ABSTRACT

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... i

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1

2.0 THEORY ............................................................................................................................. 1

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD ........................................................................................... 1

4.0 THEORETICAL COMPUTATION .................................................................................... 1

5.0 FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING AND SIMULATION ................................................. 1

First Ply Failure (FPF) .............................................................................................................. 16

Last Ply Failure (LPF) .............................................................................................................. 21

6.0 RESULTS .......................................................................................................................... 24

First Ply Failure (FPF) .............................................................................................................. 24

Last Ply Failure (LPF) .............................................................................................................. 25

7.0 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................... 26

8.0 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 26

9.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 26

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 THEORY

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD

4.0 THEORETICAL COMPUTATION

5.0 FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING AND SIMULATION

In this case, we start with = 0

TYPES OF ANALYSIS

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > Preferences

Then the Preferences for GUI Filtering window opens:

1. Click Structural, then click OK.

Figure 1: Window of Preferences for GUI Filtering.

CREATION OF ANALYTICAL MODEL

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas >Rectangular
> By 2 corners

On the new window opens:

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 1. Input two 0s into WPX and WPY to determine the lower left corner of the beam on the
Cartesian coordinates of the working plane.
2. Input 0.02 into both Width and Height to determine the shape and dimension of the plate
model.
3. Click OK.

Figure 2: Window of Rectangular by 2 Corners to make rectangular/square area.

SELECT THE ELEMENT TYPE

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete

Then the Element Types window opens:

1. Click Add to open the Library of Element Types.

2. Select Structural Mass Shell.
3. Select 8 node 281, then click OK to return to Element Types window.
4. On the Element Types windows, click OPTION.
5. Change the Storage of Layer Data, K8 to All layers + middle. Click OK.
6. Click Close button to close the window.

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 Figure 3: Figure 4: Window of Library of Element Types.

Figure 4: Window of SHELL281 element types option.

INPUT THE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE PLATE MATERIAL

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Model

Then Define Material Model Behavior window opens as shown below:

1. Click Structural, Linear, Elastic and Orthotropic buttons one after another.
2. On the new window opens, input the value of Youngs modulus (EX, EY, EZ), Poissons
ratio (PRXY, PRYZ, PRXZ) and shear modulus (GXY, GYZ, GXZ) of the material as
given.

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 Figure 5: Window of Linear Orthotropic Properties for Material used.

INPUT THE FAILURE CRITERIA OF THE MATERIAL

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Props > Failure Criteria >
Add/Edit

Then Add/Edit Failure Criteria window opens:

1. Set Material Number as 1. Click OK.

2. New window opens, input the value of Stress in Tension, Stress in Compression and
Stress in Shear as given. Then, click OK.

Figure 6: Window of Add/Edit Failure Criteria.

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 Figure 7: Window of Add/Edit Failure Criteria.

CREATE THE LAYERS OF THE PLATE

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Sections > Shell > Lay-up > Add/Edit

Then Create and Modify Shell Sections window opens:

1. Click Add Layer until the Thickness shows 24 layers as specification given.
2. Input the Thickness of each layer 5.5555 10-6 and 0 as angle of orientation for all
layers.
3. Click OK to create the layers.

Figure 8: Window of Create and Modify Shell Sections.

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SIZING OF THE ELEMENTS

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize >
Areas > All Areas

Then Element Size on All Selected Areas window opens:

1. Input the Size Element Edge Length equal to 0.02.

2. Click OK.

Figure 9: Window of Element Size on All Selected Areas.

MESHING

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > Meshing > Mesh Tool

Then Mesh Tool window opens:

1. Select Quad and Mapped for the Shape of the element.

2. Click Mesh to confirm the shape.
3. Click on the plate to select the mesh area until it turns purple color, on the Mesh Areas
window, click OK.

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 Figure 10: Window of Mesh tool.

Figure 11: Mesh area was selected.

INPUT THE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural >
Displacement > On Lines

Then, Apply U, ROT on Lines window opens:

1. Select the bottom line, then click OK.

2. Select UY as DOF to be constrained, input the Displacement value of 0. Click Apply.
3. Select the left line, then click OK.

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4. Select UX as DOF to be constrained, input the Displacement value of 0. Click OK.

Figure 12: Window of Apply U, ROT on Lines to create boundary condition (bottom line was selected).

Figure 13: Boundary condition input for bottom line of the plate.

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 Figure 14: Window of Apply U, ROT on Lines to create boundary condition (left line was selected).

Figure 15: Boundary condition input for left line of the plate.

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural >
Displacement > On Nodes

Then, Apply U, ROT on Nodes window opens:

1. Select the node at the bottom left of the plate. Click OK.
2. Select All DOF as DOF to be constrained, input the Displacement value of 0. Click
OK.

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 Figure 16: Window of Apply U, ROT on Nodes to create boundary condition (bottom left node was selected).

Figure 17: : Boundary condition input for the nodes selected on the plate.

APPLYING PRESSURE

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure
> On Lines

Then, Apply PRES on Lines window opens:

1. Click the right line of the plate.

2. On the window opens, click OK.

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 3. Input the Load PRES value as any value, in this example -190 000 (negative sign
indicates the pressure to the right direction) was input, then click OK to apply that
pressure on the selected line.

Figure 18:Window of Apply PRES on Lines with right line was selected.

Figure 19: Window of Apply PRES on Lines with load value.

SOLVE THE ANALYSIS

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS

The Solve Current Load Step window opens:

1. Click OK to solve the analysis.

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 2. Close the Note window that says Solution is done.

Figure 20: Window of Solve Current Load Step.

SELECT THE PLANE FOR OPTION FOR OUTPUT

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > General Postproc > Option for Output

Then the Option for Output window opens:

1. Enter input for Specific layer number as 1. Click OK.

Figure 21: Window of Option for Output.

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE RESULT

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Command: ANSYS Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal

Solution

The Contour Nodal Solution Data window opens:

1. Click Failure Criteria and Maximum Stress one after another.

2. Select Deformed shape with undeformed model in the Undisplaced shape key box to
compare the shapes of the beam before and after deformation.
3. Click OK to display the deformation of the plate.

Figure 22:Window of Contour Nodal Solution Data.

Figure 23: Graphical representation of the result (Deformed and Undeformed).

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Ensure that the value of SMX equal to 1. If not, repeat step from applying pressure to get value
of SMX equal to 1. Enter different value of Load PRES value until the value of SMX equal to 1.

Figure 24: Window of Apply PRES on lines with different PRES value.

Figure 25: Graphical representation of the result (Deformed and Undeformed) with pressure on line equal to 193332 N.

=15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90

For different angle, repeat all steps from previous problem except step for CREATE LAYERS
OF THE PLATE and SELECT THE PLANE FOR OPTION FOR OUTPUT.

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CREATE THE LAYERS OF THE PLATE

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Sections > Shell > Lay-up > Add/Edit

Then Create and Modify Shell Sections window opens:

1. Click Add Layer until the Thickness shows 24 layers as specification given.
2. Input the Thickness of each layer 5.5555 10-6 and input layout [4 / 04 / - 4]s as angle
of orientation for the plate.
3. Click OK to create the layers.

Figure 26: Window of Create and Modify Shell Option with layout of the laminates when = 15.

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First Ply Failure (FPF)
SELECT THE PLANE FOR OPTION FOR OUTPUT

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > General Postproc > Option for Output

Then the Option for Output window opens:

1. Enter input for Specific layer number with layer that has + or - orientations. For
example, layer number 1 and 10 was input as it has + and - orientations respectively.
(We do not concern on 0 orientations as it will be the last ply failure due to its highest
stiffness)
2. Click OK.
3. The result will show that the SMX Value for Layer 1 and Layer 10 having the same
value and from that we may know that either + and - orientations will get the same
maximum stress
4. Choose either + and - orientations for the next different angle. (same value, both can
be used)

Figure 27: Window of Option for Output with Specified layer number equal to 10.

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Figure 28: Graphical representation of plate when = 15 for FPF. (same value of SMX for both Layer 1 and Layer 10)

Figure 29: Graphical representation of plate when = 30 for FPF.

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Figure 30: Graphical representation of plate when = 45 for FPF.

Figure 31: Graphical representation of plate when = 60 for FPF.

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Figure 32: Graphical representation of plate when = 75 for FPF.

Figure 33: Graphical representation of plate when = 90 for FPF.

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TSAI-WU FAILURE CRITERIA (FPF)

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE RESULT

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal

Solution

The Contour Nodal Solution Data window opens:

1. Click Failure Criteria and Tsai-Wu Strength Index one after another.
2. Select Deformed shape with undeformed model in the Undisplaced shape key box to
compare the shapes of the beam before and after deformation.
3. Click OK to display the deformation of the plate.

Figure 34: Window of Contour Nodal Solution Data (Tsai-Wu Strength Index)

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Last Ply Failure (LPF)
SELECT THE PLANE FOR OPTION FOR OUTPUT

Command: ANSYS Main Menu > General Postproc > Option for Output

Then the Option for Output window opens:

5. Enter input for Specific layer number with layer that has 0 orientations. For example,
layer number 5 was input as it has 0 orientations. This is because the layer that has same
direction to the applied pressure is the strongest layer and it will become the last layer to
fail.
6. Click OK.

Figure 35: Window of Option for Output with Specified layer number equal to 5.

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Figure 36: Graphical representation of plate when = 15 for LPF.

Figure 37: Graphical representation of plate when = 30 for LPF.

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Figure 38: Graphical representation of plate when = 45 for LPF.

Figure 39: Graphical representation of plate when = 60 for LPF.

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 Figure 40: Graphical representation of plate when = 75 for LPF.

Figure 41: Graphical representation of plate when = 90 for LPF.

6.0 RESULTS
First Ply Failure (FPF)
Table 1: Result using Maximum Stress failure criteria for FPF.

Angle 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Load 3866.64 3912.14 1847.06 1408 1020.72 740.82 686.36
Pressure/ Line (N/m) 193332 195607 92353 70400 51036 37041 34318
Stress (MPa) 1450 1467 693 528 383 278 257

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Table 2: Result using Tsai Wu Strength Index failure criteria for FPF.

Angle 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Load 3866.64 3463.78 1988.6 1196.52 849.02 720 686.36
Pressure/ Line (N/m) 193332 173189 99430 59826 42451 36000 34318
Stress (MPa) 1450 1299 746 449 318 270 257

Last Ply Failure (LPF)

Table 3: Result using Maximum Stress failure criteria for LPF.

Angle 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Load (N) 3866.64 3469 2408.92 1733.38 1536.2 1492.16 1485.06
Pressure/ Line (N/m) 193332 173450 120446 86669 76810 74608 74253
Stress (MPa) 1450 1301 903 650 576 560 557

Table 4: Result using Tsai Wu Strength Index failure criteria for LPF.

Angle 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Load(N) 3866.64 3675.3 2423.78 1840.42 1542 1346.42 1281.96
Pressure/ Line (N/m) 193332 183765 121189 92021 77100 67321 64098
Stress (MPa) 1450 1378 909 690 578 505 481

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 Stress against angle
1600M

1400M

1200M

1000M
Stress (Pa)

Max stress (LPF)

800M
TWSI (LPF)
600M Max Stress (FPF)
TWSI (FPF)
400M

200M

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Angle ()

Figure 28: Graph of Stress against angle for both FPF and LPF.

7.0 DISCUSSION

8.0 CONCLUSION

9.0 REFERENCES

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