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OPERATION
1.) VENTING OF A FILLING PIPELINE 2.) VENTING OF A FILLING PIPELINE
(SUB CRITICAL WATER APPROACH VELOCITY) (EXCESSIVE WATER APPROACH VELOCITY)
Air enters Orifice (3), In reaction to increased air
travels through the annular flow, Float (6) closes Large
space between the Orifice (1) and air is forced
1 1
cylindrical floats (4), (5) & 3 through the Anti Shock
6 5 (6) and the valve Chamber Orifice (8) resulting in
(2) and discharges from 8 deceleration of the
4 2 the Large Orifice (1) into approaching water due to
atmosphere. the resistance of rising air
pressure in the valve.
3
3.) PRESSURIZED AIR RELEASE FROM A FULL PIPELINE 4.) VACUUM RELIEF (AIR INTAKE) OF A DRAINING PIPELINE
Subsequent to filling, liquid Simultaneous drainage of
enters Valve Chamber (2). liquid from Valve Chamber
Disentrained air rises (2) causes Floats (4), (5) &
through the liquid and
1 5 (6) to gravitate downwards
7 accumulates in the valve 6 onto Baffle Plate (9),
9
4 chamber, eventually thereby allowing
displacing the liquid. Float 4 2 atmospheric air through
2 (4) will gravitate the valve to rapidly
downwards thereby displace draining liquid in
opening the Small Orifice the pipeline and prevent
(7) and allowing 3 potentially damaging
accumulated air to be internal negative pressure.
discharged.
Vacuum Protection
The AVKc series have large orifice diameters equal to the nominal size of the valve ensuring the least possible
resistance to the intake of air The use of solid, cylindrical floats ensures instantaneous reaction, discourages the
Venturi phenomenon and is a further guarantee of effective vacuum protection.
Compact Design
The series AVKc valve performs four functions as standard in a compact single chamber design, which is 1/3rd
the size of conventional valve designs.
Series AVKc
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION & MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
FLANGED - DN50 (2") TO DN200 (8")
Type: End Connection:
Series AVKc - Double Orifice (Small & Large Orifice) Flanged
with Anti Shock Orifice Mechanism
Nominal Sizes:
DN50 (2") Model No's: Pressure Ratings:
DN80 (3") AVKc 1601 & 1631 PN16 (232 psi) ANSI #125
DN100 (4") AVKc 2501 & 2531 PN25 (363 psi) ANSI #250
DN150 (6")
DN200 (8")
Nuts
Stainless Steel AISI 316
Top Cover
Stainless Steel
AISI 316
Washers
Stainless Steel AISI 316
O - Ring Seal
Studs Nitrile Rubber
Stainless Steel AISI 316
Top Flange
Cast Ductile Iron O - Ring Seal
BS 2789 Gr 500/07 Nitrile Rubber
Fusion Bonded Epoxy
Powder Coated
Anti Shock Orifice
High Density Polyethylene
O - Ring Seat
Nitrile Rubber
Top Float
High Density Polyethylene Valve Body
Cast Ductile Iron
BS 2789 Gr 500/07
Nozzle Fusion Bonded Epoxy
Stainless Steel AISI 316 Powder Coated
Nozzle Seat
Natural Rubber
Baffle Plate
Stainless Steel AISI 316
Lower Float
High Density Polyethylene
Support Screws
Cheesehead Retaining Screw
Stainless Steel AISI 316 Stainless Steel AISI 316
Retainer Plate
Cheesehead
Stainless Steel AISI 316
The objective in sizing an air valve for vacuum conditions is to determine the smallest air release and vacuum break valve capable of admitting
air into the pipeline whilst not exceeding a differential pressure that would put the pipeline and gasket joint at risk due to negative internal
pressure.
Good pipeline design practice dictates that the following negative pressures not be exceeded for various pipe material to ensure that pipe
collapse or seal failure does not occur.
Pipe Material Recommended Negative Differential Pipe Material Recommended Negative Differential
Steel 0.35 bar UPVC 0.15 bar - 0.20 bar
Ductile Iron 0.35 bar HDPE 0.15 bar - 0.20 bar
Fibre Cement 0.35 bar Concrete 0.35 bar
GRP 0.35 bar
Air valves are generally sized on scouring velocities or partial rupture to economise on the valve size selected. The following rupture rates (as a
percentage of pipeline area), are generally used.
Sizing of Air Valves for Air Discharge (Initial Filling Conditions) and /or Drainage Conditions
The unique 3 orifice design of the AVKc valve ensures effective and efficient pipeline de-aeriation regardless of initial filling velocities.
This implies that sizing for discharge is only necessary if the pipeline is relatively flat and there are no defined peaks on the pipeline.
Below is a quick sizing guide. Determine the flow rate or velocity in the pipeline due to drainage (vacuum) or initial filling and select the
relevant valve from the table.
Pipeline Flow Pipeline Diameter Valve Size Pipeline Flow Pipeline Diameter Valve Size
Velocity Flow Velocity Flow
1 m/sec. 2 - 135 l/sec. DN50 to DN400 DN50 2 m/sec. 4 - 135 l/sec. DN50 to DN250 DN50
1 m/sec. 136 - 340 l/sec. DN450 to DN650 DN80 2 m/sec. 136 - 340 l/sec. DN300 to DN450 DN80
1 m/sec. 341 - 515 l/sec. DN700 to DN800 DN100 2 m/sec. 341 - 515 l/sec. DN500 to DN550 DN100
1 m/sec. 516 - 1155 l/sec DN900 to DN1200 DN150 2 m/sec. 516 - 1155 l/sec DN600 to DN800 DN150
1 m/sec. 1156 - 2065 l /sec. DN1300 to DN1600 DN200 2 m/sec. 1155 - 2063 l /sec. DN900 to DN1100 DN200
}
4. LONG HORIZONTAL SECTIONS - every 600 metres (1/3 of a mile) maximum.
Alternatively: - 1 meter per every mm in pipe diameter e.g. space air valves every
5. LONG ASCENDING SECTIONS - every 600 metres (1/3 of a mile) maximum. 600 meters for a 600mm diameter pipeline or every 800, for a 800mm diameter
6. LONG DESCENDING SECTIONS - every 600 metres (1/3 of a mile) maximum. pipeline. This is only true for pipeline diameters in excess of 500mm.
7. PUMP DISCHARGE (not shown in diagram) - just subsequent to non return valve.
8. BLANK ENDS (not shown in diagram) - where a pipeline is terminated by a blind flange or a valve. SCOUR
GRADIENT
GRADIENT
HYDRAULIC
3 3 3 3 3
1
MAY BE REQUIRED
SCOUR
1 3 2 1 4 3 6 3 3 1 5 VALVE
FOR SCOURING
HORIZONTAL DATUM
The AVK series AVKc takes in air through the unobstructed large orifice when water column separation occurs,
but controls the discharge of air through the "Anti-Shock" Orifice as the separated column commences to rejoin.
The rejoining impact velocity is thereby considerably reduced to alleviate high surge pressures in the system
(see operation of valve ).
Other surge control measures may, dependant on pipeline profile, diameter and operating conditions, be
needed to provide the primary surge alleviation function with the AVK air-valves forming an integral and
valuable addition in a combined strategy for further reducing surge pressures. The benefit of the "Anti-Shock"
Orifice can be readily demonstrated by suitable surge modelling software.
The unique, single chamber design of the AVKc valve enables a pocket of air to be trapped in the valve chamber.
Automatic operation of the small orifice control float regulates the volume of air entrapped.
The volume maintained in the valve will provide a cushioning benefit to the pipeline for short duration transient
pressure "spikes". This effect can be modelled by the design engineer using suitable surge software.
Computer Modeling
The effectiveness of the AVKc has been substantiated by independent third party testing. Effective computer
modelling, based on practical tests, has been ensured in the well-known and respected commercially available
SURGE 5.3 surge analysis software programme. Accurate results are also obtained by other commercially
available surge analysis software programmes such as FLOWMASTER and TRANSAM.
End Connection:
Flange for Alignment to;
Screwed BSP/NPT female (DN 50 only),
BS 4504 PN 16 & PN 25,
ANSI B16.1 Class 125 & 250
R BX
Model No's: Pressure Ratings bar (psi):
AVKc 1601 & 1631 16 bar (232 psi) ANSI # 125
AVKc 2501 & 2531 25 bar (363 psi) ANSI # 250
Acceptable Media:
Potable or strained raw water.
B Function:
i) High volume air discharge - pipeline filling.
ii) High volume air intake - pipeline draining
iii) Pressurized air discharge - pipeline filled.
iv) Surge dampening - high velocity air discharge, water
column separation & liquid oscillation.
D Standard Factory Tests:
C i) Hydrostatic - 1.5 x max. rated working pressure
ii) Low head leak - 0.5 bar (7.2 psi)
DN iii) Small orifice function at max. rated working pressure
(minimum 1 valve in 10).