MICROFILAMENT - Lipid soluble substances

- Intermediate filaments OSMOSIS net movement of water through the semi

- Microtubules permeable membrane from regions of high concentration
-cilia and flagella to lower
-cell movement
- Water moves to higher concentration of
CILIA solute

- Short hair like projections FACILITATED DIFFUSION diffusion across the help
- Found In the lining of the trachea of a channel or carrier molecule
- Propel substances on cell surface
- Glucose
FLAGELLA (FLAGELLUM) - Amino acid

- Long tail like projection OSMOTIC PRESSURE required to prevent the

- Provides motility to sperm
INCLUSIONS
- Metabolically inert accumulations of cell products
- Dispensable contingents of the cell
movement of water into a solution containing solutes
when the solution are separated by a selective permeable
membrane
FILTRATION smaller molecules forced through porous
membrane

NUCLEUS (control center of the cell) - Hydrostatic pressure important in the

- Double membrane enclosed organelle
- Spherical/oval
- Control center of the cell
- Contains chromatin, dna, proteins and some rna
- With nuclear pores
CELL NUCLUES
- Nuclear envelope
- Semi permeable membrane
- Separates nucteoplasm from cytoplasm
NUCLEOLUS
- Dense collection of rna and proteins
- Site of ribosome production
CHROMATIN
- Fibers
Hereditary material containing dna
Nucleoprotein material of a chromosome
TRANSLOCATION OF MATERIALS (movement
into and out of the cell)
PASSIVE PROCESSES (PHYSICAL)
- Require no cellular energy include:
- simple diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Osmosis
- Filtration
SIMPLE DIFFUSION movement of substances from
regions of higher concentration to lower concentration
body
- E.g. molecules leaving the blood
capillary
ACTIVE TRANSPORT carrier molecules transport
substances across a membrane from a region of lower to
higher concentration
e.g. sugars, amino acid, sodium ions, potassium ions
SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP
- Pumps three sodium out and two
potassium into the cell
- Maintain low intracellular concentration
of sodium ions
ENDOCYTOSIS cell engulfs a substance by forming a
vesicle around the substances:
- PINOCYTOSIS taking up fluid by
endocytosis; cell drinking
- PHAGOCYTOSIS the engulfment of
a particle by a phagocyte or protozoan
INVAGINATION an infolding of a layer of tissue to
form a sac-like structure; depression
EVAGINATION an outpocketing from a hollow
structure
Receptor mediated
- Protein
Only those who will fit the cell active site is allowed to
enter the cell

- Oxygen Receptor ligand

- Carbon dioxide
EXOCYTOSIS reverse of endocytosis

- Substances in a vesicle fuse with a cell

membrane
- Contents release outside the cell
- Reverse of neurotransmitter from nerve
cell

TRANSCYTOSIS

- Endocytosis is followed by exocytosis

- Transports a substance rapidly through
a cell

Ex. HIV crossing a cell

CELL CYCLE series of change on the time it forms to

the time it divides
 - Pre apoptotic cell
CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION also known as - Early apoptotic cell
cytokinesis - Late apoptotic cell

CONTROL OF CELL DIVISION Changes include:

- Cell division capacities vary greatly - Blebbing
among cell types - Cell shrinkage
- Skin and blood divide often continually - Nuclear fragmentation
- Chromatin condensation
CHROMOSOME TIPS - Chromosomal DNA fragmentation
- Shorter with each mitosis provide a mitotic clock
- Cell provides a more favorable surface area to
volume relationship

Growth factors and hormones stimulates cell division

- Hormones stimulates mitosis of smooth muscle

in the uterus

CELL DEATH

APOPTOSIS programmed cell death; acts as protective

mechanism

Stages of Apoptosis: