2.

LTE Air Interface (E-UTRAN)

Architecture - Nodes

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 eUTRAN and EPC

S1
X2
eNB S1 Evolved Packet Operators
Core IP Services
X2

X2 S1

eUTRAN EPC
Evolved UTRAN All IP
Evolved NodeB Interoperability with 3GPP, 3GPP2,
Wideband OFDMA WiMAX, WiFi
Frequency selective scheduling Redundancy architecture

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 E-UTRAN Entities and Interfaces

eNB functions
- Radio Resource Management
- E-UTRAN synchronization and
interference control
- IP header compression EPC
MME/S-GW/P-GW MME/S-GW/P-GW
- Encryption/Integrity Protection of
user data
MME selection (among MME pool)

S1
-
- Routing of User Plane data from/to

S1
S-GW

S1
S1
S1 interface X2
- Can be split in S1-U (S-GW) & eNB
eNB E-UTRAN
S1-C (MME)
- Many-to-Many S1 supports network
sharing, redundancy, and load
balancing eNB

X2 interface
- Used for inter-eNB handover, load
balancing, and interference
cancellation
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 2. LTE Air interface (E-UTRAN)
Modes of Operation

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 LTE - FDD

LTE has two different duplex modes for separating the transmission
directions from the user to the base station and back:
- frequency division duplex (FDD)
- time division duplex (TDD).
In the case of FDD, the downlink and uplink are transmitted using
different frequencies

f1
Downlink

Uplink
f2

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 LTE - TDD

In TDD mode, the downlink and the uplink are on the same frequency.
The separation occurs in the time domain, so that each direction in a
call is assigned to specific timeslots.

DL DL DL DL UL UL

f1

f1

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 LTE-FDD vs LTE-TDD

LTE FDD using the paired spectrum is anticipated to form the migration
path for the current 3G services being used around the globe, most of
which use FDD paired spectrum.

However, there has been an additional emphasis on including TDD

LTE using unpaired spectrum.
TDD LTE which is also known as TD-LTE is seen as providing the
evolution or upgrade path for TD-SCDMA.

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 2. LTE Air interface (E-UTRAN)
Frequency Bands and
Radio Interface Characteristics

Copyright Rosenberger 2017 Proprietary / Confidential

 Spectrum for LTE Deployments

An operator may introduce LTE in new bands where it is easier to

deploy 10 MHz or 20 MHz carriers for maximum benefits of using LTE.
- 2.6 GHz band (IMT Extension band)
- Digital Dividend spectrum 700, 800 MHz
- Or in re-farmed existing mobile bands e.g. 850, 900, 1700, 1800,
1900, 2100 MHz
Eventually, LTE may be deployed in all of these bands, and others
later
2.6 GHz (for capacity) and 700/800 MHz (wider coverage, improved in-
building) is a good combination
LTE offers a choice of carrier bandwidths: 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
- the widest bandwidth will be needed for the highest speeds

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 FDD Bands

Uplink (UL) Operating Downlink (DL) Operating

E-UTRA Operating Band BS Receive Band BS Transmit
UE Transmit UE Receive Duplex
Band
Mode
FUL_low - FUL_high FDL_low- FDL_high
1 1920 MHz 1980 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz FDD
2 1850 MHz 1910 MHz 1930 MHz 1990 MHz FDD
3 1710 MHz 1785 MHz 1805 MHz 1880 MHz FDD
4 1710 MHz 1755 MHz 2110 MHz 2155 MHz FDD
5 824 MHz 849 MHz 869 MHz 894 MHz FDD
6 830 MHz 840 MHz 875 MHz 885 MHz FDD
7 2500 MHz 2570 MHz 2620 MHz 2690 MHz FDD
8 880 MHz 915 MHz 925 MHz 960 MHz FDD
9 1749.9 MHz 1784.9 MHz 1844.9 MHz 1879.9 MHz FDD
10 1710 MHz 1770 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz FDD
11 1427.9 MHz 1452.9 MHz 1475.9 MHz 1500.9 MHz FDD
12 698 MHz 716 MHz 728 MHz 746 MHz FDD
13 777 MHz 787 MHz 746 MHz 756 MHz FDD
14 788 MHz 798 MHz 758 MHz 768 MHz FDD
17 704 MHz 716 MHz 734 MHz 746 MHz FDD

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 TDD Bands

Uplink (UL) Operating Downlink (DL) Operating

E-UTRA Operating Band BS Receive Band BS Transmit
Duplex
Band UE Transmit UE Receive
Mode
F
UL_low -UL_high
F F
DL_low -DL_high
F
33 1900 MHz 1920 MHz 1900 MHz 1920 MHz TDD
34 2010 MHz 2025 MHz 2010 MHz 2025 MHz TDD
35 1850 MHz 1910 MHz 1850 MHz 1910 MHz TDD
36 1930 MHz 1990 MHz 1930 MHz 1990 MHz TDD
37 1910 MHz 1930 MHz 1910 MHz 1930 MHz TDD
38 2570 MHz 2620 MHz 2570 MHz 2620 MHz TDD
39 1880 MHz 1920 MHz 1880 MHz 1920 MHz TDD
40 2300 MHz 2400 MHz 2300 MHz 2400 MHz TDD

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 Other Spectrum Candidates for LTE

LTE FDD
LTE FDD will most likely in future be deployed in TD-LTE
existing cellular bands too, including:
- 850 MHz Early TDD Spectrum for LTE (TD-LTE)
- 900 MHz - IMT Extension Centre Gap 2570-2620 MHs
- AWS (1700/2100 MHz) - 2.3 TDD i.e. 2300-2400 MHz
- 1800 MHz Future TDD possibility
- 1900 MHz =3.6 GHz
- 2100 MHz
Future possibility:
- 450 470 MHz
- 3.6 GHz

Europe today GSM GSM UMTS LTE

Frequency 800 MHz 900 MHz 1.8 GHz 2.1 GHz 2.6 GHz
band

Future LTE GSM GSM UMTS LTE

UMTS LTE
LTE(?)

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 2.6 GHz: A Key Band for LTE in Asia,
Europe, MEA
Telenor and Netcom acquired 2.6 GHz spectrum and are building LTE networks in
Norway
Teliasonera launched LTE commercial service in Oslo Launched on December 15, 2009

Teliasonera, Elisa and DNA have been granted licences and 2.6 GHz spectrum and will
build LTE networks in Finland

Teliasonera Sweden has launched LTE beginning in Stockholm in December 2009; now
continuing deployment in more cities usinf nationwide 2X20 MHz 2.6 GHz spectrum
Tele 2 Sweden and TeleNor Sweden are jointly building an LTE network (Net4Mobility)
which includes spectrum and sharing in 900MHz and 2.6 GHz

In Hong Kong, 2x15 MHz blocks of 2.6 GHz FDD spectrum have been auctioned and won
by China Mobile, Genius Brand and CSL Limited

Europe: 2.6 GHz spectrum has been awarded in the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany
More auctions of 2.6 GHz spectrum are planned during 2010-11

Asia: 2.6 GHz spectrum has been awarded in the Hong Kong SAR
Consultations, trials on-going in many markets e.g. Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, The Philippines
MEA: Deployments, trials underway e.g. Saudi Arabia, Jordan, South Africa, UAE

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 Digital Dividend Bands

New UHF Digital Dividend spectrum is becoming available in all regions

- Region 1 (Europe, Middle East and African identified 790-862 MHz for mobile services
- Region 2 (Americas) identified 698-806 MHz
- Region 3 (Asia) some countries (China, India, Japan) identified 698-862 MHz
- Others identified 790-862 MHz

Digital Dividend Update

Published by GSA-June 2010
www.gsacom.com

Already switched off

After 224 Rounds the auction
2010-2011 closed on May 20, 2010 and
2012-2013
2014 onwards
Generated 4.384 billion

Europes first Digital Dividend spectrum auctioned

- German auction covered 360 MHz across four bands: 800 (DD), 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz and 2600 MHz
- Bidders were Deutsche Telecom, KPN/E-Plus, Telefonica o2 and Vodafone. Aunction commenced April 12, 2010
- 800 MHz (DD) allocations were the most expensive; 6X5 MHz paired blocks (791-821 MHz and 832-862 MHz)
- Coverage obligations and restrictions including spectrum caps apply

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 LTE1800 Promising Option

Main motivation: coverage area about 2X larger than LTE2600.

Coordinated Required
Possibility to reuse antenna lines of UMTS2100 or GSM 1800. GSM-LTE case spectrum
Possibility to deploy multi-RAN BTS with simultaneous LTE & GSM.
20 MHz LTE 18.4 MHZ
1800 MHz (ITU band 3) widely available in Europe and APAC.
15 MHz LTE 13.4 MHZ
Not big regulatory issues: 1800 band often technology neutral.
10 MHz LTE 9.4 MHZ

Spectrum need for full LTE data

Europe today
speed 18.4 MHz when GSM and GSM GSM UMTS LTE
Frequency
LTE base stations at same sites band 800 MHz 900 MHz 1.8 GHz 2.1 GHz 2.6 GHz
(coordinated case) GSM GSM
Future LTE UMTS UMTS LTE
Often easier to refarm than 900 MHz LTE(?)
LTE

Terminal availability 6-12 months after LTE2600:

not a real issue. LTE1800 operator trials
activity e.g.
LTE1800 can be estimated to be ready for mass market in
2012 with first network deployments and terminals in volume. Elisa (FI)
Bouygues Telecom (FR)
Cosmote (GR)
+ several others
LTE1800: promising and available for mass market in time

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 E-UTRAN Radio Interface Characteristics

Bandwidth support
- Flexible from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
Waveform
- OFDM in Downlink
- SC-FDM in Uplink
Duplexing mode
- FDD: full-duplex (FD) and half-duplex (HD)
- TDD
Modulation orders for data channels
- Downlink: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
- Uplink: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM (category 5 UEs only)
MIMO support
- Downlink: SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO (SDMA)
- Uplink: SDMA

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