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U ui vj wk (1)
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Review of Flow Field
Similarly, the acceleration vector at a point is denoted by a,
a ax i ay j az k (2)
u v w
0
t t t
p (5)
0
t
0, etc.
t
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Steadiness and Uniformity of Flow
Unsteadiness of Flow
A flow is regarded as unsteady if the dependent fluid
variables alter with the passage of time at a position in the
flow
dependent fluid variable 0 (6)
t
(12)
local convective
Represents the sum of convective acceleration, or the
instantancous space rate of change of velocity and the local
acccleration or the local time rate of change of velocity
The two components may exist quite independent of each
other.
With reference to a differential control volume, the local
acceleration refers to the net rate of change of velocity within
the control volume whereas the convective acceleration is
related to the net rate of efflux of velocity across the control
surface
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Acceleration
Acceleration in Fluid Flow: Cylindrical Coordinate
Expressions for the components of acceleration in cylindrical
coordinates for an axisymmetric flow are given below
ur u z u2 ur
ar ur uz w
r z r t
u u ur u u (13)
a ur uz
r z r t
u z u z u z
a z ur uz
r z t
For steady flow only the local acceleration components are
zero
0 (14)
t
For uniform flow
ur u u z
0 (15)
r z
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Kinematics of a Fluid Element
A fluid element may move in a flow and undergo
(a) pure or irrotational translation
(b) pure rotation or rotational translation
(c) pure distortion or deformation ; angular or linear.
1 v u
xy (x-y plane)
2 x y
1 v w
yz (y-z plane) (17)
2 z y
1 u w
xz (x-z plane)
2 z x
O ' A ' OA u u x x u u
xx t =
OA x x
v
yy (18)
y
w
zz
z
All the six independent components of strain rate have thus
been defined in terms of the partial derivatives of the velocity
components
In vector form 1 1
U curlU (20)
2 2
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Kinematics of a Fluid Element
Vorticity
Curl U is called vorticity (), hence
1 1
U curlU (21)
2 2 2
For two dimensional flow, in the x-y plane
1 v u
rotation,
2 x y (22)
v u
vorticity ,
x y
Assuming that the fluid enters the face ABCO with a velocity
u and leaves the face EFGH with a velocity u u x x
u x x y z u x V (23)
Similarly, net mass rates leaving in the y and z directions
respectively are
v y x y z v y V (24)
w z x y z w z V (25)
The rate of accumulation of mass within the control volume is
V V (26)
t t
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Continuity Equation
Since is constant for incompressible flow, this term
vanishes showing that there can be no accumulation of mass
with time within the control volume in an incompressible flow
By mass balance, the net rate of mass efflux across the
constant volume should be zero
u v w
V V V 0 (27)
x y z
Since V 0, however small the control volume may be, V
can be cancelled off, leaving the continuity equation for three
dimensional incompressible flow as:
u v w
0 (28)
x y z
x x u u x x y z (30)
1 ur u uz
ur r 0 (37)
r r r z