Chapter 3

Electron Micrographs of
the Principal Clays and Clay Minerals
and Other Related Mineral Species

A. Brief guide to the clays and clay minerals appearing in the photographs
I. Toseki
11. Roseki
111. Kuroko
IV. Greentuff
V. Loam
VI. Note of the mineral names used in this chapter
B. Electron micrographs of clays and clay minerals
I. Kaolinite-serpentinegroup-Kaolinite Sub-group
11. Kaolinite-serpentine group-Serpentine Sub-group
111. Pyrophyllite and talc
IV. Mica clay group
V. Chlorite group
VI. Vermiculite group
VII. Smectite group
VIII. Interstratified minerals
IX. Sepiolite and palygorskite
X. Zeolites
XI. Other clays and clay minerals
References

A. Brief Guide to the Clays and Clay Minerals Appearing in the Photographs

The clays and clay minerals illustrated here were mostly collected in Japan, and their modes of
occurrence were highly complex. When discussing modes of occurrence and origins, certain spe-
cific names such as Toseki, Roseki, Kuroko, green tuff, and loam are generally
applied in Japan. Many kinds of clay minerals have been found in these materials, and the clay
minerals themselves have been studied in detail. The above names are widely used in the ceramic
industry, mining, mineralogy, petrology, geology, agriculture, etc.
Toseki and Roseki (generally employed as commercial names) are raw materials of pottery.
They are refractory and composed mainly of kaolinite, mica clay minerals, and pyrophyllite.
Kuroko is a type of ore deposit. Abundant clay and Al-clay minerals are found in the alteration
areas of such deposits. Green tuff represents Miocene formations composed mainly of volcanic
rocks and related pyroclastics, and is widely distributed on the Japan Sea side of northwest Japan.
It contains many kinds of green-coloured clay minerals and zeolites. The Kuroko deposits occur
69
70 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS

only in the green tuff region. Volcanic ash soil usually termed loam consists essentially of clay
minerals such as allophane, halloysite, kaolinite and imogolite.
I. TOSEKI
Toseki is one of the raw materials used in Japan for pottery and porcelain. It is composed mainly
of mica, kaolinite, and quartz. The Al-mica clay minerals in Toseki are known as sericite (cf.A.
VI). Toseki is generally distinguished into kaolin-toseki and sericite-toseki based on its main
constituent clay mineral. Some samples of Toseki also include interstratified Al-mica/montmoril-
lonite and tosudite, although the amounts of such interstratified minerals are usually small.
The origin of Toseki is considered to be a hydrothermal alteration product of acidic rocks
such as acidic tuffs, liparite and porphyry. Clay mineralogy has revealed the essential properties
of the clay minerals in Toseki. Kanaoka (1972) found that the sericite in Toseki shows the IM,
2M, and 2M, polytypes, and that sericite-toseki can be grouped into 3 types based on the poly-
types of the sericite. Ichikawa and Shimoda (1976) and Shimoda et al. (1978) demonstrated the
existence of lithium (Li)-tosudite in certain samples of Toseki. Some Toseki deposits show a zonal
distribution of clay minerals. In the Izushi Toseki deposit, for example, the mineral zones from the
outer to inner part of the deposit can be summarized as follows: (1) pitchstone, (2) montmoril-
lonite with small amounts of cristobalite and mordenite, (3) interstratified Al-mica/montmoril-
lonite, (4) lithium-bearing tosudite, and (5) sericite. The clay used as the Toseki ore from this
mine is a mixture of interstratified Al-mica/montmorillonite and tosudite.
The names Gaerome and Kibushi clays are also widely used for plastic kaolin clays
distributed in and around Aichi, Gifu, and Mie Prefectures. These areas are composed of granitic
rocks as the basement and lacustrine sediments of Pliocene age deposited in numerous small basins
on this basement. The lower part of the lacustrine sediments consists mainly of quartz sand
including kaolin clay. The upper part is a silty clay composed mainly of kaolinite and small
amounts of halloysite and montmorillonite, and usually contains carbonized woody fragments.
The former part is known as Gaerome and the latter as Kibushi.
11. ROSEKI
Roseki (lit. waxy stone) is one of the raw materials of refractory products and also is used as a
paper clay. It is composed mainly of pyrophyllite, kaolinite and sericite, and can be broadly
divided into pyrophyllite-roseki, kaolin-roseki and sericite-roseki based on its main
constituent mineral.

Roseki deposits are distributed in the western part of Japan (Chugoku and north Kyushu
districts), and the north-central part (Hokushin district), as shown in Fig. 3.1. The Roseki
deposits from these two districts have slightly different mineral assemblages : the former consists
mainly of pyrophyllite and diaspore with small amounts of corundum, and the latter of pyrophyl-
lite, sericite and kaolinite. Although they are considered to have formed by hydrothermal altera-
tion of acidic rocks of Cretaceous to Miocene age, the difference in mineral assemblage appears to
indicate some difference in origin.
In addition to the above-mentioned minerals, some Roseki ores contain dickite, nacrite and
halloysite, which usually occur in clayey veins cutting the Roseki ore. Shimoda and Sudo (1960)
and Sudo et al. (1962) found an interstratified Al-mica/montmorillonite in the Yonago Roseki
deposit of the Hokushin district, and in the Goto Roseki deposit of north Kyushu. Recently,
Kakitani and Morita (unpublished data) found an interstratified mineral in a Roseki deposit from
the Chugoku district. Sudo et al. (1954) reported the occurrence of tosudite in a lenticular vein-
shaped mass in the clayey part of the Kurata kaolin-roseki mine. Nishiyama et al. (1975) found
 Brief Guide to Clays and Clay Minerals in Photographs 71

HOKKAIDO' A-
0s i IMA- FUKUSHIMA-

t
disf:rict

KlTAKAMl
HOKUROKU district
district

B 0

-h B
NORTH KYUSH. " 0

HlTOYOSHl
district

200 km
-0
Fig. 3.1 Distribution of Roseki and Kuroko deposits, green tuff and volcanic ash soils (loam) in Japan (modified
from data of Fujii (1976). Shirozu (1978) and Nagasawa (1978)).
Roseki dep. Kuroko dep. Green tuff. Volcanic ash Volcanoes
soil(loam)

a lithium(Li)-bearing tosudite in a clayey vein cutting the pyrophyllite mass of the Tohoo
Roseki mine. Although tosudite is widely recognized in Toseki, its occurrence is rare in Roseki.
Sudo et al. (1962) described the zonal distribution of clay minerals found in the Yonago
Roseki deposit of the Hokushin district. However, subsequently there have been no similar
reports on the mineral distribution of other Roseki deposits.
111. KUROKO
As mentioned, Kuroko deposits occur only in the green tuff region (Fig. 3.1). They are con-
sidered to have formed originally in sedimentary basins in relation to submarine volcanic activity.
72 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS

The ore minerals found in the deposits are mainly sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and
gypsum. Ore composed principally of sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite is called black ore, and
that composed of pyrite and chalcopyrite is called yellow ore. Kajiwara (1970) has given a geologic
profile for one typical Kuroko deposit, in the Shakanai mine of the Hokuroku district, as shown in
Fig. 3.2. The stockwork mineralization resulted from the passage of hydrothermal solutions

A//;A
\F:?\Y<:
A%<>,\\A A A ~ 0 20, d(( A A A
b d b ,> I\ I\ I\ ,~
,\ ,\ I

<; ,,,,,,,\ A
m m m H
~ ~ A I I s, .I \I \I
h A A A A

IWpJpJgg
Rhyolite Tuff Tuff and Mudstone Pyrite ore Yellow ore Black ore Gypsum Metallic
volcanic breccia lapilli tuff veinlets
breccia
Fig. 3.2 Geological profile of the No. 1 ore deposit of the Shakanai Kuroko mine (after Kajiwara (1970)).

through the brecciated rhyolite and the ore fluids were spread out on the submarine surface of the
basin. Clay minerals occur widely in the tuff breccia, tuff and mudstone, and are also closely as-
sociated with the ore minerals.
In general, the clay minerals found in Kuroko deposits are montmorillonite, interstratified
Al-mica/montmorillonite, mica clay minerals (usually termed sericite), interstratified chlorite/
smectite and chlorite, although sudoite, tosudite, interstratified Al-mica/sudoite, kaolinite and
pyrophyllite occur in some of the deposits.
The clay and related minerals generally show a zonal distribution from the inner to outer part
of the deposits; i.e. the sericite, chlorite and montmorillonite zones. In general, chlorite is as-
sociated with the gypsum, pyrite and yellow ore, and sericite with the black ore. Clinoptilolite,
mordenite and analcime are associated with the montmorillonite. The analcime is considered to
have been formed through a reaction between clinoptilolite-mordenite tuff formed by diagenesis
and the hydrothermal solution derived from the Kuroko deposits (Iijima, 1974). Interstratified
Al-mica/montmorillonite, and Mg-chlorite/saponite are found widely in the alteration areas, but
occurrences of tosudite and sudoite are rare.
1V. GREEN TUFF
Green tuff represents Miocene formations composed mainly of basalt, andesite, rhyolite, and
related tuffs and tuff breccias. Small amounts of sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, mudstone
and conglomerate are also involved in the formations. The volcanic rocks occur as dykes, sheets
and flows. Green-coloured clay minerals were formed in these rocks by alteration, imparting a
general green-coloured appearance.
 Brief Guide to Clays and Clay Minerals in Photographs 73

Green tuff is widely distributed as shown in Fig. 3. I. Two types are recognizable based on the
clay deposits of the region: one is a hydrothermal type composed of kaolinite, sericite and
pyrophyllite, and the other is a diagenetic type derived from tuffs and tuffaceous sediments. Most
bentonite and acid clays belong to the later type.
The clay minerals in green tuff occur as filling materials of amygdales, cavities and fissures, and
also as replacement materials of mafic and felsic minerals, and glassy groundmass. Although many
kinds of clay minerals are known from green tuff, they usually exist as mixtures of abundant clay
minerals. The principal clay minerals found are montmorillonite, saponite, Mg- and Mg, Fe-
chlorites, mica clay minerals, interstratified mica/montmorillonite and Mg, Fe-chlorite/saponite.
Zeolites are also common. Yoshimura (1964) described the zonal distribution of alteration
products in the green tuff of the Oshima-Fukushima district, as summarized in Table 3.1.
TABLE 3.1
Zoning of the alteration products of the peen tuff in the Oshima-Fukushima district (after Yoshimura (1964))
Zoning of alteration products
Formations
Mafic minerals Felsic minerals
Yakumo Formation Clinoptilolite
Montmorillonite
Kunnui F. Analcime
Montmorillonite/chlori te
interstratification
Laumontite
____________________~----------------.---.
Fukuyama F. Chlorite Albitic plagioclase + calcite

V. LOAM
Although loam indicates a soil having certain amounts of sand and clay, we generally apply the
term to soils derived from volcanic ashes and related materials from Quaternary volcanoes. Such
loam widely covers Japan, particularly central and northeastern Honshu, Hokkaido, and Kyushu,
as shown in Fig. 3.1. The loam covering the Kanto district is composed of volcanic ashes with
pumice and scoria from numerous volcanos such as Mt. Fuji, Hakone, Asama, Haruna, Akagi
and Nantai. This loam is called the Kanto loam.
The pyroclastic materials in loam have been altered to clay minerals by weathering and burial
at depth. The principal clay minerals formed are allophane, halloysite and imogolite. A 14 A clay
mineral is occasionally reported in some loams, which appears to be a mixture of vermiculite,
montmorillonite and montmorillonite with Al-interlayers.
Shioiri (1934) first described a white gel-like film in a pumice bed in the Kitakami district,
Iwate Prefecture. Subsequently, Kuwano and Matsui (1957), and Kanno et al. (1960) examined
similar materials from pumice beds in the Kanto loam in Tochigi Prefecture and the Kitakami
district. Yoshinaga and Aomine (1962a, b) gave the name imogolite to the gel-like film material
with broad but distinct X-ray reflections at about 17.7, 12.6, 7.8 and 5.6 A. (Imogo is a glass-rich
soil occurring around Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto Prefecture, where one of the samples was collected.)

VI. NOTES OF THE MINERAL NAMES USED IN THIS CHAPTER

(I) Al-rich mica clay minerals are found having the chemical composition departing from
ideal composition of muscovite in various extents, as indicated by the decrease of interlayer
cations, increase of water and magnesium etc. They are found in the following mode of occur-
rence : (a) a mineral component in crystalline schist, (b) hydrothermal alteration products,
74 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS

(c) a mineral component in argillaceous sediments. In general broad sense, the composition of
(a) is close to muscovite, whereas the composition of (c) departs from that of muscovite men-
tioned above, and the degree of the departure tends to be intermediate in (b). Along with the
departure of the chemical composition from that of muscovite, interstratified structure tend
to be revealed, and actually the interstratification is revealed in some samples of (b) and (c),
but some others are regarded to be free from interstratified structures. The samples belonging
to (b) has have been customally named sericite. The samples named sericite in this Chapter
are all regarded to be free from interstratified structures (cf. B. IV).
(2) Adjectival modifiers such as Mg-, K-, Mn-bearing etc. indicate interlayer cation variations
(e.g. K-montmorillonite) or octahedral variations (e.g. Mg-chlorite, Li-chlotite) as indicated by
specified and/or dominant cations.
(3) Exact chemical analyses are not necessarily available for the samples reported in this
Chapter. Then, the chemical nature of component layers of some interstratified minerals is
ambiguous. Vermiculite layers combined with Mg-chlorite or biotite are probably close to tri-
octahedral vermiculite though it is not certain how much they depart from dioctahedral
vermiculite.

B. Electron Micrographs of Clays and Clay Minerals

I. KAOLINITE-SERPENTINE GROUP-KAOLINITE SUB-GROUP

The minerals of the kaolinite sub-group except halloysite usually have platy particles along(001)
cleavage planes with pseudo-hexagonal borders. The particle size of the minerals is variable but
that of dickite and nacrite is larger than that of kaolinite. Replica and decoration techniques can
clearly reveal the platy crystal growth of pseudo-hexagonal habit in dickite and nacrite. Halloysite
exhibits a tubular form, but one type found as an alteration product of volcanic ash and pumice
fragments has characteristic spherules known as chestnut shell-like particles, allophane-
hallosite spherules or spherulitic halloysite.
Kaolinite (Fig. 1)
Kampaku mine, TochigiPrefecture
This mine is a typical hydrothermal kaolin mine. It was once worked for gold, which occurs as
gold-quartz veins cutting Tertiary rhyolite; but later, kaolin clay mining was commenced. The
kaolin clay occurs as clayey veins cutting rhyolite and kaolinized rhyolite.
Fig. 1 shows well-defined pseudo-hexagonal plates with uniform thin thickness. The particle
size is variable.
Kibushi clay (Fig. 2)
Sanage, Aichi Prefecture
Kibushi clay is the common name for a kind of soft and plastic underclay occurring in the Plio-
cene formations near Nagoya. The specimen used was collected from the Kibushi clay of the
Sanage area.
Fig. 2 shows pseudo-hexagonal platy particles of kaolinite. Tubular particles of halloysite are
seen sporadically patchily in the figure. It has been said that the plasticity of the clay is due to its
containing small amounts of montmorillonite. However, insofar as the morphology of the present
micrograph is concerned, there is little indication of montmorillonite particles.
 Electron Micrographs of Clays and Clay Minerals 75

Gaerome clay (Fig. 3)

Fujioka, Aichi Prefecture
Gaerome clay is a plastic kaolin clay including coarse quartz grains and feldspar. The clay frac-
tions of Gaerome are closely similar to those of Kibushi, being composed of disordered kaolinite
and tubular halloysite.
Fig. 3 shows small platy particles with irregular borders, although some fine-grained particles
clearly reveal the pseudo-hexagonal shape of kaolinite. Tubular particles of halloysite are also
seen in the figure.
Dickite (Fig. 4)
Shokozan, Hiroshima Prefecture
The Shokozan area consists of rhyolite and porphyry of Pre-Tertiary age. These are altered to
clayey rocks composed mainly of pyrophyllite, kaolinite and diaspore. The specimen used was
collected from a small clayey vein cutting the clayey mass.
Fig. 4 shows particles with irregular outlines.
Dickite (Figs. 5-10)
Kasuga mine, Kagoshima Prefecture
This is an epithermal gold deposit exhibiting network type wall rocks. These are composed of
silicified tuff, tuff breccia and propylite of Tertiary age, and have undergone hydrothermal al-
teration. Kaolinite, dickite and nacrite were ubiquitous.
Fig. 5 shows thick and pseudo-hexagonal particles of large size. Small particles with a radiating
fibrous structure are also present in the figure. The replica technique can reveal the fine structure of
the dickite surface, as shown in Fig. 6. The decoration method demonstrates more clearly the
fringes of pseudo-hexagonal crystal growths of dickite (Fig. 7). Fig. 8 (replica image), Fig. 9
(transmission image) and Fig. 10 (scanning image) illustrate particles with a radiating structure
formed on the dickite surface. These particles may be goethite (alpha-Fe00H) as indicated by
Mackenzie et al. (1971).
Nacrite (Fig. 11)
Yaita mine, Tochigi Prefecture
This mine is a hydrothermal kaolin mine. The specimen used was collected from a small clayey
vein cutting the altered rhyolitic rock and clayey mass.
Fig. 11 shows large platy particles with pseudo-hexagonal edges.
Nacrite (Fig. 12)
Kasuga mine, Kagoshima Prefecture
The specimen used was collected from the wall rocks of the epithermal gold deposit of the
Kasuga mine.
Fig. 12 shows large platy particles with pseudo-hexagonal (but slightly round) edges.
Halloysite (Figs. 13-16)
Kusatsu, Gunma Prefecture
The specimen used was collected from an alteration area of tuff and tuff brecia caused by hot
spring activity.
Fig. 13 and Fig. 14 show tubular particles with undulated borders. Spherules of halloysite are
not present in the figure.
Kohyama et al. (1978 a, b) showed the same particles in hydrated and dehydrated forms using the
76 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS
environmental cell given by Fukami et al. (1974). The halloysite particles in the wet condition
showed smooth and uniform contrast tubes, and no stripes could be recognized in the images
except for a light center region (Fig. 15A). In vacuum many dark and light stripes with widths of
about 50 to 100 A were observed along the tube axis (Fig. 15B). The edge views (cross-sectioned
views) of the same particles were also observed in both conditions as shown in Fig. 16 (A and B).
Halloysite (Figs. 17-20)
Yawata,Gifu Prefecture
Kaolin clays are widely distributed in the Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments of the Yawata
area. Halloysite occurs as an alteration product of pumice fragments. The specimen used is com-
posed mostly of halloysite with allophane-halloysite spherules.
Fig. 17 shows tubular particles. Spherulitic halloysite particles are also present. Fig. 18 (sectioned
image) illustrates a texture suggesting intimate mutual relations, i.e. a spherule with a collapsed
shape grades into an aggregate of particles having part-tubular shapes and undulated edges
(arrows, see Fig. 20). Fig. 19 shows an interestingly shaped particle which appears to be a result of
peeling and partial rolling of a thin surface layer of the spherulitic body. Fig. 20 demonstrates
scanning images (Sudo and Yotsumoto, 1977). Noticeable detailed textures are indicated by
several arrows. The aggregate of tubular particles is mostly composed of relatively small tubes.
Thick tubular particles with well-defined angular outlines are seen sporadically patchily (arrow- 1).
Some spherules show collapsed forms (arrow-2). A cavity is illustrated in the central area of a
collapsed spherule (arrow-3). Uneven surfaces of spherulitic bodies look as though they had
been piled up with curved tiles (arrow-4).
Halloysite (Figs. 21-24)
Imaichi, TochigiPrefecture
Imaichi and its environs in Tochigi Prefecture are covered by a thick Pleistocene formation of
volcanic ash origin. The upper members of this formation are grouped as surface humus soils,
yellow pumice beds (so-called Kanuma soil), and reddish-brown pumice beds (so-called Imaichi
soil), which are composed of volcanic glass fragments and allophane. The lower members consist
of brownish-coloured loam and greyish-white clay (so-called Imaichi clay). The specimen used
was obtained from the Imaichi clay.
Fig. 21 shows the transmission image of the sample prepared by the dispersion method. This
image illustrates spherular particles of halloysite associated with aggregates of fine particles
probably of allophane. The detailed texture of the spherule may correspond to those as shown in
Fig. 20. Broad and weak electron diffraction rings at 7, 4.5, 3.5, 2.5, and 1.5 A are observed. Fig.
22 is the image obtained by the thin sectioning method; this shows that the concentric texture of
some particles is not perfect. Fig. 23 illustrates a typical spherule with a 7 A lattice image, which
corresponds to the dehydrated halloysite layer unit.
Morphological changes of hydrated and dehydrated spherular halloysite were observed by
Koyama et al. (1978a) using the environmental cell. The particles of hydrated one showed
smooth and uniform contrast in the images, but they changed to show concentric dark and light
contrast in the images in vacuum (Fig. 24).
Halloysite (Fig. 25)
Shigaraki,Shiga Prefecture
The specimen used was collected from the white tuffaceous clay in the Shigaraki sandy silt
formation at Shigaraki. Shigaraki is well known as one of the 6 old kilns in Japan and has a
history extending back about 1200 years. The lower part of the Pliocene sediments in the Shigaraki
 Electron Micrographs of Clays and Clay Minerals 77

district, the lower stratum of the Palaeo-Biwa group, is abundant in commercial clays such as
Gaerome clay, Kibushi clay and Shirae (white clay). The white clay bed is a weathering product of
volcanic ash containing halloysite in lettuce- or cabbage-like forms (Kakitani, 1974, 1979).
Figs. 25A and B show spherular particles of halloysite, which are larger in size as compared to
those commonly found in the other localities.

11. KAOLINITE-SERPENTINE GROUP-SERPENTINE SUB-GROUP

Many species of serpentine minerals are known such as clino-chrysotile, antigorite, lizardite,
and 6-layer ortho-serpentine. Each species has a characteristic morphology and crystal structure.
Antigorite is platy and lath-like under the electron microscope and exhibits a super-lattice
measuring about 44 A along direction of the a-axis. Six-layer ortho-serpentine also has a super-
lattice measuring about 44 A along the direction of the c-axis. Electron diffraction is very im-
portant for identifying these two minerals and for analysing their crystal structures. Observation
of the lattice images also clearly shows their crystal structures. Sectioned specimens of chrysotile
with a tubular structure exhibit a clear cylindrical or spiral structure. Lizardite is platy. Precise
identification of the mineral species of the serpentine mineral is not easy. Careful X-ray and elec-
tron optical studies are essential for this identification. The mineral names in this text are based on
the results obtained from the essential analytical methods, therefore not conventional.
Antigorite (Figs. 26-29)
Komori, Kyoto
Serpentinite is widely distributed in the Komori area. The specimen used was collected from
this serpentinite. It contains harsh brittle fibres but apparently differs from chrysotile in mor-
phology.
Fig. 26 shows thin platy elongated particles. The outlines are well-defined in most of the par-
ticles. The electron diffraction pattern reveals the presence of a super-structure. Fig. 27 shows the
lattice images of periods such as 4.6 A. The dark streaks with periods of 75 and 37.5 8, in Figs.
27 and 28 correspond to the wavy structure of antigorite with a super-lattice (Kunze, 1956). Fig.
29 shows dark streaks with about 37 A periods obtained from a speciemen prepared by the thin
sectioning method.
Antigorite (Fig. 30)
Nagatoro, Saitama Prefecture
The specimen used was collected from the serpentinite intruded into the Sanbagawa green
schist dating from the Permian.
Fig. 30 shows platy particles with irregular borders. Electron diffraction indicates the pres-
ence of super-structure.
Antigorite (Figs. 31 and 32)
Kyongsangpuk Do, Korea
A small piece of antigorite was embedded in methylmethacrylate and thin sectioned perpen-
dicularly to the b-direction. The sectioned specimen mounted on thin carbon film was observed
from the b-direction at 200 kV by JEM 200 CX with a tilting specimen stage.
In Fig. 31, a is the electron diffraction pattern and b the optical diffraction pattern of the
electron image d. d is the processed image of c by the optical filtering method, where inversely
corrugated structure is seen. e is the model of antigorite given by Kunze (1956, 1958).
Two structural features, additional spots corresponding to 14.6 A periodicity in the c-direction
78 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS

and streaks from spot to spot along the c-direction, are frequently encountered in electron diffrac-
tion pattern of the thin sectioned antigorite, when observed from the b-direction as shown in Fig.
32a. These features are similarly observed in the optical diffraction pattern b from the electron
image c, in which many narrow bands B, with different contrast from the matrix phase A, are seen.
Such narrow intervened bands may give streaks (Yada, 1979; Yada et al., 1980).
Chrysotile (Figs. 33-35)
Nozawa mine, Hokkaido
The specimen used was collected from serpentinite at the Nozawa mine. It consisted of a bundle
of fibres of about 1 cm in length.
Fig. 33 shows the typical morphology of chrysotile, i.e. a smooth tubular fibre of uniform
breadth throughout its length. The electron diffraction pattern gives hkO and h01 reflections,
and the latter shows extension along the layer lines. As seen from Fig. 34, direct observation of
the tubular morphology was first made by Yada (1967) using a sectioned specimen. Fig. 35 gives
a lattice image of chrysotile observed from the direction perpendicular to the fibre axis. The 4.5
8, (020) and 4.6 8, (1 10) intervals indicate that the layer of the tube wall lies perpendicularly to
the beam and the 7 A interval shows the layer to be parallel to the beam.
Chrysotile (Fig. 36)
Sanbagawa, Cunma Prefecture
The specimen used was a serpentine rock collected at Sanbagawa. X-ray and other data indicate
that the specimen approximates to chrysotile.
Fig. 36 shows smooth tubular fibres, but their length is shorter than that of the Nozawa
specimen. Although antigorite and other serpentines were not detected by X-ray analysis, the
presence of platy particles with irregular borders appears to indicate that small amounts of
other serpentines exist in the specimen as impurities.
Lizardite (Fig. 37)
Ogose, Saitama prefecture
The specimen used was collected from the serpentinite of the so-called Mikabu green rocks.
Fig. 37 shows platy particles with irregular borders, some of which are weakly lath-like. The
tubular crystals in the figure appear to be chrysotile.
6-Layer Ortho-Serpentine (Figs. 38-41)
Ogose, Saitama Prefecture
The specimen used was collected from the serpentinite at Ogose together with lizardite. It was
a harsh brittle fibre mass, pale green in colour. Otsuka and Shimoda (1975) also found 6-layer
ortho-serpentine composed of white powder crystals coating pale green lizardite in the same
serpentinite.
Fig. 38 shows smooth tubular fibres of uniform breadth, but the morphology is clearly different
from that of chrysotile as regards the thickness of the tubular wall. Some particles show dark
spots, which repeat regularly, on the inside of the tubes. The nature of the spots is uncertain.
Although most of the particles are tubular, some are platy and lath-like. The white powder crys-
tals found by Otsuka and Shimoda (1975) show a mixture of rectangular, lath-like fragments and
tubular fibres. Fig. 39 illustrates a single tubular fibre with dark dots. As seen from Fig. 40, sec-
tioned specimens reveal tubular forms measuring about 100 8, as inside diameter and 50-120 8,
as thickness of the tubular wall. Scanning electron microscopy also demonstrates bundles of
tubular fibres, as shown in Fig. 41.
 Electron Micrographs of Clays and Clay Minerals 79

Deweylite (Figs. 42 and 43)

Miyamori, Iwate Prefecture
Deweylite is not a well-defined mineral. It has been pointed out that deweylite is a mixture of
a disordered form of talc (kerolite) and a disordered form of serpentine with various propor-
tions. The photographs of so-called deweylite are inserted here tentatively. The name is useful
as a field name (Bish and Brindley, 1978).
The specimen used was collected from a serpentinite in the Miyamori district. It occurred as
part of a vein cutting the serpentinite. It was pale green in colour and had a waxy lustre. X-ray
diffraction gives only broad and weak 001 and hkO reflections.
Fig. 42 shows very small and thin particles, some of which are curled at the edges. Electron
diffraction gives very weak and broad 7, 4.5, 3.5, 2.5 and 1.54 A reflection rings. Fig. 43 shows
distinct aggregations of very small, curled particles.
Synthetic Para-Chrysotile (Fig. 44)
Chrysotile and lizardite were synthesized hydrothermally using an olivine plus water system
under various conditions. Para-chrysotile, which is quite rare in nature, is often formed
under synthetic conditions. The conditions for the specimen were: T = 4WC, P = 700 bar,
pH = 0.8, t = 10 days (Yada and Iishi, 1974, 1977).
Fig. 44 shows the lattice image with a weak conical component.
Synthetic Lizardite and Clino-Chrysotile (Fig. 45)
Lizardite and clino-chrysotile were synthesized hydrothermally using an olivine plus water
system under the following conditions: T = 350"C, P = 525 bar, pH = 13.6, t = 8 months
(Yada and Iishi, 1974, 1977).
Fig. 45 shows the coexistence of lizardite (lower left) and clino-chrysotile (centre).
Chrysotile (Fig. 46)
Transvaal, South Africa
Chrysotile fibres from various localities were observed from the direction along the fibre
axis by employing thin sectioning techniques using a diamond knife (Yada, 1967, 1971). The
specimen used was obtained from Transvaal, South Africa.
Fig. 46 shows a cross-section of the chrysotile fibres.

111. PYROPHYLLITE AND TALC

Both these minerals show platy particles with angular borders. Talc sometimes exists as
lath-like particles. In general, the minerals show no characteristic morphological features.
Pyrophyllite (Fig. 47)
Honami mine, Nagano Prefecture
The Honami mine is one of the Roseki mines in the Hokushin district. The pyrophyllite
used occurs with Al-mica clay minerals and kaolinite. Mineralogically speaking, it is a monoclinic
system (Brindley and Wardle, 1970).
Fig. 47 shows platy particles with angular borders.
Pyrophyllite (Fig. 48)
Yoji mine, Gunma Prefecture
The Yoji mine is one of the Roseki mines, although the clay minerals found are mainly Al-
80 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS

mica clay minerals. Pyrophyllite occurs only in the inner part of the deposit with Al-mica clay
minerals.
Fig. 48 shows platy particles, which are slightly smaller in size than those of the Honami spe-
cimen.
Talc (Fig. 49)
Kanto talc mine, Ibaraki Prefecture
Talc is known to occur in serpentinite and crystalline schists, mostly in Palaeozoic and Meso-
zoic structural zones. The present mine is situated in the crystalline schist near Hitachi-Ota,
Ibaraki Prefecture.
Fig. 49 shows platy and lath-like particles.

IV. MICA CLAY GROUP

This group includes many species of minerals. The Al-mica clay minerals formed by hydrother-
mal activity are customarily called sericite in Japan. Also, the minerals found in Roseki, Toseki
and the clayey zone of Kuroko mines are usually called sericite. In general, the sericites show
well-defined platy particles in which the 2M, polytype gives a platy pseudo-hexagonal and the
1M polytype an elongated pseudo-hexagonal shape. Celadonite of the 1M polytype also exists
as elongated lath-like particles, but glauconite reveals no distinctive shape. It is well known that
mica clay minerals are found often as mixed layer minerals. The samples cited here except 1 M
sericite from the Hanaoka mine, glauconite and hydrobiotite are regarded as being non-
interstratified (cf.A.VI).
Sericite (Fig. 50)
Goto mine, Nagasaki Prefecture
This mine is one of the typical Roseki mines in north Kyushu. The clay minerals reported from
the mine are pyrophyllite, sericite, interstratified Al-mica/montmorillonite and kaolinite, while
diaspore and corundum sometimes occur. The specimen used was collected from the Kawamuko
ore body of the mine. X-ray data indicate sericite of the 2M, polytype.
Fig. 50 shows platy particles. Some of them exhibit a pseudo-hexagonal shape but the others
have irregular borders.
Sericite (Fig. 51)
Kamikita mine, Aomori Prefecture
This mine is a typical Kuroko mine, of which the clayey zone is reported to contain many
clay and non-clay minerals, including Al-mica clay minerals, chlorite, montmorillonite, kaolinite,
interstratified minerals, pyrophyllite and diaspore. The specimen used was obtained from the
altered clayey zone closely associated with the stockwork-type Honko ore body. It is composed
mostly of the 2M, polytype with small amounts of 1M.
Fig. 5 1 shows thin platy particles with pseudo-hexagonal borders.

Sericite (Fig. 52)

Seshido mine, Fukushima Prefecture
This mine is a Kuroko-type deposit yielding mainly pyrite. The specimen used was found in the
clayey zone in association with the pyrite. Itconsists mostly of 1M polytype with small amounts
of 2M,.
 Electron Micrographs of Clays and Clay Minerals 81

Fig. 52 shows particles with a pseudo-hexagonal morphology. Diamond-shaped and lath-like

shaped particles are sometimes seen.
Sericite (Fig. 53)
Iwami mine, Shimane Prefecture
This mine is a Kuroko-type ore deposit. Many clay minerals have been reported from the
mine, such as Al-mica clay minerals, Mg- and Al- chlorites, interstratified Al-mica/montmoril-
lonite and tosudite. Zeolites also occur inl and around the mine. The Al-mica clay minerals are
widely distributed. The specimen used is composed of the 1M polytype but shows a slightly
interstratified nature.
Fig. 53 reveals two types of platy and thin particles: a lath derived from one-dimensional
elongation of a pseudo-hexagonal plate, and the other is a plate with irregular borders.
Sericite (Fig. 54)
Hanaoka mine, Akita Prefecture
This mine is one of the typical Kuroko mines of the Hokuroku district. The specimen used
was found in the clayey zone of the Tsutsumizawa ore body which is of the stockwork-type. It
consists essentially of 1M polytype, but strictly it should be regarded as an interstratified mineral
of Al-mica with about 10 % expandable layers.
Fig. 54 shows an aggregate of lath-like thin particles. The shape of the particles clearly differs
from that of 2M, mica clay minerals.
Sericite (Fig. 55)
Shakanai mine, Akita Prefecture
This mine is a Kuroko-type ore deposit of the Hokuroku district. The specimen used is from
the altered zone of the No. 4 ore body. It includes no expandable layers, and its X-ray diffraction
pattern closely resembles that of 2M2 polytype (Shimoda, 1970).
Fig. 55 shows very small and thin particles with irregular borders.
Sericite (Fig. 56)
Tsuchihashi mine, Okayama Prefecture
This mine is the Roseki deposit occurring at Mitsuishi in the Chugoku district. The specimen
used was found in a vein-like clayey mass cutting the ore. It is composed mostly of 2M2 poly-
type with small amounts of 2M . ,
Fig. 56 illustrates platy particles with well-defined angular borders, some of which clearly
show a pseudo-hexagonal morphology.
Sericite (Figs. 57 and 58)
Kurosawa mine, Fukushima Prefecture
This mine is a Kuroko-type ore deposit with dominant gypsum. At the mine, a zonal distri-
bution of clay minerals can be recognized and Al-mica clay minerals of the 1M polytype are dom-
inant in the inner part of the ore body. Two specimens with the 1M polytype were collected:
one was white in colour and the other, containing small amounts of iron, was green.
The white specimen shows platy particles, some of which are hexagonal in shape (Fig. 57).
The green specimen reveals a lath-like and elongated pseudo-hexagonal morphology (Fig. 58).
82 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS

Celadonite (Figs. 59-62)

Oya, Tochigi Prefecture
Thick rhyolitic glassy tuffs are widely distributed at Oya. They are part of the so-called green
tuff and composed mainly of clinoptilolite, montmorillonite and celadonite. Celadonite occurs
sporadically replacing glass fragments.
Figs. 59 and 60 show thin lath-like particles. Fig. 61 illustrates the lattice image with 4.5 A
intervals observed from the direction perpendicular to the layer plane. Fig. 62 illustrates the
lattice image with 10 I% intervals obtained from a sectioned specimen. It indicates that the
celadonite particles consist of 6 8 layer units.
Glauconite (Fig. 63)
Momijiyama, Hokkaido
The specimen used was collected from the Kawabata formation, which is composed of sand-
stone, mudstone and conglomerate of Tertiary age. Strictly speaking, it is an interstratified
mineral of mica with about 15-20 % expandable layers.
Fig. 63 shows very small particles with no clear borders. Sometimes lath-like particles are
recognized, but the amount is small.
Hydrobiotite (Fig. 64)
Miwa, Fukushima Prefecture
Hornblende-biotite granodiorite is widely distributed in the Miwa-Onomachi area, and some
of the biotite have been altered to hydrobiotite. Since the specimen used shows a reflection at
about 11 I%, it is considered strictly to represent an interstratified mineral of biotite with a small
amount of expandable layers. It is a light-brown coloured crystal (size about 5-10 mm) with
perfect 001 cleavage.
Fig. 64 shows platy particles with irregular borders.

V. CHLORITE GROUP
The minerals of this group occur as platy particles with angular borders. Some found in the
clayey part of Kuroko deposits have lost their angular edges and are rounded in shape.
Mg-Chlorite (Figs. 65 and 66)
Wanibuchi mine, Shimane Prefecture
This mine is a gypsum-type Kuroko mine, in which chlorite occurs around the lens-shaped
gypsum ore body. The polytype of the specimen used is IIb.
Fig. 65 shows platy particles with irregular borders. Scanning electron microscopy reveals
aggregations of curved flakes, as shown in Fig. 66.
Mg-Chlorite (Figs. 67 and 68)
Shakanai mine, Akita Prefecture
This mine is one of the Kuroko mines in the Hokuroku district. Chlorite usually occurs with
yellow ores and gypsum. The specimen used was collected from the No.11 ore body.
Fig. 67 shows platy particles with angular borders. The borders of some of the particles are
slightly rounded. Scanning electron microscopy reveals aggregations of platy particles, as shown
in Fig. 68.
 Electron Micrographs of Clays and Clay Minerals 83

Swelling chlorite (Fig. 69)

Hanaoka mine, Akita Prefecture
This mine is one of the typical Kuroko mines of the Hokuroku district. Chlorite occurs in
the yellow ore body (principally comprised of pyrite) as well as in the altered zones around the
gypsum ore. The specimen used was collected from the Tsutsumizawa ore body.
Fig. 69 shows fine-grained platy particles, some of which exhibit a pseudo-hexagonal shape.
In general, the angular edges are lost to present a rounded outline.
Al-Mg-Chlorite (Fig. 70)
Hanaoka mine, Akita Prefecture
The specimen used was obtained from the altered zone of the Tsutsumizawa ore body and
was studied by Hayashi (1961).
Fig. 70 shows platy particles with irregular borders. The edges are slightly rounded. The lath-like
particles in the figure have not yet been positively identified, but they may be sericite (Hayashi
et al., 1978).
Sudoite (Fig. 71)
Kamikita mine, Aomori Prefecture
This mine is a typical Kuroko mine, in which the clayey zone contains Al-rich minerals such
as pyrophyllite, kaolinite, diaspore and tosudite, in association with Mg- clay minerals.
The sudoite used was collected from the alteration area of the Honko ore body which is of the
stockwork-type with pyrite as its principal ore mineral (Hayashi and Oinuma, 1964).
Fig. 71 shows platy particles with irregular borders. The shape of the particles is slightly
rounded (Hayashi et al., 1978).
Sudoite (Fig. 72)
Iwamimine, Shimane Prefecture
This mine is a Kuroko-type ore deposit. The specimen occurred in association with Al-mica clay
minerals in the clayey zone of the mine. From the chemical composition, the chemical formula
can be constructed as the di, trioctahedral type (sudoite), but the Fourier synthesis curve appears
to indicate that the two octahedral sheets of the mineral have a trioctahedral nature (Shimoda,
1975).
Fig. 72 shows very small and platy particles with rounded borders. The lath-like particles
appear to represent the Al-mica clay minerals.
Fe-Mg-Mn-Chlorite (Mn-Thuringite) (Fig. 73)
Ichinokoshi, Toyama Prefecture
The specimen occurred with calcite, garnet, haematite and epidote in a contact zone between
limestone and diorite (Sudo, 1943).
Fig. 73 shows very small platy particles with irregular borders (Hayashi et al., 1978).

VI. VERMICULITE GROUP

Since vermiculites are readily formed by hydrothermal alteration and weathering of mica,
chlorite and montmorillonite, their morphology resembles that of the original materials. They
usually show platy particles with angular borders, but sometimes occur as lath-like particles.
84 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS

Mg-Vermiculite (Fig. 74)

Uzumine, Fukushima Prefecture
The Uzumine area consists of granitic rocks, and the north side is composed of metamorphic
rocks into which dunite is intruded. Vermiculite veins of about 10-50 cm in width cut the ser-
pentinized rocks. Since the crystals are too large for individual electron microscopic observation,
the specimen was used after being crushed in a mortar.
Fig. 74 shows an aggregate of very small and thin particles with irregular borders.

Mg-Vermiculite (Fig. 75)

Satoshiroishi, Fukushima Prefecture
This area is located near Uzumine, and vermiculite occurs along pegmatite veins intruded
into serpentinite.
Fig. 75 shows very small and thin platy particles, some of which (usually the larger-sized
ones) have a lath-like shape.

Al-Vermiculite (Fig. 76)

Sumitomo Cement Cifu mine, Cifi Prefecture
Red soil is distributed over the limestone of the Sumitomo Cement Gifu mine. Al-vermiculite
occurs in the soil, together with illite and gibbsite. The clay fraction of less than 2 pm was used
for the experiment, although it contains small amounts of illite and gibbsite as impurities
(Negishi, 1975).
Fig. 76 shows an aggregate of platy particles with angular borders. The size is variable. Lath-
like particles appear to represent illite.

VII. SMECTITE GROUP

The minerals of the smectite group usually show very thin irregularly shaped particles of
different sizes. The very thin particles with partly curled edges (e.g. Fig. 84) and a feather-like
appearance (e.g. Fig. 80) are commonly observed. Some specimens contain very small grains
with a fluffy appearance.

Montmorillonite (Fig. 77)

Tsukinuno, Yamagata Prefecture
The specimen used was collected from the bentonite bed of the Kunimine Aterazawa mine,
which is one of the largest bentonite mines in Japan. The bentonite derives from tuffaceous
sediments of Neogene Tertiary age. Zeolites also occur in close association with the bentonite.
Fig. 77 shows very thin particles with angular edges. Some of the edges are curled.

Montmorillonite and Fe-bearing Montmorillonite (Figs. 78 and 79)

Hanaoka mine, Akita Prefecture
This is one of the typical Kuroko mines of the Hokuroku district. The specimen of mont-
morillonite was obtained from the montmorillonite zone of the Tsutsumizawa ore body. It is
the so-called soap-stone. The specimen of Fe-bearing montmorillonite was collected from the
montmorillonite zone of the Nishikannondo ore body. The specimen is pale green in colour and
contains about 6 % Fe203 (Sudo, 1950).
Montmorillonite is composed of very thin irregular lamellae of different sizes which are
 Electron Micrographs of Clays and Clay Minerals 85

partly curled, as illustrated in Fig. 78. Fe-bearing montmorillonite also shows very thin particles
with irregular shapes but some are lath-like, as illustrated in Fig. 79.
Fe-Smectite (Figs. 80 and 81)
Oya, Tochigi Prefecture
Thick rhyolitic glassy tuffs are distributed in the Oya district. They are altered to zeolite, cel-
adonite and smectite. The smectite contains 3-18 % FeO and Fe203. Unweathered samples
show a deep bluish colour, but this changes to black in air within an hour and finally
becomes brown after a few days. Two specimens were used for electron microscopic
observation: one contained 9.15% Fe203 and 1.5% FeO, and the other, 15.04% Fe203
(Kohyama et al., 1972).
The former, Fe-montmorillonite, revealed lath-like platy particles without well-defined borders.
Some of the particles had a feather-like appearance, as shown in Fig. 80. The latter, Fe-saponite
revealed a feather-like appearance and the very small grains were fluffy. Lath-like particles were
rare, as shown in Fig. 8 1.
Fe-Saponite (Fig. 82)
Nibetsu, Akita Prefecture
The specimen used occurs in amygdales of pillow lavas within the Sunakobuchi formation
of Miocene age which is distributed to the west of Taiheizan at Nibetsu. The material is dark
green in colour and contains 13.5% Fe203 and 21.0% MgO (Kimbara and Shimoda, 1972).
Fig. 82 shows thin lath-like particles with well-defined borders. Some large particles of irreg-
ular shape can also be seen in the figure.
K-Montmorillonite (Fig. 83)
Kamisunagawa, Hokkaido
The specimen used was collected from a tuffaceous bed in the Kamisunagawa coal field. It
occurred in association with kaolinite. Interstratified Al-mica/montmorillonite is also known in
some of the other tuffaceous beds (Kobayashi and Oinuma, 1960; Oinuma and Kobayashi, 1960).
Fig. 83 shows very thin flakes with irregular borders. The small pseudo-hexagonal particles
and lath-like particles with rectangular edges appear to be kaolinite or halloysite.
Mn-bearing Montmorillonite (Fig. 84)
Noda-Tamagawa mine, Iwate Prefecture
This mine is one of the famous manganese mines in Japan, and is considered to have formed
by hydrothermal alteration of a rhodocrosite deposit originally in chert. Many minerals con-
taining manganese are found in and around the deposit such as hausmannite, hydrohausmannite,
pyrolusite, pyrochroite, rhodocrosite, rhodonite, Mn-bearing montmorillonite, etc.
Fig. 84 shows very thin particles with well-defined angular edges. Some of the edges are curled.
Stevensite (Fig. 85)
Obori mine, Yamagata Prefecture
The specimen used occurs with wollastonite, bustamite and iron sulphide minerals in the
Shiro-ishi of the Kaninomata ore body of the Obori mine, which represents a contact meta-
somatic deposit. The mineral shows an interstratified structure of dehydrated and hydrated
layers (Shimoda, 1971).
Fig. 85 shows very thin irregular lamellae which are partly curled. Aggregations of very small
particles look fluffy.
86 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS

Beidellite (Fig. 86)

Ogamo mine, Shizuoka Prefecture
The specimen used occurs with sericite and montmorillonite in the Ogamo sericite deposit.
Fig. 86 shows platy particles with irregular borders. Some particles have a feather-like ap-
pearance with curled edges. Some small lath-like or elongated particles can also be seen in the
figure.

VIII. INTERSTRATIFIED MINERALS

In general, interstratified Al- mica/montmorillonitesconsidered to have formed from mica show

platy particles similar to those of mica. The shape of particles of interstratified minerals found
in the alteration areas of Kuroko mines resembles that of 1 M sericite, and particles of inter-
stratified minerals transformed from montmorillonite are similar in shape to montmorillonite.
Particles of interstratified Mg-chlorite/saponite and tosudite are platy and display no charac-
teristic features. Interstratified biotite/vermiculite transformed from biotite exhibits a morphol-
ogy similar to that of biotite.
The Goto, Mitsuishi and Funyu interstratified Al-mica/montmorillonite specimens are almost
identical to rectorite in their chemical and crystal structure properties. However, the morphology
as revealed by electron microscopy is different based on a comparison of Figs. 87,88 and 107,108.
Interstratified Al-Mica/Montmorillonite (Fig. 87)
Goto mine, Nagasaki Prefecture
This mine is one of the Roseki mines of north Kyushu. The specimen used was collected from
a vein-like mass crossing the pyrophyllite and diaspore ore.
Fig. 87 shows very thin platy particles with irregular borders.
Interstratified Al-Mica/Montmorillonite (Fig. 88)
Funyu mine, Tochigi Prefecture
The specimen used was collected from the clayey part of the Funyu Toseki mine. It was closely
associated with 2M sericite. Pyrophyllite, chlorite and kaolinite are also found sometimes in
the clayey zone. The mineral is of a regular type and chemically resembles rectorite.
Fig. 88 shows irregularly bordered platy particles.
Interstratified Al-Mica/Montmorillonite (Figs. 89 and 90)
Mitsuishi, Okayama Prefecture
Many Roseki deposits are located in the Mitsuishi area, Chugoku district, and many clay
minerals such as pyrophyllite, sericite with 1M, 2M1 and 2M2 polytypes, sudoite, kaolinite
and interstratified minerals have been reported from these deposits. The interstratified Al-mica/
montmorillonite specimen was collected by Henmi and studied by Matsuda (1977). Its minera-
logical properties resemble those of rectorite.
Fig. 89 shows lattice images of the 10 8, and 4.5 8, spacings. The arrow indicates a dislocation
in the layer structure. The curled edge of the specimen shows the 19.3 8, lattice image (10 A for
mica + 9.3 8, for dehydrated montmorillonite) along the 001 direction (Fig. 90) : 4.5 8, lattice
images are also observed on the cleavage planes.
 Electron Micrographs of Clays and Clay Minerals 81

Interstratified Al-Mica/Montmorillonite (Fig. 91)

Yonago mine, Nagano Prefecture
This mine is one of the Roseki mines of the Hokushin district. The distribution of clay min-
erals in the mine has been confirmed as comprising zones of (1) diaspore-pyrophyllite, (2) kaolinite
minerals and (3) quartz, progressively away from the centre. The specimen used was collected
from the diaspore-pyrophyllite zone. Analysis revealed a composition of about 60 % Al-mica and
40% expandable layers, and the material appears to have been transformed from an Al-mica clay
mineral.
Fig. 91 shows very thin platy particles with irregular borders.
Interstratified Al-Mica/Montmorillonite (Fig. 92)
Honami mine, Nagano Prefecture
The specimen used was coilected from the Honami Roseki mine near the Yonago mine.
Its mineralogical properties were almost same as those of the Yonago specimen.
Fig. 92 shows platy particles with irregular, angular borders.
Interstratified Al-Mica/Montmorillonite (Fig. 93)
Niida Kuroko-type mineralized area near the-Shakanai mine, Akita Prefecture
The specimen used was collected from the clayey zone of the Niida Kuroko-type mineralized
area near the Shakanai mine, which is a typical Kuroko mine of the Hokuroku district. The
interstratified Al-mica/montmorillonite found in the Kuroko mines usually has mineralogical
properties indicating a transformation from montmorillonite. The present specimen also yielded
chemical and infrared data showing the direction of transformation.
Fig. 93 shows lath-like and elongated particles, clearly different from those of the Funyu,
Yonago and Honami specimens. Some of the particles reveal a pseudo-hexagonal shape. This
morphology appears to resemble that of the IM Al-mica clay mineral found in the alteration
areas of the Kuroko mines. The surface of the interstratified mineral is relatively smooth.
Interstratified AI-Mica/Montmorillonite (Fig. 94)
Kumanokusa, Tochigi Prefecture
Tuffaceous sediments of Miocene age are widely distributed at Kumanokusa, and are slightly
altered by the intrusion of rhyolite and porphyry. The specimen used was collected from the
altered tuffaceous sediment. It is an interstratified mineral consisting of 70 % Al-mica and 30 %
montmorillonite showing a reflection at about 29 A.
Fig. 94 shows thin platy particles, some of which display a pseudo-hexagonal shape, although
the edges are slightly rounded.
Interstratified Al-Mica/Montmorillonite (Fig. 95)
Kamisunagawa, Hokkaido
The specimen used was collected from a tuffaceous bed in the Kamisunagawa coal field.
In the area, coal beds associated with tuffaceous clay beds composed of kaolinite, montmoril-
lonite and interstratified Al-mica/montmorillonite are widely distributed. There is no evidence of
hydorothermal activity in this area. The interstratified mineral was considered therefore to have
been transformed from montmorillonite by diagenesis (Kobayashi and Oinuma, 1960; Oinuma
and Kobayashi, 1960; Shimoda et al., 1969).
Fig. 95 shows thin irregularly shaped lamellae of various sizes. Their shape is clearly different
from that of other interstratified minerals such as the Yonago, Niida and Kumanokusa spec-
88 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS

imens, and rather resembles that of montmorillonite.

Interstratified Mg-Chlorite/Mg-Vermiculite (Figs. 96 and 97)
Noto mine, Ishikawa Prefecture
The specimen used was collected from the alteration area of the Noto Kuroko-type gypsum
mine, and occurred in association with gypsum and sulphide minerals. Chemically, it was
found to be of an Mg-type having almost no A1 and Fe3+ in the octahedral sheets of the com-
ponent layers (Sugiura, 1962).
Fig. 96 shows thin and platy particles with an irregular shape. The shadowing technique
clearly gave the appearance of a pile of thin layers, as seen in Fig. 97.
Interstratified Al-Chlorite/Montmorillonite(Tosudite) (Figs. 98 and 99)
Kamikita mine, Aomori Prefecture
The specimen used was found in the altered clayey zone of the Honko ore body of the Kami-
kita Kuroko mine. It occurred in a pyrite veinlet in weakly altered rhyolite. Such material is
usually accompanied by Al-rich clay minerals such as kaolinite, Al-mica clay minerals, and occa-
sionally pyrophyllite. The chlorite component of the interstratified mineral is sudoite. The mineral
was first discribed by Sudo and Kodama (1957).
Fig. 98 shows an aggregate of thin irregularly shaped particles. The shadowing technique
revealed regularly piled particles, as seen in Fig. 99.
Interstratified Al-Chlorite/Montmorillonite (Tosudite) (Fig. 100)
Takatama mine, Fukushima Prefecture
The specimen used was obtained from altered wall rocks of the Takatama mine, which is one
of the gold-silver mines in Japan. Numerous quartz veins bearing gold and silver intersect the
Tertiary tuff and tuffaceous sediments in the mine. These wall rocks have been intensely altered to
clay composed mainly of kaolinite, but in some parts it consists entirely of interstratified Al-
chlorite/montmorillonite. The present mineral is tosudite containing almost no Mg. Recently,
Shimoda et al. (1977) detected about I % Li,O in the mineral, but it remains unsure as to whether
the chlorite component is identical to cookeite or not.
Fig. 100 shows the appearance of a pile of thin and platy particles. The borders are slightly
rounded. Two small pseudo-hexagonal particles in the figure have not been positively identified,
but they appear to be kaolinite.
Interstratified Al-Chlorite/Montmorillonite(Tosudite) (Fig. 101)
Kurata mine, YamaguchiPrefecture
This mine is a kaolin-type Roseki mine of the Chugoku district. The specimen used was com-
posed of Al-chlorite and montmorillonite, and was subsequently named tosudite. Tosudite
was found first in this mine by Sudo et al. (1954). It occurs with kaolinite in clayey veins of the
mine, but the present specimen was found to be almost pure by X-ray analysis.
Fig. 101 shows platy particles with irregular borders. The size of the particles is variable, but is
slightly smaller than that of the other tosudites illustrated.
Interstratified AI-Chlorite/Montmorillonite (Tosudite) (Fig. 102)
Izushi mine, Kyoto
The specimen used was found in the Izushi Toseki mine, which represents an alteration product
of pitchstone intruded by rhyolite. In the mine, the clay and non-clay mineral zones are known
to be as follows: (1) opaline silica, (2) montmorillonite with cristobalite and mordenite, (3)
 Electron Micrographs of Clays and Clay Minerals 89

interstratified Al-mica/montmorillonite, (4) interstratified Al-chlorite/montmorillonite, and (5)

Al-mica zones. The specimen used was a dioctahedral type having almost no MgO, although
about 1 % LiO, was recently detected by Shimoda et al. (1977).
Fig. 102 shows thin platy particles with irregular borders. The photograph closely resembles
that of the Kurata specimen.
Regularly Interstratified Biotite/Vermiculite (Fig.103)
Hase mine, Zbaraki Prefecture
This mine is a talc mine formed through the intrusion of ultrabasic rocks between biotite schist
of the Nishidaira formation and greenish rocks of the Akazawa formation. The specimen used
was found in the contact zone of the biotite schist. It is mostly interstratified biotite/vermiculite
but also contains small amounts of vermiculite.
Fig. 103 shows thin platy particles with irregular borders. Some lath-like and elongated particles
are also apparent in the figure.
Interstratified Mg-Chlorite/Vermiculite (Fig. 104)
Tobigamori, Zwate Prefecture
The specimen used was found in a weathered greenish sedimentary rock of the Devonian sys-
tem. After treatment with Na-citrate-CaCl,-KCl, a sectioned specimen was used for electron
microscopic observation (Nishiyama and Oinuma, 1979).
Fig. 104 shows lattice images with 12 and 4.5 A spacings.

Synthetic Regularly Interstratified Li-Chlorite/Montmorillonite (Fig. 105)

The specimen used was synthesized from kaolinite and LiOH as starting materials under 1 kb
water pressure at 450C for 5 days (Matsuda, 1979a).
Fig. 105 shows lattice images of about 14 A for chlorite, 10A for dehydrated beidellite, and 24 A
for the interstratified mineral.

Synthetic Regularly Interstratified 33 A Mineral (Fig. 106)

The specimen used was synthesized from kaolinite and CaO as starting materials under 1 kb
water pressure at 450C for 25 days. The interstratification consists of margarite, beidellite/mar-
garite and beidellite layers (Matsuda, 1979b).
Fig. 106 shows lattice images of about 10 A for margarite and dehydrated beidellite, and 30 A
for the interstratified mineral: 4.5 A lattice images are also observed on the cleavage planes.
Allevardite (Fig. 107)
Allevard, France
Fig. 107 shows allevardite particles with a well-defined ribbon-like shape.
Rectorite (Fig. 108)
Blue Mountain district, Arkansas, U.S.
A.
Fig. 108 shows well-defined ribbon-like particles of rectorite which are identical to those of
allevardite.
90 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS

IX. SEPIOLITE AND PALYGORSKITE

Sepiolite and palygorskite consist of 3 and 2 pyroxene-type chains running parallel to the fibre
axis, respectively. The two particles consist of elongated fibres parallel to the u-axis of the crystals.
Sepiolite (Figs. 109-112)
Karasawa mine, Tochigi Prefecture
The specimen occurs as veins along faults within the limestone and dolomite deposits of the
Chichibu Palaeozoic system.
Fig. 109 shows sepiolite particles consisting of elongated fibres which are axially parallel and
sharp-edged. The X-ray energy spectrum gives only Si and Mg. Fig. 110 shows the lattice image
with a dimension of 12 A. Fig. 111 illustrates a paired sepiolite fibre. Fig. 112 shows the
structure image of the sectioned specimen as observed from the direction along the fibre axis.
Palygorskite (Fig. 113)
Karasawa mine, Tochigi Prefecture
The specimen occurs with sepiolite as veins along faults within the limestone and dolomite
deposits of the Karasawa mine.
Fig. 1 13 shows palygorskite particles with elongated fibres. Although the crystal shape re-
sembles that of sepiolite, the elongation of the fibres is apparently slightly shorter than that of
sepiolite (Hayashi et ul., 1978).

X. ZEOLITES

Occurrences of zeolite minerals have been reported from many localities, and they are found
with clays and clay minerals in the green tuff distributed widely in Japan. The morphology of the
minerals is variable under the electron microscope. Scanning electron microscopy has proved very
useful for distinguishing the mineral species and their structures.
Analcime (Fig. 114)
Maze, Niigata Prefecture
The specimen used occurs in the druses of basalt. The crystal was about 5-10 mm in size. The
specimen was crushed in a mortar before the photograph was obtained.
Fig. 114 shows a mixture of particles of various sizes. The large particle is about 1 pm in size
and shows irregular borders. The small one measures less than 0.01 pm.
Clinoptilolite (Figs. 115 and 116)
Futatsui, A k ita Prefecture
The specimen used occurs in the sandy and silty tuffaceous sediments of the upper Nanazawa
tuff formation of Neogene Tertiary age.
Fig. 115 shows an aggregate of particles of various sizes. Most of the large particles in the figure
appear to be of clinoptilolite. The lath-like particles have not yet been identified but may be clay
minerals. As seen in Fig. 116, scanning electron microscopy reveals platy particles of clinoptilolite
(Honda, Unpublished data).
 Electron Micrographs of Clays and Clay Minerals 91
Mordenite (Fig. 117)
Aokiba, Fukushima Prefecture
Tuffs and tuffaceous rocks designated as green tuff are widely distributed around the Aokiba
area. The specimen used was white in colour and composed of mordenite with small amounts
of feldspar and glassy fragments.
Fig. 1 17 shows an aggregate of very small mordenite crystals. The large particles with irregular
borders and the elongated particles may be mordenite.
Mordenite (Fig. 118)
Itado, Akita Prefecture
The specimen used was obtained from a fine-grained tuff of the Santogawa formation of
Neogene Tertiary age.
Fig. 118 illustrates the fibrous crystals of mordenite. Small amounts of platy crystals indicate
the coexistence of clinoptilolite (Honda, unpublished data).
Mordenite and Clinoptilolite (Fig. 119)
Morokozawa, Akita Prefecture
The specimen used was obtained from a fine-grained tuff of the Neogene Tertiary.
Fig. 119 shows platy crystals of clinoptilolite and fibrous crystals of mordenite (Honda, un-
published data).
Clinoptilolite, Mordenite, Analcime and Quartz (Figs. 120-122)
Katsurase Akita Prefecture
The specimen used occurs in the Katsurase tuffaceous rocks of Neogene Tertiary age. Clino-
ptilolite, mordenite and analcime are recognized in these rocks, and analcime usually occurs with
authigenic quartz.
Fig. 120 shows platy crystals of clinoptilolite and fibrous crystals of mordenite. Fig. 121 illus-
trates particles of clinoptilolite, mordenite and analcime. The particles on the left are clearly
different from the clinoptilolite in the upper part of the figure side. They.appear to be analcime.
Fig. 122 shows the authigenic quartz (Honda, unpublished data).
Analcime (Fig. 123)
Tsukinuno, Yamagata Prefecture
The specimen used occurs in pale green-coloured sandy tuffaceous rocks beneath the bentonite
bed of the Kunimine Aterazawa mine.
As shown in Fig. 123, particles forming a combination of a hexahedron and icositetrahedron
are analcime. The aggregate of small particles is montmorillonite (Honda, unpublished data).
Ferrierite (Fig. 124)
Kamifuzan, Miyagi Prefecture
The specimen used occurs in veins cutting the bentonite beds of the Kunimine mine at Kamifu-
zan.
Fig. 124 shows bundles of fibres or elongated lath-like particles of ferrierite. The platy particles
with rectangular edges appear to be heulandite (Honda, unpublished data).

XI. OTHER CLAYS A N D CLAY MINERALS

Allophane, imogolite and aquacreptite are composed of very fine-grained particles. A high
92 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS

resolution electron microscope is thus useful for studying their micro-textures, and scanning elec-
tron microscopy is useful for studying the textures of clay mineral admixtures.
Allophane with Imogolite (Figs. 125 and 126)
Kanuma, Tochigi Prejecture
The specimen used was collected from the yellow Kanuma pumice composed of allophane at
Kanuma. The Kanuma pumice is entirely altered to white halloysite clay near Imaichi, and shows
partial alteration to form patches of halloysite clay in other areas (Nagasawa, 1978).
Fig. 125 shows small aggregated spherular particles, together with filmy non-crystaline
which has not yet been identified. Fig. 126 shows more clearly the relation between these two
materials.
Imogolite (Figs. 127-133)
Kurayoshi, Tottori Prefecture
The specimen was obtained as a gel film, and was studied by Wada et al. (1970).
Fig. 127 demonstrates that imogolite consists of bundles of tube units of which the outside
diameter has been estimated at 17-21 A, and the inner diameter at 7-10 A. As seen from Fig. 128,
sectioned specimens clearly reveal the rings of the tubes.
Tazaki (1977) studied the weathering of plagioclase in volcanic ashes of Mt. Sambe and
Daisen that included the Kurayoshi gel film, and gave many electron micrographs of serial
specimens from non-weathered plagioclase to imogolite and allophane. Fig. 129 A and B show
the surface of non-weathered and slightly weathered plagioclases, respectively. As the weathering
proceeds on the surface, imogolite is formed in cavities and cracks. Fig. 130 shows imogolite
fibres formed in a crack. Fig. 131 illustrates typical imogolite fibres formed from weathered
plagioclase.
Fujiyoshi and Uyeda (1978) presented a tube-like structure of about 20 8, in diameter for
imogolite, as shown in Fig. 132, and lattice images of 4.06 8, spacing, as shown in Fig. 133.
Aquacreptite (Figs. 134 and 135)
Miyamori, Iwate Prefecture
Aquacreptite is an interesting clay mineral, but its mineralogical nature is still indefinite. It has
been found in association with serpentine minerals. When it is immersed into water, it splits into
pieces making a soft noise.
The specimen used was collected from a vein cutting serpentinite at Miyamori. It occurred in a
massive form and was darkish pink in colour.
Fig. 134 shows very thin irregularly shaped flakes of different sizes with curled edges. Fig. 135
illustrates more clearly the fine texture of the curled particles.
Aquacreptite (Fig. 136)
Hirose, Tottori Prefecture
The specimen used occurred as an earthy coating on serpentinite at Hirose. It was darkish
brown in colour. Such material frequently contains small amounts of brushite.
Fig. 136 shows very thin particles, of which some have curled edges. Some lath-like particles
appear to represent serpentine minerals such as antigorite and lizardite.
 Electron Micrographs of Clays and Clay Minerals 93

Garnierite (Figs. 137-140)

The mineralogical nature of garnierite is indefinite. It is a mixture of minerals involving nickel-

serpentine, and other hydrous silicate minerals. The name is useful only as a field name. The
specimen used (containing 8-9 %Ni, 9-10 %Fe and 20-22 %MgO) was a mixture of 2 or 3 minerals.
The electron micrograph in Fig. 137 shows garnierite ore composed of a number of kinds of
minerals, of which the uniform foils represent a nickel serpentine or other hydrous silicate minerals.
After reduction at 850C in mixed CO-C02 gas, electron microscopy (Fig. 138) revealed discoidal
substances scattered in the mineral foils. An X-ray energy spectrum demonstrated that they were
Ni particles. The dark field image of Fig. 139 shows brightly shining particles, indicating that the
Ni discs are crystals. After treatment with NaCl at 750C in N2 gas, the aggregated Ni particles of
the reduced ore increased in size (Suzuki and Yotsumoto, 1974) (see Fig. 140).
Itaya Roseki (Figs. 141 and 142)
Itaya mine, Okayama Prefecture
This mine is one of the Roseki mines of the Chugoku district. Many kinds of clay and non-clay
minerals have been reported from this mine, but most of the clay consists of pyrophyllite. Henmi
and Yamamoto (1965) also reported the occurrence of sudoite which contains small amounts of
Li,O.
Fig. 141 shows the pyrophyllite particles, although lath-like material may be particles of Al-
mica clay minerals. Fig. 142 shows platy particles under a scanning electron microscope.
Kurata Roseki (Fig. 143)
Kurata mine, Yamaguchi Prefecture
This mine is also one of the Roseki mines of the Chugoku district. The Roseki from this mine is
composed of pyrophyllite, sericite, kaolinite and quartz. Tosudite was first discovered in the mine
by Sudo er al. (1954). The specimen used consists of tosudite with small amounts of pyrophyllite
and quartz.
Fig. 143 shows large and thin particles of tosudite with irregular borders, although the material
with sharp edges appears to represent other minerals.
Awazu Acid Clay (Fig. 144)
Awazu, Ishikawa Prefecture
Acid clays of Japan are essentially composed of H-montmorillonite. X-ray study has revealed
that some of them have complicated clay mineral compositions consisting of a complicated inter-
stratification of kaolinite minerals (probably of 7 and 10 A halloysites) and montmorillonite
(Sudo and Hayashi, 1956).
Fig. 144 illustrates the photograph of a sample largely consisting of the interstratification, which
is seen as very thin platy particles. Tubular particles are probably halloysite.
Sakaedani Acid Clay (Fig. 145)
Sakaedani, Ishikawa Prefecture
The sample is also composed of the interstratification as referred to in the preceding paragraph.
Fig. 145 shows very thin irregularly shaped flakes with curled edges. Very small particles of
quartz are also apparent in the figure.
94 ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS

Volcanic Ash (Figs. 146 and 147)

Abirrlu, Hokkuido
The specimen used was collected from the volcanic ash at Abuda about one year after the
eruption of Mt. Usu. It consists o f quartz, feldspar, and a small amount o f glassy material.
As shown in Figs. 146 and 147, it contains coarse-grained particles, but the surface is covered by
amorphous material. Clays and clay minerals are not discernible in the figure.

Amosite in Lung Dust (Figs. 148 and 149)

The specimen used was collected from the tissue of a human patient.
Scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 148) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (Fig.
149) revealed asbestos bodies and asbestos fibres in ashed sections. The centre fibre of each
asbtstos body was identified as amosite (Hayashi, 1977, 1978).

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