PROBLEMSOLUTIONS FORCHAPTER 23

4. Onchip memorydoes notaffect therst three principles. Having onlyLOADs

and STOREs touchmemory isnolongerrequired. There isnoparticular rea
sonnottohave a memorytomemory architecture if memory references are
asfastasregister references. Likewise, theneedformanyregistersbecomes
lessinthisenvironment.
5. A pipeline processor is better. Array processors are useful only if the prob
lemcontainsinherent parallelism.
6. Themonastery resembles Figure 27,with onemaster andmanyslaves.
7. The access time for registers is a few nanoseconds. For optical disk it is a
fewhundredmilliseconds.Theratiohereisabout108 .
8. Sixtyfour6bit numbersexist, so4trits are needed. In general, the number
oftrits,k, needed toholdn bitsisthe smallest valueofk suchthat 3k 2n .
9. Apixelrequires6+6+6=18bits,soasinglevisualframe is1.8 107 bits.
With10frames asecond,the grossdata rate is180Mbps. Unfortunately, the
brains processing rate is many orders of magnitude less than this. As an
experiment, trywatching the randomnoise on acolor television whennosta
tionisbroadcasting and see if youcan memorize the colorbit pattern inthe
noiseforafewminutes.
10. With 44,000samples persecond of16bitseach,wehaveadatarateof704
kbps.
11. There are 2 bits per nucleotide, so the information capacity of the human
genome the about 6 gigabits. Diving Print number by 30,000, we get about
200,000bitsper gene. Just think of agene as an 25KB ROM. this estimate
is an upper bound,because manyofthenucleotidesareused for purposes
otherthancodinggenes.
12. Forefciency withbinary computers, it isbest to have the number ofcells be
apower of2. Since268,435,456 is228, itisreasonable, whereas 250,000,000
isnot.
13. From0to9thecodes are: 0000000,1101001,0101010,1000011,1001100,
0100101,1100110,0001111,1110000,and the0,011,001th
14. Just add a parity bit: 00000, 00011, 00101, 00110, 01001, 01010, 01100,
01111,10001,and 10,010th
15. Ifthetotal lengthis 2n 1bits, there aren checkbits.Consequently,theper
centage ofwasted bitsisn /(2N 1) 100%. Numerically ForN From 3To 10
weget:42.9%,26.7%,16.1%,9.5%, 5.5%,3.1%,1.8%, and1.0%.