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Wireless body area networks (WBANs) allow sensors implanted in or attached to the human body to monitor vital health statistics and transmit them wirelessly to external medical devices. WBANs consist of compact, mobile sensors that communicate wirelessly through technologies like Bluetooth or ZigBee. Key considerations in WBAN design include sensor types, power use, size, and protocols to ensure reliable intra-body and extra-body communication with minimal energy use. WBANs have applications in remote health monitoring and could enable concepts like mobile health to become practical technologies.
Wireless body area networks (WBANs) allow sensors implanted in or attached to the human body to monitor vital health statistics and transmit them wirelessly to external medical devices. WBANs consist of compact, mobile sensors that communicate wirelessly through technologies like Bluetooth or ZigBee. Key considerations in WBAN design include sensor types, power use, size, and protocols to ensure reliable intra-body and extra-body communication with minimal energy use. WBANs have applications in remote health monitoring and could enable concepts like mobile health to become practical technologies.
Wireless body area networks (WBANs) allow sensors implanted in or attached to the human body to monitor vital health statistics and transmit them wirelessly to external medical devices. WBANs consist of compact, mobile sensors that communicate wirelessly through technologies like Bluetooth or ZigBee. Key considerations in WBAN design include sensor types, power use, size, and protocols to ensure reliable intra-body and extra-body communication with minimal energy use. WBANs have applications in remote health monitoring and could enable concepts like mobile health to become practical technologies.
Networks Learning objectives To know about wireless body area networks (WBANs). To be familiar with the architecture of WBANs. To know about the design considerations of WBAN. To study the different layer protocols of WBANs. To know about the WBANs technologies. To illustrate the applications of WBANs. Wireless body area network (WBAN) A special type of sensor network with its own spefic requirements. WBAN consists of a set of mobile and compact intercommunicating sensors, either wearable or implanted into the human body, which monitor vital body parameters and movements. These devices, communicating through wireless technologies, transmit data from the body to a home base station, from where the data can be forwarded to a hospital, clinic or elsewhere, real-time. The WBAN technology is still in its primitive stage, once accepted and adopted, is expected to be a breakthrough invention in health care, leading to concepts like m-health becoming real. Characteristics of WBAN WBAN architecture Network components A number of physiological sensors depending on the end-user application. Some of them are: An ECG (electrocardiogram) sensor for monitoring heart activity. An EMG (electromyography) sensor for monitoring muscle activity. An EEG (electroencephalography) sensor for monitoring brain electrical activity. A blood pressure sensor. A tilt sensor for monitoring trunk position. A breathing sensor for monitoring respiration. Movement sensors used to estimate user's activity. A smart sock sensor or a sensor equipped shoe insole used to delineate phase of individual steps. Design issues Node types Sampling rate for the sensor node Operating power Size and weight of sensors Sensor node identification and association Sensor node calibration Processing Social issues Network protocols Protocols for WBANs can be divided in intra-body communication and extra-body communication ones. The first control the information handling between the sensors or actuators and the sink, The latter ensure communication between the sink and an external network. Physical layer Inductive coupling Method to provide a communication link to implanted devices, with an external coil held very close to the patient that couples to a coil implanted just below the skin surface. Its use is subject to regulation for maximum Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). SAR is a measure of the rate at which radio frequency energy is absorbed by the body when exposed to radio frequency electromagnetic field. It is defined as the power absorbed per mass of tissue and has units of watts per kilogram. Physical layer (Contd..) RF communication Usage of antennas Modulation techniques Data link layer Includes an error detecting mechanism by applying a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) on the payload. If an error is detected, three dierent approaches are available: Accept that the payload is erroneous and use it anyway (typically done in voice applications). Drop the data and wait for the next transmission. Ask for a retransmission of the data from the source. The application must be the one deciding if there should be retransmission scheme or not. Media Access Control (MAC) layer Decides who has the right to send. Two main classes of MAC protocols are available: contention based and contention free channel access. Three straightforward methods are available for contention free channel access: polling, strobing and cyclic broadcast. Sensor MAC (S-MAC) Instead of continuously sensing the channel, the S- MAC protocol puts the node in sleep state. If there is no event, then the node goes to sleep state and turns off the radio to save the energy and sets a timer to awake itself later. Timeout-MAC (T-MAC) Eliminates the idle energy by adaptively setting the length of the active portion of the frames. Rather than allowing messages to be sent throughout a predetermined active period, as in S-MAC, messages are transmitted in bursts at the beginning of the frame. A node will keep listening and potentially transmitting, as long as it is in an active period. An active period ends when no activation event has occurred for a time TA. Timeout-MAC (Contd..) WiseMAC WiseMAC is a medium access control protocol designed for the WiseNETTM wireless sensor network. It is based on CSMA and uses the preamble sampling technique to minimize the power consumed when listening to an idle medium. A unique feature of this protocol is to exploit the knowledge of the sampling schedule of its direct neighbors in order to use a wake-up preamble of minimized size. This scheme allows not only to reduce the transmit and the receive power consumption, but also brings a drastic reduction of the energy wasted due to overhearing. WiseMAC (Contd..) Berkeley MAC (B-MAC) Performs a busy tone-like signaling on the data channel using a very long message preamble. It must be large enough to allow the receiver to wake up, hear it and decide that it must stay on to receive the message. Operation sequence of the scheme Sender listens to Channel, if the channel is idle the sender sleeps for some time. In the same manner if channel is idle at the receiver, the receiver goes to sleep state after listening to the channel. When the channel access is required, sender generates a very long message preamble to wake up the receiver. When the receiver hears a long message preamble, it decides to stay on to receive the message. Berkeley MAC (Contd..) SCP-MAC Combines the Scheduling and Channel Polling. The scheme of SCP-MAC is as follows: Synchronization of the polling times (schedules) of sender and receiver takes place. When a sender has a packet to send, it waits in sleep state until the receiver's time to poll the channel. It performs carrier sense within the first contention window and then sends a short wakeup tone to activate the receiver. After a sender wakes up a receiver, it enters the second contention window. If the node still detects channel idle in the second contention phase, it starts sending data to the receiver without any contention. Wireless Autonomous Spanning Tree protocol (WASP) Uses a spanning tree for medium access coordination and traffic routing. WASP scheme is a method of construction of the tree structure, that the nodes only can hear their parent, their siblings and their children. WASP (Contd..) The sequence of operation of WASP scheme is as follows: In a WASP-cycle each node is allowed to send its data and/or to forward data received in the previous cycle to the next node. At the beginning of each cycle, the sink sends its WASP schemes to its children. WASP scheme informs the sink's children when they can send their children. Children respond to the scheme by sending out their own WASP scheme in their designated time slots. Thus each node right below the sink calculates its own WASP scheme and sends it to own children which form the second level. On-their turn, these nodes send out the WASP-scheme and so on. WASP (Contd..) Collision Free Real-Time (CFRT) Basically divides time into frames in which only one node is allowed to transmit. The scheduling order is derived by a message table stored in each node and is identical for all the nodes so that each of them knows when it has the right to transmit. The table contains an entry for each node allowed to transmit or receive in a frame. Network layer Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation (SPIN) The operation sequence of the SPIN protocol is as follows: Nodes advertise their data with advertisement (ADV) messages. Any node interested in receiving the data replies with a request (REQ) message. The source node replies with the transmission of the actual data to the requested node. The receiving node then advertises this new data to it's neighbors. This processes continues. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) Instead of forwarding all sensors data to a base station that is monitoring the environment, nodes within a region can collaborate and send only a single summarization packet for the region. In LEACH, nodes are divided into clusters, each containing a cluster head whose role is considerably more energy intensive than the rest of the nodes; for this reason, nodes rotate roles between cluster head and ordinary sensor throughout the lifetime of the network. Span Span is a topology control protocol that allows nodes that are not involved in a routing backbone to sleep for extended periods of time. In Span, certain nodes assign themselves the position of coordinator. These coordinator nodes are chosen to form a backbone of the network, so that the capacity of the backbone approaches the potential capacity of the complete network. Periodically, nodes that have not assigned themselves the coordinator role initiate a procedure to decide if they should become a coordinator. WBAN technologies The most widely used currently commercially available WBAN technologies include Bluetooth and ZigBee. Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a low tier, ad hoc, terrestrial, wireless standard for short range communication. The IEEE 802.15.1 standard contains the Bluetooth specification. It is designed for small and low cost devices with low power consumption. WBAN technologies (Contd..) ZigBee: ZigBee is a low tier, ad hoc, terrestrial, wireless standard in some ways similar to Bluetooth. The Zigbee is a commercial standard which develops the application on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard that defines the PHY and the MAC layer. It operates in the 68 MHz, 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz Industrial, Science and Medical (ISM) bands. It is possible to develop medical applications on a Zigbee standard by appropriately defining higher layer procedures. Zigbee devices can transmit up to 250 kbs at 2.4 GHz which is sufficient data rate for typical WBAN applications. WBAN applications The ubiquitous health care system enables medical professionals to remotely perform real-time monitoring, early diagnosis, and treatment for potential risky diseases. The medical diagnosis and patient consultations can be delivered via wire/wireless communication channels. Ubiquitous health care system can provide a cheaper and smart way to manage and care for patients suffering from age-related chronic diseases, such as heart disease, because chronic diseases require continuous, long-term monitoring rather than episodic assessments. WBAN applications (Contd..) A WBAN network in place on a patient can alert the hospital, even before he has a heart attack, through measuring changes in his vital signs. A WBAN network on a diabetic patient could auto inject insulin though a pump, as soon as his insulin level declines, thus making the patient `doctor-free' and virtually healthy. Other applications of this technology include sports, military, or security.