Proceedings of the 2nd IFAC

Workshop on Fractional Differentiation and its Applications

Porto, Portugal, July 19-21, 2006

FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVE OF (1 + X)

Zivorad Tomovski ,1 Kostadin Trencevski ,2


Institute of Mathematics, Skopje, Macedonia

Institute of Matyhematics, Skopje, Macedonia

Abstract: The method of summation of divergent series, given in (Trencevski

& Tomovski, 2002; Trencevski, 2003) for calculation of fractional derivatives of
c
function of binomial type is presented. Copyright 2006 IFAC

Keywords: fractional derivatives, divergent series, Gauss Hypergeometric series,

Taylor-Riemann expansion

1. INTRODUCTION +
X xi (p) X
xi p
( ai ) = ai , (1)
Several authors have considered and introduced i=
i! i=
(i p)!
di erent methods for calculating of fractional
where x! = (x + 1). Note that ( 1)! = ( 2)! =
derivatives of a given function (Nishimoto, 1983; i

Ortigueira, in press; Ortigueira et al, in press; ... = and hence xi! = 0 for i Z , but
Osler, 1971; Samko, et al, 1987; Trencevski & these zeros summands of f have important role
i p

Tomovski, 2002; Trencevski, 2003; Trencevski & for the derivatives of order p, becouse (ix p)! 6= 0
Tomovski, in press). An old idea for more than if p is a non-integer number. The interpretation of
170 years is to use power series and to apply the coe cients a i , i Z + is the following. The
the fractional derivatives to each summand. Later coe cient a 1 is equal to g(0), where g 0R(x) =
this method was considered by J. Liouville and f (x), i.e. it is the integral constant of f dx.
+
P Analogously a 2 is equal to the integral constant
B. Riemann. In this paper for a given series ai R R
of ( f dx)dx, and so on. Thus the calculation of
i=0
+ the fractional derivative of f requires knowledge
ai x i
P
we consider the formal potential series of all constants of integration, but not only the
i=0
and look for a di erential equations which it sat- analytical mapping f : R R. Note that if f is
is es, even if the radius of convergence of the given by the right side of (1), then its derivatives
potential series is 0. If f is the solution of the of any order is de ned analogously. Here is a
corresponding di erential equation, then we take table of the two known explicit Taylor-Riemann
+ expansions of elementary functions (Hardy, 1945):
ai xi , for each x, and we put
P
that f (x) =

i=0 X z n+
+ ez = (2)
( + n + 1)
P
ai = f (1). n=
i=0

Recently it was developed (Trencevski & To- X (m + 1)z m n wn+
(z + w)m = .
movski, 2002) such that (n + + 1) (m n + 1)
n=
(3)
1 e-mail:tomovski@iunona.pmf.ukim.edu.mk Both of these series are divergent series, and
2 e-mail:kostatre@iunona.pmf.ukim.edu.mk they are only valid in a special summation-type:
Partially supported by the Ministry of Education
weak Borel sense (see (Hardy, 1949) for more
and Sciences of Republic of Macedonia
information on Borel-sumation). In (Trencevski 2003), we give the following analogous result of
& Tomovski, 2002) the method of summation of (6).
divergent series was illustrated for calculation of
Theorem 1. The p th derivative of (1 + x) is
fractional derivatives of functions of exponential (+1) p
type. In this paper we illustrate this method for equal to (+1 p) (1 + x) , i.e.
calculation the fractional derivatives of function ( + 1)
(p)
of binomial type. [(1 + x) ] = (1 + x) p
. (9)
( + 1 p)

2. MAIN RESULTS Proof. It is su cient to prove the theorem for

p
/ Z, since for p Z the theorem is obvious.
Thomas J. Osler (Osler, 1971) gave a de nition So, assume that p / Z. Using the expansion
of fractional di erentiation by generalizing the ! x 2 ! x 1
Cauchy integral formula (1 + x) = ... + + +
( + 2)! ( 2)! ( + 1)! ( 1)!
N!
I
DzN f (z) = f (t)(t z) N 1 dt, (4) ! x0 ! x1 ! x2
2i + + + ...
C ! 0! ( 1)! 1! ( 2)! 2!
where the contour C is a simple closed curve we obtain,
(p)
enclosing z in the positive sense and containing [(1 + x) ] =
inside only regular points of f (t).
! x 2 p ! x 1 p
... + + +
Namely the fractional derivative of order p of f (z), ( + 2)! ( 2 p)! ( + 1)! ( 1 p)!
by Osler is
! x p ! x1 p ! x2 p
(z+) + + +...
(p + 1)
Z ! ( p)! ( 1)! (1 p)! ( 2)! (2 p)!
Dzp a f (z) = f ()( z) p 1
d, (5) and hence the theorem will be proved if we prove
2i
a the identity:
(p
/ Z ), 1 x 2 p 1 x 1 p
... + + +
where he made a branch cut from z to a, and ( + 2)! ( 2 p)! ( + 1)! ( 1 p)!
integral curve is an open contour which starts at
1 x p 1 x1 p 1 x2 p
a and encloses z in the positive sense and returns + + +
to a. ! ( p)! ( 1)! (1 p)! ( 2)! (2 p)!
1
Using this de nition, Osler (Osler, 1971) provide ... = (1 + x) p
.
that ( + 1 p)
( + 1) p Let L be the left side of the last equality. Then,
Dzp z = z . (6)
( p + 1)
dL 1 x 3 p 1 x 2 p
= ...+ + +
Recently M.D. Ortigueira (Ortigueira, in press) dx ( + 2)! ( 3 p)! ( + 1)! ( 2 p)!
obtained new formula for fractional di erentiation
1 x p 1 1 x p 1 x p+1
of a given function + + +...
! ( p 1)! ( 1)! ( p)! ( 2)! (1 p)!
p
D f (z) = Multiplying this equality by xp 1
, we get
PN f (n) (z) n
1 f (w + z) n! w 1 dL 1 x 4
Z
n=0
eip dw, xp = ... + +
( p) wp+1 dx ( + 2)! ( 3 p)!
C
(7) 1 x 3 1 x 2
where C is a half-straight line starting at w = 0. +
( + 1)! ( 2 p)! ! ( p 1)!
Using this formula M.D. Ortigueira (Ortigueira,
in press) obtained 1 x 1 1 x
+ + + ...
( 1)! ( p)! ( 2)! (1 p)!
(p )
Dp (z ) = eip z p
; (8) Hence,
( ) Zx
p R,  < 0, z R . + tp 1
L0 (t)dt =
This formula was obtained also by Nishimoto  0
) 
(Nishimoto, 1983), under the condition  (p
( )  <
1 x 3 1 x 2

...
. ( + 3)! ( 3 p)! ( + 2)! ( 2 p)!
Using the summation method of divergent se- 1 x 1 1 x x +1
...
ries of (Trencevski & Tomovski, 2002; Trencevski, ( + 1)! ( 1 p)! ! ( p)! ( 1)!(1 p)!
Multiplying the last equality by x p+ , we obtain 2 p
( + 1 p)B( + 1, 1 p).
Zx This can numerically be veri ed for given  and p.
p+
x tp 1 L0 (t)dt = For example, if  = 72 and p = 12 , then the right
0 side is 35
4 = 27.4889 . . . and aslo the left side
is equal to the same constant. The completing of
1 x 3 p 1 x 2 p
... this proof is an open problem, because we did not
( + 3)! ( 3 p)! ( + 2)! ( 2 p)! prove the previous identity analitically, but only
1 x 1 p 1 x p x p+1 supported it via a numerical example. But, using
...
( + 1)! ( 1 p)! ! ( p)! ( 1)!(1 p)! the Taylor-Riemann expansion we are able to give
Since the right side of this equality is L, we have an exact proof.
the following integro-di erential equation Second proof. Using the formula (1) and Taylor-
Zx Riemann expansion (3), we get
p+
x tp 1 L0 (t)dt = L
(p)
X ( + 1) xn p
0 [(1 + x) ] = =
n=
( n + 1) (n p + 1)
i.e.
p+
L( p)x p 1
L0 x ( + 1)

( + 1 p)
xp 1
X
L0 (x) = . xn p
x2 2p ( + 1 p) n= ( n + 1) (n p + 1)
Hence we obtain the following ordinary di eren-
tial equation ( + 1)
= (1 + x) p
.
( + 1 p)
L (1 + x) = (
0
p)L.
The solution of the last di erential equation is Remark. If the function (1 + x) is not de ned as

n
given by L = C(1+x) p. . Thus it is su cient to
P

n x , then the main result is not true. For
1 n=
prove that C = (+1 p) . Namely it is su cient
example if we use (1 + x) = ( n
P
to prove the previous equality for x = 1, i.e. n )x , for  = 1
n=0
1 1 and p = 12 , we have
... + + +
( + 2)!( 2 p)! ( + 1)!( 1 p)! 1

1 1 1 lim (1 + x)( 2 ) = ,
x0
+ + + ...
!( p)! ( 1)!(1 p)! ( 2)!(2 p)! while
2 p 1 (2) 2
= . lim (1 + x)( 2 ) = 3 =
.
( + 1 p) x0 (2) 
Multiplying this equality by !( p)!, we obtain
REFERENCES
p(p + 1)(p + 2) p(p + 1) p
... + Hardy, G.H. (1945). Riemanns form of Taylors
( + 3)( + 2)( + 1) ( + 2)( + 1) +1
series, J. London Math. Soc., 20, 48-57.
 ( 1) ( 1)( 2)
+1 + Hardy, G.H. (1949). Divergent series, Clarendon
p 1 (p 2)(p 1) (p 3)(p 2)(p 1)
press, Oxford.
( + 1) (1 p) p
+... = 2 . Nishimoto, K. (1983). Fractional Calculus; Inte-
( + 1 p)
grations and Di erentiations of Arbitrary order,
It is not di cult to see that right side of the last Koriyama, Japan.
equality is equal to Ortigueira, M.D. (in press). A coherent approach
to non-integer order derivatives, Signal Process.
2 p
( + 1 p)B( + 1, 1 p), Ortigueira, M.D., J.A. Tenreiro Machado and J.Sa
where B is the well known beta function. On da Costa (to appear). Which di erintegration?,
the other hand, the series 1 p 1 + (p( 1)
2)(p 1) IEE Proc. , Vision Image Signal Process.
( 1)( 2)
(p 3)(p 2)(p 1) + ... is Gauss hypergeometric func- Osler, T.J. (1971). Fractional derivatives and
tion 2 F1 (1, ; 1 p, 1) which is convergent for Leibniz rule, Amer. Math. Monthly, 78 (6), 645-
p p(p+1)
all Re >Rep. The series +1 + (+1)(+2) 649.
p(p+1)(p+2)
(+1)(+2)(+3) + ... is also convergent for all Samko, S.G., A.A. Kilbas and O.I. Marichev
Re >Rep and it can be represent via Gauss hy- (1987). Integrals and fractional derivatives and
pergeometric function 2 F1 (1, p; +1, 1) 1.Thus some of their applications, Minsk (in Russian).
if Re >Rep, we need to prove the identity:
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2 F1 (1, p;  + 1, 1) 1 +2 F1 (1, ; 1 p, 1) = tional derivatives of some functions of exponential
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