HEAT EXCHANGER AND HEAT TRANSFER

1.What are the important parts of thermal power plant?-

BOILER- FURNACE- TURBINE- HEAT EXCHANGER- COOLING TOWER

2.What is meant by heat transfer process? Write its 3 types.

- Transfer of heat from one place to another place, Which occurs as aresult of a temperature difference-
Conduction- Convection- Radiation.

3. Write any 2 important differences between conduction and convection.*

Conduction- Heat transfer in bodies due to fixed molecules.- This take place is solid bodies.

* Convection- Heat transfer in bodies due to moving molecules.- This take place in flawed liquid of
gas4.

Write Fourier law of heat conduction and explain the terms in it.

- q conduction = -
kA x (T / x )
where A the cross- sectional area
T
temperature difference ( T1-T2)between the two surfaces separated by a distance
x

5.What is meant by natural convection heat transfer process?

- is the heat transfer process where the heat transfer takes place due to thenatural temperature difference or
density difference and no external forcesare employed for the fluid movement.

6.Write and explain the terms in the formula for calculating the radiationheat transfer process ( Name the law )

-
q emitted = . AT4
where A is the surface area, T is the temperature of the body,

is a constant called Stefan-Boltzmann constant, equal to 5.6710-8W/m2K4, and

is a material property called emissivity.
The emissivity has a value between zero and 1.

7. Write briefly about a) Laminar flow b) Turbulent flow c) Parallel flow c)Counter flow.

- Laminar flow: which the fluid particles move in regular path.- Turbulent flow: is the one in which the
fluid particles move in zig-zig path- Parallel flow: is the one where the 2 fluid steams move parallel to
eachother.- Counter flow: the one where the fluid steams move opposite to eachother.

8. Name the various types of heat exchangers.

- Parallel flow heat exchanger.- Recuperation heat exchanger.- Plate heat exchanger.- Counter flow-
Regenerative- Shell& tube heat exchanger.- Cross flow heat exchanger.- Direct& indirect contact- Double
pipe heat exchanger

9.Write the expansion of LMTD.- Log-

mean temperature difference (Tlm )
10. Write the 2 limitations of Plate heat exchangers.
- Plate exchangers are limited when high pressures, high temperatures, or aggressive fluids are present.-
Because of this problem these type of heat exchangers have only beenused in small, low pressure
applications such as on oil coolers for engines.

11. Write 4 important parts of a shell and tube heat exchanger.

- Shell- tubes- rear header - front header

baffles- tubes sheet

What is difference between condenser and heat exchanger?

Answer: A heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat from one fluid to theothers. A condenser
is simply a heat exchanger. It compresses refrigerantsinto a hot gas to then condense them into a liquid.
Majorly condenser isused to cool the required vapor and heat exchanger is used to heat therequired liquid

1. What is the difference between diffusion and radiation heat transfer ?

Diffusion heat transfer is due to random molecular motion. Neighboringmolecules move randomly and
transfer energy between one another -however there is no bulk motion. Radiation heat transfer, on the
other hand, is the transport of heat energy by electromagnetic waves. All bodiesemit thermal radiation. In
particular, notice that unlike diffusion, radiationheat transfer does not require a medium and is thus the
only mode of heattransfer in space. The time scale for radiative heat transfer is much smaller than diffusive
heat transfer.
2. How is natural convection different from forced convection ?
In natural convection, the movement of the fluid is due entirely to densitygradients within the fluid
(e.g. hot air rises over cold air). There is noexternal device or phenomenon which causes fluid motion. In
forcedconvection, the fluid is forced to flow by an external factor - e.g. wind in theatmosphere, a fan blowing
air, water being pumped through a pipe.Typically heat transfer under forced convection conditions is higher
thannatural convection for the same fluid.
3. Define a black surface
A black surface is defined by three criteria:

it absorbs all radiation that is incident on it

it emits the maximum energy possible for a given temperature andwavelength of radiation (according to
Planck's law)

the radiation emitted by a blackbody is not directional (it is a diffuseemitter)

A black surface is the perfect emitter and absorber of radiation. It is anidealized concept (no
surface is exactly a black surface), and thecharacteristics of real surfaces are compared to that of an
ideal blacksurface.4.
What is the range of values for the emissivity of a surface ?
The emissivity e ranges between 0 and 1.
21. What is a gray surface ?
A gray surface is defined as one for which the emissivity (e) and theabsorptivity (a) are
independent of wavelength (l).

It is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the thermal diffusivity. Pr = Momentum diffusivity /
Thermaldiffusivity
15. Define Nusselt Number [Nu].
It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow by convection process under an unit temperature
gradient to theheat flow rate by conduction under an unit temperature gradient through
a stationary thickness [L] of metre.Nusselt Number [Nu] = qconv /qcond16.
State Newtons law of convection.
Heat transfer from the moving fluid to solid surface is given by the equation.Q = h A = [Tw -
T]; This equation is referred to as Newtons law of cooling. Where h = Local heat transfer
coefficient in W/m2K. A = Surface area in m2. Tw = Surface [or] Wall temperature in K.T =
Temperature of fluid in K.
17. What is forced convection?
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or fan, that
type of heattransfer is known as forced convection.
18. What are the dimensionless parameters used in forced convection?
1. Reynolds number [Re]. 2. Nusselt number [Nu]. 3. Prandtl number [Pr].
19. What is fin?
Fins are extended surfaces used primarily to enhance the heat transfer rate between the solid
fins and anadjoining fluid
20. List out the Fin types.
1. Straight fin of uniform cross section2. Straight fin of non-uniform cross section3. Annular fin4.
Pin fin
21. Mention Stefan boltzman contant.
_ = Stefan Boltzman constant = 5.6697 x 10-8 W/ (m K4)22.
Define Stefan boltzman contant.
Stefan Boltzman law states that the total emissive power of a perfect black body is proportional
to fourthpower of the absolute temperature of black body surface; Eb = _T4; _ = Stefan
Boltzman constant = 5.6697 x 10-8 W/ (m K4)
23. Define Emissive power [Eb].
The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a body per unit time
and unitarea. It is expressed in W/m2.
24. Define monochromatic emissive power. [Eb_]
The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time per unit area in all directions
25. What is meant by absorptivity?
Absorptivity is defined as the ratio between radiation absorbed and incident
radiation. Absorptivity, _ = Radiation absorbed / Incident radiation.
26. Define Radiation.

The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is known as
radiation. It is anelectromagnetic wave phenomenon.
27. Define Emissivity.
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to radiate heat. It is also defined as the ratio of
emissivepower of any body to the emissive power of a black body of equal temperature.
Emissivity, _ = E / Eb.
28. Define Emissive power [Eb].
The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a body per unit time
and unitarea. It is expressed in W/m2.
29. What is meant by reflectivity?
Reflectivity is defined as the ratio of radiation reflected to the incident radiation.Reflectivity, _ =
Radiation reflected / Incident radiation.
30. What is meant by transmissivity?
Transmissivity is defined as the ratio of radiation transmitted to the incident
radiation.Transmissivity, = Radiation transmitted / Incident radiation.
31. What is black body?
Black body is an ideal surface having the following properties.1. A black body absorbs all incident
radiation, regardless of wav e length and direction.2. For a prescribed temperature and wave length, no
surface can emit more energy than black body.
32. What is meant by gray body?
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation irrespective of their wave length, the
body isknown as gray body. The emissive power of a gray body is always less than that of the
black body.
33. What is heat exchanger?
A heat exchanger is defined as an equipment which transfers the heat from a hot fluid to a cold
fluid.
34. What is meant by Direct heat exchanger [or] open heat exchanger?
In direct contact heat exchanger, the heat exchange takes place by direct mixing of hot and cold
fluids.
35. What is meant by Indirect contact heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchangers, the transfer of heat between two fluids could be carried out by
transmissionthrough a wall which separates the two fluids.
36. What is meant by parallel flow heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in the same direction
37. What is meant by counter flow heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in parallel but opposite directions.
38. What is meant by cross flow heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move at right angles to each other.
39. What is meant by Shell and tube heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, one of the fluids moves through a bundle oftubes enclosed by a
shell. Theother fluid is forced through the shell and it moves over the outside surface of the
tubes.
40. What is meant by LMTD?
We know that the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids in the heat exchanger
varies frompoint to point. In addition various modes of heat transfer are involved. Therefore
based on concept of

appropriate mean temperature difference, also called logarithmic mean temperature difference,
the totalheat transfer rate in the heat exchanger is expressed as Q = U A [_T]m Where,
U=Overall heat transfer co-efficient [W/m2K], A=Area, m2 [_T]m = Logarithmic mean
temperature difference.
41. What is meant by Effectiveness?
The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer to the maximum
possibleheat transfer. Effectiveness _ = Actual heat transfer / Maximum possible heat transfer =
Q / Qmax
Heat Transfer Interview Questions and Answers :-
1. Unit of thermal conductivity in M.K.S. units is
(a) kcal/kg m2 C
(b) kcal-m/hr m2 C
(c) kcal/hr m2 C
(d) kcal-m/hr C
(e) kcal-m/m2 C.
Ans: b

2. Unit of thermal conductivity in S.I. units is

(a) J/m2 sec
(b) J/m K sec
(c) W/m K
(d) (a) and (c) above
(e) (b) and (c) above.
Ans: e

3. Thermal conductivity of solid metals with rise in temperature normally

(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains constant
(d) may increase or decrease depending on temperature
(e) unpredictable.
Ans: b

4. Thermal conductivity of non-metallic amorphous solids with decrease in temperature

(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains constant
(d) may increase or decrease depending on temperature
(e) unpredictable.
Ans: b

5. Heat transfer takes place as per

(a) zeroth law of thermodynamics
(b) first law of thermodynamic
(c) second law of the thermodynamics
(d) Kirchoffs law (e) Stefans law.
Ans: c

6. When heat is transferred from one particle of hot body to another by actual motion of the heated
particles, it is referred to as heat transfer by
(a) conduction
(b) convection
(c) radiation
(d) conduction and convection
(e) convection and radiation.
Ans: a

7. When heat is transferred form hot body to cold body, in a straight line, without affecting the intervening
medium, it is referred as heat transfer by
(a) conduction
(b) convection
(c) radiation
(d) conduction and convection
(e) convection and radiation.
Ans: c

8. Sensible heat is the heat required to

(a) change vapour into liquid
(b) change liquid into vapour
(c) increase the temperature of a liquid of vapour
(d) convert water into steam and superheat it
(e) convert saturated steam into dry steam.
Ans: c

9. The insulation ability of an insulator with the presence of moisture would

(a) increase
(b) decrease
(c) remain unaffected
(d) may increase/decrease depending on temperature and thickness of insulation
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b

10. When heat is Transferred by molecular collision, it is referred to as heat transfer by

(a) conduction
(b) convection
(c) radiation
(d) scattering
(e) convection and radiation.
Ans: b

11. Heat transfer in liquid and gases takes place by

(a) conduction
(b) convection
(c) radiation
(d) conduction and convection
(e) convection and radiation.
Ans: b

12. Which of the following is the case of heat transfer by radiation

(a) blast furnace
(b) heating of building
(c) cooling of parts in furnace
(d) heat received by a person from fireplace
(e) all of the above.
Ans: d

13. Heat is closely related with

(a) liquids
(b) energy
(c) temperature
(d) entropy
(e) enthalpy.
Ans: c
14. Pick up the wrong case. Heat flowing from one side to other depends directly on
(a) face area
(b) time
(c) thickness
(d) temperature difference
(e) thermal conductivity.
Ans: c

15. Metals are good conductors of heat because

(a) their atoms collide frequently
(b) their atoms-are relatively far apart
(c) they contain free electrons
(d) they have high density
(e) all of the above.
Ans: a

16. Which of the following is a case of steady state heat transfer

(a) I.C. engine
(b) air preheaters
(c) heating of building in winter
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: e

17. Total heat is the heat required to

(a) change vapour into liquid
(b) change liquid into vapour
(c) increase the temperature of a liquid or vapour
(d) convert water into steam and superheat it
(e) convert saturated steam into dry steam.
Ans: d

18. Cork is a good insulator because it has

(a) free electrons
(b) atoms colliding frequency
(c) low density
(d) porous body
(e) all of the above.
Ans: d

19. Thermal conductivity of water in general with rise in temperature

(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains constant
(d) may increase or decrease depending on temperature
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d

20. Thermal conductivity of water at 20C is of the order of

(a) 0.1
(b) 0.23
(c) 0.42
(d) 0.51
(e) 0.64.
Ans: d

21. Temperature of steam at around 540C can be measured by

(a) thermometer
(b) radiatiouv pyrometer
(c) thermistor
(d) thermocouple
(e) thermopile.
Ans: d

22. Thermal conductivity of air at room temperature in kcal/m hr C is of the order of

(a) 0.002
(b) 0.02
(c) 0.01
(d) 0.1
(e) 0.5.
Ans: b

23. The time constant of a thermocouple is

(a) the time taken to attain the final temperature to be measured
(b) the time taken to attain 50% of the value of initial temperature difference
(c) the time taken to attain 63.2% of the value of initial temperature difference
(d) determined by the time taken to reach 100C from 0C
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c

24. Thermal conductivity of air with rise in temperature

(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains constant
(d) may increase or decrease depending on temperature
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a

25. Heat flows from one body to other when they have
(a) different heat contents
(b) different specific heat
(c) different atomic structure
(d) different temperatures
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d

26. The concept of overall coefficient of heat transfer is used in heat transfer problems of
(a) conduction
(b) convection
(c) radiation
(d) all the three combined
(e) conduction and comte_ction.
Ans: e
27. In heat transfer, conductance equals conductivity (kcal/hr/sqm/C/cm) divided by
(a) hr (time)
(b) sqm (area)
(c) C (temperature)
(d) cm (thickness)
(e) kcal (heat).
Ans: d

28. The amount of heat flow through a body by conduction is

(a) directly proportional to the surface area of the body
(b) directly proportional to the temperature difference on the two faces of the body
(c) dependent upon the material of the body
(d) inversely proportional to the thickness of the body
(e) all of the above.
Ans: e

29. Which of the following has least value of conductivity

(a) glass
(b) water
(c) plastic
(d) rubber
(e) air.
Ans: e

30. Which of the following is expected to have highest thermal conductivity

(a) steam
(b) solid ice
(c) melting ice
(d) water
(e) boiling water.
Ans: b

6-31. Thermal conductivity of glass-wool varies from sample to sample because of variation in
(a) composition
(b) density
(c) porosity
(d) structure
(e) all of the above.
Ans: e

32. Thermal conductivity of a material may be defined as the

(a) quantity of heat flowing in one second through one cm cube of material when opposite faces ^re
maintained at a temperature difference of 1C
(b) quantity of heat flowing in one second through a slab of the material of area one cm square, thickness
1 cm when its faces differ in temperature by 1C
(c) heat conducted in unit time across unit area through unit thickness when a temperature difference of
unity is maintained between opposite faces
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d

33. Which of the following has maximum value of thermal conductivity

(a) aluminium
(b) steel
(c) brass
(d) copper
(e) lead.
Ans: a

34. Moisture would find its way into insulation by vapour pressure unless it is prevented by
(a) high thickness of insulation
(b) high vapour pressure
(c) less thermal conductivity insulator
(d) a vapour seal
(e) all of the above.
Ans: d

35. Heat is transferred by all three modes of transfer, viz, conduction, convection and radiation in
(a) electric heater
(b) steam condenser
(c) melting of ice
(d) refrigerator condenser coils
(e) boiler.
Ans: e

36. According to Prevost theory of heat exchange

(a) it is impossible to transfer heat from low temperature source to t high temperature source
(b) heat transfer by radiation requires no medium
(c) all bodies above absolute zero emit radiation
(d) heat transfer in most of the cases takes place by combination of conduction, convection and radiation
(e) rate of heat transfer depends on thermal conductivity and temperature difference.
Ans: c

37. The ratio of heat flow Q1/Q2 from two walls of same thickness having their thermal conductivities as
ATj 2K2 will be
(a) I
(b) 0.5
(c) 2
(d) 0.25
(e) 4.0
Ans: c

38. Heat transfer by radiation mainly depends upon

(a) its temperature
(b) nature of the body
(c) kind and extent of its surface
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d

39. Thermal diffusivity is

(a) a dimensionless parameter
(b) function of temperature
(c) used as mathematical model
(d) a physical property of the material
(e) useful in case of heat transfer by radiation.
Ans: d

40. Thermal diffusivity of a substance is .

(a) proportional of thermal conductivity
(b) inversely proportional to k
(c) proportional to (k)
(d) inversely proportional to k2
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a

41. Unit of thermal diffusivity is

(a) m2/hr
(b) m2/hrC
(c) kcal/m2 hr
(d) kcal/m.hrC
(e) kcal/m2 hrC.
Ans: a

43. Thermal conductivity of wood depends on

(a) moisture
(b) density
(c) temperature
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d

44. In convection heat transfer from hot flue gases to water tube, even though flow may be turbulent, a
laminar flow region (boundary layer of film) exists close to the tube. The heat transfer through this film
takes place by
(a) convection
(b) radiation
(c) conduction
(d) both convection and conduction
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c

45. Film coefficient is defined as Inside diameter of tube

(a) Equivalent thickness of film
(b) Thermal conductivity Equivalent thickness of film Specific heat x Viscocity
(c) Thermal conductivity Molecular diffusivity of momentum Thermal diffusivity
(d) Film coefficient x Inside diameter Thermalconductivity
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b

46. Heat conducted througfi unit area and unit thick face per unit time when temperature difference
between opposite faces is unity,is called
(a) thermal resistance
(b) thermal coefficient
(c) temperature gradient
(d) thermal conductivity
(e) heat-transfer.
Ans: d
49. The rate of energy emission from unit surface area through unit solid angle, along a normal to the
surface, is known as
(a) emissivity
(b) transmissivity
(c) reflectivity
(d) intensity of radiation
(e) absorptivity.
Ans: d

50. Emissivity of a white polished body in comparison to a black body is

(a) higher
(b) lower
(c) same
(d) depends upon the shape of body
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b

Heat Transfer Interview Questions and Answers pdf :-

51. A grey body is one whose absorptivity
(a) varies with temperature
(b) varies with wavelength of the incident ray
(c) is equal to its emissivity
(d) does not vary with temperature and. wavelength of the incident ray
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c

53. Two balls of same material and finish have their diameters in the ratio of 2 : 1 and both are heated to
same temperature and allowed to cool by radiation. Rate of cooling by big ball as compared to smaller one
will be in the ratio of
(a) 1 :1
(b) 2: 1
(c) 1 : 2
(d) 4 : 1
(e) 1 : 4.
Ans: c

55. A non-dimensional number generally associated with natural convection heat transfer is
(a) Grashoff number
(b) Nusselt number
(c) Weber number
(d) Prandtl number
(e) Reynold number.
Ans: a

56. LMTD in case of counter flow heat exchanger as compared-to parallel flow heat exchanger is
(a) higher
(b) lower
(c) same
(d) depends on the area of heat exchanger
(e) depends on temperature conditions.
Ans: a
57. In heat exchangers, degree of approach is defined as the difference between temperatures of
(a) cold water inlet and outlet
(b) hot medium inlet and outlet
(c) hot medium outlet and cold water inlet
(d) hot medium outlet and cold water outlet
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d

58. In counter flow heat exchangers

(a) both the fluids at inlet (of heat exchanger where hot fluid enters) are in their coldest state
(b) both the fluids at inlet are in their hottest state
(c) both the fluids .at exit are in their hottest state
(d) one fluid is in hottest state and other in coldest state at inlet
(e) any combination is possible depending on design of heat exchanger.
Ans: b

59. A steam pipe is to be insulated by two insulating materials put over each other. For best results
(a) better insulation should be put over pipe and better one over it
(b) inferior insulation should be put over pipe and better one over it
(c) both may be put in any order
(d) whether to put inferior OIL over pipe or the better one would depend on steam temperature
(e) unpredictable.
Ans: a

61. Fouriers law of heat conduction is valid for

(a) one dimensional cases only
(b) two dimensional cases only
(c) three dimensional cases only
(d) regular surfaces having non-uniform temperature gradients
(e) irregular surfaces.
Ans: a

62. According of Kirchhoffs law,

(a) radiant heat is proportional to fourth power of absolute temperature
(b) emissive power depends on temperature
(c) emissive power and absorptivity are constant for all bodies
(d) ratio of emissive power to absorptive power is maximum for perfectly black body
(e) ratio of emissive power to absorptive power for all bodies is same and is equal to the emissive power of
a perfectly black body.
Ans: e

63. All radiations in a black body are

(a) reflected
(b) refracted
(c) transmitted
(d) absorbed
(e) partly reflected and partly absorbed.
Ans: d

64. According to Kirchoffs law, the ratio of emissive power to absorptivity for all bodies is equal to the
emissive power of a
(a) grey body
(b) brilliant white polished body
(c) red hot body
(d) black body
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d

65. The concept of overall coefficient of heat transfer is used in case of heat transfer by
(a) conduction
(b) convection
(c) radiation
(d) conduction and convection
(e) convection and radiation.
Ans: d

66. The unit of overall coefficient of heat transfer is

(a) kcal/m2
(b) kcal/hr C
(c) kcal/m2 hr C
(4) kacl/m hr C
(e) kcal/m3 hr C.
Ans: c

68. Joule sec is the unit of

(a) universal gas constant
(b) kinematic viscosity
(c) thermal conductivity
(d) Plancks constant
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d

69. The value of Prandtl number for air is about

(a) 0.1
(b) 0.3
(c) 0.7
(d) 1.7
(e) 10.5.
Ans: c

70. The value of the wavelength for maximum emissive power is given by
(a) Wiens law
(b) Plancks law
(c) Stefans law
(d) Fouriers law
(e) Kirchhoffs law.
Ans: a

72. Log mean temperature difference in case of counter flow compared to parallel flow will be
(a) same
(b) more
(c) less
(d) depends on other factors
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
73. The energy distribution of an ideal reflector at higher temperatures is largely in the range of
(a) shorter wavelength
(b) longer wavelength
(c) remains same at all wavelengths
(d) wavelength has nothing to do with it
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a

74. Total emissivity of polished silver compared to black body is

(a) same
(b) higher
(c) more or less same
(d) very much lower
(e) very much higher.
Ans: d

75. According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, ideal radiators emit radiant energy at a rate proportional to
(a) absolute temperature
(b) square of temperature
(c) fourth power of absolute temperature
(d) fourth power of temperature
(e) cube of absolute temperature.
Ans: c

76. Which of the following property of air does not increase with rise in temperature
(a) thermal conductivity
(b) thermal diffusivity
(c) density
(d) dynamic viscosity
(e) kuiematic viscosity.
Ans: c

77. The unit of Stefan Boltzmann constant is

(a) watt/cm2 K
(b) watt/cm4 K
(c) watt2/cm K4
(d) watt/cm2 K4
(e) watt/cm2 K2.
Ans: d

78. In free con-vection heat transfer, Nusselt number is function of

(a) Grashoff no. and Reynold no.
(b) Grashoff no. and Prandtl no.
(c) Prandtl no. and Reynold no.
(d) Grashoff no., Prandtl no. and Reynold no.
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b

79. Stefan Boltzmann law is applicable for heat transfer by

(a) conduction
(b) convection
(c) radiation
(d) conduction and radiation combined
(e) convection and radiation combined.
Ans: c

80. The thermal diffusivities for gases are generally

(a) more than those for liquids
(b) less than those for liquids
(c) more than those for solids
(d) dependent on the viscosity
(e) same as for the liquids.
Ans: a

81. The thermal diffusivities for solids are generally

(a) less than those for gases
(b) jess than those for liquids
(c) more than those for liquids and gases
(d) more or less same as for liquids and gases
(e) zerci.
Ans: c

83. Thermal diffusivity of a substance is

(a) directly proportional to thermal conductivity
(b) inversely proportional to density of substance
(c) inversely proportional to specific heat
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d

85. The ratio of the emissive power and absorptive power of all bodies is the same and is equal to the
emissive power of a perfectly black body. This statement is known as
(a) Krichoffs law
(b) Stefans law
(c) Wien law
(d) Plancks law
(e) Black body law.
Ans: a

86. According to Stefans law, the total radiation from a black body per second per unit area is
proportional to
(a) absolute temperature
(b) T2
(c) T5
(d) t
(e) l/T.
Ans: d

87. According to Wiens law, the wavelength corresponding to maximum energy is proportion to
(a) absolute temperature (T)
(b) I2
(c) f
(d) t
(e) 1/r.
Ans: a
88. Depending on the radiating properties, a body will be white when
(a) p = 0, x = 0 and a = 1
(b) p=l,T = 0anda = 0
(c) p = 0, x = 1 and a = 0
(d) x = 0, a + p = 1
(e) a = 0, x + p = 1.
where a = absorptivity, p = reflectivity, x = transmissivity
Ans: b

89. Depending on the radiating properties, a body will be black when

(a) p = 0, x = 0 and a = 1
(b) p= l,T = 0anda = 0
(c) p = 0, x = 1 and a = 0
(d) x = 0, a + p = 0
(e) a = 0,x + p= 1.
where a = absorptivity, p == reflectivity, X = transmissivity.
Ans: a

90. Depending on the radiating properties, a body will be opaque when

(a) p = 0, x = 0 and a = 1
(b) p=l,x = 0anda = 0
(c) p = 0, x = 1 and a = 0
(d) x 0, a + p = 1
(e) a=0,x + p= 1.
where a = absorptivity, p = reflectivity, X = transmissivity.
Ans: d

91. The total emissivity power is .defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a black body per unit
(a) temperature
(b) thickness
(c) area
(d) time
(e) area and time.
Ans: d

92. The ratio of the energy absorbed by the body to total energy falling on it is called
(a) absorptive power
(b) emissive power
(c) absorptivity
(d) emissivity
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a

93. 40% of incident radiant energy on the surface of a thermally transparent body is reflected back. If the
transmissivity of the body be 0.15, then the emissivity of surface is
(a) 0.45
(b) 0.55
(c) 0.40
(d) 0.75
(e) 0.60.
Ans: a
94. The amount of radiation mainly depends on
(a) nature of body
(b) temperature of body
(c) type of surface of body
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d

95. The emissive power of a body depends upon its

(a) temperature
(b) wave length
(c) physical nature
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d

96. Two plates spaced 150 mm apart are maintained at 1000C and 70C. The heat transfer will take place
mainly by
(a) convection
(b) free convection
(c) forced convection
(d) radiation
(e) radiation and convection.
Ans: d

97. Absorptivity of a body will be equal to its emissivity

(a) at all temperatures
(b) at one particular temperature
(c) when system is under thermal equi-librium
(d) at critical temperature
(e) for a polished body.
Ans: c

98. In regenerator type heat exchanger, heat transfer takes place by

(a) direct mixing of hot and cold fluids
(b) a complete separation between hot and cold fluids
(c) flow of hot and cold fluids alternately over a surface
(d) generation of heat again and again
(e) indirect transfer.
Ans: c

99. A perfect black body is one which

(a) is black in colour
(b) reflects all heat
(c) transmits all heat radiations
(d) abslprbs heat radiations of all wave lengths falling on it
(e) fully opaque.
Ans: d

100. Plancks law holds good for

(a) black bodies
(b) polished bodies
(c) all coloured bodies
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a

101. If the temperature of a solid surface changes form 27C to 627C, then its emissive power changes in
the ratio of
(a) 3
(b) 6
(c) 9
(d) 27
(e) 81.
Ans: e

102. Depending on the radiating properties, body will be transparent when

(a) p = 0, x = 0 and a = 1
(b) p=l,x = 0,anda = 0
(c) p = 0, T= l,anda = 0
(d) X = 0, a + p = 1
(e) a = 0,x + p= 1.
Ans: c

103. A grey body is one whose absorptivity

(a) varies with temperature
(b) varies with the wave length of incident ray
(c) varies with both
(d) does not vary with temperature and wave length of the incident ray
(e) there is no such criterion.
Ans: d

1. Explain the second law of thermodynamics.

The entropy of the universe increases over time and moves towards a maximum value.

2. What kinds of pipes are used for steam lines?

Normally galvanized pipes are not used for steam. Mild steel with screwed or welded fittings are the norm. Pressure
and temperature are very important factors to be considered in what type of materials to be used. Steam even at
low pressures can be extremely dangerous.

3. What is the difference between shear center flexural center of twist and elastic center?
The shear center is the centroid of a cross-section. The flexural center is the center of twist, which is the point on a
beam that you can add a load without torsion. The elastic center is located at the center of gravity. If the object is
homogeneous and symmetrical in both directions of the cross-section then they are all equivalent.

4. What is ferrite?
Magnetic iron rock

5. What is the difference between projectile motion and a rocket motion?

A projectile has no motor/rocket on it, so all of its momentum is given to it as it is launched. An example of a
projectile would be pen that you throw across a room.
A rocket or missile does have a motor/rocket on it so it can accelerate itself while moving and so resist other forces
such as gravity.

6. What is a cotter joint?

These types of joints are used to connect two rods, which are under compressive or tensile stress. The ends of the
rods are in the manner of a socket and shaft that fit together and the cotter is driven into a slot that is common to
both pieces drawing them tightly together. The tensile strength of the steel is proportionate to the strength needed
to offset the stress on the material divided by the number of joints employed.

7. What is the alloy of tin and lead?

A tin and lead alloy is commonly called solder. Usually solder is a wire with a rosin core used for soldering. The
rosin core acts as a flux.

8. What does F.O.F. stand for in piping design?

FOF stands for Face of Flange. A flange has either of the two types of faces:
a) Raised face
b) Flat face
The F.O.F is used to know the accurate dimension of the flange in order to avoid the minute errors in measurement
in case of vertical or horizontal pipelines.

9. Explain Otto cycle.

Otto cycle can be explained by a pressure volume relationship diagram. It shows the functioning cycle of a four
stroke engine. The cycle starts with an intake stroke, closing the intake and moving to the compression stroke,
starting of combustion, power stroke, heat exchange stroke where heat is rejected and the exhaust stroke. It was
designed by Nicolas Otto, a German engineer.

10. What is gear ratio?

It is the ratio of the number of revolutions of the pinion gear to one revolution of the idler gear.

11. What is annealing?

It is a process of heating a material above the re-crystallization temperature and cooling after a specific time
interval. This increases the hardness and strength if the material.

12. What is ductile-brittle transition temperature?

It is the temperature below which the tendency of a material to fracture increases rather than forming. Below this
temperature the material loses its ductility. It is also called Nil Ductility Temperature.

13. What is a uniformly distributed load?

A UDL or uniformly distributed load is a load, which is spread over a beam in such a way that each unit length is
loaded to the same extent.

14. What are the differences between pneumatics and hydraulics?

a) Working fluid: Pneumatics use air, Hydraulics use Oil
b) Power: Pneumatic power less than hydraulic power
c) Size: P components are smaller than H components
d) Leakage: Leaks in hydraulics cause fluid to be sticking around the components. In pneumatics, air is leaked into
the atmosphere.
e) Pneumatics obtain power from an air compressor while hydraulics require a pump
f) Air is compressible, hydraulic oil is not

15. What is enthalpy?

Enthalpy is the heat content of a chemical system.

16. What is a positive displacement pump?

A positive displacement pump causes a liquid or gas to move by trapping a fixed amount of fluid or gas and then
forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. Positive displacement pumps can be further
classified as either rotary-type (for example the rotary vane) or lobe pumps similar to oil pumps used in car
engines. These pumps give a non-pulsating output or displacement unlike the reciprocating pumps. Hence, they
are called positive displacement pumps.

17. Why would you use hydraulics rather than pneumatics?

Hydraulics is suitable for higher forces & precise motion than pneumatics. This is because hydraulic systems
generally run at significantly higher pressures than pneumatics systems. Movements are more precise (repeatable)
because hydraulics uses an incompressible liquid to transfer power whilst pneumatics uses gases.
Pneumatic systems have some advantages too. They are usually significantly cheaper than hydraulic systems, can
move faster (gas much less viscous than oil) and do not leak oil if they develop a leak.

18. What is isometric drawing?

It is a 3-D drawing used by draftsmen, architects etc

19. What are the advantages of gear drive?

In general, gear drive is useful for power transmission between two shafts, which are near to each other (at most
at 1m distance). In addition, it has maximum efficiency while transmitting power. It is durable compare to other
such as belts chain drives etc. You can change the power to speed ratio.
Advantages: -
It is used to get various speeds in different load conditions.
It increases fuel efficiency.
Increases engine efficiency.
Need less power input when operated manually.

20. Which conducts heat faster steel copper or brass?

Copper conducts heat faster than steel or brass. Any material that is good for conducting heat is also good for
electricity in most cases. Wood terrible for transferring heat thus is also insulator for electric.

21. How pipe flanges are electrically insulated?

Pipe flanges are protected from corrosion by means of electrolysis, with dielectric flanges. The piping system is
electrically insulated by what is called a sacrificial anode. A bag of readily corrodible metal is buried in the ground
with a wire running from the pipe to the bag so that the sacrificial anode will corrode first. If any electrical current
charges the pipe, it also serves as a ground.

22. What is a Process Flow Diagram?

A Process Flow Diagram (or System Flow Diagram) shows the relationships between the major components in the
system. It also has basic information concerning the material balance for the process.
23. Where pneumatic system is used?
Any system needs redundancy in work needs pneumatics, because the compressor of the pneumatic system has
periodical operations (intermittent work, not as hydraulic pump). The compressed air could be accumulated in
tanks with high pressures and used even if the compressor failed.

24. Why gas containers are mostly cylindrical in shape?

The most efficient shape for withstanding high pressure is a sphere but that would be costly to manufacture. A
cylinder with a domed top and a domed bottom (look underneath, the flat base is actually welded around the
outside, the bottom of the gas container is actually domed) is a much cheaper shape to manufacture whilst still
having good strength to resist the internal gas pressure.

25. How is martensite structure formed in steel?

Martensite transformation begins when austenite is cooled below a certain critical temperature, called the
matrensite start temperature. As we go below the martensite start temperature, more and more martensite forms
and complete transformation occurs only at a temperature called martensire finish temperature. Formation of
martensite requires that the austenite phase must be cooled rapidly.

26. What is an ortographic drawing?

Orthographic projections are views of a 3D object, showing 3 faces of it. The 3 drawings are aligned so that if the
page were folded, it would create part of the shape. It is also called multiview projections.
The 3 faces of an object consist of its plan view, front view and side view. There are 2 types of orthographic
projection, which are 1st angle projection and 3rd angle projection.

27. What is representative elementary volume?

Smallest volume over which measurements can be made that will yield a representative of the whole.

28. Why are LNG pipes curved?

LNG pipes are curved because LNG is condensed gas (-164 deg cel) so it can expand the pipes that is what
engineers designed the LNG pipes are curve type.

29. What does angular momentum mean?

Angular momentum is an expression of an objects mass and rotational speed.
Momentum is the velocity of an object times it is mass, or how fast something is moving how much it weigh.
Therefore, angular momentum is the objects mass times the angular velocity where angular velocity is how fast
something is rotating expressed in terms like revolutions per minute or radians per second or degrees per second.

30. Can you use motor oil in a hydraulic system?

Hydraulic fluid has to pass a different set of standards than motor oil. Motor oil has tackifiers, lower sulfur content,
and other ingredients that could prove harmful to the seals and other components in a hydraulic system. If it is an
emergency only should you do it.

31. What causes white smoke in two stroke locomotive engines?

That is the engine running too lean (lack of fuel). This condition will lead to overheating and failure of the engine.
32. What is the role of nitrogen in welding?
Nitrogen is used to prevent porosity in the welding member by preventing oxygen and air from entering the molten
metal during the welding process. Other gases are also used for this purpose such as Argon, Helium, Carbon
Dioxide, and the gases given off when the flux burns away during SMAW (stick) welding.

33. What does Green field project mean?

Green field projects are those projects, which do not create any environmental nuisance (pollution), follows
environmental management system and EIA (environment impact assessment). These projects are usually of big
magnitude.

34. Is it the stress that, produces strain or strain produces stress?

A Force applied to an object will cause a displacement. Strain is effectively a measure of this displacement (change
in length divided by original length).
Stress is the Force applied divided by the area it is applied. (E.g. pounds per square inch)
Therefore, to answer the question, the applied force produces both Stress and Strain . Stress and Strain are
linked together by various material properties such as Poisson's ratio and Young's Modulus.

35. How does iron ore turn into steel?

To make Steel, Iron Ore is refined into iron and all the carbon is burned away using very high heat (Bessemer). A
percentage of Carbon (and other trace elements) are added back to make steel. 36. What is knurling?
Knurling is a machining process normally carried our on a centre lathe. The act of Knurling creates a raised criss-
cross pattern on a smooth round bar that could be used as a handle or something that requires extra grip.

37. What is the mechanical advantage of a double pulley?

It only takes half the effort to move an object but twice the distance.

38. What is extrued aluminum?

Extrusion is the process where a metal or a metal bar is pulled through a mandrel to elongate it and/or give it a
final shape.
Extruded Aluminum is a common form of making small aluminum wire, bars or beams and many varieties of small
non-structural, decorative pieces.

39. What is a Newtonian fluid?

A Newtonian fluid possesses a linear stress strain relationship curve and it passes through the origin. The fluid
properties of a Newtonian fluid do not change when any force acts upon it.

40. What are the points in the stress strain curve for steel?
Proportional limit, elastic limit or yield point, ultimate stress and stress at failure.
Dimensionless Numbers And Their Significance:
We will describe major dimensionless numbers one by one below, symbol, formula and significance, but first you
should know about the nomenclature used.

Nomenclature:

= Density of the fluid

u= Velocity of the fluid
D= Diameter of pipe
= Viscosity of the fluid
v= Momentum Diffusivity / Velocity
= Heat Diffusivity
DAB= Mass Diffusivity
cp=Specific Heat Capacity at a constant pressure
k= Thermal Conductivity of the fluid
Lch=Characteristic Length
Vch=Characteristic Velocity
h=Heat Transfer Coefficient
K=Mass Transfer Coefficient
f=Mass Transfer Coefficient
=Volumetric Thermal Expansion

1. Reynolds Number:

Significance:

Re is the ratio of Inertial forces to the Viscous forces.

Primarily used to analyze different flow regimes i.e Laminar, Turbulent, or Transient Flow.
When Viscous forces are dominant (i.e low value of Re) it is a laminar flow.
When Inertial forces are dominant (i.e high value of Re) it is a Turbulent flow.

2. Prandtl Number:
Significance:

Depends only on fluid & its properties.

It is the ratio of momentum diffusivity to heat diffusivity of the fluid.
It is also the ratio of velocity boundary layer to thermal boundary layer.
Pr = small, implies that rate of thermal diffusion (heat) is more than the rate of momentum diffusion
(velocity). Also the thickness of thermal boundary layer is much larger than the velocity boundary layer.

3. Schmidt Number:

Significance:

Analogous to Prandtl number of Heat Transfer.

Used in fluid flows in which there is simultaneous momentum & mass diffusion.
It is also the ratio of fluid boundary layer to mass transfer boundary layer thickness.
To find mass transfer coefficient using Sherwood number, we need Schmidt number.

4. Lewis Number

Significance:

Ratio of thermal diffusivity to mass diffusivity.

Fluid flow with simultaneous Heat & mass transfer by convection.
It is also ratio of Schmidt number to Prandtl number.

5. Peclet Number
Significance:

Ration of Heat transported by convection to Heat transported by conduction.

Product of Re & Pr for Pe(HT) & product of Re & Sc for Pe(MT).

6. Stanton Number

Significance:

For HT, It is the ratio of heat transferred to the fluid to the heat capacity of the fluid.
For HT, Its the ratio of Nusselt Number to Peclet Number i.e St(HT) = Nu/(Re.Pr).
Used to find heat transfer in forced convection flows.
For MT, Its the ratio of Sherwood Number to Peclet Number i.e St(MT) = Sh/(Re.Sc).

7. Nusselt Number(HT) or Sherwood Number (MT)

Significance:
A) Sherwood Number:

Ratio of Convective to diffusive mass transport.

Analogous of Nusselt number in Heat transfer OR Sherwood number is Nusselt number for mass transfer.
B) Nusselt Number

Ratio of convective to conductive heat transfer coefficient across the boundary layer.
Low Nu => conduction is more => Laminar flow
High Nu => convection is more => Turbulent flow.
It can also be viewed as conduction resistance to convection resistance of the material.
Free convection: Nu = f(Ra, Pr)
Forced Convection: Nu = f(Re, Pr)

8. Grashof Number

Significance:

Ratio of Buoyancy force to viscous force in natural convection.

Reynolds number is used in forced convection of fluid flow, whereas Grashof number is used in natural
convection.

9. Biot Number

Significance:

Used in unsteady state (transient) heat transfer conditions.

Ratio of heat transfer resistance inside the body to heat transfer resistance at the surface of the body. OR
ratio of internal thermal resistance to external thermal resistance .
Shows the variation of temperature inside the body w.r.t to time.
Bi < 0.1 => heat transfer resistance inside the body is very low => inside the body conduction takes place
faster compared to convection at the surface. => no temperature gradient inside the body (uniformity in temperature)
vice versa implies that Temperature is not uniform throughout hte material volume.

10. Rayleigh Number

Significance:

It shows the presence & strength of convection in a fluid body.

 Heat transfer by Conduction within fluid < Critical value for that fluid < Heat transfer by convection.
(consequences of Ra values) Product of Gr.Pr

11. Graetz Number

Significance:

Characterizes laminar flow in a conduit OR transfer of heat by streamline fluid flow in a pipe.
In case of mass transfer, Pr is replaced by Sc.

12. Fourier Number

Significance:

Ratio of rate of heat conduction to the rate of heat storage.

Used along with Biot number to solve transient state heat transfer problems.
For mass transfer by diffusion, Fourier number for MT is used.
It can also be understood as current time to the time taken to reach steady state.
First seven number are very important and must be known by every chemical engineer in detail as they can be asked
in any test/exam of their field. List of dimensionless numbers is quite long, if you want us to include some more in this
list then let us know via comments.