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ececen@umt.edu.al
Course requirements:
1
Grading
Midterm performance 35%
Attendance & activation 10%
Homeworks 10%
Quizzes 15%
Final 65%
Syllabus
Week Subject
1 Overview of soil mechanics principles
2 Site investigation
FOUNDATION OF ENGINEERING
3 In situ testing
GEOLOGY AND: SPT,
ITSCPT, PLT, MPM
DEVELOPMENT
4 Introduction to foundation systems and design
codes
5 Bearing capacity
6 Design of superficial foundations
7 Mats, rafts
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Syllabus
Week Subject
9. Midterm
10. Dewatering works
11. Support of excavation
12. Improvement of ground
13. Review of main titles
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Branches of Civil engineering
Structural engineering.
Civil engineering materials.
Construction management.
Transportation engineering.
Geotechnical engineering.
Hydraulics and water resources
engineering.
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Colorized Images of The St.
Francis Dam Before And After
Failure.
http://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/forensic_geology/g
eoforensics%20notes.htm
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Soil description and
classification
Soil classification is the separation of soil into
classes or groups each having similar
characteristics and potentially similar behaviour.
A classification for engineering purposes should
be based mainly on mechanical properties, e.g.
permeability, stiffness, strength.
The class to which a soil belongs can be used in
its description.
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Soil as an engineering material
Soil is a material that can be:
built on: foundations to buildings, bridges.
built in: tunnels, culverts, basements.
built with: roads, runways, embankments,
dams.
supported: retaining walls, quays.
0.08mm
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Aids to size identification
SAND (and coarser) particles are visible to
the naked eye.
SILT particles become dusty when dry and
are easily brushed off hands and boots.
CLAY particles are greasy and sticky
when wet and hard when dry, and have to
be scraped or washed off hands and
boots.
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Grading and composition
Coarse soils
Very coarse BOULDERS > 200 mm
soils COBBLES 60 - 200 mm
coarse 20 - 60 mm
G
medium 6 - 20 mm
GRAVEL
Coarse fine 2 - 6 mm
soils coarse 0.6 - 2.0 mm
S
medium 0.2 - 0.6 mm
SAND
fine 0.06 - 0.2 mm
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Typical grading curves
Grading characteristics
Effective size
d10
Uniformity coefficient
Cu = d60 / d10
Coefficient of gradation
Cr = d30 / d60 d10
For Gravels;
Cu 4 and 3 Cr 1 indicates a well-graded Gravel
Cu < 4 and/or and 1>Cr>3 indicates a uniform Gravel
For Sands;
Cu 6 and 3 Cr 1 indicates a well-graded Sand
Cu < 6 and/or and 1>Cr>3 indicates a uniform Sand
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Fine soils
Consistency (Atterberg) limits and
plasticity
Fine soils
Plasticity index
The range of water content over which a soil has a
plastic consistency is termed the Plasticity Index (IP or
PI).
IP = liquid limit - plastic limit = wL - wP
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Specific gravity
Volume-weight properties
Soil comprises three constituent phases:
Solid: rock fragments, mineral grains or flakes,
organic matter.
Liquid: water, with some dissolved compounds
(e.g. salts).
Gas: air or water vapour.
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Soil mass-volume properties
V = Vs + Vw + Va
Note also that:
n = e / (1 + e)
e = n / (1 - n)
v = 1 / (1 - n)
Typical void ratios might be 0.3 (e.g. for a dense, well graded granular soil)
or 1.5 (e.g. for a soft clay).
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Current state of soil
Liquidity index
normal stress
= Fn / A
shear stress
= Fs / A
normal strain
= dz / zo
shear strain
= dh / zo
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Stress in the ground
Total stress in homogeneous soil
Vertical total stress at depth z,
v = .z
u = w .hw
where
hw = depth below water table or
overlying water surface
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Effective stress
Ground movements and instabilities can be caused by
changes in total stress (such as loading due to
foundations or unloading due to excavations), but they
can also be caused by changes in pore pressures
(slopes can fail after rainfall increases the pore
pressures).
In fact, it is the combined effect of total stress and pore
pressure that controls soil behaviour such as shear
strength, compression and distortion.
Strength criteria
Tresca criterion
The strength is independent of the normal stress since the
response to loading simple increases the pore water
pressure and not the effective stress.
The shear strength f is a material parameter which is
known as the undrained shear strength su.
f = (
a - r) = constant
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Strength criteria
Mohr-Coulomb (c'=0) criterion
The strength increases linearly with increasing normal stress and is zero when
the normal stress is zero.
'f = 'n tan
' is the angle of friction
In the MC criterion the material parameter is the angle of friction and materials
which meet this criterion are known as frictional.
Strength criteria
Mohr-Coulomb (c'>0) criterion
The strength increases linearly with increasing normal stress and is positive when the
normal stress is zero.
'f = c' + 'n tan
'
' is the angle of friction
c' is the 'cohesion' intercept
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Typical values of shear strength
Undrained shear strength su (kPa)
Hard soil su > 150 kPa
Stiff soil su = 75 ~ 150 kPa
Firm soil su = 40 ~ 75 kPa
Soft soil su = 20 ~ 40kPa
Very soft soil su < 20 kPa
Drained shear strength c (kPa) (deg)
Compact sands 0 35 - 45
Loose sands 0 30 - 35
Unweathered overconsolidated clay
peak state 10 ~ 25 kPa 20 ~ 28
residual 0 ~ 5 kPa 8 ~ 15
Stiffness
Stiffness is the relationship between changes of stress and
changes of strain.
If the material is linearly elastic the stress-strain curve is a straight line and
E'tan = E'sec
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Stiffness
Change of size: bulk modulus
As the mean stress increases materials
compress (reduce in volume). The bulk modulus
K' relates the change in stress to the volumetric
strain.
d
'mean
K'= d'v
where
'mean = (
'x + 'y + 'z) / 3
Note:
In soils volumetric strains are due to changes of effective stress.
Stiffness
Change of shape: shear modulus
As the shear stress increases materials distort (change shape). The shear
modulus G' relates the change in shear stress to the shear strain.
d
G=
d
Since water has no shear strength, the value of the shar modulus, G, remains the
same, independant of whether the loading process is drained or undrained.
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Stiffness
Uniaxial loading: Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio
d
'a
E'= d'a
Typical values of E
These are a function of the stress level, and the loading
history, however a range is given below.
Material Typical E
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Stiffness
Relationships between stiffness moduli
REFERENCES
Das, B. M., (2015), Principles of
Foundation Engineering, CL
Engineering, ISBN-10: 1305081552
Budhu, M, (2010), Soil Mechanics and
Foundations, John Wiley, ISBN-10:
0470556846
Donald P. Coduto (2011), Foundation
Design: Principles and Practices (2nd
Edition) ISBN:0-13-589706-8
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