MODELLING MIXED-MODE RATE-DEPENDENT

DELAMINATION IN LAYERED STRUCTURES USING

GEOMETRICALLY NONLINEAR BEAM FINITE ELEMENTS

LEO SKEC , GIULIO ALFANO and GORDAN JELENIC

Brunel University London, UK

Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka, Croatia

UKACM 2017 - 25th UKACM Conference on Computational Mechanics

Birmingham, 11-13 April 2017

 1. INTRODUCTION
I composite / layered structures - applications in nature and engineering:

I delamination / debonding - one of the most prevalent failure modes

I rate-dependence - adhesive toughness depends the loading rate

I complex structural behaviour sophisticated mathematical models
I THE AIM: reduce computational costs, but maintain the accuracy
Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 1. INTRODUCTION
I static analysis (ONLY FOR THE RATE-INDEPENDENT CASE)
I plane problem
I multi-layer beam composed of n layers and n 1 interfaces

LAYERS INTERFACE

geometrically exact beams mixed-mode delamination

DAMAGE

non-linear kinematic equations non-linear constitutive law

FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 1. INTRODUCTION
I BEAM FINITE ELEMENTS - WHY NOT?

2D FEs MULTI-LAYER BEAM FEs

4-node quadrilateral FEs (Q4) 2-node multi-layer beam FEs

dof Q4 = 4n(el + 1) dof ML2 = 3n(el + 1) = 0.75dof Q4

8-node quadrilateral FEs (Q8) 3-node multi-layer beam FEs

dof Q8 = 2n(5el + 3) dof ML3 = 3n(2el + 1) 0.6dof Q8

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 2. PROBLEM DEFINITION

I position of beam reference axes is arbitrary

I relative displacements of an interface are described using displacements
and rotations of surrounding layers

I no new degrees of freedom are introduced for the interface

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 3. GOVERNING EQUATIONS
3.1 Governing equations for layers
I Kinematic equations: geometrically exact non-linear (Reissners BT)
I Constitutive equations: linear-elastic
I Equilibrium equations: derived from the principle of virtual work

3.2 Governing equations for the interface

I Kinematic equations: relative displacements for modes I and II
I Constitutive equations: a bi-linear CZM

I Equilibrium equations: derived from the principle of virtual work

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 4. SOLUTION PROCEDURE
P
n   PN
I total virtual work: V TOT = ViL + (1 in )ViC = pTG ,j g j = 0
i=1 j=1

P
n 
gj = g Li,j + (1 in )g i,j = q int
j qj
C
 ext
I total residual: =0
i=1
I linearisation of the residual: gj nodal tangent stiffness matrix K j,k
I after FE assembly the following system is solved: = p K g 1

I highly non-linear system NEWTON-RAPHSON PROCEDURE

I numerical integration:

- LAYERS: Gauss quadrature with N 1 integration points

- INTERFACE: 3-point Simpsons rule
I excellent agreement with models using 2D solid FEs for small
displacements and rotations (MODIFIED ARC-LENGTH METHOD)
I geometric non-linearity - DAMAGE-BASED ARC-LENGTH METHOD
I numerical tests presented were performed in Wolfram Mathematica
I MOLAY-STRUDEL: fast codes in FORTRAN

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 5. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

5.1 Mixed-mode delamination - Mi et al., 1998

I layers (CFRP):
Ei = 135.3 GPa, Gi = 5.2 GPa
I interface (both modes):
Gc = 4.0 N/mm,
dc = 0.14 mm

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 5. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

5.1 Mixed-mode delamination - Mi et al., 1998

I layers (CFRP):
Ei = 135.3 GPa, Gi = 5.2 GPa
I interface (both modes):
Gc = 4.0 N/mm,
dc = 0.14 mm

(MMB-Mi-80el.avi)

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 5. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

5.1 Mixed-mode delamination - Mi et al., 1998

GEOMETRICALLY LINEAR GEOMETRICALLY NON-LINEAR

ui (x) = 0 ui (x) 6= 0, i = 1, 2

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 5. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

5.1 Mixed-mode delamination - Mi et al., 1998

I geometrically exact analysis

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 5. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

5.2 Double mixed-mode delamination - Alfano and Crisfield, 2003

I layers (CFRP):
Ei = 115 GPa,
Gi = 4.2 GPa
I interface: Gc1. = 0.8 N/mm
Gc2. = 0.33 N/mm
- three cases of dcj.

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 5. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

5.2 Double mixed-mode delamination - Alfano and Crisfield, 2003

I layers (CFRP):
Ei = 115 GPa,
Gi = 4.2 GPa
I interface: Gc1. = 0.8 N/mm
Gc2. = 0.33 N/mm
- three cases of dcj.

(MMB-Alfano-2003-A.avi)

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 5. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

5.2 Double mixed-mode delamination - Alfano and Crisfield, 2003

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 5. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

5.3 Buckling of a DCB - Allix and Corigiliano, 1998

I layers (CFRP):

Ei = 135 GPa,
Gi = 5.7 GPa
I interface:

1 = 50 N/mm2

I Allix and Corigliano use

second-order beam theory

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 6. PRESENT WORK (ONGOING PROJECT)

H2020-MSCA-IF-2015 - MOLAY-STRUDEL

I based on previous work:

MULTI-LAYER BEAM MODEL (Skec & Jelenic)

MODE I RATE-DEPENDENT CZMs (Alfano & Musto)
I the new model will account for:

- geometrically non-linear analysis

- two or more layers
- mixed-mode rate-dependent delamination
I project outcomes:

- fast and robust numerical model for rate-dependent delamination

problems (including mixed-mode tests and peel tests)
- open-source software for determining material parameters of the
interface based on experimental measurements

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 6. PRESENT WORK (ONGOING PROJECT)

RATE-DEPENDENT CZMs - Alfano & Musto

I a family of CZMs derived within the framework of thermodynamics

I damage dissipation and viscous dissipation are separated and associated
to different internal variables

I damage evolution is rate-independent

I rate dependence is the result of the viscous dissipation

excellent agreement with the experiments for a DCB with

rubber interface across almost 5 logarithmic decades

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 6. PRESENT WORK (ONGOING PROJECT)

RATE-DEPENDENT CZMs - Alfano & Musto

I a family of CZMs derived within the framework of thermodynamics

I damage dissipation and viscous dissipation are separated and associated
to different internal variables

I damage evolution is rate-independent

I rate dependence is the result of the viscous dissipation
I excellent agreement with the experiments for a DCB with
rubber interface across almost 5 logarithmic decades

(GA-2.avi)

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 6. CONCLUSIONS

I beam finite elements compared to the 2D finite elements for plane

problems use significantly less degrees of freedom giving results of
comparable accuracy
I number of layers is arbitrary
I model is applicable for problems with large displacements and rotations
I a new, damage-based arc-length method is developed
I future work will include rate-dependent delamination in single and
mixed-mode
I fast and robust open-source software for determining the material
parameters of the interface

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 REFERENCES

I G. Alfano and M. Musto. Thermodynamic derivation and damage

evolution for a fractional cohesive-zone model. Accepted in Journal of
Engineering Mechanics (ASCE), 2017
I M. Musto and G. Alfano. A fractional rate-dependent cohesive-zone
model. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering,
105(5):313341, 2015
I M. Musto and G. Alfano. A novel rate-dependent czm combining damage
and visco-elasticity. Composite Structures, 118:126133, 2013
I L. Skec and G. Jelenic. Geometrically non-linear multi-layer beam with
interconnection allowing for mixed-mode delamination. Engineering
Fracture Mechanics, 169:117, 2017
I L. Skec, G. Jelenic, and N. Lustig. Mixed-mode delamination in 2D
layered beam finite elements. International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering, 104:767788, 2015

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017
 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

leo.skec@brunel.ac.uk
giulio.alfano@brunel.ac.uk
gordan.jelenic@uniri.hr

Leo Skec Brunel University London UKACM 2017 Birmingham, 13th April 2017