Mechanics Statics

1.2.03-00 Mechanical hysteresis

What you can learn about

 Mechanical hysteresis
 Elasticity
 Plasticity
 Relaxation
 Torsion molulus
 Plastic flow
 Torque
 Hookes law

Principle:
The relationship between torque and
angle of rotation is determined when
metal bars are twisted. The hystere-
sis curve is recorded.

Tasks:
1. Record the hysteresis curve of
steel and copper rods.
2. Record the stress-relaxation curve
with various relaxation times of
different materials.

What you need:

Torsion apparatus 02421.00 1
Torsion rod, steel, l = 500 mm, d = 2 mm 02421.01 1
Torsion rod, Al, l = 500 mm, d = 2 mm 02421.02 1
Torsion rod, Al, l = 400 mm, d = 2 mm 02421.03 1
Torsion rod, Al, l = 300 mm, d = 2 mm 02421.04 1
Torsion rod, Al, l = 500 mm, d = 3 mm 02421.05 1
Torsion rod, Al, l = 500 mm, d = 4 mm 02421.06 1
Torsion rod, brass, l = 500 mm, d = 2 mm 02421.07 1
Torsion rod, Cu, l = 500 mm, d = 2 mm 02421.08 1
Spring Balance 1 N 03060.01 1
Spring balance 2.5 N 03060.02 1
Stopwatch, digital, 1/100 sec. 03071.01 1
Support base -PASS- 02005.55 1 Mechanical hysteresis curve for the torsion of a copper rod of 2 mm diameter
Support rod -PASS-, square, l = 250 mm 02025.55 1 and 0.5 m long.
Support rod -PASS-, square, l = 630 mm 02027.55 1
Right angle clamp -PASS- 02040.55 2

Complete Equipment Set, Manual on CD-ROM included

Mechanical hysteresis P2120300

16 Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG D - 37070 Gttingen
 LEP
Mechanical hysteresis 1.2.03
-00

Related topics Tasks

Mechanical hysteresis, Elasticity, plasticity, relaxation, torsion 1. Record the hysteresis curve of steel and copper rods.
molulus, plastic flow, torque, Hookes law.
2. Record the stress-relaxation curve with various relaxation
times of different materials.
Principle
The relationship between torque and angle of rotation is deter-
mined when metal bars are twisted. The hysteresis curve is Set-up and procedure
recorded. The experimental set-up is arranged as shown in Fig. 1. The
spring balance acts at right angles to the lever. The measured
force or moment and the angle which establishes itselfs are
Equipment plotted. Except with steel, the elastic limit is very quickly rea-
Torsion apparatus 02421.00 1 ched, so that the measurements should be carried out either
Torsion rod, steel, l = 500 mm, d = 2 mm 02421.01 1 continuously or interrupted by uniform relaxation intervals. For
Torsion rod, Al, l = 500 mm, d = 2 mm 02421.02 1 reproducible curves, the torsion bars must not have any kinks
Torsion rod, Al, l = 400 mm, d = 2 mm 02421.03 1 or other deformations. In contrast to magnetic hysteresis, in
Torsion rod, Al, l = 300 mm, d = 2 mm 02421.04 1 which the crystal structure of the magnetic material is gene-
Torsion rod, Al, l = 500 mm, d = 3 mm 02421.05 1 rally unchanged, in the case of mechanical hysteresis a direct
Torsion rod, Al, l = 500 mm, d = 4 mm 02421.06 1 relationship is to be found between deformation and moment
Torsion rod, brass, l = 500 mm, d = 2 mm 02421.07 1 as a function of time or temperature.
Torsion rod, Cu, l = 500 mm, d = 2 mm 02421.08 1
Spring Balance 1 N 03060.01 1
Spring balance 2.5 N 03060.02 1 Theory and evaluation
Stopwatch, digital, 1/100 sec. 03071.01 1 If forces act on a solid body, it is deformed, e.g. with shear
Support base -PASS- 02005.55 1 stresses, shear deformations will occur. The Hookes law
Support rod -PASS-, square, l = 250 mm 02025.55 1 range is characterised by the linear relationship between
Support rod -PASS-, square, l = 630 mm 02027.55 1 stress and torsion.
Right angle clamp -PASS- 02040.55 2
With solid bodies, there is generally a range adjacent to the
Hookes law range, in which there is no longer a linear relation-
ship between stress and deformation, but in which the defor-
mation is still reversible to some extent. The limit of this range
is called the yield point.
Fig. 1: Experimental set-up for measuring the hysteresis of
metal bars in torsion.
The deformation becomes plastic if the stresses become
greater than the yield point. The deformation of the bar is then
not completely reversed, even in the stress-free condition.

Since the phenomena of plasticity result from displacements

of atoms, temperature and time have an influence. According
to Hookes law, the relationship between the stress U and the
deformation H is given by

U = T H,

where T is the shear modulus.

In the plastic range, a simple relaxation theorem approximate-

ly applies.
dt dg t
s 
dt dt l

M being the relaxation time.

Thus, if the deformation is kept constant, the stress U after

time t is

U = U0 et/M,

if U0 was the initial stress.

If metals are loaded into the plastic range and the material is
allowed to relax, it subsequently finds itself again in the
Hookes law range with a new equilibrium position.

PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen 21203-00 1
 LEP
1.2.03 Mechanical hysteresis
-00

Fig. 2: Mechanical hysteresis curve for the torsion of a steel Fig. 4: Mechanical hysteresis curve for the torsion of an alumi-
bar of 2 mm diameter and 0.5 m long. The branch nium rod of 2 mm diameter and 0.5 m long.
which starts from the origin is called the virgin curve
(initial curve).

Since, in the torsion of bars, the deformation of the outer lay-

ers of the bar is greater than that of the inner layers, from cer-
tain angle Bcr onwards the outermost layer will reach the yield
point. With deformations beyond Bcr, a thicker outer layer will
reach the plastic range, while the inner layers are still in the
elastic range.
Fig. 5: Relaxation in the torsion of a copper rod of 2 mm dia-
meter and 0.5 m long. The reading times between cur-
ves 1 and 2 lie about 90 seconds apart, those between
2 and 3 about 90 minutes. After this recovery process,
the bars were unloaded and the curves 4 to 8 were
obtained.

Fig. 3: Mechanical hysteresis curve for the torsion of a copper

rod of 2 mm diameter and 0.5 m long.

2 21203-00 PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen