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E & ECE Undergraduate Core Courses

EC21001 Basic Electronics (3-1-0) Credits: 4

Pre-requisites: None
Introduction: Electronic system as a conglomeration of several subsystems, such as transducer, amplifier, filter, oscillator, data converter, display
device, power supply etc., examples of typical electronic systems (mobile phone, portable CD player etc.), basic concept of signal, noise, etc.
Semiconductor devices: Diode, BJT, MOSFET, their structures and principle of operations. Amplifiers: Functionality, specifications (voltage gain,
current gain, input resistance, output resistance, dynamic range, bandwidth, linearity, power efficiency etc.), effect of cascading, various
applications and typical circuits. Filters: Low pass, high pass, band pass and band stop filters, single and higher order passive filter topologies
(RC and LC), specifications (cutoff frequency, roll off, etc.). Feedback: Basic concept of negative and positive feedback, application of negative
feedback in amplifiers, effect on gain, bandwidth, input resistance, output resistance and desensitivity to parameter variations. Oscillators:
Barkhausen criterion, sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal oscillators, applications and typical circuits. Operational amplifier: Differential mode of
operation, common mode rejection, typical op-amp specifications (open loop gain, differential input resistance, unity gain-bandwidth etc.),
inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, integrator, differentiator, summing amplifier etc., concept of active filters. Power electronics: Half wave
and full wave rectification, filtering, regulation with zener diode and linear regulators, switched mode power supply. Digital electronics: Review of
Boolean algebra and signed number representation schemes in binary, implementation of Boolean functions using various logic gates, concept of
combinatorial and sequential circuits, registers and counters from functional viewpoint, concept of programmable processors and
microcontrollers. Introduction to analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog data converters, their speed and resolution, basic concept of aliasing in the
sampling process.

EC21002 Analog Electronic Circuits (3-1-0) Credits: 4

Pre-requisites: EC21001 or EC21003
Introduction: Scope and applications of analog electronic circuits. Amplifier models: Voltage amplifier, current amplifier, transconductance
amplifier and transresistance amplifier. Biasing schemes for BJT and FET amplifiers, bias stability, various configurations (such as CE/CS,
CB/CG, CC/CD) and their features, small signal analysis, low frequency transistor models, estimation of voltage gain, input resistance, output
resistance etc., design procedure for particular specifications, low frequency analysis of multistage amplifiers. High frequency transistor models,
frequency response of single stage and multistage amplifiers, cascode amplifier. Various classes of operation (Class A, B, AB, C etc.), their
power efficiency and linearity issues. Feedback topologies: Voltage series, current series, voltage shunt, current shunt, effect of feedback on
gain, bandwidth etc., calculation with practical circuits, concept of stability, gain margin and phase margin. Oscillators: Review of the basic
concept, Barkhausen criterion, RC oscillators (phase shift, Wien bridge etc.), LC oscillators (Hartley, Collpit, Clapp etc.), non-sinusoidal
oscillators. Current mirror: Basic topology and its variants, V-I characteristics, output resistance and minimum sustainable voltage (VON),
maximum usable load. Differential amplifier: Basic structure and principle of operation, calculation of differential gain, common mode gain, CMRR
and ICMR. OP-AMP design: design of differential amplifier for a given specification, design of gain stages and output stages, compensation. OP-
AMP applications: review of inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, integrator and differentiator, summing amplifier, precision rectifier, Schmitt
trigger and its applications. Active filters: Low pass, high pass, bandpass and bandstop, design guidelines. Digital-to-analog converters (DAC):
Weighted resistor, R-2R ladder, resistor string etc. Analog-to-digital converters (ADC): Single slope, dual slope, successive approximation, flash
etc. Switched capacitor circuits: Basic concept, practical configurations, application in amplifier, integrator, ADC etc. Other semiconductor
devices: UJT, SCR, diac, triac etc., device characteristics and application circuits. Case study: practical circuits of typical electronic systems.

EC21003 Introduction to Electronics (3-1-0) Credits: 4

Pre-requisites: None
Introduction to Electronic devices: passive devices, diode, bipolar junction transistor (BJT), metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor
(MOSFET); Diode: basic structure and operating principle, current-voltage characteristic, large and small-signal models, iterative and graphical
analysis; Diode Applications : rectifier circuits (half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, rectifiers with capacitor filter), voltage regulator (using Zener
diode), clipper (limiter) circuits, clamper circuits; Bipolar Junction Transistors and their Applications: structure and modes of operation; n-p-n and
p-n-p transistor in active mode, DC analysis of both transistor circuits; BJT as an amplifier, small-signal equivalent circuits, single-stage BJT
amplifier (common-emitter mode); BJT as a switch; Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors and their Applications: structure and
physical operation of n-type and p-type MOSFET; DC analysis of MOSFET circuits; MOSFET as an amplifier, small-signal equivalent circuits,
single-stage MOSFET amplifier (common-source mode); MOSFET as a switch; Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) : ideal op amp; inverting
amplifier, amplifier with a T-network, effect of finite gain, summing amplifier; non-inverting configuration, voltage follower; op amp applications like
current-to-voltage converter, voltage-to-current converter, difference amplifier, instrumentation amplifier, integrator and differentiator; Feedback:
basic concepts of negative feedback; four ideal feedback topologies; Oscillators: basic principles of sinusoidal oscillation; Example circuits; Digital
Electronics: Boolean algebra and rules of simplification; combinational circuits like adder, decoder, encoder, multiplexer and demultiplexer;
sequential circuits like flip-flops, counters and shift registers.
EC21004 Signals and Systems (3-1-0) Credits: 4
Pre-requisite: EC21005
Introduction to signals and systems; Review of Fourier and Laplace Transforms; LTI system: Causality, stability, region of convergence;
Classification and representation of signals, Concepts of linear vector space and orthogonal signal representation; Discrete signals: Sampling,
digitization and reconstruction of analog signals; Fourier transform of discrete signals: DFT, z-transforms; Discrete systems, transfer functions
and convolution; Random variables and processes: stationarity, ergodicity, correlation functions, power density spectra, Wiener-Khinchin
theorem; functions of random signals; System response to random signals: Filtered random process lowpass and bandpass; Basic concept of
optimum filtering: Wiener Hopf filter

EC21005 Network Theory (3-1-0) Credits: 4

Pre-requisites: None
Network components: passive and active components, physical phenomenon and circuit interpretation of network using appropriate models.
Signals: significance of eigen function, Fourier transform and Laplace transform and their comparison. Transient and steady state response of
RC, RL and RLC circuits using Laplace transform. Network equations and solutions using Laplace transform, initial conditions. Degenerate
networks. Graph theory: basic definitions loop (or tie set), cut-set, mesh matrices and their relationships, applications of graph theory in solving
network equations. Network functions: driving point function, transfer function, concepts of poles and zeros. Impulse response and convolution.
Bode plots. Two-port networks: network parameters (z parameters, y parameters, h parameters, ABCD matrix, transmission matrix), reciprocity
theorem, image parameter concepts. Transmission lines: balanced/unbalanced lines, lumped-parameter model, characteristic impedance,
propagation aspects. Elements of network synthesis: positive real functions, basic concepts of insertion-loss synthesis; Approximation functions
for filters - Design of Butterworth and Chebyshev filters.

EC21006 Electromagnetic Engineering (3-1-0) Credits: 4

Pre-requisites: None
Maxwells equations: displacement current, equation of continuity, boundary conditions; propagation of uniform plane waves in unbounded
medium: reflection, refraction, phase and group velocities; transmission lines and waveguides: modes, design, travelling waves, standing waves,
pulse propagation, characteristic impedance, cut-off frequency, attenuation, dispersion, power-handling capability; Smith chart and impedance
matching techniques; radiation concept: elementary dipole, half-wave dipole, radiation patterns, gain, pattern multiplication, other basic antennas.

EC21007 Semiconductor Devices (3-1-0) Credits: 4

Pre-requisites: None
Semiconductor fundamentals, crystal structure, Fermi level, energy-band diagram, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor, carrier concentration,
scattering and drift of electrons and holes, drift current , diffusion mechanism, generation and recombination and injection of carriers, transient
response, basic governing equations in semiconductor, physical description of p-n junction, transport equations, current voltage characteristics
and temperature dependence, tunneling current, small signal ac analysis. BJT equivalent circuits and modeling frequency response of
transistors, pnpn diode, SCR, MOS structure, flat-band threshold voltages, MOS static characteristics, small signal parameters and equivalent
circuit, charge sheet model, strong, moderate and weak inversion, short channel effects, scaling laws of MOS transistors, LDD MOSFET,
NMOS and CMOS IC technology, CMOS latch up phenomenon, ideal Schottky barrier, current voltage characteristics, MIS diode
heterojunctions devices, optical absorption in a semiconductor, photovoltaic effect, solar cell, photoconductors, PIN photodiode, avalanche
photodiode, LED, semiconductor lasers; negative conductance in semiconductors, transit time devices, IMPATT, Gunn device, BiCMOS devices.

EC29001 Basic Electronics Laboratory (0-0-3) Credits: 2

1. Familiarization with electronic components and usage of multimeter
2. Familiarization with oscilloscope, signal generator and further usage of multimeters
3. Frequency-response and square-wave testing of R-C, C-R and R-L networks
4. Voltage Rectifiers
5. Studies on Common-Emitter amplifiers
6. Studies on analog circuits using OP-AMP
7. Studies on logic gates

EC29002 Analog Circuits Laboratory (0-0-3) Credits: 2

1. D.C. characterization and finding parameters of transistors (BJT and MOST)
2. Design of simple amplifiers (common emitter and common source)
3. Characterization of Simple and Cascode Current Mirror circuits (BJT and MOST)
4. Design of Common collector amplifier
5. Design of differential amplifier with resistive load (BJT) and active load (MOST)
6. Design of R-C and L-C oscillators (phase shift/Colpitt/Hartley)
7. Design of a second order active filter (low pass/high pass)
8. Design of tuned amplifier

EC29003 Introduction to Electronics Laboratory (0-0-3) Credits: 2

1. Familiarization with electronic components and usage of multimeter
2. Familiarization with oscilloscope, signal generator and further usage of multimeters
3. Frequency-response and square-wave testing of R-C, C-R and R-L networks
4. Studies on Voltage Rectifiers
5. Studies on Common-Emitter amplifiers
6. Studies on analog circuits using OP-AMP
7. Studies on logic gates

EC29004 Devices Laboratory (0-0-3) Credits: 2

1. JFET Characterization
2. Diode Breakdown Characteristics
3. Capacitance Voltage Characteristics of a PN Junction (Doping profile)
4. High frequency Characteristics of BJT.
5. SCR Characteristics.
6. Hall Effect

EC29005 Networks Laboratory (0-0-3) Credits: 2

1. Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.
2. Verification of superposition theorem in various electronic circuits.
3a. To construct an inductor whose value is specified.
3b. To study frequency response of various 1st order RL networks with fabricated inductor.
3c. To study frequency response of 2nd order electronic circuit.
4. To study the transient and steady state response of a 2nd order circuit by varying its various parameters and studying their effects on
responses.
5. To determine eigen excitations of symmetrical & non-symmetrical networks and practically observe the eigen response.
6a. To measure two port parameters of a twin-T network.
6b. To study frequency response of the twin- T network.
6c. To study an op-amp based band reject filter and compare with (a) & (b) above.
7. Characterization of a distributed Transmission line.

EC31001 Analog Communication (3-1-0) Credits: 4

Pre-requisites: EC21004 or EE (Signals & Networks)
Representation of signals and systems in a communication system: Discrete and continuous spectra of signals, concepts of modulation and
frequency translation, lowpass and bandpass signals and channels, concept of complex envelope, Hilbert transform and phase shifting;
Continuous wave (CW) modulation: AM, DSB/SC, SSB, VSB, methods of generation; Demodulation techniques of CW modulation: coherent and
non-coherent; Nonlinear modulation techniques: FM and PM, narrowband FM, wideband FM, methods of generation; FM spectrum;
Demodulation techniques for FM; Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM); Radio transmitters and receivers; Sampling a signal by periodic pulse
stream: spectra of ideally sampled signal, Nyquist sampling theorem, flat-top sampling, sampling of bandpass signals, examples of sampling
circuits; PAM, PWM, PPM, PFM spectra, generation and demodulation schemes; Time-division multiplexing; Performance of analog
modulation schemes in AWGN : CNR, post-demodulation SNR and figure of merit for AM, DSB/SC, SSB, FM, threshold effect in FM, pre-
emphasis and de-emphasis in FM, FMFB. Noise in receivers; Noise figures; Radio link design.

EC31002 Digital Communication (3-1-0) Credits: 4

Pre-requisites: EC31001
Digital signals and their spectra; Concepts of information and entropy; Source coding: Coding theorem, fixed length codes; variable length codes;
Quantization of signals; Waveform coding techniques: PCM, DPCM, ADPCM, DM, ADM; Baseband transmission: intersymbol interference,
noise, eye pattern, BER analysis, Optimum filtering, equalization techniques; Clock recovery; Line coding techniques: Binary and multilevel line
codes; Digital modulation schemes: Binary modulation schemes- ASK, PSK, FSK, DPSK; M-ary modulation schemes: QPSK, /4 QPSK, MSK;
QAM: generation and demodulation schemes, carrier recovery techniques, BER analysis of digital modulation systems; Shannons capacity
theorem and spectral efficiency of digital modulation schemes.

EC31003 Digital Electronic Circuits (3-1-0) Credits: 4

Pre-requisites: EC21002

Switching algebra. Minimizing functions using maps, Minimization using QM method, Different logic families: TTL, ECL, I2L. NMOS, CMOS. Pass
transistor logic. Combinational logic circuits: adders/subtractors, fast adder, magnitude comparator, multiplexer demultiplexers, encoders,
decoders, ROMs, PLAs etc. Sequential logic circuits: flip flops and latches, shifters, counters. Finite state machine state transition diagrams
and state transition tables. HDL implementation. Asynchronous sequential Logic. Memory elements: ROM, PROM, RAM-SRAM, DRAM. Case
studies: a simple computer, RTL micro-instruction, instruction decoders timing and controller circuits, data path unit.
EC30004 VLSI Engineering (3-0-0) Credits: 3
Pre-requisites: EC21007, EC21002 and EC31003
Introduction: Design hierarchy, layers of abstraction, integration density and Moores law, VLSI design styles, packaging styles, design
automation principles; Fabrication Technology: Basic steps of fabrication, bipolar, CMOS and Bi-CMOS fabrication processes, layout design
rules; MOS and Bi-CMOS characteristics and circuits: MOS transistor characteristics, MOS switch and inverter, Bi-CMOS inverter, latch-up in
CMOS inverter, super-buffers, propagation delay models, switching delay in logic circuits, CMOS analog amplifier; Logic Design: switch logic,
gate restoring logic, various logic families and logic gates, PLA; Dynamic Circuits: Basic concept, noise considerations, charge sharing,
cascading dynamic gates, domino logic, np-CMOS logic, clocking schemes; Sequential Circuits: Basic regenerative circuits, bistable circuit
elements, CMOS SR latch, clocked latch and flip-flops; Low-power Circuits: low-power design through voltage scaling, estimation and
optimization of switching activity, reduction of switched capacitance, adiabatic logic circuits; Subsystem Design: design of arithmetic building
blocks like adders, multipliers, shifters, area-speed-power tradeoff; Semiconductor Memories: SRAM, DRAM, non-volatile memories; Bipolar ECL
Inverter: Features of ECL gate, robustness and noise immunity, logic design in ECL, single-ended and differential ECL gates; Testability of VLSI:
Fault models, scan-based techniques, BIST, test vector generation; Physical Design: Brief ideas on partitioning, placement, routing and
compaction.

EC31005 RF and Microwave Engineering (3-1-0) Credits: 4

Pre-requisites: EC21006
S-matrix: representation, properties, shift in reference planes, generalized S-matrix; wave propagation in planar lines: design, effective dielectric
constant, attenuation, dispersion, power-handling capability; lumped elements and their design; passive components: operation and S-matrices
of resonators/cavities, directional couplers, power splitters/combiners, filters; non-reciprocal components: isolators and circulators; microwave
sources: tube type, transistor amplifier and oscillator design, Gunn oscillator; microwave systems.

EC30006 Microcontrollers and Embedded Systems (3-0-0) Credits: 3

Pre-requisites: EC31003
Overview of 8085 and 8086 Microprocessor systems and peripherals; assembly language programming of 8085/8086; Arithmetic Coprocessor;
System level interfacing design; Advanced Microprocessor Architectures- 286, 486, Pentium; Microcontrollers 8051 systems; Introduction to
RISC processors; ARM microcontrollers; Embedded system design methodologies, embedded controller design for communication, digital
control.

EC31008 Digital Signal Processing (3-1-0) Credits: 4

Pre-requisites: EC21004
Review of discrete time signals and systems - causality, stability, discrete time Fourier transform, sampling and z-transform. Introduction to signal
space, orthogonal basis and signal representation using unitary transforms like DFT,DCT, Haar and Walsh Hadmard transform, Properties of
DFT, circular convolution, linear convolution using DFT, overlap add and save methods, FFT. Filter structures for IIR and FIR filters, linear phase
FIR filters. Digital filter design techniques, IIR filter design by impulse invariance and bilinear transformation, transformation of digital filters, FIR
filter design using windows, MATLAB based examples. Introduction to multirate DSP, decimation and interpolation, polyphase decomposition,
uniform DFT filter banks, quadrature mirror filters and perfect reconstruction, introduction to discrete wavelet transform. Discrete random signals,
power spectral density and properties, spectral estimation methods.

EC39001 Analog Communication Laboratory (0-0-3) Credits: 2

1. Design an amplitude modulation system with envelop detection and study its (a) signal handling, and (b) frequency response characteristics
2. Design a DSBSC modulation system with coherent demodulation and study its (a) signal handling, and (b) frequency response characteristics
when carrier is suppressed (i) fully, (ii) partially.
3. Design an SSB modulation system and study its (a) signal handling, and (b) frequency response characteristics
4. Design an AGC stage at 455 kHz centre frequency for voice communication and study effect of AGC on amplifier performance.
5. Design and test a mixer stage for translating AM signal to IF frequency stage.
6. Design a carrier recovery circuit for coherent demodulation of DSBSC signal.

EC39002 Digital Communication Laboratory (0-0-3) Credits: 2

1. Pulse Code Modulation & De-Modulation (PCM)
2. Base Band Communication system
3. Time Division Mux & De-Mux (TDM)
4. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
5. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
6. Binary Phase Shift Keying ( BPSK )
7. Carrier Synchronization
8. Clock Synchronization
9. D G P S System study

EC39003 Digital Circuits Laboratory (0-0-3) Credits: 2

1. Familiarization with 7-segment (common-anode) light-emitting diode (LED) display and IC 7447 (BCD-to-7-segment decoder/driver).
2. Familiarization with 7493 (mod-16 counter) and 7490 (mod-10 counter).
3. Familiarization with IC 74181 (4-bit ALU).
4. To verify the truth table of the 4-bit adder IC 7483, and using quad 2-to-1 Multiplexer IC 74157, display each of the 4-bit inputs and the output,
one at a time by a 7-segment LED display.
5. Use IC 74173 (quad DFF) and IC 74374 (octal DFF) to build a calculator.
6. Implementation of a (4 X 4) bit multiplier using registers and a down-counter.
7. BCD addition (add two BCD numbers to produce a valid BCD result) Apparatus: IC 7483, IC 7432, IC 7408, IC 7447, digital development kit,
connecting wires
8. Implementing an excess 3 to BCD code converter and display the output on 7-segment display.
9. Implement binary to BCD conversion.
10. Repetitive display of a students roll number on 7-segment display.
11. Measure and plot TTL inverter (IC 7404) transfer characteristic. Also, measure the propagation delay of a TTL gate by a ring oscillator
arrangement.
12. Simulate a serial communication link. Assume RS-232 data format consisting of a low start bit, 4 data bits, a parity bit and 2 high stop bits.
Apparatus: 8-bit PISO register (IC 74165), a JK Flip-Flop, 8-bit SIPO register (IC 74164), 4-bit PIPO register, hex keypad, gates, IC 7447 chip,
one 7-segment LED display, breadboard, connecting wires

EC39004 VLSI Engineering Laboratory (0-0-3) Credits: 2

Transistor-level Circuit Design using Cadence Design Flow:
1. Circuit design (paper-pencil design w/o cadence)
2. Schematic capture and simulation
3. Circuit layout and layout vs. schematic check
4. Parameter extraction from layout and post-layout simulation
5. Design experiments:
5.1. Familiarization with Cadence schematic-to-layout flow using inverter design
5.2. A cascode amplifier design
5.3. A differential amplifier design
5.4. A current source design
5.5. An operational transconductance amplifier design

Logic-level Circuit Design using Xilinx FPGA Design Flow:

1. Architectural level design (paper-pencil design w/o Xilinx)
2. HDL coding of the design and logic simulation
3. Synthesis and post-synthesis logic simulation
4. Implementation (placement and routing)
5. Downloading to FPGA and verification of design
6. Design experiments:
6.1. Familiarization with Xilinx HDL-to-implementation flow using ripple-carry adder design
6.2. Carry Look Ahead adder
6.3. Arithmetic Multiplier
6.4. Carry Bypass adder
6.5. Barrel shifter
6.6. Logarithmic shifter
6.7. Sequence detector
6.8. Left/right shifter
6.9. Synchronous up/down counter
6.10. Linear feedback shift register

EC39005 Microwave Laboratory (0-0-3) Credits: 2

1. Measurement of Guided Wavelength and Frequency of operation
2. To find the equivalent Circuit of given diaphragms
3. Measurements on Directional Coupler
4. To Calibrate given attenuator for its Attenuation
5. To find the directional pattern and gain of pyramidal horn antenna
6. To measure any unknown Impedence
7. To find the characteristics of Gunn Diode Oscillator
8. To Calibrate a given Detector Diode
9. To study Vector Network Analyzer and measure S parameters of any given device
10. To design a Single Stub Matching circuit
11. To determine the characteristics of Reflex Klystron

EC49001 Microcontroller Systems Laboratory (0-0-3) Credits: 2

1. Write a program in assembly langauge of 8051 to find the second largest in an array of 10 numbers stored from a memory location.
2. Design a traffic light controller.
 3. Design a digital clock.
4. Show the operation of interrupt facility of ARM board.
5. Communicate between the two SPI ports of ARM to exchange data bytes.
6. Interface an ADC to the ARM processor. Use the interface to measure the frequency of slow running sine wave.
7. Interface a stepper motor with the ARM processor.

Dept of Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering (E & ECE), Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, WB 721302, India
Phone: (+91) 3222 - 282263; Fax: (+91) 3222 - 282264 / 255303; Email: ece_office@ece.iitkgp.ernet.in
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