t
-
. .

2. If the measure of an angle in degrees and radians be D and C respectively then

D = C
-rntJ -1t

.~.

Examples:- (I) Convert 60 into radian

Solution 10 = n/180 radian

(ii) Convert 31t radian into degree

4 .' .

Solution 1 radian = 1800

31l'. 0 31l' 0
- radian = 180 x - = 135
4 . 4

---/

---- ------------:--_:.....-~~~..,....,....---------.,--'-----:.....;;.....--------'--
.~ ~~ ~~~~;,.:,;~;t:.-~~~:,~ '.~~~,.:~# ;,,:.:-, -" ;.
 CRPF

CA-3.1
Ch 3- Trigonometric Date: .
Functions,

Q1. ' Find the radian measures corresponding to the degree measures:

(ii)-37 30 1 (iii) 50 (iv) 520 (vi) -67 30 1

Q2. Find the degree measure corresponding to the following radian measures (use 1t=22/7)

(i) 5/3 (ii) 71f /6 (iii) 3J4 rad (iv)-4 rad (v) 11/16 rad (vi) 6c
(vii) 21tc , (viii) _2c

15

Q3. A wheel makes 360 revolutions in one minute. Through how many radians does itturn in

,one second? '

Q4. In a circle of diameter 40cITJ, the length 'of a chord is 20cm. Find the length of. the,
minor arc ofthe chord. '

HA-3.1
Ch 3- Trigonometric Date: ;
Functions

Q1. Find the degree measure of the angle subtended at the centre of a circle of diameter
200cm by an arc of length 22cm. (use rt=22/7)

Q2. If rh two' circles, arcs of same. length subtc;md angles of 60 and 75 at the centre, find
the ratio of their radii.

Q3. Find the angle in radians through which a pendulum swings if its length is 7cm and the tip
describes an arc of length:
(i) 10cm (ii) 15cm(iii) 21cm

Q4. The difference between the two angles of a right angled triangle is 3n /10 radians. Express
the angles in degrees.
 CRPF

WS-3.1
Ch 3 - Trigonometric - [ Dak'............... I
Functions

(i) 1 =
(ii) l' = "
(iii) . 1 = "
(iv) 180= radian
(v) 40 20' = radian.
11
(vi) - radian =

16

(vii) Radian Measure = X Degree Measure

(viii) Degree Measure = X Radian Measure
(ix) ~= xe
(x) 1 radian -1 radian (=, *)

Topic 3.2 (a) Sign of Trigonometric functions:

A crude aid to memorise the sign of lind Quadrant I Quadrant

trigopometrical ratios, in different
quadrants is the four-word phrase "ALL
SCHOOL TO COLLEGE". The first letter in Sine, cosec are positive and
All positive
the first word of the phrase is 'A', this may the rest negative

be taken to indicate that all trigonometric 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - ' - - - - - - - 1

ratios are positive in. the first quadrant.

Tan ,cot are positive and rest

The first letter of the second word is "S". Cos, sec are positive and
negative
This indicates that sine and its reciprocal the rest negative
are positive in the second quad~ant

III Quadrant
IV Quadrant
The first letter of third word is
'T'. This may be taken as to
indicate that tangent and its
reciprocal cot are positive in the
third quadrant. The first letter
of the fourth word in the phrase
is "e" which may be taken as to
indicate that only cosine and its
reciprocal are positive in the
fourth quadrant.

.'----.
 CRPF

WS-3.2
Ch 3 - Trigonometric
Functions
D.w- F
\.-----'

Complete the following table.

T -0 900 90+9 1aoo-o 180+0 270-8 270+9 360-0 360+0

1 -6
ratio
'I 1
I

sin

cos
,
I
tan
v

-
,

Topic 3.2 (b) Sign of Trigonometric functions:

T - Ratios of Angles

'Concept of quadrant in terms of angies

Rules to remember the T-ratio of angles

"-...,..1
(i) For angles with X'OX ie -a, 1800 - a, 1800 +a, 360 -6
and 360 +a, we write the same t -ratio with proper sign.
For example:
Sin(180o+a) =, - sine ( '1800 + a lies in III quadrant and in IIIrd quadrant
Sin e Is- ve
Tan(1800-a) =-tana (1800 - a lies In II quadrant and in IInd quadrant (-) vel tan is. '-J

,(ii) For the angles with Y'OY axis. i.e. 90:- 0, 90 + a, 270- a, 270+ a, change sin
to cos, cos to sin, cot to tan, tan to cot, sec to cosec, coset to sec with proper
sign. '
Note: - Proper sign can be remembered with
After - school - to ;.. college

or

Add - 5ugar- to - coffee '

Example- tan (90+ 6) = - cot e

0
Because (90 + a) lies In IInd quadrant and tan is -ve in 2nd quadrant.

36
 CRPF

(iii) sin (n x 360 +9 ) = sin 9

cos (n x 360 ,+9 )= cos 9

tan (n x 360 +9 ) tan 9 =

cot (n x 360 +9) = cot 9 .
sec (n x 360 +9 )::::: sec 9
cosec (n x 360 +9 ) = cosec 9

where n is a +ve integer.

CA-3.2
'-----: . Ch 3 - Trigonometric Date: .
Functions

Ql. Find the values of other five trigonometric functions in the following problems:

(i) tan 9 = 5/12 where 9 Is in third quadrant

(ii) Sec x = 13/5, x E IV quadrant

Q2. Find the val~e of the following:

(I) sin 120' (II) sin 315 0 (III) cos 210 (Iv) sin (':1125)
(v) cos( -480) (vi) cosec 3900 (vII) tan 1.2.z (Viii) sin lli
3 4
Q3. Prove the following:
i). cos 510 cos 3300 + sin 390 cos 120 = -1
ii) sin (-420) cos 390 + cos(-6600) sin 330 = -1

HA-3.2

Ch 3 - Trigonometric
Date: ..
Functions

Ql. Find the values ofother fiVe trigonometric functions if

(i) cos 9 = :1..-, 9 e III quadrant

. 2
(ii) cot 9 = -12, 9 e II quadrant
5
(iii) sin x = 4/5, x e, II quadrant'

Q2. Evaluate:

1) Cot 570 2) tan 480 0 3) cos 270 4) sin 7650

I
1371 15n
5) -cosec 1410 6) tan- 7) Cot- 8) cosec (-1125)
3 4
.. 13n
9) Sin - .

Q3. Prove the following:

\ ../
(i) cos(9 00 + A) sec(-fl) tan (l800-A) :::: -1

sec(3600 - 9) sin (180 + 9) cot(90o - 9) .

~~ .,.
 CRPF

(ii) cos (2n + 8) cosec(2n +8) tan (n /2 + 8) = 1

sec(n 72 + 8) cos cot (n + e e)

(iii) sin (180 +8) cos(900+8) tan(270 0 -8) cot(360 0 - 8) == 1

sin (360 B - 8) cos(3600 +8) cosec (-8) sin (270 +8)

Q4. Prove that:

tan 720 0 - cos 270 0 -'sin 1500 cos120 0 = 1

4

WS-3.2
Ch 3 - Trigono.metric .
Functions
Date:............... I
---'--

Sin _ .
31Jr = _
(i)
3

(ii) Sin 765 = "

(iii) Cos(-7400)= _..,--_ _"

. -5
(iv) If cot x == - , X E II quadrant, then,
. 12 .

sinx= _ Cotx = tanx = ~ __

secx== _ tosecx == _

1[
(v) Sinx -,-_ from 0 to - (Increases / Decreases)
... 4 . .

TOPIC 3.3 Sum and difference of angles

1. sin (A+B) == sinA cosB + cosA sinB

.2. sin (A-B) == sinA cosB ~ cosA sinB

3. cos (A+B) == cosA cosB - sinA sinB

4. cos (A-B) == cosA cosB + sinA sinB

5. tan (A+B) == tanA + tanB

1 - tanA tanS

6. tan (A-B) ~ tanA - tanB

1 + tanA tanB

7. cot (A+B) == .cotA cotB-1

cotB+cotA
 CRPF

8. cot (A-B) '? cotA cotB+1

cotB - cotA

9. sin (A+B) sin(A-B) = sin 2A -sin 2 B = cos2 B - cos~A

I ~~'""""'..I
CA-3.3

Ch 3 - Trigonometric'

Functions

Q.l Ev.aluate (i) Sin 75 (ii)

Q2.' If,sinA = 3/5, 0 < A < 1t/2 & cosB = -12/13, 1t < B< 31t ,find
2
i) sin (A-B) Ii) cos (A-B)

iii) sin (A+B) iV) tan (A-B)

Q3 Evaluate:

sin 71t cos 1L - COS7ZL sin 1!

12 4 12 4

Q4 Prove that:
i) cos (45 - A) cos(45-B) - sin(450-A) sin(450-B) = sin (A+B)
ii) sin(n+1)A sin(n+2)A + cos(n+1)A cos(n+2)A = cosA
iii) tan (45 + xl
tan (45' - x)
fII1 +- tan
tan x ]
x
2
"

iv) tan 3A tan2A tanA = tan3A - tan2A- tanA

v) cos 9 + sin gO = tan54

cos 9 - sin gO

Q5 Show that:
i) sin~+ cos~ - tan~ = -1
63 4 2

ii) 2sin~+ cosec7ZL cos~ = 0

6 6 3

 CRPF

HA-3.3
Ch 3 - Trigonom{(tric [ D .., .
Functions

Q1. Find the value of tan (a + ~) if,

Cot a = %, a E (1t, 31t) & sec~ = ~~E (n,1t )
2 3 2
Q2. Evaluate:
i) cos15 ii) cos75

Q3. Show that:

i) cos 70 0 cos10 0 + sin70 0 sin10 0 = Y2
ii) ,cos130 0 cos40 0 + sin130 0 sin40 0 = 0
iii) sine400 +8) c05(10 0 +8) - cos(40 0 +8) sin(lO +8)= 1/2

Q4. Evaluate:
sin105 + cos105

Q5 .. Prove that tan(1t/4 + x)

__ (l+tanx)2
1-'" tan x
tan(1t /4- x)

Q6. Prove that: cos (1t + 8) cos(-8) = cot2 8

. sin (1t - 8) cos(1t/2 + 8)

Q7. Evaluate:
Cos(31t/2 + 8) cos(21t +8) [cot(31t/2-8) +cot (21t+8)]

Q8. Show that:

sin (n+1)x sin(n+2)x + cos(n+1)x cos(n+2) x = cosx

Q9. Prove th~t: cotx cot2x - cot2x cot3x .,. cot3x cotx=l

WS-3.3
Ch 3 - Trigonometric _Date:_ )
Functions

Q1. sin 71t . is equal to:

12

a) ~ + 1,
2-\12
c)-,,'[3 + 1 d) none of these
2-\12
\,J CRPF

"-"

Q2. The value of cos n/3cosn/6 + sln1t/6 sinn/3 Is

a) V2 .b) -.13/2
c) 1 d) not defined

Q3. The value of tan (n/4 + 9) tan (3n/4 + 9) is

",-.,/ a) 1 b) V2
c) -1 d) none of these
'J

TOPIC 3.4 (a)Transformation of a product into a sum or difference

1. 2sln A cosB= sl'n (A+B) + sin(A-B)

2. 2cosA sinB = sin (A+B) - sin (A-B)

3. 2cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(A-B)

4. 2sinA sinB = cos(A-B) - cos(A+B) .

Proof of (1) RHS = sin (A+B) + sin (A-B)

= sinA cosB + cosA sinB + sinA casB - cosA sinB
= 2 slnA cosB.
Similarly, proof of remaining can be done.
"-vI

Topic 3.4 (b)Transformation of a sum of difference into a product

1. sinC + sinD = 2sin C+D cos C-D
2 2

2. sinC - sinD = 2cos C+D sin C-D

2 2
3. cosC +" cosO = 2cos C+D cos C-D
2 2
, 4. cose - cosO = ';'2 sin ~ sIn t.:.Q
2 2
Trigonometric ratios of mUltiple angle

i) sin 2e = 2sjnecose= 2 tane

1 + tan 2e

ii) cos2e = cos 2e - sin 2e .

=
2 cos2e - 1

= 1 - 2 sin2 2e

= '1- tan 2e

1 + tan e
iii) tan29 = 2 tane

. 1 - tan 2e

 CRPF

Remarks:- 1 + cos2e 2 cos2 e =

1 - cos 2e = 2 sin 2e

iV) sin3A = 3sinA -4sin 3A

v) cos3A= 4cos3 A - 3cosA

vi) tall 3A = 3tanA - tan 3 A

1 -3tan 2A
=
vii) cot 3A cot 3 A - 3cotA
. 3cot2A - 1

Trigonometric ratio of A in terms of trignometric ratio of A/2

1. sinA = 2sinA/2 cOf,A/2 = 2tan(A!2)2 (Note. this can be obtained by puttIng A/2 in place
1 + tan A/2 of A in the multiple angle 2A formula.)

2. cosA = cos2 (A/2 )- sin 2 (A/2) .

v
= 2cos2 (A/2) -1

= 1 - 2sin 2 (1;42).

= 1 - tan 2 Al2

1 + tan 2 A/i

3. tanA = 2tan (A!2)

1 - tan 2 A/2

Remember

. 1) . 1 + cosA = 2 cos2 A/2 ~ cos A/2 = . ~l+COSA

2 .

2) 1 - cosA = 2 51n 2 A/2 => . slnA/2 FCOS2 A

3) ";1 sin A = ..Jcos2Ai2 + sin 2Aj2 2sinA/2 cosA/2 .

..J(cos A/2 sinA/2)'2

= (cosA/2 sinA/2)

Values of trig,onometric ratios of some particular angles

.JS -1 ~10+2.JS .
i) sin 18 = - - Ii) cos 18 =
4 4

iv) cos 36 =
..JS +]
4

3. 1'2
. >.:" ...'-" . :' .'-..-"

.,. ~ ".~. ~ _''::~~~~~~~:O\,~~:~,.,:~~~~~."

 .1.<

CRPF

CA-3.4

Ch 3 - Trigonometric
Date: .
Ft.mctions

Ql. Prove that:

i) sin (150 + a) + sin (150 - a) = cos a

Q2. Show that:

3n 31Z"
COS(4+ x) cos(-- x) = -..J2 sin x .
4

Prove that:

Q3. Sin2x + 2sin 4x + sin 6x = 4cos2x sin 4x

Q4. sin 2 6x - sin 2 4x = sin2x sin lOx

,
",_"t'
Q5. cotx cot2x - cot 2x cot 3x - cot 3x cot x = 1

Q6. Tan 4x = '~tanx (l-t~H]l~l

1 6tan 2x + tan 4 x

Q7. Cos4x = 18 sln 2x cos2 x

Q8 cos 6x= 32cos6 x - 4.8 cos4 x + 18cos2 x - 1 '

Q9. If tan u = m , tan ~ = 1 , show that a + ~ = 1t/4

m+l 2m+l

Ql0. Prove that:

i) cos200 cos 40 cos 60 cos 80 = 1/16

ii) Sill 2x = cotx

1 - cos2x

iii) Sine + sin~ :I tan e

'1 + cose + cos26

Iv) ~!!. = tan (rc/4 - e)

1 +sin 20

v)2 + 2 cosu cosl3 + 2 sino. slnp = 4 cos 2 (~)

2
vi) tan 70 0 =tan 20 0 +2 tan 50

Ql1. Evaluate: (I) sin 18 (ii) sin 36

3 -/g

,",-"
---~--------:-------,------------~-~-----'-~---'-.:.,......;..
 CRPF

WS-3.4
Ch 3 - Trigonometric Date: ..
Functions

Q1. Sin ex - sin(3 ;:: ?

cos a+cosp

a) ta~ (a~p) b) cot (a~p)

. c) tan (p;a) d) none of these

Q2. If tan x;::~, find sin2x, cos;Zx and tan 2x.

v
Q3. . Sin 49 + Sin 29 ;:: _

Q4. Cos 69 - Cos se ;:: --'-: _

QS. 2 Cos 7e Cos 3e ;:: _

u
HA-3.4
Ch 3 . Trigonometric
Functions
I ~re' .

Q1. C05'2x - C05 26x ;:: sin4x sin8x

Q2. Cos7x + cosSx + cos3x + cosx =4 cosx cos2x cos4x

Q3. Cot4x (sin5x + sin3x) ;:: cotx (sinSx - sin3x)

Q4. Cos 9x - cos5x ;:: - sin2x

Sin 17x - sin 3>< cos lOx

3 IY

. j
 CRPF

Q5. Sin5x + sin3x = tan 4x

Cos Sx + cos3x

Q6. Sinx - sin y :: tan .~

Cosx + cos y 2

Q7.. Cos 4x + cos3x + cos2x = cot3x

Sin 4x + sin3x + sin2x

Q8. Sinx + sin 3x :: tan2x

cosx + cos3x

09. Sin x- sin3x ::: 2 sinx

2
Sin x- calx

1
2sinBcosB
tan (45 + OJ - tan (45-0)

Ql1. Prove that:

Sinl00 sin300 sinSOo sin70 ::: 1/16

Q12.. Show that: .

sin2x
= cotx
l-cos2x

/'

\.y Q13. SinO + sin 29 = tanO

1+ cosO + cos28

Q14. Cos20 ::: tan (1t/4 - 0)

1 + sin20
 CRPF

Q1S. Sin28 = tan8

1 + cos28
Q16. Evaluate:
i) cos 18
ii) cos. 36'
iii) tan 22 30'

Q17. COS 105 + Cos 15 = Sin 75 - Sin 15

Topic 3.5 : Trigonometric equations

Trigonometric equation: An equation involving one or more trigonometric functions

(ratios) of unknown angle is called a trigonometric equation. Example tan8 =1

Solution or root of a trigonometric eguatiori;- A value of the unknown angle which

satisfies the given trigonometric equation is called a solution or root of the equation.
Example for equation' 2 sin 8= 1

8 = 30 and 8 = 150 satisfy the above equation so 30 and 150 are two solutioris
between 0 and 360.

Principal solution of a trigonometric eguation:- The solution of trigonometric equation

. lying in the interval [0. 2n;) .

i.e,lying between a and 2n; including a and excluding 2n; are called principal solutions

Gener~1 solution of a trigonometric eguation: The solution consisting of all poss'i'ble

solutions of a trigonometric equation is called its general solution. Clearly general solution
of, a trigonometric equation will involve integer n' E I. General solution of trigonometric
equation is also called solution.

Working Rule:- For finding general solution:

1. (I) Sine = 0 => e = nn;

(ii) Cos 8 = 0 => 8 = (2n+1) 'n;/2 Where n E I

. (iii) tan 8 = 0 => e.= nn; \.

(iv) cot 8= 0 => 8 = (2n+1) n;/2

3'1'
 CRPF

2. (i) Sin 8 = sina =>

8 = n1t+ (-l l " }
(ii)Cos 8 = COSa => 8 = 2n1t a Where n e I, ,oc is a fixed angle

(iii) tan 8 = tana => 8 = n1t + a

}
3. (i) sin 2 8 . =sin '2 oc
(ii) cos 2 8 = cos 2 oc =>8 = n1t ~, neI '
(iii) , , tan 2 8 ~ tan 2 ,oc

Examples- (i) sin 8 =2 = sin1t/6 =>8 = n1t + (-l)n (1t/6), where neI

(ii) cos 8 = -1/2 = -cos 1t/3 = cos(1t-1t/3) = cos 21t/3

=> cos 8 = cos 21t/3

=> 8 = 2n1t 21t/3 '

CA-3.5
Ch 3 - Trigonometric
, Functions
I D.k:........... ... . I

Ql. Find the priru:;ipal and general, solutions of the followin!;j equations:

,i) tan x = ..J3 ii) sec x = 2

iii) cot x = -..{3 iV) cosec x = -2 v) se,c X= -..../2"

Find the general solution for each of the following equations:

Q2. Sin 5x =a
Q3. Cos pO = a
Q4. tan nx= a
Q5. Cot 4A =a
Q6. Sin 98 = sin 8

Q7; Sin x + sin3x + sin 5x, =a

Ql0. Solve the equations for x & y if

sin (x-y) = Y2 ,cos (x+Y) = Y2

3'11
 CRPF

HA-3.5
Ch 3 - Trigonometric
Functions __ Date: ...:............
I~

"-/,

Solve:

Q1. tan 39 = - ..J3

Q2. Sin 2e = .g: 1
4

Q3. Sec ne = - -v2

Q4. sin 2x + cos x= 0 '.J

Q5. Cos 4x = cos 2x

Q6. Cos 3x + cos x - cos 2x =0

Q7. Sec2 2x = 1 - tan2x v

CA-3.6

MisceiIaneous

Ch 3 - Trigonometric
.1
"~~''-)
Date:................ I~

Functions
'J

Q1. Prove that:

.Cos 3x cos x/2 - cos 2x cos 9x/2 =
sin Sx sin 3x/2
(hint: Use the formula of 2 cos A cos B In this lHS)

Q2. Prove that:

cosax cos 5x - cos 12x cos 9x =tan4x
Sin ax cos 5x + cos 12x sin 9x

Q3. Prove that: '

Cos 2 x + C05 2 (x + rt/3) + C052 (x - x/3) =3/2
Q4. Show that:
, (cos x + cos y)2 + (sin x - sin yi = 4 cos 2 u...
2
QS. Find sin x/2, cos x/2 and tan x/2 If:
'I) tan X= -4/3, x e II quad.
Ii) =
cos x -1/3, x e III quad.

.,
J

..... _- ....
.. ",.". -. .
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

THINGS TO REMEMBER

A radian is an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc whose

length is equal to the radius of the circle. We denote 1 radian by 1c .

1t radian = 180 degree

180
1 radian ;;:: -degree
1\

'IT .
1 degree = -l-radian
180

If an arc of length I makes an angle e radian at the ~entre of a circle of

radius r. we have .

f) = r

Quadrant~ II III IV

t- functions which All sin x tan x cos x

are positive cosec x cot x . sec x

'1\

Ii
Function -x --x -+x 1t-X 1t+X 2'lt - X 21t + ic
2 2
sin -sin x cos x cos x sin x -sin x -sin x sin x
cos cos x sin x -sin x -cos x -cos x cos x cos x
tan -tan ,x cot x -cot x -Ian x tan x -tan x tan x
cosec -cosec ~ sec x sec x cosec x -cosec x -cosec x cosec x
sec sec x cosec x -cosec x -sec x -sec x sec x sec x
cot -co1 x tan x -tan x -cot x cot x -cot x cot x

',--./'

~ ..

. . .:...-. .
"

._, ..
'" '
. ,.. ":
 Function Domain Range
sin x R [-1,1]
coax R [-1,1]

tan x B. - {(2n + 1)i";n E Z} R

Cosec x R - {n7t; n E z} R-(-1,1)'

Sec x R ... {(2n + 1) i ;n .EZ} R (-1,1)

cot x R- {n7t, n E z} R

Some Standard Results

.J
sin (x + y) = sinx cosy + cosx siny
. . ,

cos (x + y) = cosx cosy sinx siny

tan(x + )= tan x + tan y

y . 1 tan x. tan y

cot{x + )= cot x. cot Y 1

Y coty+ cot x

sin (X: - y) = sinxcosy cosx siny

.cos (x - y) = cosx cosy + sinx siny

.t . tan x - tan y
an(x y) = ----~
1 + tan x.tany

'
cot( x - y =
.) cot x. cot y + 1
--,-----=-....,..;-
cot Y cot x

. tan x + tan y + tan z tan x tan y tan z

+ y + z) =
tan (x _----,-_----,----=c--~----__:"----.:'____:_-
1 tan x tany tan y. tan z - tan z tan x 'v

2sinx cosy =' sin(x + y) + sin(x - y)

2cosx siny= sin(x + y) - sin(x - y)

2cosx cosy = cos(x + y) + cos(x - y)
'-....-".
2sinx siny = cos{x - y) - cos(x + y)

3?-0

.. ,~.

------...,;....--...,;....~~-"---'--~--_.:.._-----,-----~--------'-------'-~
 . x+Y x-y
sin x +' .
Sin Y =
2.
Sin 2 COS 2

sin x - sin y = 2 cos x ; Y sin x ; y

cos x + cos Y = 2 cos x+y x-y

2 cos 2 .

. . x+Y x-y

cos x - cos y = -2 sin 2 sin 2

2tanx

Sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x :....

1 + tan
2
x
2
1-, tan x
cos 2x = cos x - 2
sin x 2
= 2 cos 2
x - 1 = 1 - 2sin x 2
= 1+tan 2x

tan 2x = . 2 tan x
1 - tan
2
x

sin 3x =.3 sinx - 4 sin3 x

cos 3x = 4 cos3 x - 3 cos x

8
3 tan x - tan x
tan 3x = 1 - 3 tan 2 x

sin(x + y) sin(x. - y) = sin 2x - sin2y

= cos 2y - cos2x

cos(x + y) cos(x - y) = cos 2x - sin 2y

= cos 2y - sin2 x

Principal solutions - The solutions of a trigonometric equation for which

o ~ x < 2 7t are called its principal solutions:

General solution - A solution of a trigonometric equation, generalised by

means of periodicity, is known.as the general solution.

_. .., '" -.~ ..

. .: .

,.. :
 . General solutions of' trigonometric equations

sin .e = 0 => e = n 1t, n E Z

e =0
Tt"
cos => e = (20 +1)2"' n E Z

tan e =0 :::::;, 6 =n 11:, n E Z

sin e ~ sin a e = n R+ (-1)" <x., n

~ E Z

cos 6 = cos a :::> e = 2n 1t Ci, n E Z

\-..-!

tan e ::: tan 0. => e = n 1t + 'n E Z (X,

. Law of sines or sine formula

The lengths of sides of a triangle are proportional to the. sines of the

angles opposite to them I.e..

abc
sin A = sin B = sin C .

Law of cosines or cosine formula

, In any Li. ABC

c2 +a
2 - b2
cos 8 =
2ca
222
case = a + b - c
2ab

'","",_,J

. "
.'" ..
 . ASSIGNMENT 3

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
(1 MARK)

1) Find the radian measure corresponding to 5" 37' 30".

2) Find the degree measure corresponding to(!.!.)O

16 .
3) Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius 5 cm subtending a central angle measuring 15".

. 4) Find the value of

l91T
tan
3
5) Find the value of sin(-1125")

6) Find the value of tan 15

7) -If sin A =~ and !!..(A(1T ,find cos A

5 2 .
8) Express sin 12e + sin 4e as the product of sines and cosines;

9) Express 2 cos4x sin2x as an algebraic sum of sines or cosines.

10)' Find the principal solutions of cotx = - j j

11) If cosx =~.!.. and x lies in quadrant III, find the value of sin~
3 2

(4 MARKS)

12) A horse is tied to a post by a rope. If the horse moves along a circular path, always keeping
the rope tight and describes 88 metres when it traces 72 at the centre, find the length of the
rope..

13) It the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3:4:5, find the smallest angle in degrees and the

greatest angle iii radians. .

14) If sinx =12 and x lies in the second quadrant, show that secx + tanx =-5.

13

15) If eota =~ 5
and seep= -3 '1T(a(3; ,%(P(1T ,find the value of tan (a,. + ~)

Prove the following identities:

tan sa + tan 36 _ 4 26 a
16) tan S6 _ tan sa - cos cos 4
cos x + s~n x _ cos x - s~n x = 2 tan 2x
cos x - Sin X COS X + Sin X
17)
COS 4x sin 3x - COS 2x sin x
- ---------- =
sin 4x sin x + COS 6x cos x
tan 2x
18)
1 + s~n a - COS 6 = tan!
19)1 + Sin 6 + COS e 2

".~? ;; .

. .. _." ~ ~~~.~ ~.2~~.~2~::~;.;:~~::o.1'~~~:,

"---' ..,,-,_.. c.. ...
"',,.-,~:.: ~
 . . 1
20) Show that cos20 00540 'cos80 =6

21)
Show that ~2 + .J2 + 2 cos 4e = 2 cos e
'''-..;'

Pr ove that cos )(

1 - sin x
::= (2: + ~J2
. tan 4
22)
\ ........

Find the general solution of the following equations:

23) sin 7x = sin 3x

24) 3 cos x - sin x = 1
25) 3 tanx + cotx = 5 cosec x

26) In any triangle ABC, prove that

a(sin B - sin C) + b(sinC -sinA) + c(sinA - sinB) =0 v

27) In any triangle ABC. prove that v

a = b cosC + c cosB .

28) In any triangle ABC. prove that

.. ''\./

'A - B
a+b C05--
2
-_.=
C . C
sln
2
29) Prove that sin10 'sin30 sin50 sin70 =~
. 16
30) Find the general solution of
sin2x + sin4x + sin6~ 0 =
31) Find the general solution of
cosS cos28 cos38 =..!..
. 4

'",,-,
..

Ch:4
... Princlple of

.Mathematical

Induction

. 41

 CRPF

Principle Of Mathematical Induction

Introduction:
In algebra or in other discipline of mathematics, there are certain results or statements that
are formulated in terms of n, where n is a +ve integer. To prove such statements the well
suited principle that is based on a specific technique, is known as the principle of
mathematical induction.

Motivation:
To understand the basic principle of Mathematical Induction, suppose a set of thin rectangular
tiles placed on one end.

When the first tile is pushed in the indicated direction, all the tile will fall. To be absolutely
sure that all the tiles will fall, it is sufficient to know that:
(a) The first tile falls, and
(b) In the event that any tiles falls its successor necessarily falls.

"rhe Principle of Mathematical Induction:

Suppose there is a given statement P(x) involving th natural no. n such that:
(i) the statement is true for n = 1 i.e. pel) is true, &
(ii) If the statement is true for n = k (where k is a +ve integer),
(iii) The statement is also true for n = k+l i.e P(k) is true =::} P(k+l) is true.
Then, P(n)is true for all natural numbers n.

W.S.-4.1
Ch-4: Mathematical Date: .
Induction

Fill in the Blanks:

1. By principle of Mathematical Induction, P(k) is true should imply

2. Socrates is a man & all men are mortal, implies _

3. State of Principle of Mathematical Induction.

 CRPF

CA-4.1
Ch-4: Mathematical Date: .
Induction

Prove the following by using Principle of Mathematical Induction:

. n(n+l)
Ques: 1: 1 + 2 + 3 + - - - - - + n = . 2 .
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
Ques: 2: 12 + 22 + 32 + __ - _ + n2 = 6 .

. . . 3n -l

Ques: 3: 1 + 3 + 32 + + 3 n- 1 = - 2 - '

1 1 1
Ques: 4: 1 + --+ + . + = -2n

1+2 1+2+3 - - - - - - 1+2+3--+n n+l
(2n -1)3 n+! + 3
Ques: 5: 1.3 + 2.3 2 + 3.3 3 + -.:- + n.3 n = --'------"---
4

1111 . 1 1

Ques: 6: -+-+-+------+- n
= 1-n
. 2 4 8 10 2 2

1 1 1 1 n(n+3)
Ques: 7: - - + - - + - - + - - - - + =
. 1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 .n(n + 1)(n + 2) 4(n + 1)(n + 2)

Ques: 8: (l+f)(l+ ~)(1+~)-----(1+2:~1) = (n+ ly .

1 1 1 1 n

Ques: 9:-+-+--+------+ =
1.4 4.7 7.10 (3n-2)(3n+l) 3n+l

Ques: 10: n(n+1)(n+S) is a multiple of 3.

Ques: 11: 102n -1 + 1 is divisible by 11.

Ques: 12: x 2n
- y2n is divisible by x + y ..

Ques: 13: (2n+7) < (n+3)2.

Ques: 14: 1Qn +3.4 n+2 + 5 is divisible by 9.

HA-4.1
Ch-4: Mathematical 1 Dale' ..
Induction

Prove the following by using Principle of Mathematical Induction:

. n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)

Ques: 2: 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + + n(n+l)(n+2)=
4
 CRPF

n(n + l)(n + 2)
Ques: 3: 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + - - - - - + n(n+l) = 3 .
Ques: 4: 1.2 + 2.22 + 3.2 2 + +n.2 = (n-1)2 n +1 +2

1 1 l i n
Ques: 5: - + - + - + - - - - - + = -
2.5 5.8 8.11 (3n-l)(3n+2) 6n+4
a(r n -1)
Ques: 6: a + ar + ar2 + + arn - 1 = l'
r

Ques:7: (l+iJ(l+~J(l+i)------(l+~) = (n+l).

Ques: 8: 12 + 32 + 52 + + (2n-1)2 =
n(2n-l)(2n+l)
3
1 1 l i n
Ques: 9: -+-+-+-----+ =
3.5 5.7 7.9 (2n+l)(2n+3) 3(2n+3)
Ques: 10: 7 - 3n is divisible by 4 for every +ve integer n.

Ques: 11: 3 20+2 - 8n - 9 is divisible by 8.

Ques: 12: 41 n - 14 is multiple of 27.

Ques: 13: 2.7+ 3.5 - 5 is divisible by 24, for all n EN.

n3
Ques: 14: 12 + 2 2 + + n2 > 3' n EN.

Ques: 15: (abt = aO . bO

Ques: 16: 7 + 77 + 777 + + 777 7 = .2-(lon+l - 9n -10) .

81 .
 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

THINGS TO REMEMBER

Induction and deduction are two basic processes of reasoning.

Deduction is the application of a general case to a particular case. In

contrast to deduction, induction is process of reasoning from particular to
general.

Principle of Mathematical Induction:

Let P(n) be any statement involving natural number n such that

(i) P(1) is true, and

(ii) If P(k) is true implies that P(k +1) is also true for some natural
number k

then P(n) is true V n E N

 ASSIGNMENT 4

PRINCIPLE OF. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

Using the principle of mathematical induction prove th~ following for all n EN:.

1. 3.6 + 6.9 + 9.12 + .+ 3n (3n + 3) = 3n(n + 1)(n + 2)

2. 23n ...:.1 is divisible by 7

3. 32n when divided by 8 leaves the remainder 1.

4. 4n+ 15n -1 is divisible by 9.

5. x 2n-1_1 is divisible by x - 1, x:t 1

6. 3n > n

7. If x and yare any two distinct integers then x n- yn is divisible by (x - y)

8. n < 2n

9. a + (a +d) + (a + 2d) + .......... + [a +(n -1)d] = n [2a+(n-'-1)d]

10.11 n+2 + 12 2n+1 is divisible by 133.

11. 3x + 6x + 9x + ....,..... to n terms =-[n(n+l)x]

. . 2

4-6

 ...

Ch:5
. Complex

.Numbers and
.~~tuadratic
Equatlons .
 CRPF

Introduction: Complex Numbers:

Numbers of the form 'a + ib' where a & b are real numbers and i = Hare
called complex numbers.

C = {a + ib : a,b E R}

Eg: 2 + 3i, -4 + .J3i, 1, 6, 7i, -3i, etc.

2

All real numbers are complex numbers

Every real numbers x can be written as x + Oi

Set of real numbers is a subset of the set of complex numbers ie RC C.

We write complex numbers as z = a + ib (standard form of complex no.)

Here a = Re(z), b = Im(z) ie 'a' is the real part of z and b 1S the imaginary part

of z.

z = a + ib is represented as an ordered pair (a, b).

Eg.-2 - 3i is represented as an ordered pair (2, -3) and ordered pair (0,3) implies
complex number 0 + 3i.

Purely Real Complex no. :Cornplex no. having its imaginary part to be zero.
-1
3 + Oi, -7 + Oi, - 2 . + Oi , etc.

Purely Imaginary Complex No:- Complex no. having its real part to be zero.

E.g. 0 -1/2i, -Si, 7i etc.

Topic 5.1 Algebra of Complex Nos.

Addition / Subtraction of complex numbers:

(a + ib) + (c + id) = (a + c) +i (b +d)

(a + ib) - (c + id) = ( a - c) +i (b-d)

Eg:

To add: 2 + 3i, -3 + 7i, 0 + 7i we get

2 + 3i - 3 + 7i + 7i

= -1 + 17i

CRPF

Multiplication ofcomplex numbers:

(a + ib) (c+id)~ ac + aid + idc+ j 2 bd

= (ac - bd) -+- i(ad + bc}

(j2= -1)

Example (2+3i) (-7+5i) = -14 + 10i- 21i + 15i2

. = ~ 14-15+ (10-21)i

= ,.29 -lii

CA-S.l
Ch 5 - Complex Numbers & Date:, .
Quadratic Equations

Ql. Evaluate:

(i);6 (ii) i8 (iii) j39 (iV) (79 (Vi) ;-78

Q2. Separate the real and imaginary parts in the following:

(i) 3+4i ii) 3-4i iii) 7 iV) -51 Vi) 1 - 2i 7

Q3. Evaluate: i 17 + ;20 _ ;13

Q4. Add the following: 2 + 5i, -3+4i, -2-2i

Q5. Add: (2-3i), 7 + 6i

Q6. Simplify: (1- j7) + (5i 2 +i)

Q7. Evaluate: .
(i) (4 - i) - (2 + i3 ) (ii) (2 + 5;) (1 - 7i)

Q8. Show that:

. in +i n+l +i n+2 +i n+3 =0 for each natural number n .

HA-S.l
CIl 5 - Complex Numbers &
. Date................. .j.

.Quadratic Equations

Ql.Separate the real and imaginary parts in the following:

(i) 2 - 5i (ii) x+y+3;

Q2. Add: 2+5i, -3+4i, -2-2;

 Q3. Simplify: [2 + --1-25]-[3 - --1-16] + [1 -+ \i-gJ
Q4. Show that:

i) 1 + i22 + i220 - jlOOO = 0 . ~

ii) (l+i) 4 (1+1/i)4 = 16

. Q5. Simplify and write the result in standard form:
,.
i) (2+ lli) - (3-2i) + (-'5-4i)

ii) (1 + --1"2 i) (1- --12 i)

iii) (3+4i) 2

3 16
iV) 8i - 6i + 20i 19
v) (--15 + 7i) (--15"- 7i) 2

Q6. Express .in the form a + ib: -5i(3i) 2

Q7. Show that 1 + jlO + j20 + j30 is a real no..

R.D.P.S

~re:..............
WS-S.l
CIl 5 - Complex Numbers & 1
Quadratic Equations

Roll No. _
Date: _

Q1. i = complex.

Q2 . (~ ~ )4n+3 I n E I\J = _.-----'-_~ _ _

Q3. . H9
~x
.
.
_. =
4 .
_

Q4.

Q5. (1 + i) (1+ 2i) = _. _

Q6. .J-25+3~+2H ~ _

Q7.. Real part of 6i is:

(i) 6 (ii) 6i (iii) 0 (iv) none of these

Q8. Imaginary part of 3 - 7i is:

(i) 3 (ii) -7 (iii) -7i (iv) none of these

 CRPF

Q9. [2 +.J=16J - [4 - .J-25 J + [8 -.J-'9 J is equalto _---'-- _

Q10. 2 + i3 - 3i 2 + GilD = __'--'-" _

Topic 5.2 : Properties ,Reciprocal ,Modulu~ ,Conjugate

Properties with respect to Addition:

i) Closure property - For Zl, Z2 E C, Zl + Z2 E C

ii) Commutative Property - For Zl ,Z2 E C, Zl + Z2 = Z2 + Zl

iii) Associative Property - For Zl,Z2 , Z3 E C, Zl +(Z2+ Z3) = (Zl+ Z2 )+Z3

iv) Additive Identity:- For a complex number a+ib E C, a complex number 0 + Oi E C is known
as its additive identity as (a + ib) + (0 + Oi ) = a + ib

v)Additive Inverse: For a complex number a + Ib E C, a complex number (-a) + i (-b) or '
-(a+ib) or -(a+ib) is called its additive inverse as (a+ib) + {(-a) + i(-;b)} = 0+ Oi I

Properties with respect to Multiplic::ation :

i) Closure Property : for Zl, Z2 E C ,

,'ii) Commutative Property:

iii) Associative Property: for Zl, Z2, Z3 E C,

Z1 . (Z2 . Z3) = (Zl. Z2) . Z3

iv)llIIultiplicative Identity: For a complex number a + ib E C, a complex number

1 + 0; E C is called its multiplicative identity as (a+ib) (1 + Oi) = a + ib

v) Multiplicative Inverse: For a complex no. a+ib E C its multiplicative inverse is denotedby
, !z
1 1 a ib z
and is given by - = =
. z , a+ib . = ~r
 CRPF

Reciprocal of a complex number:

Reciprocal of a complex number z = a + ib is given by = _1_= a --=ib:.........-_

Z a2 + b2 a 2 + b2
Note: Multiplicative Inverse or Reciprocal is the same thing for a complex no.

Conjugate of a complex number:

Conjugate of z = a + ib is got by changing the sign of the imaginary part ie
-
Conjugate of z =z = a - ib
-
Eg. 2-3i = 2+3i, i+7 = 7-i, 4= 4, 2i- 2i etc
-
Also if Z= (a,b), then z = (a, -b)

Properties with respect to conjugate of a complex no.

i) ~= z

ii) z\ + Z2 = Zj + Z2

iii) Zl . Z2 - ~ Z2

j,) [ ;: ] = [;:]
v) Rationalizaton of a complex number is always with its conjugate.

Modulus I Absolute value of a complex number:

Modulus of z = a+ib is given by taking the square root of the sum of the square of the real

part and the imaginary part i.e.

Modulus of z = Izi = v'(Re.z)2+(Imz)2 = ~a2 +b 2

Eg. 13+4il = v'+42 = -J25 = 5

13 - 4il = ~32 +(_4)2 = -J25 = 5

12il = ~02+22 =.J4 =2

Note: la+lbl = la-ibl =v'a 2+b 2
 ,,--,,'
CRPF .

Properties with respect to absolute value of a complex number:

1) Izi = 171 ::: I-zi

2) I Zl z21 = IZll IZ21

3) ~ =. ~
.~
Z2 Z2
4) Re (z) ~ Izi
5) 1m z :;;; Izi
6) IZl + z21:;;; IZII + IZ21 (Triangle Inequality)
....".,

Equality of complex numbers: Two complex numbers are equal if their correspondi.ng
real and imaginary parts are equal
a+ib = c+id .:} 9=C, b=d
a=c, b=d

-../' ---------,
CA-S.2

'.../ Complex Numbers &

Quadratic' Equations

--:'
------------'
Q1. Find the conjugate and modulus of the following:

i) 3. + 7i ii) 1 - i3 iii) 5 iv) 9+3i 7 v) -6i

vi) -5 -7i vii) i viii) 1-2i6
Q2. Find the real numbers x and y such that:

i) x+ Y i = -2 +3i
. ~.
2
ii)
[ix-~~ + -4
3yl
. = - 3 + 5I

Q3. Find 'rear x 8i.V If:

2x + 3iy - Six + 7y =-11'::7i

Q4. Find real values of x and y for which thee equation (x+iy) (2-3i) .7' 4+i is satisfied.

'--, ._-------------,-~."...,...,..:,~--,-..:-.,.,..,--,-~------,--------,-------:;"..-,'----------
. ~ .-." '. . ; .

.~.,~
'
 CRPF

Q5. Evaluate:

i) (4-i) - (2+i 3 )

"--./

ii) (9+i 7 ) + (3-i 5 )

Q6. "Find the conjugate and modulus of:

i) (2-i) + (2+6i) -" (5-3i)

ii) (2+3i) + (5i - 4i 3 ) + (6i - 7i 4 ) ,

Q7. For what value of x & yare the numbers -3 + ix 2 yand x 2 +y+4i conjugate complex .......... /

numbers.'

Q8. If (1-5i) Zl - 2z 2 = 3-7i , find Zl and Z2 where Zl and Z2 are conjugate of each other.---./
Q9. Express in standard form:
i) (2+i) (4+7i)

ii) (l-i) (2+3i) + (5+i) (3-i)

iii)

Q10. Find the multiplicative inverse (or reciprocal) of the following:

i) 1-i ii) 4--./-9 iii) (3+i) (2+5i) (l-i) iv) 7+11i

Q11: Find the conjugate and modulus of:

i) ,(3-2i) (3+2i) (l+i)

Ii) (3 - 4i)4 , __

iii)
[2 + ...r-zs] -
[3- "-16]+ [1- ~-9]

HA-S.2
Complex Numbers &: Date: .
Quadratic Equations '-../'

Ql. Find the values of x and V if:

'-../

i) x + Vi = -5+2i

ii) (x-2y) + 3Vi = 4-6i

iii) (4-5y) + (3-2x) i = 0,

iV)[~ x - J.Y1 + ~yi = 1-2i

, 3 4J 6

'Q2. Express inthe form of a+ib

F---1-+ --Lt f-3 +A~

11-2i l+iJ l2-4i J

--..-'
 CRPF

Q3. Let z == 1-i and z == -2+4i, find

(i) Re [Zj
' Zj
Z
2 J(ii) 1m [ l
Z Z2
Zj

Q4. Find ~he conjugate of:

i) 4-5i ii) _1_

, l+i

WS.5.2
C/r 5 - Complex Numbers & Date: ; .
Quadratic Equations

Ql. Fill in the blanks:

1) Conjugate of 1 - i 3 is _

2) If 3x-2yi = 6-5i, then x== &Y = _

3) 2+7i+3-7i + (-2+8i) = _

4) Multiplicative inverse of 2- ~-16 is _

5) IVlodulus of (3-2i) (3+2i) is -'--_ _

! , 1

6) Conjugate of - is _

, 1+ i

7) On IVlultiplying 3-2i by its conjugate we get ~ _

8) If Z1 = 3+2i and Z2 = 2-3i then Z1Z2 = _~ _

9) If Z = 2+3i then Z = _
10) If (x+iy){2-3i) = 4+i, then x = ,y= _

, Topic 5.3 : Division of complex Numbers:

a+ib == a+ib x' c-id

c+id c+id c-id

= ac2 - aid + ibc - i 2 bd

c - cid + idc - ;2 d 2

= ac-bd + i(bc - ad)

'c
2
+d
2 2
c +d
2

= ac - bd + i (bc..,ad)

c2 +d 2 , c2 +d 2

 CRPF

Evaluate:
(i) 2+3i (ii~ '-l+i

'3-4i -l-i

CA-S.3
Ch 5 - Complex Numbers &
. Quadratic Equations
I ~.'e,........ j ~

\ ..... /

Q1. Write in standard form:

2+3i
i) (ii) 3-7i (i) 2+3i -(ii) -l+i

3-4i -1-1 -S-4i ,2+5i

Q2. Simplify and write the result in the form a + ib:

i) 1+2i - 3i 2 ii) 3+2i + 3-:2i

1-2i + 3i 2 2-Si 2+5i

\.........--:

Q7. If z 1 == 1- i and = -2 + 4i, find

t:.' J
Z2

(i) Re (~~' ) (ii) 1m

(x + i)2
Q8. If a + ib = , prove that a2 + 1:)2
2x-i

I .~,
W5-S.3
Ch 5 - Complex Numbers & Date:............... ~
Quadratic Equations
--------
Q1. The value of
Q2. ' If Zl = -3+i &
C+ 9

Z2
fir 1 i~ - - - - - -
= 4.-6i then
'-'

Re [.!.-J
~1 Z2
=
'~'

'~

Q3. (1-6i)3 in standard form is _ _......... _ --J

Q4. On finding'x & y if x+iy: Is the conjugate of 6-37i, we get x = & ' ''-'"

y=--- \./

. 1-;. ---.../
Q5.Express - in standard form.
, 1 +i .'
-J
5, JO,
~'

.. ' .{_".-.:... , :.,.:;,:.o:~~.

, , . . . . _. c _ _: ~.,._
V
 CRPF

HA-S.3
Complex Numbers &: Date: .
'-.../ Quadratic Equations

Ql. If a+ib = x+iy, prove that x 2+ y2 = a 2 +b 2

Q2. If (X+iy)1/3 = a+ib, x,Y,a,bE R, show that ~ + Y... = 4(a 2 -b 2 )

a b
,---,'

Q3. If (a+i)2 = p+iq, show that p2 + qZ = (a z+l)2

2a-i 4a 2 +1
''.,./

'-,.J
Q4. Let Zl = -2 + i and Zz = 1-3i, find the value of Re (_1_,J
ZI Z 2.

Q5. Express the following in standard form :

1 (l + ;)2 (3 - 20 (2 + 30
i) ii) iii)
3-4; 3-i (l + 2i) (2 - i)

1
iV)
, 1- cosO + 2isinO
Q6. Express (1-2ir 3 in the standard form.

Q7. Find the real values of x & Y if:

x-I y-l .
-'- + - - =1
3+i 3-i

Q8. Evaluate +GJ 25]3

[i"
.' "-;- Reduce"
Q9~
(I 2)
---- ,
3- 4i) ,
( - - to the standard form.
, 1- 4i 1+ i S +i

Ql0.

,,,,,,'

''-./

511

 CRPF

Qll. Find the real numbers x & y if .

( x - iy) (3 + 5i) is the conjugate of "'-6 -24i

'J
. l+i l-i
Q12. Find the modulus of - -
l-i l+i

p- ex: I
13. If a & p are different complex number with Ipl == 1, tl1en find l-aftl

. v
Topic 5.4 : Geometrical Representation of complex NumDers:

P (a,b)
CQmplex no. z==a+ib, represented by ordered p~ir (a,b) is
" , P (a + ib) "
. I
I '-...'
represented as '0
I
I
,
I
I
\.J

Real axis
x-axis - Real axis
y-axis - Imaginary axis

The plane is called argand plane or argancl diagram or complex plane or Gaussian

plane.
, ./"""'
.
.

Eg: Representation.of2+3i, -2-3i, 2i l 3, on complex plane is as:

~~~, ~ '~f~
. "("';'2.,'-,) :z.LrD)~) (~,~ )

~
Ne>te that purely real and purely imaginary complex "numbers lie on the axes (and not in any"""'!
of the quadrants)
'f'
....../

.'

CRPF
Polar Representation of a complex Numbers:

Polar representation of z = x+iy is .given by'

Z= r(cosa +. isina ) where r? 0 is the magnitude and a is argument / amplitude.

Given by r = Izj = va 2 +b 2 and arg Izi = a where tan a = bfa, with due consideration of

'sign of a,b so as to decide the quadrant.

For finding the polar representation,

0-..--'"

Put Z= r(cose + i sina) ,r > 0

Where r = Izi and' a = tan- 1 b/a

..... /

' ~i
Let a. '= tan- 1 Ib/a I and find the value of a.Then see the quadrant in which the given
complex no. wpuldlie and accordingly you will take a to be
If e lies in I quad ,

e lies in II quad, e = 'It./2 + a or 'It-a.

e lies in III quad, e = 'It + a or 3'1t - a

e lies in IV quad, e =- a or 2'1t - a

.'-.../ Eg. To find the polar representation of

Z = -1+-.13 i, we let:

Let z=-1+-v3i = r(cose+sine),r>O

r = Izi > 0
e= tan -1 b/a
Here..,jl ~ -1
b=+.J3

r = "1+3 = "'4 =2

oc= tan- 1 I!I' = tan-

.a
l
.J3
-1
= tan- l .J3 =
3'

since z = (-1, +-V3) E II quad

'-..--',' e = 1t - a = 'It - Tt/3 = 21t/3
z-;. 1 + -v3i= 2(cos 2rc/3 + i sin 21t/3)

'~.

',-,,'
 CRPF

CA-S.4
CI, 5 - CQlhplex Numbers & Date: ~ .. .
I
'-.-/

Quadratic Equations I
---------'v

Q1. To which quadrant each of the following complex numbers belong?

(i) 3+5i (ii) -2+3i (iii)-31+4
.(iv) -4i -6 (v) 3-7i

Q2. Find the modulus and argument of the complex number l+i.

. 1-i

Q3. Find the modulus and argument of l

1+1

Q4. Express 1+1 in polar form.

Q5. Express -l+i in polar form.

Q6. Express 1-i In polar form. v

Q7. Express -l-i in polar form.

Q8. Write -1 + ,/'3 i in polar form.

. ",--/
------.........,..--,

HA-S.4
Ch 5 - Complex Numbers &
Quadratic Equations _D_ate_:_
.... ...... ... "----,C

Q1. Represent each of the following complex nos. by the points Illthe Argand plane.
i) 7-i 1,1) -4 Iii) 111 Iv) -./3 + 4i , . '-_.i
2
v) .2 + ~i vi) -5 - Ii
2 3 2 2
Q2. Write the modulus and argument of:

i) --../3+ i . ii) -1-v'3i

iii) 3 iV) -51

Q3. Give the polar representation of

i) ..f3 + i Ii) 1+31
1-2i
iii) -4+i 4-v3 '- /..

Q4. Find the value of e E R, such that 3+21 sine is purely real

1-2i sin e

Q5. Show that IJ+cose + I sin = 1

~+ cose - i sin e .

. Q6. Express the following in polar form:

I) 2+6 -..j3f ii) 1+71

5+ \i3i (2-i)2

-............../

...'. '. "--/

. . . ~

." ~;,::,~.:~::,~~~~,~
 CRPF

Q7. Convert the complex number z = i- 1 in the polar form.

Cos 1t/3 + sin 1t/3

W5-5.4
Cit 5 - Complex Numbers & Date: .
Quadratic Equations

Q1. Polar representation is 1 + J3i is _

Q2. Argument of 1 +3i is _.,---- '-- _

1-2i

Q3. Modulus of 3-7i is _--'-- _

Q4. Complex number-3+7i lies in "quadrant.

Q5. Argument of 7i is ~__

TOpic 5.5 Quadratic Equations

General form :ax 2 + bx +c = 0, a"* 0, a,b E R

Root I Solution :a is said to be a root or a solution ofax 2 + bx +
" ie
2
aa + ba+c =
C =
if it satisfies its eqn.

Discriminant: -D or ~ = b - 4ac

Solutions I Roots ota Quadratic Equation:

Solutions ofax2 + bx + c :::0 are given by:

x = -b + -.lb 2 -4ac

2a

Number of roots: A quadratic equation has exactly two roots: real or imaginary, equal or
distinct.

Types of Roots: When coefficients a,b,c of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a "* are real
then
i) if D > 0, then roots are real and unequal" "
" ii) if D = 0, then roots are real and equal
iii) if D <0, then roots are complex and conjugate of each other.

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra:

It states that

"A polynomial equation has at least one root".

 CRPF

CA-S.S
Ch 5 - Complex Numbers & Date: .
Quadratic Equations

Q1. Solve the equation x 2 + 16 = O.

Solve the following:

Q2. x2 + x + 3 =0

Q3. 2x2 - x + 3 =0

Q4. 2x2 - 9ix - 9 =0

Q5. 3x2 - 4x + 20 = 0
3
Q6. x 2 - 2x + 3/2 = 0

HA-S.S
Ch 5 - Complex Numbers & Date: .
Quadratic Equations

Solve:

Q1. 27x2 - lOx +1 = 0

Q2. 21x2 - 28x + 10 = 0
Q3. -.JSX2 + X + ~5= 0

SQUARE ROOT

CA-S.6
Ch 5 - Complex Numbers & Date: .
Quadratic Equations

Find the square root of the following complex numbers:

1)5+12;
2)-15-81
3)7-24i
 COMPLEX NUMBERS & QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

THINGS TO REMEMBER

The imaginary number .J=1 = i, is called iota

For any integer k J j4k =1 i4k+1

J =i ) i4k+2 = -1 i4k+3 = -i
J

Ja x ,Jb += .Jab if both a and b are negative real numbers

A number of the form z = a + ib, where a, b E R is called a complex

number.

a is called the real part of z, denoted by Re(z) and b is called the

imaginary part of z, denoted by Im(z)

a + ib = C + id if a = c, and b ::: d

Z1 = a + ib, Z2 = c + id.
In general, we cannot compare and say that ZI :> Z2 or ZI < Z2

but if b, d = 0 and a :> c then ~ :> Z2

Le. we can compare two complex numbers only if they are purely real.

-z = -a + i(-b) is called the Additive Inverse or negative of z = a + ib

Z = a - ib is called the conjugate of z = a + ib

r 1 = -1 = a2 - ib 2 = -Z, . j" t'Ive Inverse af

ed th e multlplca
2 IS call
z a + b Izl
z = a + ib (a :t: 0, b :t: 0)

The coordinate plane that represents the complex numbers is called the
complex plane or the Argand plane

Polar form of z = a + ib is,

z = r (case + i sine) where r = Ja 2 + b 2 = lzl is called the modulus of z,

a is called tl1e argument or amplitude of z,

. The value of e such that, -n< e S 1t is called the principle argument of z,

I J
 IZ l + z21 ~ z1 1 + Izd
I

/Z l Z 2 1= Iz,l. IZ 2 1

For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + C = 0, a, b, C E R, a .:f- 0.,

if b2 - 4ac < 0 then it will have comp1ex roots given by,

x=
-b
.
i~4ac - b
2

2a

5'18

 ASSIGNMENTS,

COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Q1. Express the following in the form (a + ib):

i) 15 - 3.7+2.169+.100
1 I I I -I'17+S'3

I .

ii) .J-4{H+3)+-J-49 (i 3+-!3) - .J-36 (2-)-121)+ -!Sis

1 3 '

iii) (-+-i) - (1-i)2 + i 93 _ 6 (S-~).

2 2 ,

3-~
iv)
-J-49+4

Q2 .. Find the conjugate of the following:

1 7-9i
i) 7- - i ii) iii)
2 2+i

Q3. Find the magnitude of following:

1
i) 12i-S ii) 7
iii) (3+2i)3
4i

Q4. Find the multiplicative inverse of the following:

2+3i (i +1)(i + 2)

i) (2-i)(3-i) ii) -- iii)

3-2i (i -:-1)(i - 2)

QS. .Solve for x & y :

i) 3x + (2x-y)i - 6-3i

2
ii) 3' + ix 2 y = x + Y + 4i

iii) x 2
- 7x + 9yi = y2 i + 20i - 12.

. Q6. Express in the polar form:

i) i ii) -!3 sin4So + -!3 cos4Si ii) 2+2i

Q7. If x+ly=
'$ -
1 - l. '
prove that x 2 + y2 = 1

Q8. If z = l+i , eva.luate z2-4:?:+13.

Q9. If Zl == 2 + i I Z2 = 2-3i , Z3 = 4+5i , Evaluate:

i) ii) 1m (Z2.Z3 )
Zl

Q10. Find the modulus and the argument of the following:

i) ii) iii) .J3 +i

Q 11. For Complex numbers Z1= -1 + i, Z2 = 3 - 2i show that,

.
012. I.f x + iy=
[l+i ,prove that x2+ y2 = 1
V1=i
013. Solve the equation, .J3x 2 -.fix + 3.J3 = 0
014. Find the square root of -3 + 4i and verify your answer.

5'20

 Ch:6 .
Linear

Inequalities

6/

 CRPF

C.A.: -6.1
Ch: Liner Inequalities Date:u I

1. Solved 24x < 100, when

(i) x is a natural number. (ii) x is an integer.
2. Solve - 12x<30, when
(i) x is a natural number. (ii) x is an integer.
3. Solve 5x 3<7, when
(i) x is an integer. (ii) x is an real number.
4. Solve 3x + 8>2, when
(i) x is an integer. (ii) x is a real number

Solve the inequalities.

5'. 3x + 17 :::;; 2 (l-x)

6. 2(2x+3) -10 :::;;6 (x-2)

7. 2x-3
- - + 9>
_ 3+4x.
4 3

5x-2 7x-3 x
8. ----->
3 5 4

Solve the inequalities and show the graph of the solution in each case on number line.

10. 3x-7 > x+l

x 3x-2 5x-3
11. -<----
5 4 5

5x 3x 39
12. -+-;;::
2 4 4

13. - (x-3) + 4 < 5 -2x.

 CRPF .

14. Find all pairs of consecutive odd positive integers, both of which are smaller than 18,such
that their sum is more than 20.

15. In the first 4 papers each of 100 marks, Rishi got 95, 72, 73, 83 marks. If we wants an
average of greater than or equal to 75 marks & less than 80 marks, find the range of marks he
". should get in fifth paper. "
MA .
16. I.Q. of a person is given by IQ =- x 100, where MA is mental age & CA is chronological
" CA
age. If 80 :::; IQ :::; 140 for a group of 12 year children, find range of MA.

17. A manufacturer has 600 liters of a 12% solution of acid. How many liters of 30% acid
solution must be added to it so that acid content in the mixture is more than 15% but less than
18%?
18. How many liters of water will have to be added to 1125 I. of 45% solution so that the
mixture is" more than 25% but less than 30% acid content.

19. Solve the following system of inequalities & represent the solution on graph:
(i) 3x-7 <5+x

l1-Sx :$; 1

(ii) 5x+1 > -24

5x -1 < 24

(iii) 3x -: 7 > 2 (x-6)

6 - x > 11 - 2x

H.A.: -6.1
Ch: Liner Inequalities Date: .

Solve the inequalities:

1. 4x + 3<6x +7 2. 3x - 7 > Sx - 1

3. 3(x - 1):::; 2 (x - 3) 4. 3 (2 - x) ;::: 2 (1 - x)

x x x x .
S. x + - + - < 11 6. > - + 1
2 3 3 2

3(x - 2) :$; 5(2 - x) I I

7". 8. - (3; +4) ;::: - (x - 6)

5 3 2 3

9. 2 (2x + 3) - 10 < 6 (x - 2) 10. 37 - (3x + 5) ;::: 9x - 8 (x - 3)

x 5x-2) _ (7x-3) (2x-I) (3x-2) (2-x)

11. 12. ---;:::

435 3 4 5

. [
 CRPF

Solve the inequalities and show the graph of the solution in each case on number line

13. 3x - 2 < 2x + 1 14. Sx - 3 ;::: 3x - 5

x (5x-2) (7x-3)
15. 3 (1 - x) < 2 (x + 4) 16. - < ---'-------'-
235

17. Ravi obtained 70 and 75 marks in first two unit test. Find the number if minimum marks he
should get in the third test to have an average of at least 60 marks.

18. To receive Grade 'A' in a course, one must obtain an average of 90 marks or more in five
examinations (each of 100 marks). If Sunita's marks in first four examinations.are 87, 92, 94 and
95, find minimum marks that Sunita must obtain in fifth examination to get grade 'A' in the
course.
19. . Find all pairs of consecutive odd positive integers both of which are smaller than 10 such

that their sum is more than 11.

20. Find all pairs of consecutive even positive integers, both of which are larger than 5 such

that their sum is less than 23.

21. The longest side of a triangle is 3 times the shortest side and the third side is 2 em shorter
than the longest side. If the perimeter of the triangle is at least 61 cm, find the minimum length of
the !'ihortest side.
22. A man wants to cut three lengths from a single piece of board of length 91 cm. The second
length is to be 3 em longer than the shortest and the third length is to -be twice as long as the
shortest. What are the possible lengths of the shortest board if the third piece is to beatleast 5
cm longer than the second?
[ Hint: if x is the length of the shortest board, then x,(x+3) and 2x are the lengths of the second
and third piece, respectively. Thus, x+(x+3)+2x :::; 91 and 2x ~ (x+3) +5 ]

23. A solution of 8% boric acid is to be diluted by adding a 2% boric acid solution to it.

The resulting mixture is to be more than 4% but less than 6% boric acid. if we have 640

litre of the 8% solution, how many litre of the 2% solution will have to be .added?

C.A.: -6.2
Ch:LinerInequaHues Date: .

Solve the following inequalities graphically in two-dimensional plane:

1. x+y<5 2. 2x + Y ~6

3. 3x + 4y :::;; 12 4. Y + 8 ;::: 2x

5. x - Y :::;; 2 6. 2x - 3y > 6

7. x ~ - 5 8. 2x + Sy < 0
 CRPF

H.A.: -6.2
Ch:LinerInequauues Date: .

Solve the following inequalities graphically:

1. - 3x + 2y~ - 6 2. 3y - Sx < 30

3. y<-2 4. x> 3

C.A.: -6.3
Ch: Liner Inequalities Date: .

Solved the following system of Inequalities graphically:

1. 2x - Y > 1, x - 2y < - 1 2. x+y ~ 6, x+Y ~ 4

3. 2x + Y ;:::: 8, x+2y;::::10 4. x+y ~ 9, Y> x , x 20

5. 5x '+ 4y ~ 20, x ~ 1, y ~ 2

6. 3x + 4y ~ 60, x + 3y ::; 30, x ~O, Y~ 0

7. 2x + Y ;::: 4, x +Y ~ 3, 2x 3y ~ 6

8. x 2y ~3, 3x + 4y ~ 12, x~ 0, Y2 1

H.A.: -6.3
Ch: Liner Inequalities Date: .

Solve the following system of inequalities graphically:

1. x 2 3, Y ~ 2 2. 3x + 2y ~ 12, x 21, y 22

3. 2x + Y ;::: 6, 3x + 4y ::; 12 4. x + Y > 4, 2x - Y > 0

5. 4x + 3y ~ 60, y 2 2x, x 2 3, x, Y 2 0

6. . 3x + 2y ~ 150, x + 4y ~ 80, x ~ 15, Y 2 0

7. x + 2y ::; 10, x + Y ;:::: 1, x - Y ~ 0, x 2 0, Y 2 0

 CRPF

VI.S: - 6
Ch: Liner Inequalities Date: ..

Fill ups:
3x+ll
. 1. Solution of 7 ~ ~ 11 is

2. Graphical solution of 3x - 7 > 2 (x-6) is

3. Graphical solution of 5(2x-7)-3 (2x+3) ~ O,2x+19 ~.6x + 47 is g.iven by _

 LINEAR INEQUALITIES

THINGS TO REMEMBER

Two real numbers or two algebraic expressions related by the symbol'<',

'>', 's' or '~' form an inequality.

The inequalities of the form ax + b > 0, ax + b < 0, ax + b 0,

';2:
ax + b sO; a ":t:. are called linear inequalities in one variable x

The inequalities of the form ax + by + C > 0, ax + by + C < 0,

ax + by + C ';2: 0, ax + by + c::;; 0, a ":t:. 0, b 7= are called linear inequalities
in two variables x and y

Rules for solving inequalities :

(i) a ~ b then a k ~ b k

where k is any real number.

(ii) but if a ~ b then ka is not always L kb.

If k > (i.e. positive) then a ~ b => ka ';2: kb

If k < 0 (Le. negative) then a ~ b => ka s kb

. Solution Set: A solution of an inequality is a number which when

substituted for the variable, makes the inequality true. The set of all
solutions of an inequality is called the solution set of the inequality.

The graph of the inequality ax + by > c is one of the half planes and is
called the solution region

When the inequality involves the sign::;; or z then the points on the line
are included in the solution region but if it has the sign <or > then the
points on the line are not included in the solution region and it has to be
drawn as a dotted line.
 ASSIGNMENT 6

LINEAR INEQUALITIES

(1 MARK)

f Solve 5x < 24 when x E N

2. Solve 3x < 11 when x E Z

3. Solve 3 - 2x < 9 when x E R

4. Show the graph of the solution of 2x - 3> x - 5 on number line .

. 5. Solve 5x - 8 ~ 8 graphically

..,x
6. Solve: 0<-<1
1

7. Solve: -3 ::; -3x + 2 < 4

.8. Solve: 3 + 2x > -4 - 3~

9. Draw the graph of the solution set of x + Y z 4.

10. Draw the graph at-the solution set of x::; y

(4 MARKS)

Solve the inequalities for real x:

2x-3 . 4x
11. --+9:?:3+
4 3

12. Ix - 21 2: 5

13. -5s 2-3x s9

14.. The water acidity in a pool is considered normal when the average PH reading of three daily

measurements is between 7.2 and 7.8. If thefirst two PH readings are 7.48 and 7.85, find the

range of PH value for the third reading that will result in the acidity level being normal.

Solve the following systems of inequalities graphically:

15. x + Y > 6, 2x - Y > 0

(' 68

16. 3x + 4y :s; 60, x + 3y :s; 3D, x ~ 0, y ~ 0

(6 MARKS)

Solve the following systems of inequalities graphically:

17. 3x+ 2y:s; 24, x + 2y:s; 16, x + y:s; 10, x ~ 0, y ~

18. 2x + Y ~ 4, x + Y:s; 3, 2x - 3y :s; 6

19. x + 2y :s; 2000, x + y:s; 1500, y :s; 600, x ~ 0, y ~ 0

 Ch:7
Permutation

And

.Combination

 CRPF

Introduction :
Ex 1 -Ram going from village to friends home ( 3 different ways)

Ex 2 -3 people A, S, C to get 3 jobs a, b ,e

Ex 3 -1, 2 & 3 written on 3 cards. How many 2-digit nos. can be formed using 2 cards.

Fundamental Principle of counting

U,sing the given ex :-

Shivam has 2 school bags & 3 tiffin boxes & 2 water bottles.

In how many ways can she carry these items

2 x 3 x 2 = 12 ways

FPC says that

'If an event can occur in m different ways, following which another. event can
occur in n different ways, then the total no. of ways of occurrence of the events in the
given order is mxn.'

C.A.: -7.1
Ch: 7: Permutation & Date: .
Combination

Complete Ex 7.1(NCERT)

H.A.: -7.1 ,

Ch: 7: Permutation &

.1 Date' ' .
Combination

NCERT Pg 136 Solved Ex 1,2, 3,4 .

W.S.:7.1
Ch: 7: Permutation &
Combination
I Date'.m.u.
Q1. How many numbers are there between 100 and 1000 such that 7 is in the units

place?

( . I
 CRPF

Q2 How many three-digit numbers more than 600 can be formed by using the digits

2,3,4,6,77

Q3 How many 4-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5 if

i) repetition of digits is not allowed

ii) . repetition of digits is allowed

Q4 How many three digits odd numbers are there?

FACTORIAL NOTATION
n ! = n ( n -1 ) ( n -2 ) 3 - 2.1

We define 01 = 1

Find:- 5! , 2!

We can write: n! = n ( n -1')! or n ( n-1 ) ( n -2 ) ! etc

H.A.: -7.2
Ch: 7: Permutation & Date: .
Combination

NCERT Pg 140 - Q 1, 3 , 4

Ex 7.2
C.A.: -7.2
Ch: 7: Permutation &
Combination
I Date: .

NCERT Pg 140 -: Q 2 , 5 Ex 7 .

. W.S.:7.2

Ch: 7: Permutation &

Date: ..
Combination

Ql. If . 1 + 1 = 2L ,find x

8! 9! 10!

Q2. Compute' 11!-10!

9!

Q3. Find n, if

(n+1)! =12 (n-1)!

. ,

 CRPF

PERMUTATIONS

It is the number of ways in which different objects can be arranged.

Thm 1: The no. of permutations of n different objects, taken all at a time is given by
npn = n!

Thm 2 : The no. of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time, denoted by

n pr (. r < n ) is given by :

n pr = n ( n-l ) ( n -2 ) - - (n r +! )! i.e. n!

(n-r)!

Ex:-Number of words formed using letters of N MBER (is 6 P3 = 120 ).

Thm 3 :- The no. of permutations of n objects taken all at a time, where nl of
the objects are identical & others distinct is given by : n!

If nl are identical of one type & nz of other type then P = n!

Ex::.. (1) Permutations of letters of the word BEE

3! =3,
[ 2! j
11
(2) " " " word INSTITUTE

[ ~

.2! 3! j
CIRCULAR PERMUTATIONS:

Pe~mlJtations of objects in a line is called linear permutations. If. we consider the.

arrangement of objects in a circle, instead of a line, we speak of Circular Permutations.

~ r'
 CRPF

Ex ":- For 3 objects a , b , c arranged in circle, the arrangement could be

b
b a
c a

\
c b

We can see, all these arrangements represent the same permutation.

Here abc, cab, b c a are all same.

R~sult_ -- If n objects are arranged in a (i) each circular given n linear permutations

and no. of distinguishable circular permutation P' is given by :

p' = n! = (n-l)!

C.A.: -7.3
Ch: 7: Permutation &
Combination
I Date: .

NCERT :- Pg 148 - Ex 7.3 Q 1 to Qll

Extra Questions:

Q 12.In how many ways can 4 red,S yellow & 2 green discs be arranged in a row, if the
discs

of the same colour are indistinguishable.

Q 13. In how many ways can 6 persons be seated around a circular table?

Q 14.If there are 20 steamers plying between A & B. In how many ways could the round
trip from A be" made if the return was made on
1) The same steamer
2) A different steamer

a
Q 15. For a group photograph, 3 boys & 2 girls stand in line in all possible ways. How
many photos could be -taken if each photo corresponds to each such arrangement?
 CRPF

Q 16. How many nos can be formed using 1 , 2 , 3 , 9 if repetition of digit is not allowed.
Q 17. In how many ways can 4 people A, S, C, 0 sit around a circular table.
Q 18. 5 people A, S, C, 0, E are to sit around a circular table. In how many ways can they sit if

(i) S & 0 are to sit together

(iii) C & 0 are not to sit together.

H.A.: -7.3
Ch: 7: Permutation Date: ..
.& Combination

.HA 7.3
NC~RT Pg 144 -- Ex. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, 15, 16

W.S.: -7.3
Ch: 7: Permutation
& Combination
Date: ; I
Ql If P(n,4) = 20x P(n,2) , find n
Q2 If P(n-1,3) :. P(n,4) = 1:9 , find n

Q3 How many numbers lying between 100 and 1000 can 'be formed with the digits 1,2,3,4,5 if the
repetition of digits is not allowed?

Q4 How many arrangements can be made with the letters of the word 'MATHEMATICS' ?In how
many of them vowels are together?

Q5 If all the letters of the word 'AGAIN' be arranged as in a dictionary ,what is the fiftieth word?

COMBINATIONS

If there are 3 tennis players X, Y, Z

A team consisting of 2 players is to be formed. This can be done as - X and Y. Here X Y & Y X are

not different(or they donotmatter) .

We can select the team as:

X~YZ&ZX ~
Here, each selection is a combination of 3 different objects taken 2 at a time.
In a combination, order is not important.

Here nCr =---:"n.._.'--:-,.-_ --+ # combination of n different objects taken r at a time.

(n -r)! r!

Ex:- Committee of 2 boys to be selected from 4 boys. It can be done in 4 Cz ways. But
if 1 treasurer a 1 president to be selected from 4 boys 1 then Bl Bz a BzBl would be
different :- 4pZ . . .

;6

 "

CRPF

Remarks :

1) Number of combination of n object taken all at a time is nCn = 1

2) nCr = nC n _ r
3) nCo = 1
4) . nCa = nCb => n=a+b

Pascals Rule -+ nCr +4C n -r = n+1 C r

C.A.: ,,:,7.4

Ch: 7: Permutation

& Combination
Date:.........:.....
I
.NCERT

Pg 153 -- Ex 7.4 -- Q 1 to Q 9

Miscellaneous Exercise
Ql) How many different words can be formed using the let~ers of the word EQUATION so that

i) the word begins with E.

ii) the word begins with E & ends with W
iii) the word begins & ends with a consonant

Q2) How many words can be formed using the letters of the word ORDINATE so that vowels
occupy even places?

Q3) How many words can be formed from the letters oFthe word DAUGHTER so that.
)

i) vowels always come together. "

ii) vowels never come together. '

Q4) How many arrangements can be made with the letters of the word MATHEMATICS.
In how many of them vowels are together.

Q5) In how many of distinct permutations of the letters in MISSISSIPPI do the 4 I' s
come together?

Q6) In how many ways 5 boys & 3 girls be seated In a row so that
I
no two girls are together?

Q7) How many even nos. are there with. 3 digits such that if 5 is one of the digits, then 7 is
the next digit~ (5 can't occur at ten's place ,since 7 at one's place is not possible)

Q8) Forthe post of 5 teachers, there are 23 applications, 2 posts are res~rved for SC
-candidates & there are 7 SC candidates. In how many ways can the post be filled?
 CRPF

Q9) A box contains 5 different red & 6 different white balls. In how many ways can 6 balls
be selected so that there are at least 2 balls of each colour?

Q10) Out of 5 men & 2 women, a committee of 3 is to be formed .. In how many ways can it be
done if at least one woman is to be included. .
. . , .

Qll) A committee of 12 is to be formed from 9 women & 8 men. In how many ways can this be
done if at least 5 women have to be included in the committee?

Q12) In an exam, a candidate hahs to pass in each of the 6 subjects. In how many ways can he
fail?

Q13) A committee of 12 is to be formed from 9 women & 8 men. In how ma~ ways can this be
done if at least 5 women have to be included in the committee? In how many of these
committees the

(i) women ar~ in majority

(ii) men are in majority.

Q14) A committee of 5 is to be formed out of 6gents & 4 ladies. In how many ways can this be
done, when;

(i) at least 2 ladies are included

(ii) at most 2 ladies are included

Q1$) A bag contains 5 black & 6 red balls. .In how many ways can 2 black & 3 red balls be
selected from. the lot.

Q16) Out of 7 consonants.& 4 vowels, how. many words of 3 consonants & 2 vowels, . can be
formed.

Q17) How many four letter words can be formed using the letters of the word 'FAILURE' so that

(i) F is included in each word

(ii) F is not included in each word.

Q18) How many words can be formed by taking 4 letters at 'a time out of the letters of the word

'MATHEMATICS'? .

Q19) How many 4 letter words can be formed using the letter of the word 'II\lEFF.ECTIVE:'

Q20) Eighteen guests have to be seated~ half on each side of a long table. Fourparticular guests
. desire to sit on one particular side and three other on the other side. Determine the no. of
ways in which seating arrangement can be made.

Q21) If all the letters of the word 'AGAIN' be arranged as in a dictionary, what is the fiftieth
~~? J .
 CRPF

Q22) Find the number of ways in which 5 boys & 5 girls be seated so that
(i) No 2 girls are together
(ii) All the girls sit together

Q23) If the letters of the word 'RANDOM' are written as in dictionary. Find the rank,of the word
RANDOM .

Q24) How many nos'. greater than a million can be formed with the digits 2, 3, a, 3,.4, 2, 3.?

Q25) How many nos. greater than 1000000 can be formed using the digits 1, 2, a, 2, 4, 2, 4?

Q26) In how many ways can 9 examination papers be arranged so that the best & worst pa'per
are never together

H.A.: -7.4
Ch: 7: Permutation .1 Date: .
& Combination

NCERT Pg 151 Ex. 17, 18, 19, Pg 154 - Ex 21, 24

Misc.Ex Pg 156 - Q1 to Q4, Q8, QU.

W.S.. :-7.4

Ch: 7: Permutation
/Date: .
& Combination

Q1 If nCg = nCa , find nC 17

Q2 Determ ine n if 2nC2 : nC2 12: 1

=
Q3 If nP r = npr+l, and nCr = nCr_l , find the values of n arid r

 PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

THINGS TO REMEMBER

When- a job (task) is performed in different ways then each way is called
the permutation.

Fundamental Principle of Counting : If a job can be performed in III

different ways and for each such way, second job can be done in n
different ways, then the two jobs (In order) can be completed in m x n
ways.

Fundamental Principle of Addition : If there are two events such that

they can be performed independently in m and n ways respectively, then
either of the two events can be performed in (m + n) ways.

The number of arrangements (permutations) of n different things taken r

at a time is nP r or P{n, r)

The number of selections (Combinations) of n different things taken r at

a time is nCr'

n!
= --;--_--,--- n!
n p
r (n-r)!'
= ~---,----

(n-r)!r!

No. of permutations of nthings, taken all at a time, of which p are alike

n!
of one kind, q are alike of 2f1d kind such that p + q = n, is p! q!
01 = 1
1
nc = nen =
0 1

nor = nen-r.
lier + "Cr-1 = l+1C r
nCa = nCb if a + b = n or a = b

1(0
,I
I,
 ASSIGNMENT 7

PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS

Q1. Find ", if

(i) (n+2)! = 2550 x n! (ii) (n+l) ! = 12 x (n-l) !

Q2. Find the number of 4 letter words, with or without meaning, which can be formed out of
the letters of the word 'ROSE', when:

(i) The repetition of the letters is not allowed.

(ii) The repetition of the letters is allowed.

Q3. How many numbers are there between 100 and 1000 such that 7 is in the unit's place.

Q4. How many three digit odd numbers can be formed by using the digits 1, 2, 3,4,5,6 if:

(i) The repetition of digits is not allowed?

(ii) The repetition of digits is allowed?
Q5. In how many ways can 9 examination papers be arranged so that the best and worst
paper are never together?

Q6. If the letters of the word 'LATE' be permuted and the words so formed be arranged ~as
in a .dictionary ,what is the rank of 'LATE' ?

Q7.lf n+2 C8 : n-2 p4 =57:16, find n.

QR What is the number of ways of choosing 4 cards from a pack of 52 playing cards? In
how many of these:

(i) Four cards are of the same suit.

. (ii) Four cards belong to four different suits.
(iii) Four cards are face cards.
(iv) Two are red cards & two are black cards.
(v) Cards are to the same color.

Q9. In how many ways can 7 plus (+) sign and 5 minus (-) signs be arranged in a row so

that no two minus signs are together?

Q10. How many different selections of 4 books can be made from 10 different books, if:

(i) There is no restriction.

(ii)Two particular books are always selected.
(iii)Two particular books are never selected.

Q11. In an examination, a student has to answer 4 questions out of 5 question; questions 1

and 2 are however compulsory. Determine the number of ways in which the student can
make the choice.

I.
Q12. How many triangles can be obtained by joining 12 points, five of which are collinear.

Q13. In how many ways can a football team of 11 players be selected from 16

players? How many of these will:

OJ Include 2 particular players?

(ii) Exclude 2 particular players?

Q14. How many four-letter words can be formed using the letters of the word 'FAILURE' so

that
(i)F is included in each word.

(ii)F is not included in any word.

Q15. How many four - letter words can be formed using the letter of the 'INEFFECTIVE'?

Q16. A tea party is arranged for 16 persons along two sides of a long table with 8 chairs on

each side. Four persons wish to sit on one particular side & two on the other side. In

how many ways can they be seated?

Q17. Out of 5 men & 2 women, a committee of 3 is to be formed. In how many ways can it

be formed if at least one woman is to be included?

Q18. How many different signals can be made by 5 flags from 8 flags of different colors?

Q19. Three men have 4 coats, 5 waist coats & 6 caps. In how n:any ways can they wear
them?

***

7,/2
! 1-"
...

Ch:8
Binomlal
Theorem
 CRPF

An algebraic expression containing two terms is called a binomial Expression.

Eg. (a + b), (2x - 3y), ( x + 3/x), (2/x - 1/x2) etc.

Pascals Triangle

1 For x = 0 (x + y)o = 1
1 1 For x = 1 (x = y)l =X + Y
1 2 1 For x =2 (x + yf = x 2 + 2xy + y2
1 3 3 1 For x = 3 (x + y)3 = x 3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
1 4 6 4 1 For x = 4 (x + y)4 = x 4 +4X3Y+6x2y2+4xy3+y4
(

For n > 0

(x + y)" ="Cox"yo+"ClX"-ly + "C2 X "-2 y2 + xC" x"-" y"

"Co, "C l , "Cr---"C" are called Binomial coefficients.

nCo = n! = 1, nC 1 = n! = nCn-1)! = n ----etc.
(n-O)! O! (n-1)!1! (n-i)!
Note
1. (x+ a)n = "Co x n + nC 1 X "-1 a + "C2 X "-2 a2 + ----+"CnxOa n
2. Sum of indices of x & a in each term IS n.
3. Since nC = nCn_r for r = 0,1,2,----n
nCo = nCn

nC 1 = nCn_

nC2 = nCn_2 ---etc.

4. ex - at = L:;o(-lY nCr X n-r ar

5. General term of (x + v)" = (r + 1)Th term (T1 =nc0 xIi a 0 ,T2-
_nc lXn-l a,
1 T3 .. )

. T r + l-- nC r X n-r yr
6. Total no. of terms in the expansion of (x + y)n is( n + 1)
7. Middle term:
a) When n is even

No. of terms = odd

:. l'1iddle term = (n/2 + 1)th term

. b) when n is odd

no. of terms = even

2 middle terms = (n + 1)th & (n + 1 + 1 )th term

2 2
8. r th term from the end =(n-r+2) th term from the beginning.
 CRPF

C.A-8.1
Ch-8: Binomial Theorem I Date: I

NCERT Q's (Pg-169-170) : Ex 7, 9; (Pg-171) : Q1,9,l1,12,14

Extra Questions:
Q1. Expand:
a) (x + y)s b) (3x - 2y)s
c) (x2 + 2/X)4 d) (1 - x + X2)4

Q2.. If the 21 st term and 22 nd term in the expansion of (1 + X)44 are equal, find x:

Q3. Find:
i) 4th term in the expansion of (x - 2y)12
ii) 3rd term in the expansion of (9x - 1)8, x*"O
3--Jx

Q4. Find the coefficient of XS in (X+3)8.

Q5. Find the coefficient of X6y 3 in (X+y)9

Q6. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of (x - l/x)12, X ;to.

Q7. The coefficients of3 consecutive terms in the expansion of (l+a)n are in the ratio 1:7:42. Find
n.
Q8. In the expansion of (x + l)n the coefficients of the Vth, VIth & VIIth terms are in A.P. find
the value of n for which this can happen.

Q9. For what value of m the coefficient of (2m+1)th and (4m+5)th terms in the expansion of (l+x)lo
are equal.

Q10. In the Binomial expansion of (l+a)m+n, prove that the coefficients of am & an are equal.

Q11. Prove that the coefficient of x" In (1+x)2" is twice the coefficient of x" In (1+X)2".1~

Q12. Find the positive value of mfor which he coefficient of x 2 In the expansion of (l+x)m Is 6.

Q13. Find the 6 th term from end in the expansion of (X+4)12.

H.A-8.1
Ch-8: Binomial Theorem I Date: I

NCERT Q'S (Pg-166); Ql,2,3; (Pg-169): l.lts ; ~1Jg-.L/ .L): l.l.;S,:J

Extra Questions:
Q1. Expand:
(i) (1-2x)5

(ii) (~ - ;J
(iii) (2x - 3)6
 CRPF

Q2. Find the 4th term in the expansion of (X-2y)12.

Q3. Write the general term in the expansion of:

(i) (X 2 _y)6 (ii) (X 2 _YX)12, x:;!:O

Q4. Find the 6th term in the expansion of

~x _g10
Q5. The second, third and fourth terms in the binomial expansion (x+a)" are 240, 720 & 1080
respectively. Find x, a & n.

Q6. Find the coefficient of x 10 in (2x2 - 3/x)l1, X *0.

Q7. Find the term independent of x in (2x - 1/X)10.

. Q8. Find the 5th term from end in the expansion of (3x _1}10
X2

Q9. Find a if 17th & 18th terms of the expansion ( 2 + a)50 are equal.

W.S.-8.1
Ch-8: Binomial Theorem Date: .

Fill in the blanks:

1. Expansion of (x + 3)5 is _

2. 4th term of (2x - 113)8 is _

3. 5th term from end in (x3 - 2 )9 is _

2 x 2

.
4.. Coefficient of x 9 in (2x2 - 1112 is _
. X

W.S.-8.2
Ch-8: Binomial Theorem [ Date: , ..

Fill ups:
1. (3 + ~2)5 - (3 - ~2)5 is _

2. Middle term of (x - l/ x) 11 is _

3. Middle term of (x 2 + 1)6 is -'--_ _

X
4. Which is smaller: 1000 or (1.01) 100000 _
 y~1:\'lri

'... ~',:;~:-}' .. '

CRPF

C.A-8.2
Ch-8: Binomial Theorem 1 Date: c I

Extra Questions:

Q1. Find the middle term of:

(i) (3<)'
(ii) (~+9yr ./

Q2. Show that the middle term in the expansion of (1+x)2n is 1.3.5., .c2n-1) 2n xn
n!

Q3. Show that the coefficient of the middle term in 'the expansion of (1+x)2n is equal to the sum of
two middle terms in the expansion of (1+x)2n-l . .

Q4, . Using Binomial theorem. Evaluate:

i)' 994
ii) . 1026

Q5. Which is greater: (i} (1.1)10000 or 1000

(ii) (1.2)4000 or 800

Q6. Evaluate: (J3 + 1)5 - (J3 - 1)~

Q7. Write the Binomial Expansion of (l+x)n+1 when x=8. D.educe that:
9n +1 - 8n - 9 is divisible by 64 where XE N

Q8... Prove that f 31' nCr = 4 n

I'=()

Q9. .' Find the coefficient of x 5 in (1 + 2x)6 (1 - x)

H.A-8.2
Ch-8: Binomial Theorem Date:, ..

Q1. Find the middle term of :

1) (2x2 - J)20
3 2x
2)" (fL + bx)l~
)!

3) (3x - X3)9
6
4) (2x2 -If
x
 CRPF

Q2. Using Binomial Theorem, compute:

(i) (10.1)5
(ii) (99)5

Q3. Find (a+b)4 - (a-b)4. Hence, evaluate (.J3 +.fir -(.J3 -.fir
Q4. Find (x+1)6 + (x-1)6. Hence or otherwise evaluate: (.fi + 1) + (.fi -1)
Q5. Using Binomial theorem Prove that 8" - 7n - 1 is divisible by 49, x eN ..

Q6. Using Binomial Theorem, prove that 6"-5n always leaves remainder 1 when divided by 25 (Hint:
In (l+x)" put x=5 & get 6"-5n-1 = 52 (+ve integer)

Q7. Find the coefficient of x 4 in the productof (1+2a)6 (2-a)5 using binomial theorem.
 CRPF

W.S.-8.1
Ch-8: Binomial Theorem Date: ..

Fill in the blanks:

1. Expansion of (x + 3)5 is _

2. 4 th term of (2x - 113)8 is _

3. 5 th term from end in (x 3 - 2. )9 is ---' _

2
2 x

4. Coefficient of x 9 in (2x 2 - 1112 is ----'--,--_ _--,- _

x.

W.S.-8.2
Ch-8: Binomial Theorem Date: : .

Fill. ups:

1. (3 + ..J2)5 - (3 - -{2)5 is _

2. Middle term of (x - 1/ x) 11 is _

3. Middle term of (x 2 + 1)6 is _

x

4. Which is smaller: 1000 or (1.01) 100000 _

 BINOMIAL THEOREM

THINGS TO REMEMBER

When a job (task) is performed in different ways then each way is called
the permutation.

Fundamental Principle of Counting : If a job can be performed in m

different ways and for each such way, second job can be done in n
different ways, then the two jobs (in order) can be completed in m x n
ways.

Fundamental Principle of Addition : If there are two events such that

they can be performed independently in m and n ways respectively, then
either of the two events can be performed in (m + n) ways.

The number of arrangements (permutations) of n different things taken r

at a time is "Pr or P(n, r)

The number of selections (Combinations) of n different things taken r at

a time is ncr'

n!
n
Pr =,tn - r)".
n
c r = --,----_n......,'__
(n - r)! r!

No. of permutations of n things, taken all at a time, of which p are alike

n!
of one kind, q are alike of 20d kind such that p + q = n, is p! q!

01 = 1 nc = ncn = 1
'0

nc r = non-r
ncr + ncr-l = n+1cr
nCa = nCb if a + b = n or a = b
 ASSIGNMENT 8

BINOMIAL THEOREM .

1. Compute (98)2, using binomial theorem .

.2. Expand x -
.( x1)3 using binomial theorem.
3. Write number of terms in the expansion of (1 + 2x + X2)10'

4. Write number ofterrns in (2a - b)15

nC
5. Simplify-._,_r
. nc
. r-l

6. In the expansion, (1 + X)14, write the coefficient of X12

2)3 .
7. In (-i-x write' 5th term ..
8. If the first three terms in the expansion of (a + b)n are 27: 54 and 36 respectively, then find a, b
and n.
1 )18
9. In. ( 3x- . which term contains
.
X12 ?
x
1 )15
10. In
( 2x -'x 2 ' find the term independent of x.

14. Evaluate (Ji +1)5 -(Ji _1)5 using binomial theorem.

15. Prove that if n is odd, then an + ~n is divisible by a + b.

16. In"[ 2x - ~)' ,find .,. term from end.

.
3
1 )12
.17. In ( 2x - -2 ' find the coefficient of x l1
. x .
18. Find the coefficient of x'in (1 - x)2 (2 + x)5using binomial theorem.

19. Find the middle term(s) in (x- ~ r.

20. Using binomial th~orem , evaluate (11)4

21. Find the coefficients of xmand x n in the expansion

.
of, (1 +x)(m+n)

22. Using binomial theorem prove that 3(2n+2) -8n...9 is divisible by 64 for all n belongs to N.

23. PrDve that the coefficient of x n in. the expansion of (1 +x)2n is twice the coefficient of x n in the

expansion of (1 +x) (2n-1)

, .

-----'-".......:.._--------~---------================~==========