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How many times you were looking to a metabolic map and thougt: This looks like chinese, for me!?
In this post I will try to make that this kind of thought will not appear, at least when you look to a metabolic map
about glycolysis.
Before I start to describe the 10 reactions of glycolysis, there is na important issue to consider
All the 9 glycolytic intermediates are phosphorylated, that is, they possess at least 1 phosphate (phosphoryl)
group. Those groups are important for 3 important functions:
1. Since they are ionized (possess negative charge) at the intracellular pH, that is about 7 units of pH, the glycolytic
intermediates will display such charges. It is important to note that glycolysis is a cytosolic process and, thus,
our cells do not want that the glycolytic intermediates diffuse to the outside of the cell. As the plasma membrane
is impermeable to charged molecules, the presence of phosphoryl groups causes the cell does notneed to
spend any extra energy to keep the glycolytic intermediates inside, regardless of their intra-and
extracellular concentration.
2. Since the phosphoryl groups are part of the substrate of the glycolytic enzymes, the binding energy resulting
from the interactions established between these groups and the active site of the enzyme lowers the activation
energy and increases the specificity of enzymatic reactions involved.
3. They are essential components in the conservation of metabolic energy. This is a very important aspect, which
will allow for channeling a large part of the energy in biochemical reactions for the synthesis of ATP.
Finally, one important aspect that will deserve a post soon. This reaction is the first point of
regulation of glycolysis. Despite this, there is a reaction unique to glycolysis, is also common to
other processes that use glucose. Basically, a reaction that occurs is poorly glucose enters the cell,
thus preventing it from getting out of it.
Reaction 2:
This is an isomerization reaction in which glucose-6-phosphate (which is an aldose) is converted
to fructose-6-phosphate (which is a ketosis). The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is
fosfohexose isomerase. It is a reversible reaction requires the presence of Mg2+ ion.
Reaction 3:
For the remaining steps of glycolysis, it is only possible to use the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
molecule. As it was a waste not to use the dihydroxyacetone-phosphate, because this molecule
contains half of the carbon atoms of glucose, it is converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by
the action of triose phosphate isomerase. Thus it is possible to use the 6 carbons of glucose in this
pathway! Once again we have an isomerization reaction, in which case we have the reverse of
that in reaction 2, ie, a ketosis (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) is converted into an aldose
(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate). This reaction can occur in both directions, with the majority of the
molecules tends to be in the form of dihydroxyacetone phosphate. However, since the
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is quickly consumed, the balance shifts in the forward direction.
As of this reaction, all expenses and gains of glycolysis must be multiplied by 2 because we now
have two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate per molecule of glucose.