CHAP 1 -Senior Citizens/Elderly/Parents with prams and comfort regarding ambient conditions on board

-Accessibility to urban/commercial/industrial land or at stops.

Basis of Transportation Planning Process:
use
CHAP 2
The urban transportation planning process is -Accessibility to rural citizens
based on a range assumption and principles of the Problem in transportation/urban transport problem
most basic of which are that: 2) Availability
1) traffic movement
1-Travel pattern are tangible, stable and Service Availability of a transportation system is a
- traffic congestion
predictable. measure of a performance that has been generally
- traffic management
defined according to the reliability and
2-movement demands are directly related to the - traffic behavior
maintainability terms of mean-time-before-failure
distribution, and intensity of land uses, which are - traffic accidents
and mean-time-to-restore, as borrowed from the
capable of being accurately determined for some aerospace/defense industry.
future date. 2) traffic parking
3) reliability - shortage of parking
Effective Transportation Planning it must be - parking charges
comprehensive and coordinated with other aspects In other words, travel time is defined as a statistical
- traffic enforcement
of the overall planning process. distribution, where the statistics of the
(unpredictable or uncertain) variations are thought
Reflects ALL VIEWS from all specialist that involve 3) Public transport
to exhibit statistical regularity. In this way, travel
in planning engineer, traffic and transportation - peak hour conditions
time reliability can be defined as a measure of the
specialist, town planner and economist as well - off-peak service
dispersion (or spread) of the travel time
meeting the requirements of the population at - funding
distribution.
large.
4) Safety 4) Pedestrians
Importance of transport planning - accessibilities
The aspect linked to safety indicates the degree of - lack of facilities
1) ECONOMICALLY safety from crime or accidents and the feeling of
2) POLITICALLY security resulting from psychological factors;
3) SOCIALLY 5) Environment
therefore, this aspect refers not only to safety from - air pollution and noise
4) ENVIRONMENTALLY crimes while riding or at bus stops and from
accidents, but also to safety related to the behavior Transportation has significant effect on
Transportation indicator (KEY PERFOMANCE of other persons and to the bus operation.
INDICATOR) - Land use
5) Comfort - Mobility
1) Accessibility - Economic development
Comfort during the journey is important for transit - Environment quality
-Disabled users, both the physical comfort regarding vehicles - Government finance
-Underage/Children
- Quality of life
Failure to plan Types of traffic flow 1)Goals and Objectives: Improve traffic capacity
- Severe traffic congestion
- Speed 2)Inventories: Organize the traffic survey and
- Dangerous travel pattern
- Flow analysis of existing conditions: calibration of
- Undesirable land use patterns
- Density movement models.
- Adverse environmental impact
- Headway
- Wasteful use of money & resources 3)Forecast: Movement estimates future travel
- Spacing
pattern associate with land use.
- Volume
Transport Demand
- Peak hour factor 4)Network planning- Develop alternative highway
4step model
and public transport network to fit land use plan
Trip CHAP 3
generation and estimated future movement.
1) push & pull
5) Analysis of Alternative Assign estimated
- push : to make sure people do not use a private
movement to alternative networks by mode and
Model route Trip vehicles
assignment distribution route
- pull : to attract people use a public transport.
2) principles of carrot and stick 6)Evaluation: evaluate alternative, network for
costs, benefits, impact and practicality
Model split/ carrot or stick approach is an idiom that refers to a
choice model policy of offering a combination of rewards and 7)Selection/Implementation Select and
punishment to induce good behavior. It is named in implement appropriate network.
TDM Concept
reference to a cart driver dangling a carrot in front
- Trip reduction CHAP 4
of a mule and holding a stick behind it.
- Reduction in vehicle use
- Increase in vehicle occupancy Transport planning process transit oriented development (TOD)
- Trip retiming - defined as mixed-use community within typical
- Reduction in trip length Goal and
Inventories Forecast 2,000 feet / 600m walking distance of transit stop
objective
and core commercial area.
Transport Supply
Infrastructure (capacity) The purpose of TOD
Analysis of Network
Service (frequency) Evaluation
alternative planning - To reduce the use of single-occupant vehicles by
Network (coverage) increasing the number of times people walk,
TSM Concept bicycle, carpool, vanpool, or take a bus, streetcar or
Select and
- Exclusive bus lane and bus signal priority implementa rail.
- High-occupancy lanes tion
- Transit ways
- Residential parking permit program
- Innovative transit subsidies
Necessity for TOD facilities can solve the problem of car parking in - modify speeding behaviour
- Good transit network towns. - downward change generally reduces the
- Transit use supporting policy number and severity of accidents.
Social
- Land use system supporting transit use - reduction in fuel consumption
- Amiable walking environment - NMT promotes greater physical health and social - a smoother traffic flow resulting from a greater
interactivity among urban dwellers. proportion of vehicles travelling at similar speeds
Characteristics of TOD default speed limits
- When urban spaces are allocated for people- - Expressways: 110 km/h by default, but may be
A centrally located transit station or transit stop. based rather than vehicle-based movement, they reduced to 80 or 90 km/h at dangerous
A commercial area immediately adjacent to the can be exploited for activities. mountainous stretches, crosswind areas and urban
station.
- Ease of non-motorized travel and transit use areas with high traffic capacity.
A network of connected streets that branch out
will result in enhancement of City as an - Federal roads: 90 km/h by default (reduced to 80
into the surrounding neighborhood(s).
attraction place for both business and leisure km/h during festive seasons), 60 km/h in town
A variety of housing types, including multi-family.
visitors, as vibrant open air social activities area.
and multicultural events. - State roads: 90 km/h by default (reduced to 80
Why support TOD?
km/h during festive seasons), 60 km/h in town
Better use of land resources Environmental area.
Reduced traffic congestion, and energy - NMT use is beneficial for the environment as it
consumption emits zero air and noise pollution. 2) restriction of turning movements
Improved environmental quality
- Fewer tarmacs for cars and more grass bed - measure to smooth the traffic flow
Reduced parking requirements
for pedestrians leads to efficient water runoff - and at the same time to avoid/reduce
Reduced need for expensive investment (roads,
management, which is essential to prevent flash accident/congestion
bridges, and parking areas)
Better community image floods.
a) simple diversion
Reduced stress from commuting by automobile CHAP 5 - applicable to a difficult right from a minor to a
Improved marketability of the location
major road as this right-turn movement then takes
Better return on investment in transit traffic management
place at a minor-minor intersection.
infrastructure
- key branch within logistics. It concerns the
planning, control and purchasing of transport b) G-turn diversion
TOD Benefits
services needed to physically move vehicles (for - applicable to a right turn off a major road as it
economic example aircraft, road vehicles, rolling stock and changes it to left turn off the major road and a
watercraft) and freight. straight-over movement at the critical intersection
- Non-motorized travel (NMT) is one of the core
thrusts to reduce congestions. Provision of a Regulatory measures include
convenient and safe pedestrian walkway and NMT
1) speed limits
c) Q-turn diversion
- the least obstructive diversion, but requires
vehicles to travel twice through the critical
intersection, thereby increasing the total volume of
traffic handled there.
3) One-way street
- simple regulatory tool available for the
relief of traffic congestion which does not
require expensive policing.
A) advantages
road capacity is increased,
odd lanes which were not usable previously can be
fully utilized.
slow-moving/stopped vehicles are more safely
overtaken
turning movements at intersections are not
delayed by opposing traffic
journey times and delays are reduced through
more efficient traffic-signal timing and higher
vehicle speeds
public transport operation is more reliable.
2) disadvantages
vehicles generally travel further to reach their
destinations.
public transport stops for the opposing direction
of travel have to be relocated, and walking
distances to/from stops increased.
the severity of non-head-on accidents is increased
because of higher speeds.
non-local motorists may become confused and
additional signs, markings, channelization and
signal indications may be required to deal with
unanticipated vehicle movements
displaced traffic may have to be routed to a
complementary street through residential areas,
thereby causing increased traffic, loss of amenity
and more accidents in these locales.
4) Tidal-flow operation
- traffic management tool whereby the total
carriageway width
- is shared between two directions of travel in near
proportion to the flow in each direction.
- The number of lanes assigned to each direction of
travel varies with the time of day
- so that extra capacity is provided to the heavier
traffic flow during, typically, peak commuter
periods.
A) advantages
- that extra capacity is provided on the same road
at the time required and, unlike one-way streets,
traffic in the minor direction does not have to move
to a complementary street.
- Its usage is particularly applicable to heavily
trafficked bridges, tunnels and radial roads in urban
areas.
B) Disadvantages
their implementation can be expensive.
poor implementation can result in increasing
numbers of head-on accidents.
central pedestrian refuges have to be removed
no-parking restrictions are normally imposed
right turns from minor roads may have to be
banned
bus stops and lay-bys may have to be removed if
single lanes are used to carry the minor flow.
5) Priority for HOV
- which focus on increasing the person-movement
efficiency of a road or travel corridor
- is aimed at addressing traffic congestion and
environmental concerns as well as reducing the
delays to buses and increasing their reliability.
- include bus-ways on separate rights of way,
exclusive lanes, and priority for HOVs at
intersections.
6) Waiting restriction and parking control
- to provide for the safe and efficient movement of
people and goods in.
- to provide access for adjacent properties.
- Thus, ideally, all stopping and parking of vehicles
should take place off the carriageway.
A) clearway
- waiting and parking restriction.
- controlled by edge-of-the carriageway markings
and signs
b) bus stop
- to enable passengers to be picked up and
discharged at locations which meet their grouped
desires.
C) Commercial Vehicle loading/unloading
- should preferably happen off-street at loading
docks, service yards and alleyways.
D) Time-limit car parking

- In central and suburban areas it is common

practice to ration the available spaces so that
parking preference is given to persons whose
activities primarily contribute to the development
of these areas,

- e.g. shoppers and visiting business people.

- parking meter and pay-and-display and pre-paid

parking card.