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Pulse Waveform

Waveform

visualrepresentations of the variation of a voltage

or current over time
Plot of the instantaneous voltage levels versus
time

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Types of Waveform

Repetitive Waveform
composed of identical cycles that keep repeating

Aperiodic Waveform
Successive cycles of an alternating voltages that are not
identical

Transient Waveform
Brief non-repetitive waveform

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Types of Waveform

Sinusoidal Waveform
most common electrical waveform

Half-wave Rectification
Removes the negative or positive half-cycles
of a sine wave
Full-wave Rectification
Train of unidirectional half-sine waves

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Types of Waveform

Rectangular Waveform
composed of successive cycles of positive step changes
followed by negative step changes
Step change
When a DC level suddenly changes from one level to
another

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Square Wave
When the time duration t1 for the upper dc level is
equal to the time duration t2 for the lower level

Pulse Wave
When the time duration t1 for the upper dc level is
not equal to the time duration t2 for the lower level

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Ramp Waveform
Graph that increases or decreases at a constant rate
with respect to time

Triangular Waveform
Repetitive cycle of positive ramp followed by a
negative ramp

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Sawtooth Waveform
One ramp is much steeper that the other

Exponential Waveform
Repetitive cycles of positive and negative
exponentials
The voltage varies with respect to time according yo
the equation

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Where:
t = time
k = constant
E = exponential constant

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Spike Waveform
Exponential change followed by a step change

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Characteristics of Pulse Waveform

Ideal Pulse Waveforms
Perfectly flat tops and bottom
Perfectly Vertical leading and lagging edges

Leading edge
Rising edge, positive-going edge

Trailing edge
Lagging edge, falling edge, negative-going edge

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Characteristics of Pulse Waveform

Time Period (T)

Time measured from the leading edge of one pulse to the
leading edge of the next pulse

Characteristics of Pulse Waveform

PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency)

PRR (Pulse Repetition Rate)
If T = 1 sec, PRF = 1 cycle per sec

Pulse Width (PW)

Pulse Duration (PD)
Mark Length

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Characteristics of Pulse Waveform

Space Width
Time between pulses

Duty Cycle
Mark-to-space ratio (M/S)
Duty cycle = (PW/T) x 100%
M/S ratio = PW/(space width)

Example:
For the pulse waveform displayed, determine the pulse
amplitude, PRF, PW, duty cycle and M/S ratio. The vertical scale
is 1V per division and the horizontal scale is 0.1ms per division

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Rise Time, Fall Time, Tilt

PW + SW = T

E=
Where E= maximum pulse amplitude

Tilt = 100%
= 100%

The time required for the voltage to go from 10% to 90% of
the average amplitude

The time required for the voltage to fall from 90% to 10% of
the average amplitude

Fractional tilt
Defined in terms of the average amplitude

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Average Voltage =

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Harmonic Content of Waveforms

Frequency Synthesis
The process of building up a particular waveform by combining
several sine waves of different frequencies and amplitudes

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Harmonic Analysis
The inverse of frequency synthesis
A waveform is analysed to discover the sine wave frequencies
it contains

Fundamental Frequency
major component
A large amplitude sine wave of the same frequency as the
periodic wave
Harmonics
other components of a periodic waveform
Sine waves which are exact multiples of the frequency of the
fundamental

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Waveform Distortion
High Frequency Distortion
Occurs when the high frequencies harmonics are attenuated

Waveform Distortion
Low Frequency Distortion
Tilt on the top and bottom of the square wave results because low-
frequency components were attenuated and phase shifted by the
circuit.

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Waveform Distortion
Low Frequency Distortion
Tilt on the top and bottom of the square wave results because low-
frequency components were attenuated and phase shifted by the
circuit.

Waveform Distortion
Low and High-Frequency Distortion
This occurs when the circuit has neither low enough or high
enough frequency response for the square wave

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Waveform Distortion
Overshoots and Undershoots
Produced when circuits overemphasize some of the high frequency
harmonics
Ringing- occurs when circuit oscillates for a short time due to the
presence of stray inductance and capacitance

Rise Time and Upper Cut-off Frequency

The rise time and fall time of the output wave is limited by
the upper cut-off frequency

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Example:

A pulse waveform has a PRF of 1.5kHz and a duty cycle of 3%. (a)
Determine the minimum upper cut-off frequency for acceptable
reproduction of the waveform. (b) if the 1.5 kHz pulse is to be amplified
by equipment with a high frequency limit of 1Mhz, calculate the
minimum pulse width and duty cycle that can be reproduced accurately
Solution:
(a)
PW = 0.03 * T = 0.03 * = 20us
tr = 10 % of PW = (0.1)(20us) = 2us
.
fH = 175
(b)
. .
tr = 0.35
Minimum PW = 10 * tr = 3.5us
Duty cycle = 100% 100% 0.5%

Tilt and Lower Cut-off Frequency

If fL < 0, output pulse is perfectly flat

If fL > 0, tilt is present

@ T = 2PW=

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Example:

An amplifier with a lower cut-off frequency of 10

Hz is to be employed for amplification of square
waves. For the tilt on the output waveform not
to exceed 2%, calculate the lowest input
frequency that can be amplified.
Solution:

= 1.57 kHz

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