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MICROBIOLOGY:
THE SCIENCE

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Microbiology:

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Study of living organisms too
small to be seen with the
naked eye

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LIVING ORGANISMS

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Bacteriology :

Virology

Mycology

Protozoology

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Bacteriology :
Study of bacteria

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Virology

Study of viruses

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Mycology

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Study of molds and fungi

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Protozoology

Study of Protozoan's

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DEFINITION OF TERMS:

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Pathogens:

Disease causing organisms

Non- Pathogens:

Organisms that do not cause disease

Indigenous microflora:

microorganisms that usually live on or
within a person

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DEFINITION OF TERMS:

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Opportunistic pathogens:

organisms that colonize or inhabit our
bodies

Saprophytes:

microorganisms involved in the
decomposition of dead organisms and the
waste products of living organisms

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Bioremediation:

microorganisms capable of decomposing
industrial wastes

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Microbial ecology:

study of relationships between microbes
and the environment

Plankton:

microscopic organisms in the ocean

Phytoplanktons:

tiny marine plants and algae
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Zooplankton:

tiny marine animals

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Antibiotic:

substance produced by a microorganism
that is effective in killing or inhibiting the
growth of other microorganisms

Genetic Engineering:

a gene from one organism is inserted into a
bacterial or yeast cell.

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2 CATEGORIES OF DISEASES CAUSED BY
MICROORGANISMS:

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a.
Infectious
disease

Results when a
pathogen
colonizes the
body and
subsequently
causes disease

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2 CATEGORIES OF DISEASES CAUSED BY
MICROORGANISMS:

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b.
Microbial
intoxication

Results when a
person ingests a
toxin that has
been produced
by a
microorganism.

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EARLIEST KNOWN INFECTIOUS DISEASES

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Syphilis

French ( Neapolitan disease)

Italians (French or Spanish
disease)

English (French pox)

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SYPHILIS

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CAREERS IN MICROBIOLOGY

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Microbiologist

Scientist who studies tiny organisms
(microorganisms)

Bacteriologist

Scientist who specializes in the study of the
structure, functions and activities of bacteria

Phycologists

Scientist specializing in the study of various
types of algae
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Protozoologists

Specializes in the study of protozoa and
their activities

Virology

Specializes in the study of viruses and
their effects on living cells of all types.

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APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY:

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A. Medicine / Allied Medical Professions

Protection of patients from Hospital

acquired infections

Relationships between microbes and

humans apart from hospital situation
(Preventive medicine)

Synthesis of chemicals and antibiotics

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B. Non-Medical / Commercial

Manufacture of food products and beverages

(cheese, pickles, sauerkraut, wine and beer)

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 EVOLUTION

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OF
MICROBIOLOGY

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Robert Hooke (1665)

Life’s smallest structural units were “ little

boxes” or “cells”
Cell Theory :
All living things are composed of cells
FIRST OBSERVATION OF CELLS
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ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK ( 1673)

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Dutch merchant and amateur scientist

Father of Bacteriology

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Father of Protozoology

Father of Microbiology

“animalcules” (single-lens microscope)

Microorganisms in rainwater, seawater,

scrapings between teeth, fermenting
mixtures

Protozoa, yeasts, bacteria

FIRST OBSERVATION OF LIVE MICROORGANISMS

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FRANCESCO REDI (1668)

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Italian Physician

Opposed the “Theory of spontaneous
generation” :

large forms of life can be generated by non-
living materials

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RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1858)

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German scientist

“Biogenesis” (Living cells can arise only
from preexisting living cells).

Omnis cellula e celula

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LOUIS PASTEUR (1861)

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French scientist

“Fermentation” (Yeasts convert sugars to
alcohol) used to make wine and beer

“Pasteurization” (Boil beer, wine and milk
just enough to kill microbes that cause
spoilage)

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JOSEPH LISTER (1867)

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English Physician

Aseptic surgery

Disease and infection were the

result of invading microorganisms

Introduced use of dilute phenol as
disinfectant

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ROBERT KOCH (1881)

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Discovered that Bacillus anthracis produces
spores, capable of resisting adverse

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conditions

Developed methods of fixing, staining and
photographing bacteria

Developed methods of cultivating bacteria on
solid media.

Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis that
causes tuberculosis and Vibrio cholerae that
causes cholera.

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Worked on tuberculin (protein derived
from M. tuberculosis) ultimately led to the
development of a skin test valuable in
diagnosing tuberculosis

“Germ theory of disease”

Isolated causative agents of anthrax,

tuberculosis and cholera

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KOCH’S POSTULATES:

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KOCH’S POSTULATES

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1. The same organism must be found in
all cases of a given disease

2. The organism must be isolated and

grown in pure culture

3. The organisms from the pure culture

must reproduce the disease when
inoculated into a susceptible animal

4. The organism must then again be

isolated from the experimentally 57
infected animal

Pure culture : refers to a condition where
only one type of organism is growing on a
solid culture medium

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**R.J. Petri :
invented a flat glass dish in which
to culture bacteria on solid media (Petri
Dish)

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NAMING AND CLASSIFYING
MICROORGANISMS

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Carolus Linnaeus (1735)

Father of nomenclature

Classification of Plants

Latin

Binomial system (Genus species)

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DIVISIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY

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1. Medical and
Clinical
Microbiology

Study of
microorganisms
that cause
disease in
humans and
animals
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DIVISIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY

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2. Immunology

Study of host
reactions to a
foreign
substance in
the body

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DIVISIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY

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3. Industrial
Microbiology
(Biotechnology)

Alcoholic
beverages,
organic
solvents, and
antibiotics
which are
products of
microbial
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5. Microbial Genetics
and Genetic
engineering

Involves the
study of
microbial DNA,
chromosomes,
plasmids and
genes

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6. Microbial
Physiology

Studies the
structure and
functions of
microbial cells

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7. Paleomicrobiology

Involves the study of

ancient microbes.

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8. Parasitology

Study of 3
categories of
parasites
(protozoa,
helminthes,
arthropods)

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9. Sanitary

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Microbiology

Includes the
processing and
disposal of
garbage and
sewage wastes,
as well as the
purification of
water supplies
to ensure safety
for the
consumers.
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10. Veterinary
Microbiology

Deals with the
study of food from
livestock, the
raising of other
agriculturally
important animals,
the care of pets
and transmission
of diseases from
animals to
humans.
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Friendship is not how long you’ve been

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together, not how much you’ve given or received,
not how many times you’ve helped each other,
but it’s how you value one another.

Thank you very much…

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