Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Introduction to ANSYS
Explicit STR
1 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
Welcome!
Welcome to the Introduction to ANSYS Explicit STR introductory training course!
This training course is intended for all new or occasional ANSYS Explicit Dynamics users,
regardless of the CAD software used.
The contents of this course is limited to those features of ANSYS Explicit Dynamics covered
by an Explicit STR license.
The Introduction to ANSYS AUTODYN training course explains additional features
in ANSYS Explicit Dynamics covered by a full AUTODYN license.
Course Objectives:
Introduction to Explicit Dynamics Analyses.
General understanding of the Workbench and Explicit Dynamics (Mechanical) user
interface, as related to geometry import and meshing.
Detailed understanding of how to set up, solve and post-process Explicit Dynamic
analyses.
Training Courses are also available covering the use of other Workbench modules
(e.g. DesignModeler, Design Exploration, etc.).
2 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
Explicit Training Course Offerings:
Two day Introduction to ANSYS Explicit STR
Four day (with STR being prerequisite) Introduction to ANSYS AUTODYN
Two day Introduction to DesignModeler and Meshing for Explicit Dynamics and
AUTODYN
One day advanced courses:
Material Modelling: Ductile & Explosive Materials
Material Modelling: Brittle/Geological & Composite Materials
User Subroutines
Course schedules and further details on:
http://www.ansys.com/Support/Training+Center
3 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
Course Materials
The Training Manual you have is an exact copy of the slides.
Copies of the workshop files are available on the ANSYS Customer Portal
(www.ansys.com).
Advanced training courses are available on specific topics and are available by
request only.
Typical applications
Drop tests
Impact and Penetration
Response Time ms - s s - ms
At any t, this equation is a set "static" equilibrium equations with Inertia forces and
Damping forces.
Solution Method: The Newmark or HHT (Hilber-Hughes-Taylor) at discrete time points
The time increment between successive time points is called the integration time step
Calculated by solver
Input by user / default option
Time step determination (Estimated based on CFL
of the solver
condition)
Large (based on convergence
Time step size Very small
behavior)
e.g.
for element with characteristic length h = 1 mm (element size) h
Material sound speed c= 5000 m/s (Material properties)
Safety Factor f=1
Stabile time step t= 0.18 -seconds (CFL condition)
555,556 time steps requires to solve this simulation for
0.1 second
20 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
Stable Time Step
The element characteristic length, h, has a direct relationship with stable time step
h
t f
c min
Element Shape /
Characteristic Length
Geometry
Hexahedral /Pentahedral The volume of the element divided by the square of the longest diagonal and scaled by 2/3
Tetrahedral The minimum distance of any element node to its opposing element face
Quad Shell The square root of the shell area
Tri Shell The minimum distance of any element node to its opposing element edge
Beam The length of the element
Ref: R. Courant, K. Friedrichs and H. Lewy, "On the partial difference equations of mathematical physics", IBM Journal, March 1967,
pp. 215-234
Finally the positions are updated to time n+1 by integrating the velocities
n 1 n 1 2
xi x t n 1 2
n
xi i
The partial differential equations which express the conservation of momentum relate the acceleration to the
stress tensor ij:
xx xy xz
x bx
x y z
yx yy yz
y b y
x y z
zx zy zz
Conservation of energy is expressed via: z bz
x y z
2 2 2
e
1
xx xx yy yy zz zz xy xy yz yz zx zx
For each time step, these equations are solved for each element in the model, based on input values at the end of
the previous time step
Note: Only mass and momentum conservation is enforced. However, in well posed explicit simulations, mass, momentum and energy
should be conserved. Energy conservation is constantly monitored for feedback on the quality of the solution (as opposed to
convergent tolerances in implicit transient dynamics)
23 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
Explicit Solution Cycle (Time Step)
Solution starts with a mesh having assigned material properties, loads, constraints and initial
conditions:
Integration in time, produces motion at the mesh nodes
Motion of the nodes produces deformation of the elements
Element deformation results in a change in volume and
density of the material in each element
Deformation rate is used to derive strain rates
(using various element formulations)
Constitutive laws derive resultant stresses from strain rates
Stresses are transformed back into nodal forces
(using various element formulations)
External nodal forces are computed from boundary conditions,
loads and contact
Total nodal forces are divided by nodal mass to produce nodal accelerations
Accelerations are integrated Explicitly in time to produce new nodal velocities
Nodal velocities are integrated Explicitly in time to produce new nodal positions
The solution process (Cycle) is repeated until the calculation end time is reached
24 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
Stable Time Step and Mass Scaling
The maximum time step that can be used in explicit time integration is inversely proportional to the
sound speed which is proportional to material density
1 1 m
t
c C ii VC ii
where Cij is the material stiffness (i=1,2,3), is the material density, m is the material mass and V is
the element volume
Higher mass Larger time step less computational time
Mass Scaling: Artificially increasing the mass of an element to increase the maximum allowable stable
time step.
Automatic Mass Scaling: applied only to those elements which have a stability time step less than a
specified value. If a model contains relatively few small elements, this can be a useful mechanism
for reducing the number of time steps required to complete an Explicit simulation
Mass scaling changes the inertial properties of the portions of the mesh to which scaling is applied. Be
careful to ensuring that the model remains representative for the physical problem being solved
25 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
Wave Propagation
Explicit Dynamics computes wave propagation in solids and liquids
Average Velocity
Velocity at Gauge 1
Rarefaction
Shock
Meyers M A, (1994) Dynamic behaviour of Materials, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-58262-X
Zukas J A, (1990) High velocity impact dynamics, John Whiley, ISBN 0-471-51444-6
1 0
e1 Us e0
1 0
u1 u0
Relationships between the material state across a shock discontinuity can be derived using the principals
of conservation of mass, momentum and energy The resulting Hugoniot equations are given by:
Rarefaction
Shock
Elastic precursor