Republic of the Philippines

Supreme Court
Manila

THIRD DIVISION
G.R. No. 164815

SR. INSP. JERRY C. VALEROSO,

Petitioner,
Present:

YNARES-SANTIAGO, J.,
Chairperson,
- versus -
AUSTRIA-MARTINEZ, CHICO-NAZARIO, NACHURA, and REYES, JJ.

THE PEOPLE OF THE Promulgated:

PHILIPPINES,
Respondent. February 22, 2008
x--------------------------------------------------x

DECISION

REYES, R.T., J.:

THE law looks forward, never backward. Lex prospicit, non respicit. A new law has a prospective, not
retroactive, effect.1[1] However, penal laws that favor a guilty person, who is not a habitual criminal,
shall be given retroactive effect.1-a These are the rule, the exception and exception to the exception on
effectivity of laws.

Ang batas ay tumitingin sa hinaharap, hindi sa nakaraan. Gayunpaman, ang parusa ng

bagong batas ay iiral kung ito ay pabor sa taong nagkasala na hindi pusakal na kriminal.

We apply the exception rather than the rule in this petition for review on certiorari of the decision of the
Court of Appeals (CA), affirming with modification that of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) in Quezon City,
finding petitioner liable for illegal possession of a firearm.

The Facts

1[1] New Civil Code, Art. 4.

1-a Revised Penal Code, Art. 22 provides: Retroactive effect of penal laws. Penal laws shall have a retroactive effect
in so far as they favor the person guilty of a felony, who is not a habitual criminal, as this term is defined in Rule 5 of
Article 62 of this Code, although at the time of the publication of such laws a final sentence has been pronounced
and the convict is serving the same.
On July 10, 1996, at around 9:30 a.m., SPO2 Antonio M. Disuanco of the Criminal Investigation Division,
Central Police District Command, received a dispatch order2[2] from the desk officer.3[3] The order
directed him and three (3) other policemen to serve a warrant of arrest4[4] issued by Judge Ignacio
Salvador against petitioner Sr. Insp. Jerry C. Valeroso in a case for kidnapping with ransom.5[5]

After a briefing, the team conducted the necessary surveillance on petitioner, checking his
hideouts in Cavite, Caloocan, and Bulacan.6[6] Eventually, the team proceeded to the Integrated
National Police (INP) Central Station at Culiat, Quezon City, where they saw petitioner as he was about
to board a tricycle.7[7] SPO2 Disuanco and his team approached petitioner.8[8] They put him under
arrest, informed him of his constitutional rights, and bodily searched him.9[9] Found tucked in his
waist10[10] was a Charter Arms, bearing Serial Number 5231511[11] with five (5) live
ammunition.12[12]

Petitioner was then brought to the police station for questioning.13[13]

A verification of the subject firearm at the Firearms and Explosives Division at Camp Crame
revealed that it was not issued to petitioner but to a certain Raul Palencia Salvatierra of Sampaloc,

2[2] Exhibit D.
3[3] TSN, November 6, 1996, pp. 4-5, 9.
4[4] Exhibit B.
5[5] TSN, November 6, 1996, pp. 4, 7, 9.
6[6] Id. at 11.
7[7] Id. at 3. INP is now Philippine National Police (PNP).
8[8] Id. at 4.
9[9] Id. at 5-6.
10[10] TSN, November 6, 1996, pp. 14-15; TSN, December 11, 1996, p. 10.
11[11] Exhibit E.
12[12] Exhibits E-1 to E-5.
13[13] TSN, November 6, 1996, p. 6.
Manila.14[14] Epifanio Deriquito, the records verifier, presented a certification15[15] to that effect
signed by Edwin C. Roque, chief records officer of the Firearms and Explosive Division.16[16]

Petitioner was then charged with illegal possession of firearm and ammunition under Presidential
Decree (P.D.) No. 1866,17[17] as amended. The Information read:

That on or about the 10th day of July, 1996, in Quezon City, Philippines, the said accused without any
authority of law, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and knowingly have in his/her possession and
under his/her custody and control

One (1) cal. 38 Charter Arms revolver bearing Serial No. 52315 with five (5) live ammo.

without first having secured the necessary license/permit issued by the proper authorities.

14[14] TSN, December 11, 1996, p. 21.

15[15] Exhibit C.
PNPFED 12 Jul[y] 1996

CERTIFICATION

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:

This is to certify that [the] Revolver, Charter Arms, Cal. 38 with serial number 52315 is registered to
RAUL PALENCIA SALVATIERA of Sampaloc, Manila, acquired thru transfer f[ro]m Wilburn Irwin Lucasan per
index card d[a]t[e]d 10 December 1990.

This certification is issued for whatever legal purpose it may serve.

FOR THE CHIEF, FED:

EDWIN C[.] ROQUE (Sgd.)

P/Sr. Inspector

Chief, Records Br[.]

16[16] TSN, December 11, 1996, pp. 19-20.
17[17] Entitled An Act Codifying the Laws on Illegal/Unlawful Possession, Manufacture, Dealing in, Acquisition or
Disposition of Firearms, Ammunition or Explosives or Instruments Used in the Manufacture of Firearms, Ammunition
or Explosives, and Imposing Stiffer Penalties for Certain Violations Thereof, and for Relevant Purposes. This law was
issued by President Ferdinand E. Marcos on June 29, 1983. See Zuo, Sr. v. Dizon, A.M. No. RTJ-91-752, June 23, 1993,
223 SCRA 584, 598.
CONTRARY TO LAW.

Quezon City, Philippines, July 15, 1996.

(Sgd.)
GLORIA VICTORIA C. YAP
Assistant City Prosecutor18[18]

With the assistance of his counsel de parte, Atty. Oscar Pagulayan, petitioner pleaded not guilty when
arraigned on October 9, 1996.19[19] Trial on the merits ensued.

SPO2 Disuanco and Deriquito testified for the prosecution in the manner stated above.

Upon the other hand, the defense version was supplied by the combined testimonies of petitioner Sr.
Insp. Jerry C. Valeroso, SPO3 Agustin R. Timbol, Jr. and Adrian Yuson.

Petitioner recounted that on July 10, 1996, he was fast asleep in the boarding house of his
children located at Sagana Homes, Barangay New Era, Quezon City.20[20] He was roused from his
slumber when four (4) heavily armed men in civilian clothes bolted the room.21[21] They trained their
guns at him22[22] and pulled him out of the room. They then tied his hands and placed him near the
faucet.23[23] The raiding team went back inside and searched and ransacked the room.24[24] SPO2
Disuanco stood guard outside with him.25[25] Moments later, an operative came out of the room and
exclaimed, Hoy, may nakuha akong baril sa loob!26[26]

Petitioner was told by SPO2 Disuanco that we are authorized to shoot you because theres a
shoot to kill order against you, so if you are planning do so something, do it right now.27[27] He was

18[18] Rollo, p. 35.

19[19] Id. at 38.
20[20] TSN, February 19, 1997, pp. 19-21.
21[21] Id. at 21.
22[22] Id.
23[23] Id. at 22.
24[24] Id. at 3, 6.
25[25] TSN, March 17, 1997, p. 5.
26[26] Id. at 4.
27[27] Id. at 10.
also told that there was a standing warrant for his arrest.28[28] However, he was not shown any proof
when he asked for it.29[29] Neither was the raiding group armed with a valid search warrant.30[30]

According to petitioner, the search done in the boarding house was illegal. The gun seized from him was
duly licensed and covered by necessary permits. He was, however, unable to present the documentation
relative to the firearm because it was confiscated by the police. Petitioner further lamented that when
he was incarcerated, he was not allowed to engage the services of a counsel. Neither was he allowed to
see or talk to his family.31[31]

Petitioner contended that the police had an axe to grind against him. While still with the
Narcotics Command, he turned down a request of Col. Romulo Sales to white-wash a drug-related
investigation involving friends of the said police officer. Col. Sales was likewise subject of a complaint
filed with the Ombudsman by his wife. Col. Sales was later on appointed as the head of the unit that
conducted the search in his boarding house.32[32]

SPO3 Timbol, Jr. of the Narcotics Command testified that he issued to petitioner a
Memorandum Receipt dated July 1, 199333[33] covering the subject firearm and its ammunition. This
was upon the verbal instruction of Col. Angelito Moreno. SPO3 Timbol identified his signature34[34] on
the said receipt.35[35]

Adrian Yuson, an occupant of the room adjacent to where petitioner was arrested, testified that on July
10, 1996, two (2) policemen suddenly entered his room as he was preparing for school.36[36] They
grabbed his shoulder and led him out.37[37] During all those times, a gun was poked at him.38[38] He
was asked where petitioner was staying. Fearing for his life, he pointed to petitioners room.39[39]

Four (4) policemen then entered the room.40[40] He witnessed how they pointed a gun at petitioner,
who was clad only in his underwear.41[41] He also witnessed how they forcibly brought petitioner out
of his room.42[42] While a policeman remained near the faucet to guard petitioner, three (3) others

28[28] Id. at 11.

29[29] Id. at 12.
30[30] Id. at 14.
31[31] Id. at 21-22.
32[32] TSN, March 17, 1997, pp. 22-26.
33[33] Exhibit 1.
34[34] Exhibit 1-A.
35[35] TSN, June 4, 1996, pp. 2-6.
36[36] TSN, August 4, 1997, p. 7.
37[37] Id. at 8.
38[38] Id.
39[39] Id. at 8-9.
40[40] Id. at 9.
41[41] Id. at 10.
42[42] Id.
went back inside the room.43[43] They began searching the whole place. They forcibly opened his
locker,44[44] which yielded the subject firearm.45[45]

RTC and CA Dispositions

On May 6, 1998, the trial court found petitioner guilty as charged, disposing as follows:

WHEREFORE, the Court hereby finds the accused guilty beyond reasonable doubt of Violation of Section
1 of Presidential Decree No. 1866 as amended by Republic Act No. 8294 and hereby sentences him to
suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its maximum period or from 4 years, 2 months and 1 day as
minimum to 6 years as maximum and to pay the fine in the amount of Fifteen Thousand Pesos
(P15,000.00).

The gun subject of this case is hereby ordered confiscated in favor of the government. Let the same be
put in trust in the hands of the Chief of the PNP.

SO ORDERED.46[46]

Petitioner moved to reconsider47[47] but his motion was denied on August 27, 1998.48[48] He
appealed to the CA.

On May 4, 2004, the appellate court affirmed with modification the RTC disposition. The fallo of the CA
decision reads:

Verily, the penalty imposed by the trial court upon the accused-appellant is modified to 4 years and 2
months as minimum up to 6 years as maximum.

WHEREFORE, with the foregoing MODIFICATION as to the penalty, the decision appealed from
is hereby AFFIRMED in all other respects.

SO ORDERED.49[49]

43[43] Id. at 11.

44[44] Id. at 12.
45[45] Id.
46[46] Rollo, p. 44.
47[47] Exhibit E.
48[48] Exhibit F.
49[49] Rollo, p. 31.
His motion for reconsideration50[50] having been denied through a Resolution dated August 3,
2004,51[51] petitioner resorted to the present petition under Rule 45.

Issues

Petitioner raises the following issues for Our consideration:

I. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS COMMITTED SERIOUS ERRORS OF LAW IN AFFIRMING THE
CONVICTION OF PETITIONER DESPITE THE ABSENCE OF PROOF BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT.

II. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS COMMITTED SERIOUS ERRORS OF FACT AND LAW IN
SUSTAINING THE LEGALITY OF THE SEARCH AND THE VALIDITY AND ADMISSIBILITY OF THE EVIDENCE
OBTAINED THEREFROM DESPITE THE OVERWHELMING PROOF THAT THE SAME IS THE FRUIT OF THE
POISONOUS TREE.

III. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS COMMITTED SERIOUS ERRORS OF LAW IN NOT
UPHOLDING THE REGULARITY AND VALIDITY SURROUNDING THE ISSUANCE OF THE MEMORANDUM
RECEIPTS (SIC) IN FAVOR OF PETITIONER WHICH PROVES HIS INNOCENCE OF THE CRIME CHARGE
(SIC).52[52] (Underscoring supplied)

Our Ruling

In illegal possession of firearm and ammunition, the prosecution has the burden of proving the twin
elements of (1) the existence of the subject firearm and ammunition, and (2) the fact that the accused
who possessed or owned the same does not have the corresponding license for it.53[53]

The prosecution was able to discharge its burden.

The existence of the subject firearm and its ammunition was established through the testimony of SPO2
Disuanco.54[54] Defense witness Yuson also identified the firearm.55[55] Its existence was likewise
admitted by no less than petitioner himself.56[56]

As for petitioners lack of authority to possess the firearm, Deriquito testified that a verification of the
Charter Arms Caliber .38 bearing Serial No. 52315 with the Firearms and Explosives Division at Camp
Crame revealed that the seized pistol was not issued to petitioner. It was registered in the name of a

50[50] Exhibit I.
51[51] Exhibit B.
52[52] Rollo, p. 125.
53[53] Padilla v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 121917, March 12, 1997, 269 SCRA 402; Mallari v. Court of Appeals, G.R.
No. 110569, December 19, 1996, 265 SCRA 456; People v. Damaso, G.R. No. 93516, August 12, 1992, 212 SCRA 547.
54[54] TSN, November 6, 1996, pp. 4, 7, 9.
55[55] TSN, August 4, 1997, p. 12.
56[56] TSN, March 17, 1997, pp. 14-15, 19.
certain Raul Palencia Salvatierra of Sampaloc, Manila.57[57] As proof, Deriquito presented a certification
signed by Roque, the chief records officer of the same office.58[58]

The Court on several occasions ruled that either the testimony of a representative of, or a certification
from, the Philippine National Police (PNP) Firearms and Explosive Office attesting that a person is not a
licensee of any firearm would suffice to prove beyond reasonable doubt the second element of
possession of illegal firearms.59[59] The prosecution more than complied when it presented both.

The certification is outside the scope of the hearsay rule.

The general rule is that a witness can testify only to those facts which he knows of his personal
knowledge; that is, which are derived from his own perception.60[60] Otherwise, the testimony is
objectionable for being hearsay.61[61]

On this score, the certification from the Firearms and Explosives Division is an exception to the hearsay
rule by virtue of Rule 130, Section 44 of the Rules of Court which provides:

Sec. 44. Entries in official records. Entries in official records made in the performance of his official duty
by a public officer of the Philippines, or by a person in the performance of a duty specifically enjoined by
law, are prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated.

It may be true that the contents of said certification are only prima facie evidence of the facts stated
there. However, the failure of petitioner to present controverting evidence makes the presumption
unrebutted. Thus, the presumption stands.

Petitioner, however, raises several points which he says entitles him to no less than an acquittal.

The assessment of credibility of witnesses lies with the trial court.

First, petitioner says that the seizure of the subject firearm was invalid. The search was conducted after
his arrest and after he was taken out of the room he was occupying.62[62]

This contention deserves scant consideration.

 Petitioners version of the manner and place of his arrest goes into the factual findings made by
the trial court and its calibration of the credibility of witnesses. However, as aptly put by Justice Ynares-
Santiago in People v. Rivera:63[63]

x x x the manner of assigning values to declarations of witnesses on the witness stand is best and most
competently performed by the trial judge who had the unmatched opportunity to observe the witnesses
and assess their credibility by the various indicia available but not reflected on record. The demeanor of
the person on the stand can draw the line between fact and fancy or evince if the witness is telling the
truth or lying through his teeth. We have consistently ruled that when the question arises as to which of
the conflicting versions of the prosecution and the defense is worthy of belief, the assessment of the
trial courts are generally viewed as correct and entitled to great weight. Furthermore, in an appeal,
where the culpability or innocence of the accused depends on the issue of credibility of witnesses and
the veracity of their testimonies, findings of the trial court are given the highest degree of respect if not
finality.64[64] (Underscoring supplied)

The trial court found the prosecution version worthy of credence and belief. We find no compelling
reason not to accept its observation on this score.

Worth noting is the fact that petitioner is a ranking police officer who not only claims to be highly
decorated,65[65] but have effected a number of successful arrests66[66] as well. Common sense would
dictate that he must necessarily be authorized to carry a gun. We thus agree with the Office of the
Solicitor General that framing up petitioner would have been a very risky proposition. Had the arresting
officers really intended to cause the damnation of petitioner by framing him up, they could have easily
planted a more incriminating evidence rather than a gun. That would have made their nefarious scheme
easier, assuming that there indeed was one.

The pieces of evidence show that petitioner is not legally authorized to possess the subject firearm and
its five (5) ammunition.

Second, petitioner insists that he is legally authorized to possess the subject firearm and its ammunition
on the basis of the Memorandum Receipt issued to him by the PNP Narcotics Command.67[67]
Although petitioner is correct in his submission that public officers like policemen are accorded
presumption of regularity in the performance of their official duties,68[68] it is only a presumption; it
may be overthrown by evidence to the contrary. The prosecution was able to rebut the presumption
when it proved that the issuance to petitioner of the Memorandum Receipt was anything but regular.

SPO3 Timbol, Jr. testified that he issued the Memorandum Receipt to petitioner based on the verbal
instruction of his immediate superior, Col. Moreno.69[69] However, a reading of Timbols testimony on
cross-examination70[70] would reveal that there was an unusual facility by which said receipt was
issued to petitioner. Its issuance utterly lacked the usual necessary bureaucratic constraints. Clearly, it
was issued to petitioner under questionable circumstances.

Failure to offer an unlicensed firearm as evidence is not fatal provided there is competent testimony as
to its existence.

Third, petitioner claims that the subject firearm and ammunition should have been excluded as
evidence because they were not formally offered by the prosecution71[71] in violation of Section 34,
Rule 132 of the Rules of Court.72[72]

We note that petitioner contradicted himself when he argued for the validity of the Memorandum
Receipt and, at the same time, for the exclusion in evidence of the subject firearm and its ammunition.
Petitioners act may result to an absurd situation where the Memorandum Receipt is declared valid,
while the subject firearm and its ammunition which are supposedly covered by the Memorandum
Receipt are excluded as evidence. That would have made the Memorandum Receipt useless.

In any case, petitioners contention has no leg to stand on.

Contrary to petitioners claim, the subject firearm73[73] and its five (5) live ammunition74[74] were
offered in evidence by the prosecution.75[75] Even assuming arguendo that they were not offered,
petitioners stance must still fail. The existence of an unlicensed firearm may be established by
testimony, even without its presentation at trial. In People v. Orehuela,76[76] the non-presentation of
the pistol did not prevent the conviction of the accused.

The doctrine was affirmed in the recent case of People v. Malinao.77[77]

As previously stated, the existence of the subject firearm and its five (5) live ammunition were
established through the testimony of SPO2 Disuanco.78[78] Yuson also identified said firearm.79[79]
Petitioner even admitted its existence.80[80]

We hasten to add that there may also be conviction where an unlicensed firearm is presented during
trial but through inadvertence, negligence, or fortuitous event (for example, if it is lost), it is not offered
in evidence, as long as there is competent testimony as to its existence.

Penal and civil liabilities

Petitioner was charged with the crime of illegal possession of firearms and ammunition under the first
paragraph of Section 1 of P.D. No. 1866, as amended. It provides that [t]he penalty of reclusion temporal
in its maximum period to reclusion perpetua shall be imposed upon any person who shall unlawfully
manufacture, deal in, acquire, dispose, or possess any firearm, part of firearm, ammunition or
machinery, tool or instrument used or intended to be used in the manufacture of any firearm or
ammunition.

P.D. No. 1866, as amended, was the governing law at the time petitioner committed the offense on July
10, 1996. However, R.A. No. 8294 amended P.D. No. 1866 on July 6, 1997,81[81] during the pendency of
the case with the trial court. The present law now states:

SECTION 1. Unlawful Manufacture, Sale, Acquisition, Disposition or Possession of Firearms or

Ammunition or Instruments Used or Intended to be Used in the Manufacture of Firearms or Ammunition.
The penalty of prision correccional in its maximum period and a fine of not less than Fifteen Thousand
Pesos (P15,000) shall be imposed upon any person who shall unlawfully manufacture, deal in, acquire,
dispose, or possess any low-powered firearm, such as rimfire handgun, .380 or .32 and other firearm of
similar firepower, part of firearm, ammunition, or machinery, tool or instrument used or intended to be
used in the manufacture of any firearm or ammunition: Provided, That no other crime was committed.
(Underscoring supplied)
As a general rule, penal laws should not have retroactive application, lest they acquire the character of
an ex post facto law.82[82] An exception to this rule, however, is when the law is advantageous to the
accused. According to Mr. Chief Justice Araullo, this is not as a right of the offender, but founded on the
very principles on which the right of the State to punish and the commination of the penalty are based,
and regards it not as an exception based on political considerations, but as a rule founded on principles
of strict justice.83[83]

Although an additional fine of P15,000.00 is imposed by R.A. No. 8294, the same is still advantageous to
the accused, considering that the imprisonment is lowered to prision correccional in its maximum
period84[84] from reclusion temporal in its maximum period to reclusion perpetua85[85] under P.D. No.
1866.

Applying the Indeterminate Sentence Law, prision correccional maximum which ranges from four (4)
years, two (2) months and one (1) day to six (6) years, is the prescribed penalty and will form the
maximum term of the indeterminate sentence. The minimum term shall be one degree lower, which is
prision correccional in its medium period (two [2] years, four [4] months and one [1] day to four [4]
years and two [2] months).86[86] Hence, the penalty imposed by the CA is correct. The penalty of four
(4) years and two (2) months of prision correccional medium, as minimum term, to six (6) years of
prision correccional maximum, as maximum term, is in consonance with the Courts ruling in Gonzales v.
Court of Appeals87[87] and Barredo v. Vinarao.88[88]

As to the subject firearm and its five (5) live ammunition, their proper disposition should be made under
Article 45 of the Revised Penal Code89[89] which provides, among others, that the proceeds and
instruments or tools of the crime shall be confiscated and forfeited in favor of the government.

WHEREFORE, the Decision of the Court of Appeals dated May 4, 2004 is AFFIRMED in full.

SO ORDERED.
RUBEN T. REYES
Associate Justice

WE CONCUR:

CONSUELO YNARES-SANTIAGO
Associate Justice
Chairperson

MA. ALICIA AUSTRIA-MARTINEZ MINITA V. CHICO-NAZARIO

Associate Justice Associate Justice

ANTONIO EDUARDO B. NACHURA

Associate Justice

ATTESTATION

I attest that the conclusions in the above Decision had been reached in consultation before the
case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Courts Division.

CONSUELO YNARES-SANTIAGO
Associate Justice
Chairperson

CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to Section 13, Article VIII of the Constitution and the Division Chairpersons Attestation, I certify
that the conclusions in the above Decision had been reached in consultation before the case was
assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Courts Division.
 REYNATO S. PUNO
Chief Justice