active

GRAMMAR
LEVEL 3
With answers

Mark Lloyd and Jeremy Day

Series editor: Penny Ur

7Zl[hXi
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Cambridge University Press 2011

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First published 2011

Reprinted 2011

Printed in Dubai by Oriental Press

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Introduction

What is Active Grammar?

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How are the books organised?

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How do I use the book?

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Contents

Introduction 3
Tenses Determiners, pronouns and noun phrases
1 Present simple and present continuous 6 12 Determiners 1: articles and demonstratives 52
M^o_ij^[]_hb_dj^[f^ejeic_b_d]5 7^WdZYWc[j^hek]^j^[m_dZem$

2 Past simple and past continuous; used to 10 13 Determiners 2: quantifiers 56

and would
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3 Present perfect simple and present
perfect continuous
J^[^_]^[hj[cf[hWjkh[i^Wl[^WZZhWcWj_Y[[Yji$
4 Past perfect simple and past perfect continuous 18
>[ZX[[d[nf[Yj_d]Wd[WioYb_cX$
5 The future 1: will, be going to, present
continuous, present simple
?c]e_d]jeWia^[hjecWhhoc[$
7]eeZZ[Wbe\fhe]h[ii^WiX[[dcWZ[$
14 Pronouns and possessives 60
M[Wbb^[bf[Zed[Wdej^[h$
14
15 It and there 64
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16 Nouns and noun phrases 1 68
7ifeed\kbe\Y^[[i[_Y[Yh[Wc
22 17 Nouns and noun phrases 2: gerunds 72
8em_d]oekh^[WZ_ij^[dehcWbmWoje]h[[jej^[hi$

6 The future 2: other ways to refer to the future, 26 R2 Review: determiners; pronouns and 76
the future in the past possessives; it and there; nouns
J^[om_bbX[bo_d]edj^[ie\W$ and noun phrases

7 The passive 1: basic passive forms 30 Prepositions, adjectives and adverbs

8ehZ[hiX[jm[[dYekdjh_[iWh[X[_d]Xhea[dZemd$
8 The passive 2: complex passive forms 34
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18 Prepositions 78
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19 Prepositions after adjectives and nouns 82
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Modals 20 Verbs + prepositions; prepositional verbs 86

9 Modal verbs 1 38 ?\j^[ceedbel[ioek"m^omehhoWXekjj^[ijWhi5
J^[h[ckijX[iec[j^_d][bi[$
21 Adjectives 1 90
10 Modal and non-modal verbs 2 42 J^[h[iWdWcWp_d]]ebZ[dijWjk[$
?ckijWZc_j"cohijbcim[h[j[hh_Xb[$
22 Adjectives 2 94
11 Other ways to express modality 46 CoZWk]^j[hiW_Z_jmekbZX[fe_djb[iiYecfbW_d_d]$
J^[h[idefe_djZe_d]dej^_d]$
23 Adjectives 3 98
R1 Review: present simple and continuous; 50 Ed[e\j^[ceijceZ[hdYWcfki[i_dj^[mehbZ
past and perfect tenses; the future;
the passive; modals 24 Adverbs 102
<ehjkdWj[bo"^em[l[h"_ja[[fic_ii_d]$

R3 Review: prepositions; adjectives; adverbs 106

Verb structures R5 Review: word formation; conditionals; relative 174

25 Phrasal verbs 108 and adverbial clauses; question forms;
M[f_Ya[Zkfekhj^_d]iWdZijWhj[ZmWba_d]e$ indirect speech; emphatic devices

Sentences and varieties of English

26 Infinitives and -ing forms 112
?YWdj_cW]_d[X[_d]Xeh[Z^[h[ 41 Linking words 176
M_j^_dl[ZWoi"Wl[#c[jh[]Wf^WZef[d[Zkf$
27 Copular verbs 116
J^[h[Wh[fb[djoe\mWoie\Wff[Wh_d]oekd][h$ 42 Reference techniques 180
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28 Verbs with two objects 120
M^oZem[bel[je]_l[[WY^ej^[hfh[i[dji5 43 Ellipsis and substitution 184
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29 Advanced verb structures 124 oekd[l[hm_bb$
?^[WhZWa[ojkhd_dj^[beYa$
44 Formal and academic English 188
R4 Review: phrasal verbs; verbs with infinitive 128 J^[eh_]_die\^kcWdbWd]kW][fh[i[djiec[j^_d]
or -ing; copular verbs; verbs with e\Wcoij[ho$
two objects; advanced verb structures
45 Informal and spoken English 192
Word formation J^[h[ibeWZie\]h[Wjijkedj^[_hm[Xi_j[$
30 Prefixes and suffixes 130
J^[d[i\eh^ec[b[iid[iiWh[_d[l_jWXbokdWehZWXb[$ 46 International English 196
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31 Compounding 134
Oekh[ikdXWj^_d]edj^[X[WY^"[d`eo_d]Wd_Y[Yh[Wc$ R6 Review: linking and reference words; ellipsis 200
and substitution; formal and academic
32 Word formation 1: conversion 138 English; informal and spoken English
=e\ehWijhebbje^[bfYb[Whoekh^[WZWdZYWbc
oekhd[hl[i$ Appendices
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33 Word formation 2: other sources 142
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34 Conditional clauses 146
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35 Other conditional forms 150

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36 Relative clauses 154

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37 Adverbial clauses 158

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38 Question forms 162

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39 Indirect speech 166

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o[WhiYecf[j_j_ed$

40 Emphatic devices 170

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 1 Present simple and present continuous
Why is the girl in the photo smiling?
A bowler smiles at her
friends after a good shot.
Present simple and present continuous
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Why is the girl in the photo smiling? It sounds like
an easy question: shes having a good time with
friends and shes feeling good after a good shot.
But psychologists are forever arguing about this
question.
Some believe that smiling is an individual act: we
smile because we feel happy ... unless were trying
to hide our emotions. Others claim that we smile to
build social relationships. Some animals use a grin
to show that they dont want to fight, for example,
so perhaps our smile serves the same function.
So whos right? In one study, researchers filmed
people bowling. If you watch people doing a
very social activity like this, it looks as if theyre
always smiling. They stop smiling only when they
are concentrating on their next shot. But when
do they start smiling again? After each good shot,
the researchers took photographs to identify when
the smile starts while the player is still looking
down the alley or a few seconds later when they
turn round to share their happiness with the
group?
And the results? Only around 4% of bowlers
smile with their backs to their friends. Far more
42% smile as soon as they turn round. The
conclusion: we usually smile not because were
happy, but because were friendly.
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JOHNSON '
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FOR NEW CONTRACT
City striker Simon Johnson (
a new contract, and the club )
the possibility of offering him a five-year deal, according to
Johnsons website. The news *
Johnsons winning goal in last Saturdays game against their
rivals United. Johnsons agent told reporters: Simon
+
the best football of his
career, and the fans , him. He
-
a lot of goals at the moment,
and he .  he can help the club
to win the league. Simon /
one of the best players at the club, and right now he
'&
scoring lots more goals for
them in the next twelve months.

My turn!
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used to and would
Musicians sang and threw flowers.

Arjumand Banu Begam was working in her shop when

Prince Khurram saw her for the first time as he was walking
through the market. He immediately decided this was the
woman he wanted to marry. Indian princes, however, didnt
use to marry for love but for political reasons, so marriage
between Khurram and Arjumand was impossible. It was six
years before the prince could marry the woman he loved, but
when it finally happened the wedding was magnificent . A
long procession travelled to Arjumands house, and musicians
sang and threw flowers to the hundreds of people who were
watching. At the wedding, the princes father gave Arjumand
the name of Mumtaz, or Chosen One, as a present.

When Khurrams father died, he became Emperor Shah Jahan,

or King of the World. He had many responsibilities and
was frequently leading his army off to fight in different
parts of the empire. Mumtaz would always travel with
him and sometimes she even used to go with him into
battle. Sadly, while her husband was fighting one of
these battles, Mumtaz fell ill. As she was dying, Shah
Jahan promised to build a beautiful monument in
her memory. After Mumtaz died, Shah Jahan quickly
began to turn his promise into reality, and twenty years
later the Taj Mahal, perhaps the greatest symbol of love
the world has ever seen, was finally completed.

Past simple and past continuous; used to and would

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The higher temperatures have had dramatic effects.

A new report on climate change has shown that other

reports were wrong about the effect of human activity on
the Earths temperature. The planets temperature has been
rising since the beginning of the 20th century, and has
increased by nearly 0.8C in that time. Earlier reports said
this increase was the result of natural changes, but the new
report says the main cause has been a rise in the levels
of greenhouse gases because of increased industrial activity.
The higher temperatures have already had dramatic
effects. In the Arctic, the area covered by ice has been
getting smaller for more than 30 years, and average sea
levels have risen by 3 mm each year since the beginning
of this century, increasing the danger of flooding in many
areas. So far this century many parts of the world, including
South-East Asia, Africa, Central Europe and the Caribbean,
have already had the worst floods anyone can remember. If the
new report is correct, it seems that we are now seeing the cost to
the environment of the growth that the developed world has been
enjoying over the last two hundred years.

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Hed been expecting an easy climb.

?
to save your own life
How far would you go on on
facing Aron Ralst
That was the question a
was trapped behind
26 April 2003, when he ar-old
Utah, USA. The 27-ye
360-kilogram rock in nyon
ne in the Blue John Ca
had been climbing alo ed his
d suddenly and trapp
when the rock move ha d alw ays
on wall. Aron
arm against the cany op le wh ere
e of telling pe
known the importanc , bu t
went climbing
he was going when he
rg otten to mention his
unfortunately hed fo st
stake which might co
plans to anyone a mi
him his life. , but
y, Aron was still alive
Six days later, on 1 Ma left
ergy and had nothing
hed started losing en op of
just drunk the last dr
to eat or drink hed to die , hed
ttle. Expecting
water in his water bo rec or de da
o the wall and
even cut his name int go od bye
eo camera, saying
short lm with his vid st
on made the bigge
to his family. Then Ar t off
decided to try and cu
decision of his life: he
his own arm. d
with only one arm an
Five hours later, now ge sig ht fo r
was a str an
covered in blood, Aron aft er he na lly
o found him
the three tourists wh in th e are a
d been walking
left the canyon. They y ho me .
now on their wa
for the day and were water
Aron some food and
After they had given to  M^Wjc_ijWa[Z_Z7hedcWa[m^[d^[m[dj
licopter to take him
they radioed for a he
hospital. At last, Aron
was safe.
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future, the future in the past
They will be lying on the sofa.

Life today is less active than at any time in our history, particularly for
our children. If you have typical teenage children, when you arrive home
tonight they will probably be lying on the sofa watching TV or chatting on
the Internet rather than playing outside in the fresh air. And, with current
trends, the situation is set to get even worse in the future. The facts speak
for themselves:
By the time theyve reached 20, todays average 12-year-olds:
... will have watched more than 15,000 hours of television!
... will have eaten in a fast-food restaurant more than 700 times!
... will have drunk over 700 cans of cola or similar drinks!
By the age of 20 a large number of todays teenagers will be suffering from
diseases caused by being too fat. In other words, we are on the verge of a health
disaster.
But if you were about to give up all hope of a stress-free future surrounded by
happy, healthy teenage children, dont worry ... its not too late!
Camp4Teens organises two-week summer courses for teenagers. Your kids will be
enjoying sports, adventure games and survival activities from morning to evening!
Send your teenagers on one of our courses and we promise that when they return
home, their TV-watching, fast-food eating habits will have changed for ever!

For details, contact Camp4Teens: info@camp4teens.com!

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Borders between countries are being broken down.

home login search

How globalisation might affect the English language has already been widely
written about. But how do you think it will change the way people speak and learn
English? Send your opinions to our Global Language website! Here is one opinion:

Today thousands of languages are spoken around the world, but the everyday speech
of over half the worlds population is made up of only eleven. English is one, but
its unique because its spoken by so many as a second language. Nearly two billion
people are now being taught English they understand the advantages of being
seen to communicate effectively with people around the world. In the past, people
were worried that someone with a clearer accent than them would be considered
better. But as more people from developing countries become condent in English,
they can use it to communicate with each other without needing to sound like native
speakers. They can communicate in their own language too if necessary, giving them
an advantage over most native English speakers. Borders between countries are
being broken down by communication technology. One effect of this is that global
languages like English are no longer owned by their native speakers. And for people
with detailed knowledge of a local culture and language AND knowledge of English,
the skys the limit! (Tina, Manchester)

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A Make sentences by putting the words in the correct order. C Complete the news report with appropriate
1 named / A 24-year-old woman / been / Young Writer of the Year. / passive forms of the verbs in brackets.
has / from London
A 24-year-old woman from London has been named Young Writer of the Year.
he large number of new words which
2 is / English / the international language of business. / generally
considered T 1 have been added (add) to dictionaries
this year shows how the English language
3 being / English / taught / In some countries, / are / from the age of
2 (change) by
two. / children the effects of the Internet and globalisation. A list
3 (publish)
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4
words as well as some which
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5 (adopt)
which
6
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(use) more and more on Internet blogs and in
7 decorated / For the wedding, / was / with beautiful yellow and chat rooms. In fact, blog and chat room are two
white owers. / the room 7
expressions which
(see) increasingly frequently in the media in
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10 of the accident / not / At the moment / known. / the cause / is 8
diversity of English
(demonstrate) by the
fact that many words and phrases from other
B Write ONE missing word in the correct place in each sentence.
is languages, like tapas, karaoke and feng shui,
9 (accept)
1 All our breadmade with natural ingredients using a
into many English-language dictionaries and
traditional recipe. 10 (use) in everyday speech.
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Babbage. D Rewrite each sentence, using a passive form
3 The theft of three valuable paintings from a museum in of the underlined verb. Leave out the agent
where possible.
Paris is investigated by police.
1 The police have arrested a woman on
4 Philip Majors, 56, been elected Mayor of Wallbridge.
suspicion of murder.
5 We have been made feel extremely welcome throughout A woman has been arrested on suspicion of murder.
2 People write more than two billion emails
our holiday.
every day.
6 A baby tiger which escaped from a zoo yesterday found
in a local park this morning.
3 Someones sent Sarah a telephone bill for
7 I really hate asked to work at the weekend. more than 200.
8 Free tickets will given away to the rst 200 callers after
the lines open at 7 pm. 4 Culverton High School has appointed
9 Its better to leave early to avoid caught in the rush-hour Graeme Turner, 42, from Banford,
headteacher.
trac.
10 Her new book has read by nearly a million people.

32
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 8 The passive 2: complex passive forms
It has been suggested that it was caused by secret experiments.

Shortly after 7 oclock on the morning of 30 June 1908, the

world ended. At least, that was what the people living near
Siberias Stony Tunguska River believed at the time, when
an enormous explosion lit up the sky. More than 80 million
trees were destroyed and although there were no people
killed, many had their houses damaged or their windows
broken. An explosion like that obviously needs explaining
and the Tunguska Event has been under investigation
ever since. It has been suggested that it was caused by secret
experiments or by an underground gas explosion. But there
have also been more mysterious explanations. At the time,
the explosion was said by some people to have been the
result of a UFO crashing to the ground, and in 2004 it
was reported that the remains of an alien spaceship had
been found. After scientific tests, however, the truth is now
believed to be a little less exciting: the explosion is thought
to have been caused by a comet entering our atmosphere.

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There must be something else.

Three friends each paid

100 for a hotel room.
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the receptionist 50 to
return to the friends. The
receptionist had an idea
he gave them 10 each
and kept the other 20.
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90, making 270 in total.
Adding the 20 that the
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I must admit, my first films were terrible.
Jimmy Fantonis tips for up-and-coming film directors
Learn from mistakes
As a director, you can spend too much time trying
to copy others styles. But you mustnt try to make
your own versions of their films you have to find
your own style. You should also realise you need
to experience failure. I must admit, my first films
were terrible, but making bad films teaches you
how to make better ones. Fortunately, thats what I
managed to do.
Dont dictate direct!
A director must understand people. You shouldnt be
a dictator actors respond better to requests like: Do
you mind if we do that again? or Would you mind
standing there?. In the past, I could have benefited
from listening to my actors, rather than always
doing things my way. My advice to young directors is
that they should exploit other peoples experience
whenever possible.
Modal and non-modal verbs 2
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When youre making a film, time is very expensive.
So you have to know when to stop filming one
scene and start the next one. I wasted a lot of
time re-doing scenes when I really neednt have
worried. I ought to have just stuck with the first
version and moved on. Now I wont waste time
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 11 Other ways to express modality
Theres no point doing nothing.
1 What would you rather
do on Saturday morning?
a Stay in bed its not
worth getting up early.
b Go for a run theres no
point doing nothing.
c Go shopping its
about time you bought
something nice!
2 Your friend invites you to
the gym. Which argument
would persuade you?
a Youre coming with me
whether you want to or not!
b Come on its time to get
fit!
c If you come, maybe Ill buy
you a burger later.
Check your score:
1 a 0 b 10 c 5 2 a 5 b 10 c 0
3 a 10 b 5 c 0 4 a 10 b 0 c 5
3040: Congratulations! Theres no
need for you to change anything.
1525: Theres still a good chance
you can get fit. Its not likely to
happen, but its not impossible.
010: Your only exercise is sure
to be a walk to a burger bar. Youd
better do something about it now!
?  M^WjmWioekhiYeh[5
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Check your tness!
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of running 10 km?
a No problem!
b Im not sure if Ill
manage more than 5.
c No way!
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you an ice cream. What
do you say?
a Id just as soon have an
apple.
b Theres no sense
saying no Ill have two!
c I shouldnt, but Id better
have one so I dont seem
rude.
Other ways to express modality
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mat01
Hi Dan, Josie,
Its great that youre coming over for the weekend. What do you fancy doing on Saturday afternoon? Would you 1 rather / sooner / prefer have a quiet
afternoon in the flat or go to watch the match? If you want to watch the match, youd 2 rather / sooner / better let me know pretty soon so I can book tickets.
Take care,
Matt

jo1 Hi guys
To be honest, Id just as 3 rather / soon / well stay in the flat and watch it on TV. Theres no 4 need / sense / point for us all to buy tickets when we can
watch it at home for free. 5 Im not paying / I dont pay / Im not to pay 30 for something I can watch at home for nothing!
Bye for now!
Josie

dn10
Josie,
Weve been trying to get you to come to a football match for years its 6 the / highest / about time you gave it a try. Youll love it. Matt, its not worth 7 to listen /
listening / listen to Josie youd 8 rather / better / prefer just get the tickets. Josie, sorry, but 9 you come / you might come / youre coming with us, like it or not!
Dan

mat01 Guys!
OK, so thats a decision. Theres no 10 need / point / way in hanging around Ill book the tickets now.
Cheers,
Matt
PS Dont worry, Josie. Ill pay.

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 12 Determiners 1: articles and demonstratives
A hand came through the window.

Can ghosts drive cars? Do you

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believe in such things? Those of
you who dont like ghost stories
should stop reading now.
This guy was walking along a mountain road one
stormy night. Suddenly he saw a light there was a
car coming along the road. He waved for the car to
stop so he could have a lift. The car stopped, so he
opened the door and got in. When he turned to thank
the driver, he was shocked to see the seat was empty.
The frightened traveller sat and watched as the car
started moving slowly and silently along the road.
Suddenly, the man realised it was heading towards the
edge of a cliff . Then, at the last moment, a hand came
through the window and turned the steering wheel
so that the car passed safely round the corner. This
happened several times every time the car was about to
go over a cliff, the hand appeared and turned the wheel.
Eventually, the man managed to open the door and jump
out of the car. He ran all the way to the nearest town,
where he found a caf and sat down. The people in the
caf noticed he was shaking, so he started explaining what
had happened.
Just as he was nishing this story, two men came into the
caf. Look, said one. Theres that crazy guy who got into
our car while we were pushing it.

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 13 Determiners 2: quantifiers
A good deal of progress has been made.

For several decades , the idea of thinking machines

has been something a lot of people accept as part of
modern life. Work on intelligent machines began in the
1950s when the mathematician Alan Turing suggested all
computers could be programmed to think intelligently.
He developed the Turing Test, which said we can describe
any machine as intelligent if it can make a human
believe it is a person. The term artificial intelligence (AI)
was first used by a group of American scientists, led by
John McCarthy. Each of these scientists has played an
important role in the development of AI since then.
Although a good deal of progress has been made,
much work is needed before AI will equal human
intelligence. Some scientists think any computer that can
think like us would cost too much money to make. Many
others think there is no reason why computers need to
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Hi Will,
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can speak Italian!
Anyway, thats all I have time for! See you soon,
Emily

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 14 Pronouns and possessives
We all helped one another.

We arrived in 1849. The famine in Ireland had made ever ything difcult.
Our kids had no food and we found ourselves in a desperate situation.
We didnt know what to do. I myself had been out of work for years and
ever yone was talking about the opportunities in America, so my wife
and I decided to go. We went to Pennsylvania, where we stayed in my
cousin and his wifes house until I found work in a coal mine and we got
ourselves a house. The work was hard but it was well-paid I earned four
times what Id earned in Ireland. There were Irish people ever ywhere,
and we all helped one another; for example, staying in each others
houses if we needed a place to stay. Anyone with a problem knew a
friendly Irish neighbour would give them whatever help they needed.
After a few years we had enough money to move somewhere else. It was
hard to leave our friends, but in the Midwest you could buy a farm for the
price of a one-bedroom house in Dublin, and we decided to buy one. Ours
was small for America, but compared with Irish farms it was enormous.
Plenty of Irish people never adapted to America, but I guess we were
among the lucky ones.

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 15 It and there
Its a good idea to make sure youre reasonably fit.

There are nearly 10 million people in Mexico City, 4 million cars,

and hardly any cycle paths. Its surprising, then, that the citys
Ecobici bike-sharing scheme has been so successful! It costs $24
to buy an Ecobici card, which lets you use the bikes for a year;
but you can only use a bike for 30 minutes per trip, then its
necessary to wait ten minutes before borrowing another. Its
taken just two months for the number of people with Ecobici
cards to reach 4,000, and its hoped that by next year there
could be 24,000 users. Since Mexico City is very high (2,240
metres), its a good idea to make sure youre reasonably
t before you cycle there. But there are several things
in cyclists favour. Firstly, theres no need for cyclists to
worry about hills because Mexico City is relatively at.
Its usually dry and sunny too. And it helps that the
police are careful to protect cyclists rights.
There are already similar systems in operation
in other places. There are the ones operating in
several cities in Canada, for example, and its said
that more countries are planning similar projects
it was actually in France that the rst such
system was introduced. But its in Mexico that
the idea of bike-sharing is reaching new levels
of popularity.

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 16 Nouns and noun phrases 1
A spoonful of cheese ice cream

These days, cooking is more like a science than an art, as many world-famous chefs
increasingly use scientific methods to create imaginative new dishes. Ferran Adris El
Bulli is in a small town to the north of Barcelona, away from the areas busy beaches.
It is actually open only six months of the year. Adri spends half the year working in
his laboratories in Barcelona, inventing new cooking techniques, such as taking
ordinary ingredients and mixing their basic flavours with a special gas. In this
way he can make foams made from peas,
beans or coconuts, or even parmesan
cheese ice cream. Adri also likes
to separate traditional dishes into
their individual flavours and put
them together again in strange
ways. His Spanish omelettes ,
for example, are served in
glasses and have onion at
the bottom and egg at the
top, separated by pieces of
potato.
Led by Adri, El Bullis
team of chefs is changing the
way we think about and enjoy
food. You may not fancy a plateful
of beetroot jelly or a spoonful of
cheese ice cream for your dinner today,
but the science which inspired such

?
creations is definitely here to stay. And
dinner at El Bulli is an experience you
will never forget!
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/ series appearing on our televisio ns or radios / radioes. Food has
'

always
serie

Chef been popular in the media, but the popularity of so-called celebrity chefs
is a relatively new phenomenon / phenomena. Jamie Olivers love of fresh,
)

healthy ingredients / ingredientes began during

*
+
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school / School, he decided
growing up in his parents pub. After leaving
he wanted to become a chef, and his fi rst jobs include d working at Antonio
,
Carluccios Neal street / Street Restaurant, and at the River Caf. Inspired
-
by these experience / experien ces, Oliver made his first TV show, The Naked
Chef, which showed him preparin g .
partys / parties for his friends, and his
/ /
lively present ing style made him popular with young and old persons
people. Later programmes included Jamies Great Escape, focusing on Italian
'&
food / Food, and Jamies Fowl Dinners, in which he showed how badly
''
some farms treated their chicken / chicken s. Finally, in 2008, he opened his
'( UK.
own chain of Italian restaurants, with branches / branchs around the

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Bowing your head is the normal way to greet others.

Traveller and Tourist info!

One problem with travelling is not knowing about local customs, and many people have
stories about having said or done the wrong thing. So, if you dont want to risk offending
the locals, Ive collected some tips on greetings from around the world:

Kissing is very popular here, between To greet someone, I suggest nodding

men as well as between women, and your head , although shaking hands is
often when you say goodbye as well common these days too. (Ming, China)
as hello. (Alessandro, Italy)

Bowing your head is the

We usually kiss the right cheek, but the
normal way to greet
kissing can be complicated near the Dutch
others. (Michiko, Japan)
border kissing three times is common there!
(Elise, Belgium)

Hugging is common between men.

But if you dont feel like being hugged, Shaking hands is very important and we dont
shaking hands is ne! (Luis, Brazil) mind spending ages on greetings. In fact, not
greeting everyone in the room personally is
rude. (Kinoro, Kenya)

So, greeting people around the world is more

complicated than I thought! But Im looking forward
to trying some of these greetings myself when I go
Avoid kissing and hugging. The normal somewhere new!
greeting is saying Namaste, I bow to you,
after touching hands with the other person.
(Krishnan, India)

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The London Eye
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 18 Prepositions
Hodja climbed up the ladder with the man behind him.

Hodja and the beggar Hodja and the chicken

One day, Hodja climbed up his ladder to repair a hole in his
roof. Just then he heard a knock on the door. Looking down,
he saw a man below him in front of the door.
What do you want?
Come down, replied the man.
Hodja climbed down the ladder. Well? What do you want?
Money, said the man.
Hodja thought for a second, then said: Ah, you want money,
do you? And he told the man to come onto the roof with
him. Hodja climbed up the ladder with the man behind him.
At the top, he turned to the man, who was out of breath
after his climb, and said Im sorry, but Im afraid I have no
money for you.
One day, Hodja was walking around the market when he
saw a man with a parrot. Above the bird was a sign: For
sale: 12 gold pieces.
Why so expensive? Hodja asked.
It can talk like a human! the man replied.
Hodja had an idea. He went to the butchers stall and bought
a chicken for two gold pieces. He put the chicken in a box,
returned to the man with the parrot, and stood next to him.
Chicken for sale, ten gold pieces! he shouted.
The man laughed at him, How can a chicken be worth so
much?
Your parrot can talk like a human, Hodja replied, but this
chicken can think like a human.

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Are you confused ' ABOUT all the different
health advice you find in the media these days? Most of us
are resigned ( having a life which is full
)
stress, but if we dont look after
ourselves, we are putting ourselves *
risk of developing health problems in the future. Although
we are all + pressure to look and feel
good, finding a fitness programme which is right
,
us can be difficult and expensive.
But now there is a solution - all your
health and fitness problems! Here at FEEL GOOD FITNESS
we have a firm belief . the importance
of regular exercise, and with the help of your own
personal fitness trainer you will soon discover the benefits
/
following a training programme which
you actually enjoy so theres no chance '&
you getting bored and giving up after a week! FEEL GOOD
FITNESS helps you to FEEL GOOD NOW!

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 21 Adjectives 1
Theres an amazing golden statue.

Well, Im in Beijing, and its a really interesting city. The Chinese are
very friendly and theyre really interested in me just because Im
different! Beijing is extremely noisy and overcrowded, with cyclists
everywhere crossing the road can be utterly terrifying. It was boiling
hot today, so I got out of the city centre and cycled to the Summer
Palace. Because of the sheer size of Beijing it felt like I never really
left the city until I got to the Palace itself, but Im really glad I went
because it was very peaceful. Its an enormous royal park with lots
of palaces and towers, as well as incredible ornamental gardens
and a large blue boating lake. It was built so that the old Chinese
emperors had somewhere quieter to relax they used to spend
their summer holidays there. Its now a popular tourist attraction,
and its easy to see why there are beautifully decorated palaces
everywhere, showing you how the rich used to live! And theres a
hill with a 40-metre-high stone tower, the Tower of Buddhist Incense.
Inside theres an amazing golden statue, and although climbing up
the tower was quite hard work, there are absolutely stunning views
from the top. Anyway, its been an exhausting day, so

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decorated palaces, the Tower of Buddhist Incense, a golden statue
Answers: 1 Beijing, China 2 A park, ornamental gardens, a boating lake,

Adjectives 1
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 22 Adjectives 2
My daughter said it would be pointless complaining.

Alfredos Pizzeria
Melissa Watson
Dinner last night

Dear Sir or Madam,

My daughter celebrated her 18th birthday in your restaurant

last night and I am afraid that I must complain about the way
she and her friends were treated.

I thought it would be nice to arrange a surprise birthday meal

for my daughter, so I reserved a table for twelve. However,
when the guests arrived they were disappointed to be told
that it was impossible to have everyone on the same table.
They were surprised to nd that in fact the group had to sit
at three separate tables, and my daughter was particularly
upset that two friends had to eat in a different room.

I am sure that I asked for everyone to sit together when I

reserved the table, although I think it is obvious that friends
should want to sit together. My daughter felt it was not
worth complaining at the time because the waiters were
busy serving other customers. She thought it would be
wrong of her to cause any problems, but she felt terrible
having to tell her friends to sit at different tables.

My daughter said it would be pointless complaining, but

I am not prepared to accept this because I am unhappy
to have been treated with so little respect. However, I am
condent that you will apologise, in which case we may be
willing to use your restaurant again in the future.

Sincerely,

Melissa Watson

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One of the most modern campuses in the world

Science City is a campus of ETH Zurich,

a university in Switzerland. It is one of
the most modern campuses in the world, a
place which has been moving closer and
closer towards achieving sustainability
since it opened in 2003. Its energy-
generating system is so effective that
Science City does not use any fossil
fuels , so it gives out much smaller
quantities of CO2 than similar, but
less advanced, institutions.
Science City was constructed in
such a way that it operates with the
greatest possible energy efficiency
and the lowest possible use of
resources. The Information Science
building, for example, has a low
proportion of outside walls so heat
energy is less likely to be wasted.
And Science City is trying to be
even kinder to the environment. The
university recognises that the higher
the number of overseas trips made by its
staff, the greater its carbon footprint ,
so it is investing in the latest communication
technology, making it easier to do business
with other countries without travelling and  M^Wj"WdZm^[h["_iIY_[dY[9_jo5
contributing to air pollution. And just as
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Fortunately, however, it keeps missing.

W
hy doesnt the moon just fall and crash into the Earth?
Actually, it may come as a surprise to you that it is falling
constantly. Fortunately for everyone on Earth, however,
it keeps missing.

Imagine standing right at the top of an extremely high mountain and

shooting an arrow as far as you possibly can. Initially the arrow
will y horizontally away from you, but it will soon start to curve
downwards due to the effects of gravity . But because youre on
a mountain, it wont hit the ground immediately because the
land is also curving downwards. Eventually, however, the
arrow will be falling more steeply than the side of the mountain
and, nally, it will hit the ground.

Now, remember that the Earth itself is curved.

Theoretically , an incredibly strong person could shoot the
arrow so far that the downward curve of the arrow would be
exactly the same as the curve of the Earth and, amazingly,
the arrow would then keep falling forever and never actually
hit the ground. Unfortunately, of course, this experiment would
obviously never really work because the air would very quickly
slow the arrow down. However, in space, there is absolutely no air to
slow the moon down, so it just keeps moving forwards indenitely .

And basically, that is why the moon doesnt fall and crash into
the Earth.

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We picked up our things and started walking off.

Mum: Whats up, Anna?

Anna: Oh, nothing really. Its just everyone seems to be getting at me these
days. For example, I got told off today and it wasnt my fault.
Mum: What were you up to?
Anna: We were just messing around outside the shop, kicking a football around.
And then the fire alarm went off. We carried on playing for a few minutes,
then we picked up our things and started walking off.
Mum: Go on
Anna: Well, the shopkeeper came up to us and started shouting. I couldnt make out what
she was going on about, then I figured out she thought wed set off the alarm.
The thing is, her son had been watching us.
Mum: And didnt he back you up?
Anna: No, he just ran off. And I ended up having to promise to go back on Friday
night and tidy her shop for her. Im a bit fed up about it, to be honest.
Mum: OK, calm down. Ill go round and speak to her. Maybe I can talk her
round. But if it turns out that youve been lying to me, I wont be happy!

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 26 Infinitives and -ing forms
I cant imagine being bored here!
Ar ti Kate Brown has spent 12 , in
months painting, and thinking
Antarctica. Here she talks to Tim
Scott about her experience.
Infinitives and -ing forms
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Tim: Kate, what made you decide to come to
Antarctica?
Kate: I happened to see a photograph of Antarctica at an
exhibition. I stood staring at it for ages, it was so
beautiful. Thats when I decided to come here to
paint. I remember everyone thinking I was crazy,
but that just made me want to prove I could do it.
Tim: Do you miss anything?
Kate: I certainly dont miss working in an ofce! But
sometimes I long to go shopping. When the
weathers bad, there isnt much to do.
Tim: Do you ever regret coming here?
Kate: Not now. At rst, it was difcult to get used
to being so cold. When I arrived, I remember
thinking, how am I going to face spending a year
like this? But I survived!
Tim: How do you stop yourself getting bored?
Kate: I cant imagine being bored here! I like to get
up early and watch the sun rise the colours are
fantastic. And I love hearing the waves crashing
against the cliffs.
Tim: What would you say to someone considering
visiting Antarctica?
Kate: Id recommend doing lots of research rst try to
get an idea of what to expect. Also, try spending a
week in a really cold place to see how you get on!
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 27 Copular verbs
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Why do we love to give each other presents?

Why do we love to give each other presents? Why are businesspeople

so keen to buy each other a meal? Why do people hand you free food in
the supermarket? And what makes us lend things to our friends?
The answer, in a word, is reciprocity, which means that if you do a favour
for someone, they feel they must really must do you a favour in return.

Imagine a friend has just cooked a meal for you. You should
be happy, but it might also give you a bad feeling that you
now owe your friend something in return. So when, at
the end of the meal, your friend asks you a favour,
youll find it very difficult to refuse them what they
want.

Businesspeople use this technique all the time

to sell things to people. They offer customers
a special deal, or promise them a small gift. Of
course, they dont tell customers that they need
to buy something in return. They dont need to
the feeling that you owe somebody something is
strong enough.

This should teach you an important lesson

when someone offers you something for free,
they might actually want something from you
in return. So do yourself a favour and hand
the free sweets back to the nice lady in the
shop unless you feel youre strong enough to
resist the power of reciprocity!

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I heard a key turn in the lock.

I was driving through the forest when suddenly

my car stopped for no reason. I tried to start it
again, but nothing happened. I got out, but as I
stood up I dropped my phone and it shattered on
the road. I left the car by the road and decided to
walk the two kilometres back through the forest
to where Id noticed a house. As I walked, I tripped
on a piece of metal that had been left in the road
and fell and hurt my ankle. I thought Id twisted
it, but although it hurt, I could still walk just
about!
Reaching the house, I rang the doorbell. I heard
it ring, but there was no answer. My ankle was
hurting badly now, and my hands were shaking.
I looked through the kitchen window; a large
pan stood on the stove with something boiling
in it, and there was something baking, or rather
burning, in the oven. I pushed the door. It opened,
and I stepped inside. Hello? Anyone home? I
stared at the strange pictures hanging on the
walls, and the dirty carpet that lay on the floor. I
turned round as the door slammed shut behind
me. The candles blew out. Then I heard a key turn
in the lock outside. I was trapped!

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Hi Alex, SEEING F[j[hWjiY^eebo[ij[hZWo$
Youll be surprised to hear that yesterday I ran my first half marathon thats i[[%iWo%j[bb
21 kilometres! No, Im not ' I really did do it. I spent about five months
  <hWdabo "?cdejbeea_d]\ehmWhZ
training for it, mainly running round my local park six days a week. A half
marathon is a long race and, unless youre naturally very fit, youve got to je j^[i_jkWj_edjeBWkhW$
take it seriously - you cant ( . Most days I trained with Chiara. She lives jWba%if[Wa%[nfbW_d
near me and I get ) . The first time we went for a run, we set * too   ?bWoedj^[ie\W j^hek]^W
quickly and I + breath after about 10 minutes. I had to walk cW]Wp_d[WdZj^[dZ[Y_Z[Z 
,
home feeling terrible. I nearly - at that point because I thought Id iec[j^_d]je[Wj$beea%b[j%^Wl[
never be able to run very far but Chiara persuaded me to . on trying. We   J^[h[idejckY^ _dj^_iWh[W_d
worked / a sensible training programme, starting with short, slow runs and
j^[[l[d_d]i"ie?ik]][ij jej^[
then gradually doing more. This really helped and I got fitter. Running six
Y_joY[djh[\ehWm^_b[$]e%if[dZ%Ze
days a week is hard and I had to '& up with aches and pains in my ankles
and my knees, but generally it was nice to feel fit. Then Chiara '' the idea   Ij[\WdmWdj[ZjeZeiec[j^_d] 
of entering the half marathon. In the weeks before the race, both of us got ^_iifea[d;d]b_i^"ie^[jh_[Z W
really excited and, luckily, the day '( our expectations. There were about Yedl[hiWj_edYbWiiWdZ^[iW_Z_j^[bf[Z$
5,000 other runners and Chiara and me ') up finishing in a time of just `e_d%adem%_cfhel[
under two hours, which is pretty good for a first try.   EkhIY_[dY[j[WY^[hd[l[hb[jiki 
OK, thats all for now. Perhaps you could let me know what youve been _dYbWiiWdZ^[WbmWoicWa[iki 
'*
recently.
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All the best
Julie
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 30 Prefixes and suffixes
The fines for homelessness are inevitably unaffordable.

ent recently gave 32 police ofcers

he San Francisco Police Departm

T a new job. With murders at a

they have been sent to stop mor
the considerable number of
10-y ear high, you might expect that
e senseless killings or to investig
unsolved murders
the ght aga inst
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hom
you
eles
d
s
be
peo
wro
ple!
ate
ng.
It is
These 32 ofcers have joined who do
ets, and the unfortunate people
now a crime to sleep on the stre
pris on.
so have to pay a ne or go to justice
this ? For a start, it distorts the idea of a
Whats wrong with , by de niti on, hav e no
s people who
system to criminalise homeles Its also a
This simply feels immoral.
place to live for living outside. pay a mo nth ly
t, theres the money to
waste of time and money. Firs sness are
. The n, because the nes for homeles
salary to the new ofcers ple hav e to be imp risoned,
homeless peo
inevitably unaffordable, the the street
, the homeless person is back on
another costly result. In the end and und erfu nded
) and the overworked
(but now re-labelled a criminal d.
Nothing is achieve
police go back to the beginning. counter-
se tells us that criminalising homelessness is
Common sen to their
homeless people to nd a solution
productive, making it harder for ges , perh aps this
outweigh the advanta
problems. If the disadvantages uld be ove rtur ned .
new decision sho
unfair, wasteful and pointless

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Youre sunbathing on the beach, enjoying an ice cream.

t h e fe e l i n g :
You know youre sunbathing on the beach, enjoying an ice cream or
having a well-deserved break in a fast-food restaurant
with an ice-cold milkshake, and then suddenly you feel a
head-splitting pain between your eyes! Youve just suffered
from brain freeze an ice-cream headache. You groan
and hold your head in agony , and bystanders think youre
play-acting, but the pain is real enough. Fortunately, after
a twenty- or thirty-second period, the pain disappears,
and theres no long-lasting damage. But what causes ice-
cream headaches? Basically, when something cold touches
your soft palate , a nerve centre above the roof of your
mouth sends a warning signal that your brain is freezing.
This causes blood vessels to become suddenly wider so that
the blood can heat up your brain. This sudden change can
make even the most cool-headed, mild-mannered person
cry out in pain. But the thing is, because the nerves above
your mouth are also connected to nerves in your face, the pain
feels like its coming from your forehead , not from inside
your mouth. What can you do if you love ice cream but dont
want to get brain freeze? Well, its simple eat your ice
cream slowly, and only one teaspoonful at a time!

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Go for a stroll to help clear your head and calm your nerves.
Youve applied for your first job, and theyre going to interview you. But how can
you increase your chances? Our list of interview dos and donts might help!
Dos
1 Find out as much as possible about the ins and
outs of the job.
2 Get a good nights sleep before the interview.
3 Take a copy of your application with you and have
a read through it before the interview to fine-tune
your thoughts.
4 Arrive early, so you can get a feel for the place
and orientate yourself. And before the start of
the interview, go for a stroll to help clear your
head and calm your nerves.
5 At the end of the interview, be ready to question
the interviewer.
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can back them up with evidence.
3 Dont position yourself too near the interviewer
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4 Dont try to manipulate the interview. Good
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5 When its your turn to ask questions, dont corner
the interviewer by asking about money. You can
always phone or email them to ask about salary
after youre offered the job!
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Did you know penguin is a Welsh word?

Radio Presenter: Todays guest, Professor Terry Sands, is an expert on words. So,
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Professor, where do English words come from?
Professor: Well, many are borrowed from other languages, like rucksack from German
and shampoo from Hindi. Others dont even look English, like the German hkYaiWYa
kindergarten, or fjord , from Norwegian. Even Latin expressions, like et cetera,
and many words from French, like caf, dont even sound English!
Presenter: But dont some topic areas use more non-English words than others? Food,
for example `WYkpp_
Professor: Yes. Croissant and pizza, for instance. Plus Asian food words, like sushi and
kebab. In sport, we have judo and karate, of course. And many animal names, too:
kangaroos obviously an Australian word, say. But did you know penguin is a Welsh
word, meaning white head?
Presenter: Amazing! Where else do our words come from?
Professor: Well, often from people or places. Sandwich and jacuzzi were both people,
and bungalow and jeans come from place names Bengal and Genoa. Even
English words are always changing. We shorten many, like gymnasium to gym,
or advertisement to advert or ad. Others mix two separate words, like brunch,
combining breakfast and lunch. New words appear every day, as do words which are iki^_

really just sounds, like bang or

squeak . Were very good at finding

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 34 Conditional clauses
If it hadnt been for Percy, who knows what could have happened?

ANTI-CRIME CAMERA Todays headline Most read

BREAKS THE LAW PERCY THE HERO

If the police had asked for a safety licence for their If it hadnt been
new flying camera, it would have been a major crime- for Percy, who
fighting success. Unfortunately they didnt, and as a knows what could
result the young man they filmed stealing a car might have happened?
go free. As long as you have a licence, there is no said 78-year-old
problem using these machines, said a lawyer. Had they Maureen Thomas.
used a properly licensed camera, it would have been Maureen knows that
fine. Should the police lose their appeal, the court may if her parrot hadnt
decide the film cant be used as evidence and the thief woken her after a
fire started in her
might walk free. If that happens, the police are going to
kitchen, she might
feel rather silly.
not be alive today. I
always leave Percys
cage door open in
case he wants to fly
around, explained Maureen. Seeing the fire, Percy flew
into Maureens bedroom and started squawking. If Percy
squawks, everyone in the street hears him, Maureen
added, so I woke up straight away. One firefighter added:
If Percy werent so noisy, Maureen might not have
woken up in time. If we gave medals to pets, Percy would
definitely get one!

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A PRISONER IN HIS OWN OFFICE

Primary school headteacher Tom Ellis might ' HAVE had to phone for help, said Mr Ellis. I admit the school food is
taken more care with the keys to his office last Wednesday, terrible, so I can understand why they complained. I
-
(
he known what his students were planning. The want to eat it .
nine-year-olds, angry at the bad quality of the school food, if I was starving! Mr Ellis has promised to try to improve the
locked him in his office and said they would only let him out on quality of the food. I told them that if it hasnt improved in a
)
that he agreed to order takeaway pizzas for months time, I / personally pay for
them. If I * said OK, I dont know what another pizza for everyone. I really hope we can do something
they + have done. They might have to improve the food by then. If '& , its
left me in there, in which 6 I would have going to cost me a fortune!

My test!
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If you would just wait here for a moment.

Shop assistant: Can I help you?

Customer: Yes, I bought this phone here yesterday and it
doesnt work.
Shop assistant: I see. What exactly is the problem?
Customer: Its simple. If I press On, nothing happens! It was
very cheap, and actually I wish Id bought a more
expensive one!
Shop assistant: OK. If you would just wait here for a moment,
Ill find a technician

Technician: So youre having phone problems, sir? If youll let me have a

quick look
Customer: Sure, here it is.
Technician: Right, Im afraid this looks as if water has got into the phone.
Its quite common, actually. I always think, Well, if you will use
your phone while youre in the bath!
Customer: Water? But it was like this when I opened it.
Technician: Maybe it was already broken. Do you have the receipt ?
Customer: Actually, no. Ive lost it. Im terrible with these things. If only
someone else would look after them for me!
Technician: Well, I wish I could help you, but without the receipt ... . We can
give you a discount on another phone, if that will help at all.
Customer: Well OK, I suppose.
Technician: Right, Ill show you what weve got. Keep this one, though, and if
you should happen to find the receipt by any chance, bring it
in and well give you a refund

?
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Effort is only effort when it begins to hurt.

is happening
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to earn enough money so that you to somebody else. (Will Rogers,
wont have
to work. (Ogden Nash, poet)
We dont stop playing because we grow old.
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(George Bernard Shaw, writer)
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.
(Charles Wadsworth, pianist) (Bill Cosby, comedian)

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 39 Indirect speech
She said she would not take part in the next years competition.

Billie Jean King was much more than one of the greatest
tennis players ever. She was also the loudest voice in the ght
for equal rights for sportswomen. She wanted to know why
female players were paid so much less than the men. In
1971, when she was already the world number one, she
persuaded other women players to help her start the
Womens Tennis Association to ght for their rights. After
winning the 1972 US Open, she said she would not take
part in the next years competition unless the prizes
for women were the same as for men and she didnt
think other women would play either. It worked: the
organisers agreed to pay the women the same as the
men. But some men continued to believe that it was
right to pay men more. In 1973, Bobby Riggs, a former
mens champion, claimed that the mens game was so
much better than the womens game that he could easily
beat the best women players. King accepted his challenge.
And she beat him 64, 63, 64. I thought it would set
us back 50 years if I didnt win that match, she said. By
beating Riggs, she convinced people that a female athlete
can win in high-pressure situations and that women deserve
to be treated fairly.

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Tuesday 23 March
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Hi Adrian
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I went for a run last Sunday. It was terrible I hadnt done
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any exercise since last summer, so I couldnt go very far.
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Last year I could run 10 km without stopping, but last
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Sunday I had to stop after 2 km. And then yesterday I felt
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tonight I hope Ill be able to run a bit further. Theres a
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big race this summer and Im going to try to do it. Do you
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want to try too?
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Rob
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 Tuesday 30 March
Hi Pete
I got an email last week from Adrian. He said hed been for a run ' THEPREVIOUS3UNDAY but it had
been terrible he ( any exercise since ) . He said
*
hed been able to run 10 km without stopping, but that
+
hed had to stop after 2 km. And he said that , hed
felt so bad that he - run at all! Poor Adrian! Anyway, he said he was going to
try again . and that he hoped hed be able to run a bit further. He also said
/
theres a big race and that hes going to try to do it. He even asked me
'&
to try too, but Im not sure if thats a good idea. What do you think?
Rob

My turn!
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 41 Linking words
Within five days, a five-metre gap had opened up.

In September 2005, the Rift Valley at Afar, Ethiopia,

began splitting apart. Within five days, a five-metre gap
had opened up. According to geologists, it was like a huge zip
opening in the middle and then tearing 60 km along the whole
length of the rift. At the time, some experts believed it was the
beginning of a new ocean which would one day split Africa in two.
Many others, on the other hand, were not convinced . Recent studies
of deep-sea rifts, however, have confirmed that the events were indeed
the beginning of a new ocean. Geologists have known for decades that the
continents are either pulling apart to form rift valleys or colliding to form
mountain ranges. However, although they have studied rifts before, the
rifts have always been under the sea and therefore difficult to observe.
That was why the Afar events were so exciting. Using data from
earthquakes, experts think the rift opened suddenly, rather than in a
series of small movements. And thanks to this knowledge, they
believe Ethiopia will continue to be pulled apart. Theres no
need to panic, though, because theres no danger of the
rift opening very much during our lifetimes. In fact,
geologists predict it could still take 10 million
years for Africa to split.

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 42 Reference techniques
It happened when he was just 16.

Her paintings have been shown around the world, but Lisa
Fittipaldi is no ordinary painter. This remarkable artist has been
completely blind since 1995, and only took up painting two
years later.
For Lisa, painting is a way of connecting with the visual world
she once knew. She realised this after years of listening to tapes
and analysing techniques.
When she started, Lisa used a system of lines on the canvas to
It happened when he was just 16. They were just six young
men having fun in a fast car. Michael Monaco doesnt remember
much about the accident that left him paralysed from the neck
down.
Unable to use his hands or feet, Michael learnt to hold a pen
in his mouth. It took him months of practice. Later, the pen
was replaced by a paintbrush and he discovered his amazing
artistic talent. That was over 30 years ago. Since then, Michael
has travelled around the world with his paintings.
But like many disabled artists those who paint with their
mouths or their feet, or those who are blind or autistic he
doesnt want people to be amazed at how his paintings were
created. He wants people to love them for what they are
beautiful pieces of art.

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help her, but her mental pictures are so strong now that she
no longer needs these. She has even taught herself to feel
different colours with her ngers.
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 43 Ellipsis and substitution
Just because you havent passed yet, doesnt mean you never will.

news chat
Steve: Failed my driving test. Again :-(.
messages Mikael: :-O 3rd time? 4th?
Steve: 5th!
chat
Kevin: You know why?
events Steve: Not sure. Examiner said I drove faster than I should have, and I didnt stop at a
red light.
friends
Mikael: Hmmm not good.
Steve: I really want to pass, but Im not sure I can do it. Maybe Ill give up.
Kevin: No, dont! I was going to after I failed mine, but Im glad I didnt. Just because
you havent passed yet, doesnt mean you never will. I failed twice but passed
the third time.
Mikael: You really think so? Some people are meant to drive some arent.
Kevin: Hey, Mikael! Youre supposed to be helping Steve feel better.
Mikael: Im trying to. What happened with the red light, Steve?
Steve: It was green but went red when I got to it. I tried to stop but I couldnt.
Mikael: Heres a tip: if in doubt, slow down.
Steve: Examiner said that! But the test was so stressful I forgot everything.
Mikael: Listen, I have to go. Better not be late.
Steve: What for?
Mikael: Got a driving lesson! Starts in 10 min. Must go.
Kevin: OK. Nice chatting with you.
Steve: See you later.

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 44 Formal and academic English
The origins of human language present something of a mystery.

Xkjj[ho

The origins of human language present something of a

mystery. On the one hand, evidence suggests that behaviour
such as the habit of walking on two legs, the manufacture
of stone tools and the use of re for the cooking of meat
originated millions of years ago. However, the characteristic c_ba
that most clearly sets humans apart from animals, language,
may have much more recent origins. There is fossil
evidence to suggest that the mouths and throats of early
humans were physically incapable of speech in the modern j^Wj
sense until perhaps as little as 70,000 years ago.
One of the most interesting possibilities is that language pre-
dates speech, perhaps by millions of years. The brain and
hands may have been used to communicate long before
the development of spoken language, a process that may
date back to the time humans started walking on two legs. As
modern sign languages demonstrate, it is perfectly possible for
a non-spoken language to have a rich grammar and vocabulary.
In fact, modern sign languages may offer an explanation
mehZ
for another mystery of language: the deeply fundamental
distinction between nouns and verbs, stored in separate
parts of the brain. In sign languages, nouns tend to be
communicated by forming shapes from the hands; M^oYekbZdj[Whbo^kcWdiif[Wab_a[ceZ[hd
verbs tend to involve hand movements. Perhaps the rst
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 45 Informal and spoken English
Theres loads of great stuff on their website.

ange programmes.
Hi Maggie stu de nt mag about uni exch eir
R writi ng fo r th e e to talk about th
e be en th in ki ng about that article U so m eo ne wh os actually been on on me info? FYI, theres
Iv k to t so
eat if we could spea get in touch with the university to ge a couple
I reckon itd be gr like th at . Ca n U th ey co ul d pu t U in touch with
nc es an d th in gs od sto rie s. M ay be
experie t no go
on their website, bu
loads of great stuff an ge s
done exch
of people whove
Thanks, Tom

Hi Maggie. Dyou get my mail?

Yeah I was gonna mail you back. I called that guy. The one
you told me about. Hes gonna set up some meetings. With some
Cool. And? students he knows. Theyve actually done exchanges.

And he was really helpful. Hes like, Im really glad you called.

Cos he wants us to write about his ?

exchange programme. Yeah, so he wants me to come
and, well, you know, have a bit of a chat and maybe,
you know, take some photos or whatever. At the uni.
Brilliant. Good on you.

Thanks. And hes, like, gonna set up some

meetings. With a couple of students whove
done exchanges. Two or three, maybe. Nice
people, he says. Dyou wanna come too?
If I can, yeah.
?
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a
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2
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  >emZ_Zj^Wjm_dZem][jXhea[d5 meet for a coffee one day this week? Ill pay.
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Hi Julia,
It was great talking to you last week 1 really useful
and interesting.
Ive managed to write up my notes from the interview
(attached). Sorry its a bit long 2 you had so much
to say and I wanted to include everything. Well, not
everything (I didnt include the stuff about your bad
grades 3 ). Not sure what my editor will say 4 he
told me to write 500 words max 5
BTW, I feel a bit stupid asking, but whats your
surname 6 I know you wrote it down for me,
but 7
One last thing 8 you mentioned that the exchange
programme cost about 6,000 but who pays 9
Its not the poor student, is it 10
Anyway, could you have a quick look at the interview
and let me know if its OK?
Cheers,
Maggie

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Dinosaurs ruled the Earth for over 100 million years the end of the so-
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called Cretaceous Period, about 65 million years ago, when they suddenly
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dropped significantly. These environmental changes reduced the food available
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changes well before the asteroid hit the Earth. This may have been caused by a
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8  j^[i[   ikY^   J^_i   j^ei[   j^ei[
7 Z  ]  [  _  X  ^  `  W  \
  j^Wj   J^_i   ikY^   j^[i[ :  ^_ci[b\   Wdoed[%WdoXeZo   ^_ci[b\ 
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9  W   j^[   W   J^[   J^[   
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;  M^[doekc[[jd[mf[efb["oeki^ekbZdej
:  e\j^ei[h[Wbboj^_dceX_b[f^ed[i   DEJ7BA?D=   DEHKDD?D=
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  J^[_h^eki[_iceh[ceZ[hdj^Wdekhi$   Zh_l_d]b_Y[dY[   Y^[m_d]]kc
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7dim[ha[o
: Feii_Xb[Wdim[hi 19 Prepositions after adjectives and nouns 22 Adjectives 2
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ifWY[%Wjj[dZWdj1hkdd_d]jhWYa1im_cc_d]  Yb[l[h h[WZo \h[[ _dj[h[ij[Z   mehj^   eXl_eki
Yeijkc[%jhkdai1mW_j_d]heec1mWba_d]Xeeji% ia_bb[Z h[ifedi_Xb[ iW\[  8 W  WWdZX  X  X  X  WWdZX
jekh1mWi^_d]b_d[%femZ[h  e\ ed je m_j^  W  X
;  Z[d_[ZZe_d]%^Wl_d]Zed[ YWfWXb[ Z[f[dZ[dj [d]W][Z eXi[ii[Z 9   kfi[j   WmamWhZ   ikh[   mhed]
  \[[bb_a[]e_d]   Yedi_Z[h[ZXko_d] \kbb h[b_Wdj i_c_bWh iWj_i[Z   ijhWd][   ]eeZ   W\hW_Z   ijkf_Z
  c[dj_ed^Wl_d]   ik]][ij[Z]e_d]  fhekZ  ki[Z   m_bb_d]
  d_i^[Zmh_j_d] 8 _  W  \  [  ]  ^  `  X  Z :  ^ef[\kbj^Wjekhi_jkWj_edm_bb
  WZc_jj[Zij[Wb_d]%^Wl_d]ijeb[d
9  _djekY^   kdZ[hj^[Y_hYkcijWdY[i   de]eeZWfebe]_i_d]dem
  YWdjijWdZ^Wl_d]
  edcomWo   edfkhfei[   _dfWhj_YkbWh   mWiXkioYeea_d]Z_dd[h
  :e%MekbZoekc_dZef[d_d]
  m_j^h[]WhZ   Wjb[Wij   _iikh[jeX[Wd]ho   m[bYec[jeYec[
R2 Review: determiners; pronouns and   m[h[kdWXb[jeZ[iYh_X[
:  edj^[f^ed[   mWoe\   _djekY^m_j^
possessives; it and there; nouns and noun   mehj^Xko_d]iec[j_Ya[ji
  XWZ\eh   _dW^khho   _dYh[Wi[_d
phrases   M[h[oekWmWh[j^Wj_ji   e\oekjei[dZ
  edoekhemd   _dWc[ii   _dfkXb_Y
7  W   j^[   j^[   J^_i   Wdej^[h
;  je   e\   Wj   kdZ[h   \eh   je  ; Feii_Xb[Wdim[hi
  7   j^ei[   j^[   j^[   j^_i
  _d   e\   e\   j^Wj^[mWi^Wl_d]fheXb[ciWjiY^eeb
     W      ej^[h
  _]deh_d]%je_]deh[^_cWbbW\j[hdeed
8 W  W  Y  X  X  Y  X  W  Y 20 Verbs + prepositions; prepositional   j^Wjj^[m[Wj^[hmWiikddo%je^Wl[ikddo
9  m^_Y^1m^Wj   m^e1m^ei[  verbs m[Wj^[h\ehj^[_hZWoWjj^[X[WY^
  m^ec1m^Wj   _j1ed[  7 ^  X  W  ]  \  Z  [   ^[bf_d]^[hcej^[hm_j^j^[^eki[meha
  m^e[l[h1deed[   ^[hi[b\1Wdoed[ 8 W  Z  Z  X  X  Z  X   dejj[bb_d]%j^Wjj^[oZ_Zdjj[bbj^[_hfWh[dji
  Xej^1ekhi   j^[ci[bl[i1[l[hoXeZo m^[h[j^[om[h[]e_d]
9  m_j^   ed   e\   _d   WXekj
  ej^[hi1ej^[hi   dej]e_d]%dejje]eed^eb_ZWom_j^j^[c
  je   _dje
:  _j   ?j   j^[h[   _j   J^[h[   j^[h[   je]eekj
:  mWhd[Z9h_ij_dWWXekj7b[ni   j^Wji^[^WZWfWhjom_j^ekjj[bb_d]j^[c%je
  _j   ?j   _j   _j   _j   ?j   _j
  WYYki[Z@WYa_[e\ij[Wb_d]%^Wl_d]ijeb[d dejX[jebZWXekj^[hfWhjo
; Y  X  Y  XWdZY  W"XWdZY   ^Wl[XWdd[Zf[efb[\hecfWha_d]   mehho_d]WXekjm^Wjej^[hf[efb[j^ek]^je\
 Y  X  WWdZY  Y  Y   XWi[Z^[hXeeaed ^[h
<  `eX_dlebl[ijhWl[bb_d]   j^Wdaekh\Wc_b_[iWdZ\h_[dZi\eh
  mWiiWo_d]]eeZXo[   heXX[ZM_bb_Wcie\ 23 Adjectives 3
  h[Wiedi\ehX[Yec_d]   Yed]hWjkbWj[ZJecedm_dd_d]%^Wl_d]med 7
#[h%j^[ ceh[ #[h%j^[ _hh[]kbWh
  d[l[hWbbemijWba_d]%WbbemidejWba_d] ; ' QjWa[S ( ^Wl[ ) fkj #[ij %j^[ #[ij
  dej^Wl_d]je   i^ekbZ%YWdh_iaZh_l_d]   QfWhj_dS  QWmehZm_j^S  Qfh[iikh[edS ceij eh
  iWm^_iic_b_d]   c_dZc[%cob[Wl_d]   Qf_joedS  W]eWj  QWijefjeS ceh[%
  jhekXb[m_j^Yeea_d]   Qj^[jhekXb[jeS   oekhc_dZje j^[ceij
18 Prepositions   YWh[e\ 
Q]h[WjS W\hW_Z Yb[l[h XWZmehi[%
7 W  Y  X  X  W  W  Y  W  X  * cWa[ + ^[bf , i[j j^[mehij
8 \  ^  [  `  X  ]  _  W  Z   Q\h_[dZim_j^S  Qoekhi[b\jeS  Q\eej_dS
\kddo Xeh[Z i_cfb[ _bbmehi[%
  QWfe_dje\S    h[je
9  d[Wh%ekji_Z[   Wi   m_j^ j^[mehij
  Qj^[ceije\S
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  YedjWYjm_j^ bem h_]^j ijkf_Z m[bbX[jj[h
 X[i_Z[%d[Wh
%j^[X[ij
  8o   Z[if_j[%_dif_j[e\   kdb_a[ 21 Adjectives 1
: Feii_Xb[Wdim[hi 7 _  ^  `  X  [  ]  \  W  Z 8  j^[ceijl_i_j[Z   X_]][h   bWh][h
  CWoW_ih[Wbbo]eeZWjlebb[oXWbb"Wim[bbWi 8  W"Y   W"Y   W"X   W"Y   X"Y   j^[Xki_[ij   j^[\Wij[ij#]hem_d]
X[_d]Wd[nY[bb[djj[dd_ifbWo[h$   W"Y   W"Y   W"Y   X"Y   j^[icWbb[ij   \[m[h
  ?adem?l[]ejW]eeZiWbWho"Xkj_dj[hcie\   j^[ceijYhemZ[Z   j^[ceij[nf[di_l[
9  i^[Wj[jmem^eb[f_ppWied^[hemd
`eXiWj_i\WYj_ed_jiWj[hh_Xb[`eX   m[m[h[ieWa_d]m[jXoj^[j_c[ 9  WiXWZWZWoWi   ie\j[dek]^\ehoek
  Ceije\oekhc_ijWa[i_dj^[j[ijm[h[Zk[   :eoekademWdoed[h[b_WXb[   j^[bed][hoekjWa[%j^[bed][h_jjWa[ioek
jeoekdejY^[Ya_d]oekhWdim[hiYWh[\kbbo$   ?YekbZdjdZWdoj^_d]_dj[h[ij_d]jemWjY^   _iY^[Wf[ij_dm_dj[h   _i`kijWib_a[boWi
  7iWh[ikbje\^[h^WhZmehaZkh_d]j^[o[Wh"   J^[cW_dh[Wied?Zedjb_a[@Wa[_i   jee^[Wlojef_Yakf
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  7YYehZ_d]jej^[m[Wj^[h\eh[YWij"_jc_]^j   oeki^ekbZWbmWoijWa[fhef[h[gk_fc[dj   ceij\WcekifW_dj_d]_ifheXWXbo
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:  ijkdd_d]   f[WY[\kb   Z_iWffe_dj[Z
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  7fWhj\hecWdebZcWdWdZ^_iZe]"m[m[h[
  J^[ceh[j_c[j^[bed][h
j^[edbof[efb[_dj^[fWha$ ; Feii_Xb[Wdim[hi
  J^[bWj[hj^[b[iih[\h[i^[Z
  @_c^WZjeXhWa[ikZZ[dbom^[dWYWjhWd_d   WdebZigkWh[meeZ[djWXb[
  J^[ceh[\Wij\eeZj^[b[ii^[Wbj^o
\hedje\^_iYWh$   Wd[nY_j_d]oekd]i_d][h
  J^[ceh[fh[fWhWj_edj^[]h[Wj[h
  FWijW_iZ[d_j[boed[e\co\Wlekh_j[c[Wbi"   Wj[hh_\o_d]^ehhehbc
  J^[ceh[jhWl[bb_d]j^[ceh[ef[d#c_dZ[Z
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  bed]ZWha^W_h
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  WZ[i[hj[Zjhef_YWbX[WY^ ; Feii_Xb[Wdim[hi
  Wgk_Yal_i_jjej^[i^efi
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  ]e_d]jej^[cki[kc
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  ^ejje[Wj
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24 Adverbs
7 W  X  X  W  W  X  X  W   F[h^Wfi1e\j[d   XWi_YWbbo1\ehmWhZ 
8  >[Zh_l[il[hoZWd][hekibo$
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9  ?bbfheXWXboib[[fm[bbjed_]^jX[YWki[?l[
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 fh[fWh[YWh[\kbboX[\eh[Ze_d]oe]W$
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 ]hWZkWbboYkhl[iZemdmWhZikdj_b_j_i\Wbb_d]
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 e\j[dXkoj^[cfh[i[dji%i^[Ze[idjXko
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 el[hj^[jWh][jWdZ[l[djkWbbobWdZ[Z_dW[bZ$
:  >em[l[h   [dek]^   Ceh[el[h 
  7bj[hdWj_l[bo   ]hWZkWbbo   [l[djkWbbo
  I_c_bWhbo   <_dWbbo   m[bb
; Feii_Xb[Wdim[h
 QJ^[ej^[h[l[d_d]"?mWii_jj_d]Wj^ec["gk_[jbo
h[WZ_d]coXeea$SIkZZ[dbo"?^[WhZWh[Wbbo
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ekji_Z[$J^[f[hiedmWiij_bbiYh[Wc_d]"Xkj
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R3 Review: prepositions; adjectives;
adverbs
7  Wced]   7im[bbWi   el[h
  ?dj[hcie\   W^[WZe\   kdb_a[
  B_a[   WhekdZ   kdj_b   7i
  \eh   Zkh_d]   Zk[je
8  kdZ[h1m_j^   m_j^1_d
  _d1e\   e\1_d   \eh1\eh   _d1WXekj
  \hec1\eh
9  M^eZe[ii^[h[c_dZoeke\5_
  M^Wj_ii^[X[_d]WYYki[Ze\5]
  M^WjZe[ij^WjiWkY[jWij[b_a[5W
  M^oZ_Z_jYec[WiWikhfh_i[jeoek5X
  M^oZedjoekWffhel[e\coY^e_Y[e\bc5Y
  >emYWdm[fkjWijefjej^_i5\
  M^_Y^Xeeam[h[oekh[\[hh_d]je5Z
: Y W  X  W  X  Y  W  X  Y ;  mWi[b[Yj[Zfh[i_Z[dje\j^[YbkXXoj^[ej^[h
 W X  X  W   cWodZ_j^WhZjeX[b_[l[
; W X  X  W  W  X  X  W  W  X   ]ejWd]hom^[d
 W X  X  W  W  X  X  W   _iYedi_Z[h[ZhkZ[Xoiec[f[efb[
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  i^eYajkhd[Z^_i^W_h]h[o
  h[Wbbo1j^ek]^   d[Y[iiWh_bo1h_]^j 28 Verbs with two objects
7  ]  Z  [  W  ^  \  X  `  _
25 Phrasal verbs
7 Z  X  `  Y  W  [  \  ]  _ 8  9Wdoekh[WZWijehojeki5
  ?bb][jWd[mifWf[h\ehoek\hecj^[i^ef$
8  7   7   8   7   8   7   7
  I^[iWbmWoiZe_d]\Wlekhi\eh^[h\h_[dZi$
  8   7%8
  9ekbZoekehZ[hWf_ppW\ehc[5
9 [  W  `  X  ]  Y  Z  _  \   9ekbZoekj^hemekhXWbbjeki5?ji_doekh
:  _iZemdje   m[h[e ]WhZ[d$
  _iiWbmWoiedWXekj   Wh[oeke   J^[mW_j[hi[hl[ZekhiekfjekiXkj_jmWi
  _iikf   _iikfjeoek   X[[dkfje YebZ
  ?cj[WY^_d];d]b_i^jecob_jjb[i_ij[h$
;  kf   ekj   edm_j^   kf   edWXekj
  ?b[djcoZ_Yj_edWhojeI^Whed$
  Zemd   kf   \ehmWhZje   ekje\
  I_jZemdWdZ?bbcWa[WYkfe\j[W\ehoek$
26 Infinitives and -ing forms 9  m[h[]_l[dWb_\j^ec[XoBWkhWiZWZ$
7  je]e   mh_j_d]   je\ebbem   X[_d]   mWiXek]^j\eh^_c\eh^_iX_hj^ZWoXo^_i
  je]e   X[_d]   jWba_d]   ]e_d]  fWh[dji$
  bWk]^   em[Zced[oXobejie\f[efb[$
8 W  X  X  W  X  W  W  X   mWijWk]^j^emjefW_djXoW\WcekiWhj_ij$
9  jeYkj   ijWo   Wffbo_d]   meha   mWidjjebZm^Wjj_c[jeX[^[h[$
  ^[bf_d]   _dfkj%je_dfkj   Yedi_Z[h_d]   ki[Zjebel[X[_d]h[WZijeh_[i$
  jefW_dj   ]e_d]   jej[bb   b_l_d]   mWijebZjec[Xoco]hWdZcej^[h$
:  oekWdojhekXb[   oekj^WjXeea
:  I^[^ef[ij^Wji^[bb]eje]ejej^[
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  c[[l[hoj^_d]oekem[c[
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  ?W]h[[Zj^Wj?mekbZ^[bfje^[bf^[h$ ; Feii_Xb[Wdim[hi
  M[[nf[Yjj^Wjm[bbX[jeX[WmWo\ehWj   j^[ciec[iWdZm_Y^[i%iec[iWdZm_Y^[i\eh
b[WijWo[Wh$ j^[c
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  ?Zedjh[YWbbj^Wj?jebZj[bb_d]oekWXekjco oek
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j^[[nWc$   [l[hoed[[bi[iec[%iec[\eh[l[hoed[[bi[
;  jei[[HeX"fb[Wi[b[jc[adem   oekWfhec_i[%Wfhec_i[jeoek
  cWZ[jei_]dW\ehcX[\eh[?YekbZYec[_d   oekiec[ced[o%iec[ced[ojeoek
  kijWa[Wdof^eje]hWf^im_j^ekjf[hc_ii_ed 29 Advanced verb structures
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27 Copular verbs fc$
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7 ^  Z  ]  W  `  \  X  _  [
  Oekd[[Zje_cfhel[oekhmehaX[\eh[oekh[
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:  bcijWhh[Z<hWda;bb_i   Z[\[dZWdj1Wbj[hWj_ed1Wff[WhWdY[1heXX[ho1 :  _dm^_Y^YWi[   J[bbWdoed[WXekjj^_iWdZ
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31 Compounding
  Ze[idja[[f\ehceh[j^WdjmeZWoiW\j[h   _dYWi[oek\[[b^kd]hobWj[h
7  feebjWXb[   jWXb[jef   ^Wji^ef
 oekef[d_j   8kooekhj_Ya[j\ehj^[YedY[hjjeZWoeh
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  mWba_d]hWY[   hWY[^ehi[
; X  W  X  X  Y  Y  W   7ibed]Wij^[m[Wj^[h_i
8  l[#ijWh   jme#m[[a   ifehji^Wbb
R4 Review: phrasal verbs; verbs with ;  ^WZ   YedZ_j_ed   ^WZdj
  YWhfWha   Whj[nf[hj   iWb[icWdW][h
infinitive or -ing; copular verbs; verbs with   mekbZ%c_]^j%YekbZ   YWi[   mekbZdj
  (&#o[Wh#ebZ   WhcXWdZi   jme#ZWo
two objects; advanced verb structures   [l[d   m_bb   dej
9 `  Z  W  ^  X  Y  _  [  ]
7 Z X  W  Y  Z  Z  Y  W  Z 35 Other conditional forms
 Y  W  X  X : X  Y  W  Y  X  Y  W  Y  X
7 \  _  `  W  ]  X  [  Y  Z
8  if[Wa_d]1[nfbW_d_d]   beea_d]1je^Wl[ ;   W_h\h[i^[d[h   X[[a[[f[h
8 _  \  Z  `  ]  ^  X  [  Y
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  jhWl[bb_d]1jei[[   ^Wl_d]1X[_d]
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  jeb_l[1^Wl_d]
^Wb\j^[d_]^j
9  Zh_l[i   ic[bb   \[bb   jkhd[Z  32 Word formation 1   _\oek^Wff[dXoWdoY^WdY[jeY^Wd][oekh
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:  ^Wl[Wijhebb   ^Wl[Wh[ij   ^Wl[W]e
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j^[_h^WdZijeWiaWgk[ij_ed$ 33 Word formation 2 36 Relative clauses
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9  m^_Y^mWi   m^e^WZX[[d   m^_Y^_i
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  m^em[h[   m^e_i   m^e^WiX[[d
o[Wh$ 8  YWcYehZ[h   cej[b   ^[b_fehj    m^ebbX[   m^eWh[   m^_Y^_i
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30 Prefixes and suffixes :  fWf[h   CWj^i%CWj^   iY_#   ?Zb_a[jej^Wdaco\Wc_bom_j^ekjm^ec?
7 FWhW]hWf^'0^ec["\ehjkd[   jofei   ]oc   \Wn   ceX_b[%Y[bb mekbZdj^Wl[X[[dWXb[jem_dj^_iWmWhZ$
 FWhW]hWf^(0Z_ijehj"Yh_c["Z[d["cehWb"cedj^"   k   \h_Z][   J^[d[mi^eff_d]Y[djh[m^_Y^_iX[_d]Xk_bj
^ec["_d[l_jWXb["WehZ"fh_ied"Yeij"bWX[b"meha" _dj^[Y_joY[djh[m_bbef[d_djmeo[Whij_c[$
;  Y^~j[Wkn%Y^~j[Wki   YWffkYY_dei
\kdZ   M[WbmWoi]eed^eb_ZWoWjj^[[dZe\
  ]hWj_   Yekfi   ef[hWi   bWiW]dWi
 FWhW]hWf^)0fheZkY[%fheZkYj"iebl["WZlWdjW][" I[fj[cX[h"m^[d_]^jiWh[Y^[Wf[h$
  ZWjW   f^[dec[dW%f^[dec[dedi
m[_]^"\W_h"mWij["fe_dj"Z[Y_Z["jkhd   A[l_d"m^e?_djheZkY[Zoekjej^_icehd_d]"_i
  ][dh[i
8 _  W  ^  Y  Z  X  [  `  ] cod[mXeii$
34 Conditional clauses   J^[h[Wiedm^o?\[bbWib[[fZkh_d]j^[b[iied
9 Y  W  X  W  X  W  Y  Z  W 7 _  W  ]  `  Y  Z  [  X  ^ _iX[YWki[?mWil[hoj_h[Z$
:  ZWha[d   ijhW_]^j[d   im[[j[d 8  c_]^jWbbem   mekbZdj   ?\   J^[b_]^jiikZZ[dbom[djekj"Wjm^_Y^fe_dj?
  i^Whf[d   \h_]^j[d   i^ehj[d   mekbZijWo   ^WZademd   ^WZdjX[[d ijWhj[Zje\[[b\h_]^j[d[Z$
  XheWZ[d   iWZZ[d[Z   ijh[d]j^[d   mekbZX[   mekbZ   b_l[Z   Co\Wlekh_j[Y_jo_iIWdI[XWij_Wd"m^[h[?l[
;  iebkj_ed1kdWYY[fjWXb[ X[[dcWdoj_c[i$
9  ?\dej%?\d[Y[iiWho%?\_dZekXj
  kdfefkbWh_jo1Z[Y_i_ed1kd^Wff_d[ii   _dm^_Y^YWi[   _\dej%_\d[Y[iiWho ; Feii_Xb[Wdim[hi
  iWZZ[d[Z1kd\h_[dZbo1h[bWj_edi^_f   _\feii_Xb[   ?\ie   _\dej%_dj^WjYWi[   J^_ij_c[e\o[Wh"m^[dj^[m[Wj^[h_ikikWbbo
  c_iYWbYkbWj_ed1kdZ[h[ij_cWj_ed   ?\Wia[Z   _\Wffb_YWXb[%_\feii_Xb[%_\ademd ]eeZ"_ij^[X[ijj_c[jeYec[^[h[$
  m_j^ZhWmWb1Yecf[j_jehi1Yecf[j_j_ed"   _\ademd%Wffb_YWXb[   J^[jhW_dZ_ZdjWhh_l[kdj_b'&$)&"Xom^_Y^
 Z_iYel[ho1_cfhef[h1X[^Wl_ekh j_c[j^[\eejXWbbcWjY^^WZWbh[WZoijWhj[Z$

  7jj^[XWYae\j^[YkfXeWhZm^[h[?a[[fco
jeebij^[h[i^ekbZX[W^Wcc[h$
  Fh[i_Z[dj@ed[i"\ehm^ecj^_i_ij^[hij
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  ?d'//."j^[o[Whm^[d?b[\jiY^eeb"?m[dj
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  ?jmWiWh[WbboZ_Ykbjm[[a"Wjj^[[dZe\
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37 Adverbial clauses
7  M^[d   7bj^ek]^   kdj_b   I_dY[
  Wi   7iieedWi   M^_b[   j^Wd
  ;l[dj^ek]^
8  Z[if_j[   i_dY[   m^_b[   Wi   ie
  j^Wd   m^[d%W\j[h   m^[h[l[h
  kdj_b
9  >Wl_d]ijeb[d   Fh[fWh[Z   jho_d] 
  ^Wl_d][Wj[d
  DejmWdj_d]%Dej^Wl_d]mWdj[Z%>Wl_d]
dejmWdj[Z
  i[hl[Z   >Wl_d]mW_j[Z   ^Wl_d]beij
  :[ijheo[Z%>Wl_d]X[[dZ[ijheo[Z
:  M^_b[Wjj[cfj_d]%M^[dWjj[cfj_d]
  ehZ[hje   m_j^ekjb[Wl_d] 
  Dejadem_d]   ;l[dj^ek]^ 
  DecWjj[h   >em[l[hcWdo
 bed]Wi   I[[_d]j^Wj
; Feii_Xb[Wdim[hi
  ?[d`eofbWo_d]_j
  J^[CW`[ij_Y"Xkj_jiWbejY^[Wf[h
  m[l[X[[dZe_d]\eho[Whi
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  _jYWdjWa[^ekhije]e[l[dW\[ma_bec[jh[i
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  Kd_j[ZiYeh[Zj^[_hhij]eWb
  m[j^ek]^j_jmWi]e_d]je
38 Question forms
7  >embed]   M^Wj   M^Wjikf
  M^o   M^[h[   M^[d   M^ei[
  M^_Y^   >emWXekj
8 \  ^  X  ]  Y  _  Z  [  W  
9  :e[idjB_b_WdWbeead_Y[_d^[hd[mZh[ii5
  M^WjZeoekj^_dae\j^[9:j^Wj?]Wl[
oek5
  M^Wjiehje\\eeZZeoekb_a[X[ij5
  :_Z@Wd[j[bboekm^Wj^Wff[d[Zje^[h5
  M^eZ_Zoek]ejej^[YedY[hjm_j^5%M^e
Z_Zoek]em_j^jej^[YedY[hj5
  M^WjWXekj^Wl_d]W]Wc[e\\eejXWbb5
  M^WjZ_ZoekiWooekhdWc[mWi5%M^Wj
mWioekhdWc["Z_ZoekiWo5
  M^_Y^e\oekhYeki_dib_l[id[Wh[ijjeoek5
  9ekbZoek]_l[c[Wb_\jjej^[XkiijWj_ed5
: Feii_Xb[Wdim[hi
  i^[Ze[i$   7h[djoek5%OekWh[dj5
  9Wdjj^[o5%J^[oYWdj5   ?ikffei[dej$
  De"?YWdj   ?Zedjj^_daie$
  ?j_i"_idj_j5   M^Wj\eh5
  M^WjWXekj5
; Feii_Xb[Wdim[hi 40 Emphatic devices
  M^ei[YWhiWh[j^ei[5 7 Feii_Xb[Wdim[hi
  >emZeoekdehcWbbo][jjemeha5   ?d[[ZW]eeZd_]^jiib[[f$
  @Wc[i_iWh[Wbbod_Y[]ko"_idj^[5   ?edboXek]^jWJ#i^_hj$
  >emmWioekhm[[a[dZ5   ?^Wl[d[l[hX[[dieWd]ho_dcob_\[
  M^_Y^Wlekhe\_Y[Yh[WcmekbZoekb_a[5   Oeki^ekbZ^Wl[YecfbW_d[Zjej^[cWdW][h$
  M^Wj[l[hZ_ZoekiWoj^Wj\eh5   J^[Ybej^[im[h[dejedbo[nf[di_l["Xkjj^[o
  If[WaWX_jceh[gk_[jbo"m_bboek5 m[h[WbieXWZbocWZ[$
  M^Wjikfm_j^=_bbjeZWo5   ?cedboiWo_d]j^Wjoekek]^jjeX[WX_j
  >emWXekj]e_d]je<_eh[bb_ijed_]^j"\ehW ceh[YWh[\kb$
f_ppW5   OekcWoef[dj^_iZeehkdZ[hde
Y_hYkcijWdY[i$%OekcWodejef[dj^_iZeeh
39 Indirect speech
kdZ[hWdoY_hYkcijWdY[i$
7  mWi]e_d]1mWi\[[b_d]
  :_Zoekmh_j[j^_i[cW_b5
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  ^WZX[[dmWba_d]1^WZ\ekdZ 8 ZikY^  _>em  Xie  \ikY^  WM^Wj
  mWdj[Z1YekbZ]e  [>em  `ie  ^M^Wj  YikY^
8 Feii_Xb[Wdim[hi 9  _jmWibWijm[[aj^Wji^[Xek]^j_j$
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  ?c]e_d]YWcf_d]jecehhemm_j^co\Wc_bo" kd^[bf\kb$
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  8kj_jmedjjWa[bed]jefWYa$:e_jbWj[h$?jbb i^efWii_ijWdj\eh$
edbojWa[^Wb\Wd^ekh$9ec[WdZfbWoj[dd_i   _jmWiX[YWki[j^[i^efWii_ijWdjZ_Zdjb_ij[d
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Thanks and Acknowledgements
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