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Antepartum hemorrhage
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Is bleeding which usually takes place after 24 wks.of gestation ( it is 3rd trimester
bleeding )
Three major causes :
2- Abruptio placenta
3- Incidental causes
Normally placenta is located in fundus of uterus but when localized more down (
placenta preavia ) & when fetus grow downward , it will push placenta & it will
bleed easily .
Placenta preavia
Abnormally situated placenta in lower uterine segment or covering the os .
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Grading :
1. Low lying placenta ( Grade I )
Placenta here is situated in the lower uterine segment near the os but not reaching the
os .
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Presentation :
1- Bleeding after 24 wks of gestat\ion usually the 1st episode ( attack ) of vaginal
bleeding is small in amount , does not affect the life of pt. , painless , causeless .
usually occurs when the pt rises up morning from his bed with a bleeding seen on
thighs & the bed.
2- recurrence usually after 2nd attack which is more aggressive in nature & may affect
the life of the pt.
Examination :
General condition of pt is corresponded to the amount of vaginal bleeding i.e
vital signs in 1st attack are not affected & with increase amount of bleeding they
will be deteriorated .
Abdominal exam.
a. Uterus is soft & not tender .
b. Fetal part can be detected easily
c. Fetal heart can be detected easily & most of the time fetal condition is not
affected.
d. Uterus size is slightly larger than date & the head is not engaged or the date of
uterus is correspond to date of amenorrhea.
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Diagnosis :
US examinationis very helpful in detecting placental site with an accuracy of 96 % but
sometime there is a difficulty when the placenta is situated posteriorly , the better
technique is vaginal US scanning but sometime it is risky because it may create bleeding
.
Digital examination ( bimanual exam. ) can be very helpful in determining the age of
placenta .
Pelvic exam. Is only indicated if we are sure that bleeding is not due to placenta
preavia.
It have been performed that digital examination can lead to sever uncontrollable
bleeding in 1:16 pt.
Management :
Depend upon the
but in placenta preavia grade II posterior , grade III & grade IIII, the should be
terminated by caesarean section.
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Abruptio placenta
Is the early separation ( premature separation ) of a normally situated placenta.
This condition usually occurs before delivery in which the bed of placenta will be turned
or damaged leading to formation of retro- placental clot.
Causes;
1- Folic acid deficiency
2- Trauma
3- Previous Hx of abruptio placenta
4- Grand multiparity
5- Hypertensive disorders
6- Increase with maternal age.
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Presentation:
1. Revealed type , bleeding can be seen through vagina but in
2. concealed type blood is trapped in uterus & then it will invade myometrium in
leading to condition called ( conulaire uterus ). In this condition uterus will be
purple in color , the full myometrium if full involved with blood & it will be
larger for date.
Presentation :
Usually pt general condition does not correspond to the amount of bleeding .
In moderate sever cases of abruptio placenta, vital signs are usually deteriorated ,
there will be tachycardia , hypotensive attack , cold, thready pulse , dry mouth &
tongue. pt has sever abdominal pain.
On examination:
Uterus is much larger than date, tense , tender , fetal part can not be detected , & fetal
heart is usually absent , we can not detect the fetal lie , there is muscle gardening &
abdominal rigidity .
-Sometimes US is not so much helpful in detecting the retro-placental clot but can roll
out placenta preavia, so pelvic examination can be performed here to assess the cervical
condition & weather the pt is in labor or not .
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Usually pt with abruption placenta , they run in labor:
Assessment of ( blood profile ) are mandatory to see any coagulation defect. Prepare
at least 4-6 pines of blood for pt& start immediate transfusion & resuscitation by
ringer lactate fluid & insert catheter to assess amount of urine output & assess
vaginal examination to plane for termination of pregnancy ( delivery ).
Vasa Preavia
Bleeding here is from fetal site in which there is a damage to the cord from fetal site
rather than maternal site .
This condition usually occurs when cord is inserted eccentric toward the placenta
Usually there is an antepartum bleeding affecting fetal & fetus have tachycardia &
there will be loss of fetal varrbility& the bradycardia& there is birth asphyxia.
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Rx is either termination of pregnancyorintra-uterine transmission
Incidental causes :
These are cause local situated in vagina or cervix like cervixitis , cervical erosion &
cervical cancer.
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Khalil.A.A
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