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1.1 INTRODUCTION
Proposed office building for general use is to be built on plot no 96, Block F at Mikocheni Light Industrial
area, Kinondoni Municipality Dar es Salaam. It is designed as frame system and roof cover being clay tiles
as per Architectural drawings.
Blocks Considered
Tiles Considered
Plaster Considered
Finishes Considered
Mainly the columns and beams provide the stability to the frame. From geotechnical report, foundation is placed in
the underlying clay stratum, which has a safe bearing capacity of 200kN/m2.
1.2.5 TYPICAL DESIGN VALUES
S1 1.0 -
S2 1.0 - Wind pressure factors
S3 1.0 -
5 Exposure Conditions considered
And cover to reinforcements
External Moderate
Internal mild
Cover to foundations 50 mm
Cover to other structural 25 mm
elements
6 Subsoil Conditions 200 kN/m2
(Allowable bearing pressure)
7 Characteristics strength of
materials
Reinforcement fy = 460 N/mm2
MasterFrame is a program for the generation and analysis of plane frame, grillage or space frame structural
models based on two node beam element members. The program is accessible from the MasterSeries Start
Up screen by selecting Frames> MasterFrame: Analysis Design Drafting.
From the structural model developed member forces, nodal displacement and support reactions are
obtained which can be presented in both a tabular and graphical format. Information from the model is
then used in other MasterSeries programs for the integrated design, drafting and detailing.
Major steps used in the program to analyze the structure are-
a. Generating the frame geometry
b. Defining member properties, orientation
c. Defining structural loading
d. Defining supports conditions
e. Defining loading cases and combinations
f. Analyzing the frame
g. Viewing and printing results
2.0 WIND LOAD ANALYSIS ON ROOF TRUSSES
Wind loading is dependent on several factors relating to the location of the site and the geometry and orientation of
the building. Wind loading was treated as a very short-term loading, applied at right angles to the relevant members.
All trusses designed for wind loading in accordance with BS 6339: Part 2 code of practice for wind loads.
Building data
Type of roof; Hipped
Length of building; L = 27165 mm
Width of building; W = 27165 mm
Height to eaves; H = 27000 mm
Pitch of main slope; 0 = 27.0 deg
Pitch of gable slope; 90 = 27.0 deg
Reference height; Hr = 32765 mm
Dynamic classification
Building type factor (Table 1); Kb = 0.5
Dynamic augmentation factor (1.6.1); Cr = [Kb ( Hr / (0.1 m) )0.75] / ( 800 log( Hr / (0.1 m))) = 0.02
= 4 x 27.165
=108.7m
UDL = 68.4KN/108.7m
=0.63KN/m
Assumption: Due to roof geometry truss type 3 [shown in the truss layout plan] is analysed and deductions made to
the rest of the trusses and rafters
The purlin used to carry the roofing sheet usually spaced from 350 mm to 450 mm c/c
Load from roof clays tiles (Gkc) = Dead load x Purlin space x Cos
Load from purlin (Gkp) = Purlin Density x Purlin cross section area.
Density of wood = 27KN/m3
Trial purlin section = 50mm x 50mm
Dead Load (Gk) = Dead load from roof clay tiles + Dead load from roof Purlins
Gk=Gkc + Gkp
= 0.27 + 0.018
=0.29KN/m
Load combination
For both Ultimate Limit State Design (ULS) and Serviceability Limit State (SLS) the following Load combinations are
used.
For this project, the first option is the use of timber with the following initial / Trial sizes
Purlins (50 x 50mm Section purlin)
Rafters and tie beams (50 x 150 timber section)
Internal truss members = (50 x 100 timber section)
Spacing of major trusses = 1200 mm c/c
The designing of the beam mainly consist of fixing the breadth and depth of the beam and arriving at the area of steel
and the diameters of bars to be used. The breadth of the beam is generally does not exceed the width of the column
for effective transfer of the load from beam to column. The roof beams arrangement is shown in Figure below.
A reinforced concrete beam designed to be able to resist tensile compressive and shear stresses induced in it
by the loads on the beam. Concrete is strong in compression but very weak in the low tensile strength.
Plain concrete beams are thus limited in carrying capacity by the low tensile strength. Steel is very strong in
tension. Thus, the weakness of plain concrete is strengthened by provision of reinforcing steel in the tension
zone around the concrete to make a reinforced concrete beam.
Two main beams were selected as representative of others (RB01 and RB02), two criterias were used to select
representative beam;
Member span.
Load distribution on beam.
3.1 MEMBER (RB01)
All member beams around water tank slab and staircase indicated with member label RB01. Design is based on the
strength of the section calculated from the stress distribution at collapse (at ultimate condition). An elastic section
analysis is later carried out for checking the serviceability limit states.
Basic Data
Design to BS 8110: 1997
fcu, fy, fyv, v crit, K1, K2 25, 460, 460, 4.0, 0.41, 0.45
Torsional Design
Main Rectangular Section assumed to resist Torsion
T, Vtmin, Vtu(mod) , Hmin, Hmax, X1, Y1 4.10, 0.34, 2.76, 250, 450, 180, 380( Vtu modified to Cl 2.4.5)
Vt= 2T/(Hmin ( Hmax - Hmin/3)) 2 x 4.10 / (250 x (450- 250/3) 0.36 N/mm OK
Combined (V + Vt) / Vtu(mod) <= 1 (1.011 + 0.358) / 2.764 0.495 OK
Asv/Sv= T/(0.8X1Y10.95fyv) 4.10 / ( 0.8 x 180 x 380 x 0.95 x 460) 0.17 mm
Ast= Asv/Sv (fyv/ fy) (Xt1+ Yt1) 0.2 ( 460 / 460) x (180 + 380) 96 mm
Area/Bar = Ast/(Top+Bot+Side+Side) 96 / (2 + 2 + 1 + 1 ) 16 mm
As& As'reduce Asr= Area/BarTop 16 x 2 32 mm
Asprov min(402, 226, 402, 402, 402, 226) 226 OK
Asv/Sv prov (2 external legs only) min(1.05) 1.05 OK
Bending Moments
Left Support Steel Hogging
X/d=Fn(As-Asr, fy, K1, Beff, d, fcu, m) 772, 460, 0.41, 250, 402.0, 25, 0.95 0.33
Mu =(K1fcuBX)min(d-k2X,0.95d) (0.425250132.6)(402.0-0.5132.6) 115 kN.m
Mapp/Mu 57.8 / 115.3 0.501 OK
AsRequired to BS8110 Cl 3.4.4.4 Assuming d = 400, d' = 50 top 387, bottom 32 mm
Shear
Max Shear
vcrit= min(5, 0.8sqr(fcu) min(5, 0.8 sqr(25) ) 4.000 N/mm
v = Vmax/ (d b) 90 1000 / (402 250) 0.899 N/mm OK
Basic Data
Design to BS 8110: 1997
fcu, fy, fyv, v crit, K1, K2 25, 460, 460, 4.0, 0.41, 0.45
Minor Axis Moments
My max = 24.5 kN.m Minor axis moments ignored by user
Torsional Design
Main Rectangular Section assumed to resist Torsion
T, Vtmin, Vtu(mod) , Hmin, Hmax, X1, Y1 4.21, 0.34, 2.76, 250, 450, 180, 380( Vtu modified to Cl 2.4.5)
Vt= 2T/(Hmin ( Hmax - Hmin/3)) 2 x 4.21 / (250 x (450- 250/3) 0.37 N/mm OK
Combined (V + Vt) / Vtu(mod) <= 1 (0.277 + 0.368) / 2.764 0.233 OK
Asv/Sv= T/(0.8X1Y10.95fyv) 4.21 / ( 0.8 x 180 x 380 x 0.95 x 460) 0.18 mm
Ast= Asv/Sv (fyv/ fy) (Xt1+ Yt1) 0.2 ( 460 / 460) x (180 + 380) 99 mm
Area/Bar = Ast/(Top+Bot+Side+Side) 99 / (2 + 2 + 1 + 1 ) 16 mm
As& As'reduce Asr= Area/BarTop 16 x 2 33 mm
Asprov min(226, 226, 226, 226, 226, 226) 226 OK
Asv/Sv prov (2 external legs only) min(1.05) 1.05 OK
Bending Moments
Left Support Steel Sagging
X/d=Fn(As-Asr, fy, K1, Beff, d, fcu, m) 193, 460, 0.41, 250, 404.0, 25, 0.95 0.08
Mu =(K1fcuBX)min(d-k2X,0.95d) (0.42525033.2)(0.95404.0) 32 kN.m
Mapp/Mu 17.9 / 32.4 0.553 OK
AsRequired to BS8110 Cl 3.4.4.4 Assuming d = 400, d' = 50 top 33, bottom 141 mm
Shear
Max Shear
vcrit= min(5, 0.8sqr(fcu) min(5, 0.8 sqr(25) ) 4.000 N/mm
v = Vmax/ (d b) 27 1000 / (404 250) 0.265 N/mm OK
Dimensional Checks
Deflection at Mid-Span
Bsc l/d=Fn(Basic L/d, Leff) 26, 7.558 26.0
Shp MF=Fn(Bw, Beff) 250, 250 1.00 Table 3.9
Tens MF=Fn(Asreq, Asprv, fy, M, B, d) 169, 193, 460, 28, 250, 404.0 1.65 Table 3.10
Comp MF=Fn(As'prv, B, d) (%) 193, 250, 404.0, (0.19) 1.06
Table 3.11 Allow L/d=Fn(Bsc, Shp, Ten, Com) 26, 1.00, 1.65, 1.06 45.37
Actual L/d=Fn(Leff,d) 7558, 404.0 18.71 OK
General Checks
Cover to Links Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.3) 30 OK
Cover to Bars Not less than 12 (Cl 3.3.1.2) 40 OK
Max Axial Compression Not greater than 281 (Cl 3.4.4.1) 46 OK
Number of main Bars to restrain links Not less than 2 (One per link leg) 2 OK
LH Support Reinforcement Matching Not greater than 1 (Check Continuity with Prev. beam) 1 OK
RH Support Reinforcement Matching Not greater than 1 (Check Continuity with Next beam) 1 OK
Foundation and column loads are cumulated from the above floors. Diagram below shows two-way load transfer from
slab to beam;
All beams are passing through columns therefore they are termed as main beams, together with columns form the
space frame. They were two unique main beam (B01 and B02) to analyze and checking for flexure, crack control,
deflection and shear. Figure below portrays the general layout of main beams from 8th floor to 1st floor.
The beam was designed for the flexural forces they would experience. This design comprised of the determination and
selection of the adequate amount of steel necessary in each of the critical beam sections. The steel reinforcement is
necessary in the portions of the beam that are in tension because steel is strong in tension while concrete is very weak
and brittle in tension.
Next in the design process was the determination of the shear reinforcement. Without shear reinforcement the beam
would have a catastrophic failure due to shear web and flexure shear cracks. These cracks would form due to the shear
forces in the beam and cause equivalent tension stresses that would cause failure in the beam since concrete is very
weak in tension. This failure would be sudden and extremely dangerous and must be designed against. Therefore,
stirrups at a determined spacing are used to provide a source of tensile strength against these shear forces.
Deflection must be controlled in any structure in order to make the building feels safe and is serviceable. Additionally,
deflection must be controlled so that the non structural components of the building do not fail.
4.2 MEMBER (B01)
Analysis and design calculation for all member beams indicated with member label B01 were done as follow;
Basic Data
Design to BS 8110: 1997
fcu, fy, fyv, v crit, K1, K2 25, 460, 460, 4.0, 0.41, 0.45
Torsional Design
Main Rectangular Section assumed to resist Torsion
T, Vtmin, Vtu(mod) , Hmin, Hmax, X1, Y1 1.08, 0.34, 2.76, 250, 450, 180, 380( Vtu modified to Cl 2.4.5)
Vt= 2T/(Hmin ( Hmax - Hmin/3)) 2 x 1.08 / (250 x (450- 250/3) 0.09 N/mm OK
Combined (V + Vt) / Vtu(mod) <= 1 (0.757 + 0.095) / 2.764 0.308 OK
Vt <Vtmin No Special torsional reinforcement required
Bending Moments
Left Support Steel Hogging
X/d=Fn(As, fy, K1, Beff, d, fcu, m) 603, 460, 0.41, 250, 402.0, 25, 0.95 0.18
Muc=(K1fcuBX)min(d-k2X,0.95d) (0.42525071.7)(402.0-0.571.7) 67 kN.m
Musteel= mAs'fy'(d-d') 0.95339251(402.0 - 46.0) 29 kN.m
Mapp/Mu (conc + Csteel) 86.4 / (67.4 + 28.8) 0.898 OK
AsRequired to BS8110 Cl 3.4.4.4 Assuming d = 400, d' = 50 top 554
Shear
Max Shear
vcrit= min(5, 0.8sqr(fcu) min(5, 0.8 sqr(25) ) 4.000 N/mm
v = Vmax/ (d b) 74 1000 / (402 250) 0.738 N/mm OK
Dimensional Checks
Deflection at Mid-Span
Bsc l/d=Fn(Basic L/d, Leff) 26, 6.000 26.0
Shp MF=Fn(Bw, Beff) 250, 250 1.00 Table 3.9
Tens MF=Fn(Asreq, Asprv, fy, M, B, d) 385, 603, 460, 62, 250, 402.0 1.51 Table 3.10
Comp MF=Fn(As'prv, B, d) (%) 402, 250, 402.0, (0.40) 1.12 Table 3.11
Allow L/d=Fn(Bsc, Shp, Ten, Com) 26, 1.00, 1.51, 1.12 43.89
Actual L/d=Fn(Leff,d) 6000, 402.0 14.93 OK
General Checks
Cover to Links Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.3) 30 OK
Cover to Bars Not less than 16 (Cl 3.3.1.2) 40 OK
Number of main Bars to restrain links Not less than 2 (One per link leg) 2 OK
RH Support Reinforcement Matching Not greater than 1 (Check Continuity with Next beam) 1 OK
Basic Data
Design to BS 8110: 1997
fcu, fy, fyv, v crit, K1, K2 25, 460, 460, 4.0, 0.41, 0.45
Torsional Design
Main Rectangular Section assumed to resist Torsion
T, Vtmin, Vtu(mod) , Hmin, Hmax, X1, Y1 1.61, 0.34, 2.76, 250, 450, 180, 380( Vtu modified to Cl 2.4.5)
Vt= 2T/(Hmin ( Hmax - Hmin/3)) 2 x 1.61 / (250 x (450- 250/3) 0.14 N/mm OK
Combined (V + Vt) / Vtu(mod) <= 1 (1.563 + 0.140) / 2.764 0.616 OK
Vt < Vtmin No Special torsional reinforcement required
Bending Moments
Left Support Steel Hogging
X/d=Fn(As, fy, K1, Beff, d, fcu, m) 1407, 460, 0.41, 250, 402.0, 25, 0.95 0.45
Muc=(K1fcuBX)min(d-k2X,0.95d) (0.425250182.5)(402.0-0.5182.5) 148 kN.m
Musteel= mAs'fy'(d-d') 0.95402393(402.0 - 80.0) 48 kN.m
Mapp/Mu (conc + Csteel) 179.8 / (148.2 + 48.4) 0.915 OK
AsRequired to BS8110 Cl 3.4.4.4 Assuming d = 368, d' = 50 top 1401, bottom 344 mm
Shear
Max Shear
vcrit= min(5, 0.8sqr(fcu) min(5, 0.8 sqr(25) ) 4.000 N/mm
v = Vmax/ (d b) 147 1000 / (402 250) 1.461 N/mm OK
Dimensional Checks
Deflection at Mid-Span
Bsc l/d=Fn(Basic L/d, Leff) 26, 7.558 26.0
Shp MF=Fn(Bw, Beff) 250, 250 1.00 Table 3.9
Tens MF=Fn(Asreq, Asprv, fy, M, B, d) 777, 804, 460, 115, 250, 402.0 0.95 Table 3.10
Comp MF=Fn(As'prv, B, d) (%) 603, 250, 402.0, (0.60) 1.17 Table 3.11
Allow L/d=Fn(Bsc, Shp, Ten, Com) 26, 1.00, 0.95, 1.17 28.85
Actual L/d=Fn(Leff,d) 7558, 402.0 18.8 OK
General Checks
Cover to Links Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.3) 30 OK
Cover to Bars Not less than 16 (Cl 3.3.1.2) 40 OK
Max Axial Tension Not greater than 281 ((0.1 fcuAc)) 8 OK
Spacer Size Not less than 13 (Cl 3.12.11.1) 16 OK
Number of main Bars to restrain links Not less than 2 (One per link leg) 2 OK
LH Support Reinforcement Matching Not greater than 1 (Check Continuity with Prev. beam) 1 OK
RH Support Reinforcement Matching Not greater than 1 (Check Continuity with Next beam) 1 OK
Although the column is essentially a compression member, the manner in which it tends to fail and the amount of
load that causes failure depend on:
The material of which the column is made.
The shape of cross-section of the column.
The end conditions of the column.
Basic Data
Design to BS 8110: 199
Grades Fy, Fyv, Fcu 460 N/mm, 460 N/mm, 25 N/mm
Restraint Conditions and Effective Lengths
x : for 400 mm deep column Top: Deep, Bottom: Deep 1.20
y : for 400 mm wide column Top: Shallow, Bottom: Shallow 1.50
Lc=3000 Lox=3000-(600+600)/2 2400
Loy=3000-(600+600)/2 2400
Lex=2880.0 mm, Lex/h=7.2, exx=20.0 mm
Ley=3600.0 mm, Ley/b=9.0, eyy=20.0 mm
Bi-Axial , Short, UnBraced, Column Design
Critical Case : 1 : Dead plus Live
Part 1 of 2 with Mxx Nominal considered
Axial Capacity
Applied Axial N 1596.4 k
Nuz=.45(BH-acs)fcu + .95ascfy .45x(400x400-5027)x25 + 0.95x5026.5x4603940.1 k OK
Ncap=.9.45(BH-acs)fcu + .95ascfy. 9x.45x(400x400-5027)x25 + 0.95x5026.5x460 3765.7 k OK
X-X Moments
Applied Moments (Mx1, Mx2) -11.0 kN.m, 13.6 kN.m
M nom=fn(N, exx) 1596.4 kN, 20.0 mm 31.9 kN.m
Design Moment 31.9 kN.m
Y-Y Moments
Applied Moments (My1, My2) -81.2 kN.m, 75.3 kN.m
Design Moment 81.2 kN.m
Resultant Design Moment
M=sqr(Mx + My) sqr(31.9 + 81.2 ) 87.3 kN.m
= atn(My / Mx) atn(81.2/ 31.9) 68.5 deg
Moment Capacity
Design Data X/h, h, b, X, Ac, Ybar 0.608, 519 mm, 400 mm, 315.21 mm, 90481 mm, 174.2 m
Bar group1:M1 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 446.0, -0.145, -290, -186.7, -91.2 17.0 kN
Bar group2:M2 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 178.0, 0.152, 305, 81.3, 95.8 7.8 kN
Bar group3:M3 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 379.0, -0.071, -142, -119.7, -44.5 5.3 kN
Bar group4:M4 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 312.0, 0.004, 7, -52.7, 2.3 -0.1 kN
Bar group5:M5 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 245.0, 0.078, 156, 14.3, 49.0 0.7 kN
Bar group6:M6 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 419.7, -0.116, -232, -160.4, -72.9 11.7 kN
Bar group7:M7 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 393.3, -0.087, -173, -134.0, -54.5 7.3 kN
Bar group8:M8 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 367.0, -0.057, -115, -107.7, -36.1 3.9 kN
Bar group9:M9 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 340.6, -0.028, -56, -81.3, -17.7 1.4 kN
Bar group10:M10 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 72.6, 0.269, 437, 186.7, 137.3 25.6 kN
Bar group11:M11 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 273.6, 0.046, 92, -14.3, 29.0 -0.4 kN
Bar group12:M12 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 206.6, 0.121, 241, 52.7, 75.8 4.0 kN
Bar group13:M13 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 139.6, 0.195, 390, 119.7, 122.5 14.7 kN
Bar group14:M14 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 151.6, 0.182, 363, 107.7, 114.1 12.3 kN
Bar group15:M15 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 125.3, 0.211, 422, 134.0, 132.5 17.8 kN
Bar group16:M16 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 98.9, 0.240, 437, 160.4, 137.3 22.0 kN
Concrete Fc=(Ac.45fcu) 90481 x 0.45 x 25 1017.9 k
F Equlibrum (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -91+96-44+2+49-73-54-36-18+137+29+7+123+114+133+137+1018-1596.4 0.0k OK
Concrete Mc=Fc(H/2-Ybar) 1017.9 x (519 / 2 - 174.2) 86.6 kN
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M16)
Max Moment/Mu 87.3 / 237.6 0.36 OK
X-X Moments
Applied Moments (Mx1, Mx2) -11.0 kN.m, 13.6 kN.m
Design Moment 13.6 kN.m
Y-Y Moments
Applied Moments (My1, My2) -81.2 kN.m, 75.3 kN.m
M nom=fn(N, eyy) 1596.4, 20.0 31.9 kN.m
Design Moment 81.2 kN.m
Moment Capacity
Design Data X/h, h, b, X, Ac, Ybar 0.615, 461 mm, 400 mm, 283.33 mm, 90020 mm, 143.2 m
Bar group1:M1 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 396.1, -0.139, -279, -165.8, -87.5 14.5 kN
Bar group2:M2 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 112.1, 0.212, 423, 118.2, 132.9 15.7 kN
Bar group3:M3 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 325.1, -0.052, -103, -94.8, -32.4 3.1 kN
Bar group4:M4 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 254.1, 0.036, 72, -23.8, 22.7 -0.5 kN
Bar group5:M5 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 183.1, 0.124, 248, 47.2, 77.8 3.7 kN
Bar group6:M6 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 384.2, -0.125, -249, -153.9, -78.3 12.1 kN
Bar group7:M7 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 372.3, -0.110, -220, -142.0, -69.1 9.8 kN
Bar group8:M8 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 360.4, -0.095, -190, -130.1, -59.8 7.8 kN
Bar group9:M9 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 348.5, -0.081, -161, -118.2, -50.6 6.0 kN
Bar group10:M10 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 64.5, 0.270, 437, 165.8, 137.3 22.8 kN
Bar group11:M11 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 277.5, 0.007, 14, -47.2, 4.5 -0.2 kN
Bar group12:M12 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 206.5, 0.095, 190, 23.8, 59.6 1.4 kN
Bar group13:M13 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 135.5, 0.183, 365, 94.8, 114.7 10.9 kN
Bar group14:M14 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 100.2, 0.226, 437, 130.1, 137.3 17.9 kN
Bar group15:M15 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 88.3, 0.241, 437, 142.0, 137.3 19.5 kN
Bar group16:M16 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 76.4, 0.256, 437, 153.9, 137.3 21.1 kN
Concrete Fc=(Ac.45fcu) 90020 x 0.45 x 25 1012.7 k
F Equlibrum (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -88+133-32+23+78-78-69-60-51+137+5+6+115+137+137+137+1013-1596.4 0.1k OK
Concrete Mc=Fc(H/2-Ybar) 1012.7 x (461 / 2 - 143.2) 88.2 kN
Max Moment/Mu 82.4 / 253.6 0.32 OK
Dimensional Checks
Cover to Links Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.3) 3 OK
Cover to Bars Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.2) 4 OK
Main Steel % 0.40 to 6.00 (Cl 3.12.5.3) 3.1 OK
Min Main Dia Not less than 9 (Cl 3.12.11.2.2) 2 OK
Min Link Dia Not less than 6 (Cl 3.12.7.1) 1 OK
Max Link Pitch Not greater than 240 (Cl 3.12.7.1) 15 OK
Nominal Link Pitch Not greater than 240 (Tab 3.7) 15 OK
XX Steel Gap Not less than 25 (Cl 3.12.11.2.4) 5 OK
YY Steel Gap Not less than 25 (Cl 3.12.11.2.4) 5 OK
XX Link Leg Length Not less than 106 (mm Shape code 82[33]) 10 OK
YY Link Leg Length Not less than 106 (mm Shape code 82[33]) 10 OK
XX Un-restrained distance c/c 0 to 150 (Cl 3.12.7.2) 6 OK
YY Un-restrained distance c/c 0 to 150 (Cl 3.12.7.2) 6 OK
XX Valid Link pattern 4 to 4, 5, 6, 7 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
YY Valid Link pattern 4 to 4, 5, 6, 7 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
5.1.2 FOURTH FLOOR (4th) TO FIFTH FLOOR (5th) COLUMNS
Basic Data
Design to BS 8110: 199
Grades Fy, Fyv, Fcu 460 N/mm, 460 N/mm, 25 N/mm
X-X Moments
Applied Moments (Mx1, Mx2) -15.4 kN.m, 16.9 kN.m
Mom=fn(N, exx) 801.1 kN, 20.0 mm 16.0 kN.m
Design Moment
16.9 kN.m
Y-Y Moments
Applied Moments (My1, My2) -87.7 kN.m, 88.7 kN.m
Design Moment 88.7 kN.m
Moment Capacity
Design Data X/h, h, b, X, Ac, Ybar 0.502, 468 mm, 400 mm, 234.59 mm, 70735 mm, 122.9 m
Bar group1:M1 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 402.3, -0.250, -437, -168.4, -137.3 23.1 kN
Bar group2:M2 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 119.4, 0.172, 344, 114.5, 108.0 12.4 kN
Bar group3:M3 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 308.0, -0.109, -219, -74.1, -68.8 5.1 kN
Bar group4:M4 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 213.7, 0.031, 62, 20.2, 19.6 0.4 kN
Bar group5:M5 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 384.3, -0.223, -437, -150.4, -137.3 20.7 kN
Bar group6:M6 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 366.4, -0.197, -393, -132.5, -123.5 16.4 kN
Bar group7:M7 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 348.4, -0.170, -340, -114.5, -106.7 12.2 kN
Bar group8:M8 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 65.5, 0.252, 437, 168.4, 137.3 23.1 kN
Bar group9:M9 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 254.1, -0.029, -58, -20.2, -18.3 0.4 kN
Bar group10:M10 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 159.8, 0.112, 223, 74.1, 70.1 5.2 kN
Bar group11:M11 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 101.4, 0.199, 397, 132.5, 124.9 16.5 kN
Bar group12:M12 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 83.4, 0.226, 437, 150.4, 137.3 20.7 kN
Concrete Fc=(Ac.45fcu) 70735 x 0.45 x 25 795.8 k
F Equlibrum (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -137+108-69+20-137-124-107+137-18+7+125+137+796-801.10.0 k OK
Concrete Mc=Fc(H/2-Ybar) 795.8 x (468 / 2 - 122.9) 88.3 kN
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M12)88.3 + (23.1+12.4+5.1+0.4+20.7+16.4+12.2+ (23.1+0.4+5.2+16.5+20.7)244.4kN
Max Moment/Mu 90.3 / 244.4 0.37 OK
X-X Moments
Applied Moments (Mx1, Mx2) -15.4 kN.m, 16.9 kN.m
Design Moment 16.9 kN.m
Y-Y Moments
Applied Moments (My1, My2) -87.7 kN.m, 88.7 kN.m
M nom=fn(N, eyy) 801.1, 20.0 16.0 kN.m
Design Moment 88.7 kN.m
Resultant Design Moment
M=sqr(Mx + My) sqr(16.9 + 88.7 ) 90.3 kN.m
= atn(My / Mx) atn(88.7/ 16.9) 79.2 deg
Moment Capacity
Design Data X/h, h, b, X, Ac, Ybar 0.502, 468 mm, 400 mm, 234.59 mm, 70735 mm, 122.9 m
Bar group1:M1 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 402.3, -0.250, -437, -168.4, -137.3 23.1 kN
Bar group2:M2 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 119.4, 0.172, 344, 114.5, 108.0 12.4 kN
Bar group3:M3 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 308.0, -0.109, -219, -74.1, -68.8 5.1 kN
Bar group4:M4 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 213.7, 0.031, 62, 20.2, 19.6 0.4 kN
Bar group5:M5 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 384.3, -0.223, -437, -150.4, -137.3 20.7 kN
Bar group6:M6 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 366.4, -0.197, -393, -132.5, -123.5 16.4 kN
Bar group7:M7 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 348.4, -0.170, -340, -114.5, -106.7 12.2 kN
Bar group8:M8 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 65.5, 0.252, 437, 168.4, 137.3 23.1 kN
Bar group9:M9 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 254.1, -0.029, -58, -20.2, -18.3 0.4 kN
Bar group10:M10 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 159.8, 0.112, 223, 74.1, 70.1 5.2 kN
Bar group11:M11 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 101.4, 0.199, 397, 132.5, 124.9 16.5 kN
Bar group12:M12 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 83.4, 0.226, 437, 150.4, 137.3 20.7 kN
Concrete Fc=(Ac.45fcu) 70735 x 0.45 x 25 795.8 k
F Equilibrium (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -137+108-69+20-137-124-107+137-18+7+125+137+796-801.10.0 k OK
Concrete Mc=Fc(H/2-Ybar) 795.8 x (468 / 2 - 122.9) 88.3 kN
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M12)88.3 + (23.1+12.4+5.1+0.4+20.7+16.4+12.2+ (23.1+0.4+5.2+16.5+20.7)244.4kN
Max Moment/Mu 90.3 / 244.4 0.37 OK
Dimensional Checks
Cover to Links Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.3) 3 OK
Cover to Bars Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.2) 4
Main Steel % 0.40 to 6.00 (Cl 3.12.5.3) 2.3 OK
Min Main Dia Not less than 9 (Cl 3.12.11.2.2) 2 OK
Min Link Dia Not less than 6 (Cl 3.12.7.1) 1 OK
Max Link Pitch Not greater than 240 (Cl 3.12.7.1) 15 OK
Nominal Link Pitch Not greater than 240 (Tab 3.7) 15 OK
XX Steel Gap 25 to 163 (Cl 3.12.11.2.4) 7 OK
YY Steel Gap 25 to 163 (Cl 3.12.11.2.4) 7 OK
XX Link Leg Length Not less than 106 (mm Shape code 82[33]) 10 OK
YY Link Leg Length Not less than 106 (mm Shape code 82[33]) 10 OK
XX Valid Link pattern 4 to 4, 5, 6, 7 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
YY Valid Link pattern 4 to 4, 5, 6, 7 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
5.1.2 SIXTH FLOOR (6th) TO EIGHT FLOOR (9th) COLUMNS
Basic Data
Design to BS 8110: 199
Grades Fy, Fyv, Fcu 460 N/mm, 460 N/mm, 25 N/mm
X-X Moments
Applied Moments (Mx1, Mx2) -14.9 kN.m, 16.0 kN.m
M nom=fn(N, exx) 417.4 kN, 20.0 mm 8.3 kN.m
Design Moment 16.0 kN.m
Y-Y Moments
Applied Moments (My1, My2) -92.9 kN.m, 92.7 kN.m
Design Moment 92.9 kN.m
Moment Capacity
Design Data X/h, h, b, X, Ac, Ybar 0.378, 462 mm, 400 mm, 174.65 mm, 50034 mm, 94.0 m
Bar group1:M1 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 399.7, -0.451, -437, -168.6, -87.9 14.8 kN
Bar group2:M2 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 111.9, 0.126, 252, 119.1, 50.6 6.0 kN
Bar group3:M3 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 255.8, -0.163, -325, -24.8, -65.4 1.6 kN
Bar group4:M4 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 374.9, -0.401, -437, -143.9, -87.9 12.6 kN
Bar group5:M5 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 350.1, -0.352, -437, -119.1, -87.9 10.5 kN
Bar group6:M6 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 62.4, 0.225, 437, 168.6, 87.9 14.8 kN
Bar group7:M7 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 206.3, -0.063, -127, 24.8, -25.5 -0.6 kN
Bar group8:M8 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 87.1, 0.175, 351, 143.9, 70.5 10.1 kN
Concrete Fc=(Ac.45fcu) 50034 x 0.45 x 25 562.9 k
F Equlibrum (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -88+51-65-88-88+88-25+71+563-417.4 0.0 k
Concrete Mc=Fc(H/2-Ybar) 562.9 x (462 / 2 - 94.0) 77.1 kN
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M8)77.1 + (14.8+6.0+1.6+12.6+10.5+14.8+-0.6+ (10.1) 147.0kN
Max Moment/Mu 94.2 / 147.0 0.64 OK
X-X Moments
Applied Moments (Mx1, Mx2) -14.9 kN.m, 16.0 kN.m
Design Moment 16.0 kN.m
Y-Y Moments
Applied Moments (My1, My2) -92.9 kN.m, 92.7 kN.m
M nom=fn(N, eyy) 417.4, 20.0 8.3 kN.m
Design Moment 92.9 kN.m
Dimensional Checks
Cover to Links Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.3) 3 OK
Cover to Bars Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.2) 4 OK
Main Steel % 0.40 to 6.00 (Cl 3.12.5.3) 1.0 OK
Min Main Dia Not less than 7 (Cl 3.12.11.2.2) 1 OK
Min Link Dia Not less than 6 (Cl 3.12.7.1) 1 OK
Max Link Pitch Not greater than 192 (Cl 3.12.7.1) 15 OK
Nominal Link Pitch Not greater than 192 (Tab 3.7) 15 OK
XX Steel Gap 25 to 163 (Cl 3.12.11.2.4) 13 OK
YY Steel Gap 25 to 163 (Cl 3.12.11.2.4) 13 OK
XX Link Leg Length Not less than 106 (mm Shape code 82[33]) 32 OK
YY Link Leg Length Not less than 106 (mm Shape code 82[33]) 32 OK
XX Un-restrained distance c/c 0 to 150 (Cl 3.12.7.2) 12 OK
YY Un-restrained distance c/c 0 to 150 (Cl 3.12.7.2) 12 OK
XX Valid Link pattern 2 to 2, 3 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
YY Valid Link pattern 2 to 2, 3 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
5.2 COLUMNS (C2) (EXTERIOR COLUMNS)
The convenient diagram for reference in designing concrete column shown in figure below;
Basic Data
Design to BS 8110: 199
Grades Fy, Fyv, Fcu 460 N/mm, 460 N/mm, 25 N/mm
Restraint Conditions and Effective Lengths
x : for 400 mm deep column Top: Deep, Bottom: Deep 1.20
y : for 400 mm wide column Top: Shallow, Bottom: Shallow 1.50
Lc=3000 Lox=3000-(600+600)/2 2400
Loy=3000-(600+600)/2 2400
Lex=2880.0 mm, Lex/h=7.2, exx=20.0 mm
Ley=3600.0 mm, Ley/b=9.0, eyy=20.0 mm
X-X Moments
Applied Moments (Mx1, Mx2) -15.4 kN.m, 16.9 kN.m
Mom=fn(N, exx) 801.1 kN, 20.0 mm 16.0 kN.m
Design Moment
16.9 kN.m
Y-Y Moments
Applied Moments (My1, My2) -87.7 kN.m, 88.7 kN.m
Design Moment 88.7 kN.m
Moment Capacity
Design Data X/h, h, b, X, Ac, Ybar 0.502, 468 mm, 400 mm, 234.59 mm, 70735 mm, 122.9 m
Bar group1:M1 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 402.3, -0.250, -437, -168.4, -137.3 23.1 kN
Bar group2:M2 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 119.4, 0.172, 344, 114.5, 108.0 12.4 kN
Bar group3:M3 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 308.0, -0.109, -219, -74.1, -68.8 5.1 kN
Bar group4:M4 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 213.7, 0.031, 62, 20.2, 19.6 0.4 kN
Bar group5:M5 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 384.3, -0.223, -437, -150.4, -137.3 20.7 kN
Bar group6:M6 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 366.4, -0.197, -393, -132.5, -123.5 16.4 kN
Bar group7:M7 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 348.4, -0.170, -340, -114.5, -106.7 12.2 kN
Bar group8:M8 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 65.5, 0.252, 437, 168.4, 137.3 23.1 kN
Bar group9:M9 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 254.1, -0.029, -58, -20.2, -18.3 0.4 kN
Bar group10:M10 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 159.8, 0.112, 223, 74.1, 70.1 5.2 kN
Bar group11:M11 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 101.4, 0.199, 397, 132.5, 124.9 16.5 kN
Bar group12:M12 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 83.4, 0.226, 437, 150.4, 137.3 20.7 kN
Concrete Fc=(Ac.45fcu) 70735 x 0.45 x 25 795.8 k
F Equlibrum (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -137+108-69+20-137-124-107+137-18+7+125+137+796-801.10.0 k OK
Concrete Mc=Fc(H/2-Ybar) 795.8 x (468 / 2 - 122.9) 88.3 kN
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M12)88.3 + (23.1+12.4+5.1+0.4+20.7+16.4+12.2+ (23.1+0.4+5.2+16.5+20.7)244.4kN
Max Moment/Mu 90.3 / 244.4 0.37 OK
X-X Moments
Applied Moments (Mx1, Mx2) -15.4 kN.m, 16.9 kN.m
Design Moment 16.9 kN.m
Y-Y Moments
Applied Moments (My1, My2) -87.7 kN.m, 88.7 kN.m
M nom=fn(N, eyy) 801.1, 20.0 16.0 kN.m
Design Moment 88.7 kN.m
Moment Capacity
Design Data X/h, h, b, X, Ac, Ybar 0.502, 468 mm, 400 mm, 234.59 mm, 70735 mm, 122.9 m
Bar group1:M1 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 402.3, -0.250, -437, -168.4, -137.3 23.1 kN
Bar group2:M2 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 119.4, 0.172, 344, 114.5, 108.0 12.4 kN
Bar group3:M3 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 308.0, -0.109, -219, -74.1, -68.8 5.1 kN
Bar group4:M4 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 213.7, 0.031, 62, 20.2, 19.6 0.4 kN
Bar group5:M5 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 384.3, -0.223, -437, -150.4, -137.3 20.7 kN
Bar group6:M6 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 366.4, -0.197, -393, -132.5, -123.5 16.4 kN
Bar group7:M7 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 348.4, -0.170, -340, -114.5, -106.7 12.2 kN
Bar group8:M8 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 65.5, 0.252, 437, 168.4, 137.3 23.1 kN
Bar group9:M9 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 254.1, -0.029, -58, -20.2, -18.3 0.4 kN
Bar group10:M10 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 159.8, 0.112, 223, 74.1, 70.1 5.2 kN
Bar group11:M11 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 101.4, 0.199, 397, 132.5, 124.9 16.5 kN
Bar group12:M12 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 20, 83.4, 0.226, 437, 150.4, 137.3 20.7 kN
Concrete Fc=(Ac.45fcu) 70735 x 0.45 x 25 795.8 k
F Equilibrium (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -137+108-69+20-137-124-107+137-18+7+125+137+796-801.10.0 k OK
Concrete Mc=Fc(H/2-Ybar) 795.8 x (468 / 2 - 122.9) 88.3 kN
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M12)88.3 + (23.1+12.4+5.1+0.4+20.7+16.4+12.2+ (23.1+0.4+5.2+16.5+20.7)244.4kN
Max Moment/Mu 90.3 / 244.4 0.37 OK
Dimensional Checks
Cover to Links Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.3) 3 OK
Cover to Bars Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.2) 4
Main Steel % 0.40 to 6.00 (Cl 3.12.5.3) 2.3 OK
Min Main Dia Not less than 9 (Cl 3.12.11.2.2) 2 OK
Min Link Dia Not less than 6 (Cl 3.12.7.1) 1 OK
Max Link Pitch Not greater than 240 (Cl 3.12.7.1) 15 OK
Nominal Link Pitch Not greater than 240 (Tab 3.7) 15 OK
XX Steel Gap 25 to 163 (Cl 3.12.11.2.4) 7 OK
YY Steel Gap 25 to 163 (Cl 3.12.11.2.4) 7 OK
XX Link Leg Length Not less than 106 (mm Shape code 82[33]) 10 OK
YY Link Leg Length Not less than 106 (mm Shape code 82[33]) 10 OK
XX Valid Link pattern 4 to 4, 5, 6, 7 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
YY Valid Link pattern 4 to 4, 5, 6, 7 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
5.2.2 SIXTH FLOOR (5th) TO EIGHT FLOOR (9th) COLUMNS
Basic Data
Design to BS 8110: 199
Grades Fy, Fyv, Fcu 460 N/mm, 460 N/mm, 25 N/mm
X-X Moments
Applied Moments (Mx1, Mx2) -14.9 kN.m, 16.0 kN.m
M nom=fn(N, exx) 417.4 kN, 20.0 mm 8.3 kN.m
Design Moment 16.0 kN.m
Y-Y Moments
Applied Moments (My1, My2) -92.9 kN.m, 92.7 kN.m
Design Moment 92.9 kN.m
Moment Capacity
Design Data X/h, h, b, X, Ac, Ybar 0.378, 462 mm, 400 mm, 174.65 mm, 50034 mm, 94.0 m
Bar group1:M1 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 399.7, -0.451, -437, -168.6, -87.9 14.8 kN
Bar group2:M2 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 111.9, 0.126, 252, 119.1, 50.6 6.0 kN
Bar group3:M3 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 255.8, -0.163, -325, -24.8, -65.4 1.6 kN
Bar group4:M4 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 374.9, -0.401, -437, -143.9, -87.9 12.6 kN
Bar group5:M5 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 350.1, -0.352, -437, -119.1, -87.9 10.5 kN
Bar group6:M6 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 62.4, 0.225, 437, 168.6, 87.9 14.8 kN
Bar group7:M7 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 206.3, -0.063, -127, 24.8, -25.5 -0.6 kN
Bar group8:M8 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 87.1, 0.175, 351, 143.9, 70.5 10.1 kN
Concrete Fc=(Ac.45fcu) 50034 x 0.45 x 25 562.9 k
F Equlibrum (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -88+51-65-88-88+88-25+71+563-417.4 0.0 k
Concrete Mc=Fc(H/2-Ybar) 562.9 x (462 / 2 - 94.0) 77.1 kN
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M8)77.1 + (14.8+6.0+1.6+12.6+10.5+14.8+-0.6+ (10.1) 147.0kN
Max Moment/Mu 94.2 / 147.0 0.64 OK
X-X Shear Checks
App. Shear Vx, v, v max 10.31 kN, 0.07 N/mm, 4 N/mm 0.01 OK
M/N, 0.6h 38.3 mm, 240 m Nominal links
X-X Moments
Applied Moments (Mx1, Mx2) -14.9 kN.m, 16.0 kN.m
Design Moment 16.0 kN.m
Y-Y Moments
Applied Moments (My1, My2) -92.9 kN.m, 92.7 kN.m
M nom=fn(N, eyy) 417.4, 20.0 8.3 kN.m
Design Moment 92.9 kN.m
Moment Capacity
Design Data X/h, h, b, X, Ac, Ybar 0.378, 462 mm, 400 mm, 174.65 mm, 50034 mm, 94.0 m
Bar group1:M1 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 399.7, -0.451, -437, -168.6, -87.9 14.8 kN
Bar group2:M2 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 111.9, 0.126, 252, 119.1, 50.6 6.0 kN
Bar group3:M3 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 255.8, -0.163, -325, -24.8, -65.4 1.6 kN
Bar group4:M4 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 374.9, -0.401, -437, -143.9, -87.9 12.6 kN
Bar group5:M5 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 350.1, -0.352, -437, -119.1, -87.9 10.5 kN
Bar group6:M6 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 62.4, 0.225, 437, 168.6, 87.9 14.8 kN
Bar group7:M7 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 206.3, -0.063, -127, 24.8, -25.5 -0.6 kN
Bar group8:M8 fn(bars,d,%, ,la,F) 1 x 16, 87.1, 0.175, 351, 143.9, 70.5 10.1 kN
Concrete Fc=(Ac.45fcu) 50034 x 0.45 x 25 562.9 k
F Equlibrum (Ft) + FC - Fapp= 0 -88+51-65-88-88+88-25+71+563-417.4 0.0 k OK
Concrete Mc=Fc(H/2-Ybar) 562.9 x (462 / 2 - 94.0) 77.1 kN
Mu =Mc + (M1+...+M8) 77.1 + (14.8+6.0+1.6+12.6+10.5+14.8+-0.6+ (10.1) 147.0kN
Max Moment/Mu 94.2 / 147.0 0.64 OK
Dimensional Checks
Cover to Links Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.3) 3 OK
Cover to Bars Not less than 20 (Cl 3.3.1.2) 4 OK
Main Steel % 0.40 to 6.00 (Cl 3.12.5.3) 1.0 OK
Min Main Dia Not less than 7 (Cl 3.12.11.2.2) 1 OK
Min Link Dia Not less than 6 (Cl 3.12.7.1) 1 OK
Max Link Pitch Not greater than 192 (Cl 3.12.7.1) 15 OK
Nominal Link Pitch Not greater than 192 (Tab 3.7) 15 OK
XX Steel Gap 25 to 163 (Cl 3.12.11.2.4) 13 OK
YY Steel Gap 25 to 163 (Cl 3.12.11.2.4) 13 OK
XX Link Leg Length Not less than 106 (mm Shape code 82[33]) 32 OK
YY Link Leg Length Not less than 106 (mm Shape code 82[33]) 32 OK
XX Un-restrained distance c/c 0 to 150 (Cl 3.12.7.2) 12 OK
YY Un-restrained distance c/c 0 to 150 (Cl 3.12.7.2) 12 OK
XX Valid Link pattern 2 to 2, 3 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
YY Valid Link pattern 2 to 2, 3 (Cl 3.12.7.2) OK
6.0 TWO WAY SLAB DESIGN
The main slab floor was designed as monolithic beam and slab construction with solid slabs spanning either one way or
two ways, supported on transverse and longitudinal beams framing directly into the columns.
The panel for design purpose is of two-way slabs. Figure bellows shows 3D finite view of slab.
Design parameters
Fcu=25N/mm2
Fy=460N/mm2
Fyv=250N/mm2
Slab depth (h)=150mm
Complete protection from weather or from aggressive conditions except briefly during construction
Exposure rating
Dead load
Imposed load
Determine moments at critical sections in each direction, normally the negative moments at supports and
positive moment near mid-span.
Distribute moments transverse at critical sections to beams.
Determine the area of steel required in the slab at critical sections for column and middle strips.
Select reinforcing bars for the slab and concentrate bars near the column, if necessary.
Basic Data
Dimensions Lx=5200, Ly=6000, D=200
Grades and Covers fcu=25, fy=500, top=25, bottom=25, Aggregate = 25
Load = 1.4(gk + DenD) + 1.6qk 1.4(1.50 + 24.000.200) + 1.63.00 13.62 kN/m
Edge Fixity Edge: 1 Fixed, 2 Fixed, 3 Fixed, 4 Fixed Nd = 0
Distribution Steel
As Min = Fn(fy, d, b, As%) 500, 200, 1000, 0.13 260 mm/m
7.0 DESIGN OF BASEMENT RETAINING WALL
Basement walls are designed as propped cantilevers in reinforced concrete, the basement slab acting as the prop at
base level. The walls are designed using parameters relevant to the geo-technical report. The walls will be designed
for a water table 1.5m above the base of the stem.
The surcharge load allowed on the external walls of the property will be 10KN/m i.e within the garden areas of the
property.
An allowable bearing pressure at base formation on the geo technical report will be taken as 200KN/m2, this will
limit settlements. Figure below shows position of Raft foundation, Retaining walls and Shear wall.
Relevant Codes of Practice and British Standards
B.S. 8004 Code of Practice For Foundations
B.S. 6031 Code of Practice For Earthworks
B.S. 8110 Structural Use of Concrete
Wall details
Retaining wall type; Cantilever propped at base
Height of retaining wall stem; hstem = 3250 mm
Thickness of wall stem; twall = 350 mm
Length of toe; ltoe = 1500 mm
Length of heel; lheel = 600 mm
Overall length of base; lbase = ltoe + lheel + twall = 2450 mm
Thickness of base; tbase = 450 mm
Depth of downstand; dds = 400 mm
Position of downstand; lds = 1500 mm
Thickness of downstand; tds = 400 mm
Height of retaining wall; hwall = hstem + tbase + dds = 4100 mm
Height of ground water behind wall; hwater = 1500 mm
Height of saturated fill above base; hsat = max(hwater - tbase - dds, 0 mm) = 1150 mm
Density of wall construction; wall = 23.6 kN/m3
Density of base construction; base = 23.6 kN/m3
Angle of rear face of wall; = 90.0 deg
Angle of soil surface behind wall; = 0.0 deg
Effective height at virtual back of wall; heff = hwall + lheel tan() = 4100 mm
At-rest pressure
At-rest pressure for retained material; K0 = 1 sin() = 0.590
Loading details
Surcharge load on plan; Surcharge = 10.0 kN/m2
Applied vertical dead load on wall; Wdead = 64.9 kN/m
Applied vertical live load on wall; Wlive = 0.0 kN/m
Position of applied vertical load on wall; lload = 1675 mm
Applied horizontal dead load on wall; Fdead = 0.0 kN/m
Applied horizontal live load on wall; Flive = 0.0 kN/m
Height of applied horizontal load on wall; hload = 0 mm
Loads shown in kN/m, pressures shown in kN/m2
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; wwall = hstem twall wall = 26.8 kN/m
Wall base; wbase = lbase tbase base = 26 kN/m
Wall downstand; wds = dds tds base = 3.8 kN/m
Surcharge; wsur = Surcharge lheel = 6 kN/m
Moist backfill to top of wall; wm_w = lheel (hstem - hsat) m = 26.5 kN/m
Saturated backfill; ws = lheel hsat s = 15.9 kN/m
Applied vertical load; Wv = W dead + W live = 64.9 kN/m
Total vertical load; Wtotal = wwall + wbase + wds + wsur + wm_w + ws + W v = 169.8 kN/m
Overturning moments
Surcharge; Msur = Fsur (heff - 2 dds) / 2 = 23.7 kNm/m
Moist backfill above water table; Mm_a = Fm_a (heff + 2 hwater - 3 dds) / 3 = 37.3 kNm/m
Moist backfill below water table; Mm_b = Fm_b (hwater - 2 dds) / 2 = 18.5 kNm/m
Saturated backfill; Ms = Fs (hwater - 3 dds) / 3 = 2.5 kNm/m
Water; Mwater = Fwater (hwater - 3 dds) / 3 = 5.2 kNm/m
Soil in front of wall; Mp_o = Fp [2 dds - tbase - dcover + dexc] / 3 = 2.8 kNm/m
Total overturning moment; Mot = Msur + Mm_a + Mm_b + Ms + Mwater + Mp_o = 89.9 kNm/m
Restoring moments
Wall stem; Mwall = wwall (ltoe + twall / 2) = 45 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase = wbase lbase / 2 = 31.9 kNm/m
Wall downstand; Mds = wds (lds + tds / 2) = 6.4 kNm/m
Surcharge; Msur_r = wsur (lbase - lheel / 2) = 12.9 kNm/m
Moist backfill; Mm_r = (wm_w (lbase - lheel / 2) + wm_s (lbase - lheel / 3)) = 56.9 kNm/m
Saturated backfill; Ms_r = ws (lbase - lheel / 2) = 34.1 kNm/m
Design vertical load; Mv = W v lload = 108.6 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; Mrest = Mwall + Mbase + Mds + Msur_r + Mm_r + Ms_r + Mv = 295.8 kNm/m
Restoring moments
Wall stem; Mwall_f = wwall_f (ltoe + twall / 2) = 63 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase_f = wbase_f lbase / 2 = 44.6 kNm/m
Wall downstand; Mds_f = wds_f (lds + tds / 2) = 9 kNm/m
Surcharge; Msur_r_f = wsur_f (lbase - lheel / 2) = 20.6 kNm/m
Moist backfill; Mm_r_f = (wm_w_f (lbase - lheel / 2) + wm_s_f (lbase - lheel / 3)) = 79.6 kNm/m
Saturated backfill; Ms_r_f = ws_f (lbase - lheel / 2) = 47.8 kNm/m
Design vertical load; Mv_f = W v_f lload = 152.1 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; Mrest_f = Mwall_f + Mbase_f + Mds_f + Msur_r_f + Mm_r_f + Ms_r_f + Mv_f = 416.7 kNm/m
Base details
Minimum area of reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in toe; ctoe = 50 mm
Base details
Minimum area of reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in heel; cheel = 50 mm
Base details
Minimum area of reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in downstand; cds = 50 mm
Wall details
Minimum area of reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in stem; cstem = 50 mm
Cover to reinforcement in wall; cwall = 50 mm
Factored horizontal active forces on stem
Surcharge; Fs_sur_f = f_l Ka cos(90 - + ) Surcharge (heff - tbase - dds) = 18.2 kN/m
Moist backfill above water table; Fs_m_a_f = 0.5 f_e Ka cos(90 - + ) m (heff - tbase - dds - hsat)2 = 22.7 kN/m
Moist backfill below water table; Fs_m_b_f = f_e Ka cos(90 - + ) m (heff - tbase - dds - hsat) hsat = 24.8 kN/m
Saturated backfill; Fs_s_f = 0.5 f_e Ka cos(90 - + ) (s- water) hsat2 = 4.3 kN/m
Water; Fs_water_f = 0.5 f_e water hsat2 = 9.1 kN/m
It may be able to overcome differential settlement problems for the raft acts as a unit. Load incurred by raft
foundation will be transferred to the underlying soil by reinforced concrete continuous slab by covering the
entire site structure.
Raft foundation can across the low soil bearing capacity and will distribute the loads on wide area. It spreads the
loads over a larger area when the construction takes place on the soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity.
To carry loads which are too heavy to be supported by a shallow foundation. The loads are to be transferred to
deeper, stronger and less compressible strata or over a larger depth of the foundation soil as in foundations of
tall buildings.
To withstand uplift forces in foundations as in expensive soils and floating foundations.
8.1 MAT FOUNDATION DESIGN
Raft foundation covers the entire area of the structure, transmitting the entire structural load and reduces differential
settlements. In this paper, analysis of raft foundation has been carried out by using finite element software Tekla
Structural Designer.
Today, most mat foundations are designed with the aid of a computer using the finite element method (FEM).
This method divides the mat into hundreds or perhaps thousands of elements. Each element has certain defined
dimensions, a specified stiffness and strength (which may be defined in terms of concrete and steel properties)
and is connected to the adjacent elements in a specified way.
The mat elements are connected to the ground through a series of springs, which are defined using the
coefficient of subgrade reaction. Typically, one spring is located at each corner of each element. The loads on
the mat include the externally applied column loads, applied line loads, applied area loads, and the weight of the
mat itself. These loads press the mat downward, and this downward movement is resisted by the soil springs.
These opposing forces along with the stiffness of the mat can be evaluated simultaneously using matrix algebra
which allows us to compute the stresses, strains, and distortions in the mat. If the results of the analysis are not
acceptable, the design is modified accordingly and reanalyzed.
The finite element analysis can be extended to include the superstructure, the mat, and the underlying soil in a
single three-dimensional finite element method. This method would, in principle, be a more accurate model of
the soil structure system, and thus may produce a more economical design.
Tekla Structural Designer is one of the sophisticated finite element software, which is well suited for foundation
analysis because of its flexibility in modelling, meshing and the field conditions can be incorporated effectively.
The rafts were modelled throughout the area of the building. The soil parameters used in the model were as per the soil
investigation report. The Safe Bearing Capacity of the soil assumed was 200kN/m2. The sample calculation for the design
of Mat is given below.
Slab/Mat Panels
Reinforcement Design Summary
Reinforcement Reinforcement Area Area Utilization
Layer Provided Provided Required
[mm2/m] [mm2/m]
Bottom-X H25-150.0-B1 3272 2512 0.768
Bottom-Y H25-150.0-B2 3272 2531 0.774
Top-X H20-150.0-T1 2872 1259 0.438
Top-Y H20-150.0-T2 2872 1302 0.453
Panel Details
Concrete Class C25
Overall Depth 800.0 mm
Top Cover 50.0 mm
Bottom Cover 50.0 mm
Pass
Bottom-Y
Summary
Utilization 0.162
Critical combination 1 Cb1-1.4D+1.6I+1.6RI
Pass
Top-Y
Summary
Utilization 0.398
Critical combination 1 Cb1-1.4D+1.6I+1.6RI
Pass
Bearing Capacity
First-order linear
Max base pressure, qmax 132.8 kN/m2
Critical combination 1 Cb1-1.4D+1.6I+1.6RI
Allowable bearing pressure, qa 200.0 kN/m2
Pressure status Pass
Grillage chase-down
Max base pressure, qmax 132.8 kN/m2
Critical combination 1 Cb1-1.4D+1.6I+1.6RI
Allowable bearing pressure, qa 200.0 kN/m2
Pressure status Pass
FE chase-down
Max base pressure, qmax 130.0 kN/m2
Critical combination 1 Cb1-1.4D+1.6I+1.6RI
Allowable bearing pressure, qa 200.0 kN/m2
Pressure status Pass
Tension Check
First-order linear
Min base pressure, qmin 92.3 kN/m2
Critical combination 1 Cb1-1.4D+1.6I+1.6RI
Tension status Pass
Grillage chase-down
Min base pressure, qmin 92.3 kN/m2
Critical combination 1 Cb1-1.4D+1.6I+1.6RI
Tension status Pass
FE chase-down
Min base pressure, qmin 95.6 kN/m2
Critical combination 1 Cb1-1.4D+1.6I+1.6RI
Tension status Pass
Slab/Mat Patches
Figure below shows patch load pattern from columns
MF 1-C1
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2615 0.799
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2476 0.756
Strip X-Right
Strip Y-Left
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2464 0.753
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2633 0.804
MF 1-C2
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2352 0.718
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2188 0.669
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2242 0.685
Strip Y-Left
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2183 0.667
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2244 0.686
MF 1-C3
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2436 0.745
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2320 0.709
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2386 0.729
Strip Y-Left
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2326 0.711
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2798 0.855
MF 1-C4
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2443 0.747
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2720 0.831
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2386 0.729
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2362 0.722
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2660 0.813
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2378 0.727
MF 1-C5
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2258 0.690
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2554 0.781
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2146 0.656
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2320 0.709
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2438 0.745
MF 1-C6
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2426 0.741
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2134 0.652
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2362 0.722
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2499 0.764
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2152 0.658
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2633 0.805
MF 1-C7
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2220 0.678
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2156 0.659
Strip X-Right
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2408 0.736
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2184 0.667
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2195 0.671
MF 1-C8
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2526 0.772
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2146 0.656
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2468 0.754
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2670 0.816
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1622 0.496
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2679 0.819
MF 1-C9
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2520 0.770
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2260 0.691
Strip X-Right
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2124 0.649
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2562 0.783
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2117 0.647
MF 1-C10
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2275 0.695
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2141 0.654
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2426 0.741
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2252 0.688
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2230 0.682
MF 1-C11
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2462 0.752
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1076 0.329
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2408 0.736
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2709 0.828
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1580 0.483
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2451 0.749
MF 1-C12
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 1621 0.495
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1320 0.403
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2478 0.757
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2526 0.772
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1364 0.417
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 1687 0.516
MF 1-C13
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2527 0.772
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1256 0.384
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2394 0.732
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2633 0.805
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1556 0.475
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 1086 0.331
MF 1-C14
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2420 0.740
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2883 0.881
Strip X-Right
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2159 0.600
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2290 0.700
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 3170 0.969
MF 1-C15
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2611 0.798
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2327 0.711
Strip X-Right
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2401 0.734
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2633 0.805
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2380 0.727
MF 1-C16
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2414 0.738
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2183 0.667
Strip X-Right
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2401 0.734
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2442 0.746
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2261 0.691
MF 1-C17
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2386 0.729
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2427 0.742
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2252 0.688
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2429 0.742
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2189 0.669
Strip Y-Right
MF 1-C18
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2387 0.730
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2612 0.798
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2367 0.723
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2633 0.805
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2340 0.715
Strip Y-Right
MF 1-C19
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2227 0.681
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2844 0.869
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2282 0.697
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2122 0.649
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2892 0.884
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2499 0.764
MF 1-C20
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2111 0.645
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2861 0.874
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2480 0.758
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2234 0.683
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2875 0.879
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2289 0.700
MF 1-C21
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2346 0.717
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1136 0.347
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2447 0.748
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 1078 0.330
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1418 0.433
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2378 0.727
MF 1-C22
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2153 0.658
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2187 0.668
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2164 0.661
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2456 0.751
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2486 0.760
Strip Y-Right
MF 1-C23
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2612 0.798
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1506 0.460
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 1046 0.320
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2532 0.774
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1296 0.396
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2412 0.737
MF 1-C24
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 1040 0.318
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1368 0.418
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2367 0.723
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2355 0.720
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1177 0.360
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2464 0.753
MF 1-C25
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2518 0.770
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1324 0.405
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 1621 0.495
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 1678 0.513
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1368 0.418
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2496 0.763
MF 1-C26
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2120 0.648
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2460 0.752
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2113 0.646
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2560 0.782
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2763 0.844
Strip Y-Right
MF 1-C27
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2394 0.732
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2177 0.665
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2189 0.669
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2860 0.874
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2161 0.660
Strip Y-Right
MF 1-C28
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2446 0.748
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2611 0.798
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2636 0.807
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2490 0.761
Strip Y-Right
MF 1-C29
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2179 0.666
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2237 0.684
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2364 0.722
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2194 0.670
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2250 0.688
MF 1-C30
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2314 0.707
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2766 0.845
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2439 0.745
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2328 0.711
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2400 0.733
MF 1-C31
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2350 0.718
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2634 0.805
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2365 0.723
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2462 0.752
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2720 0.831
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2400 0.733
MF 1-C32
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2141 0.654
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2297 0.702
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2421 0.740
Strip Y-Left
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2356 0.720
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2564 0.784
MF 1-C33
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2409 0.736
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2242 0.685
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2222 0.679
Strip Y-Left
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2288 0.699
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2137 0.653
MF 1-C34
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2481 0.758
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1488 0.455
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2612 0.798
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2458 0.751
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1395 0.426
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2379 0.727
MF 1-C35
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2684 0.820
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1527 0.467
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2427 0.742
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2477 0.757
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1110 0.339
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2422 0.740
MF 1-C36
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2641 0.807
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 1567 0.479
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2653 0.811
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2546 0.778
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 1515 0.463
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2488 0.760
MF 1-C37
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2402 0.734
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2627 0.803
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2340 0.715
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2297 0.702
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2651 0.810
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2525 0.772
MF 1-C38
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2276 0.696
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2278 0.696
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2380 0.727
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2233 0.682
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2371 0.725
MF 1-C39
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2276 0.695
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2278 0.696
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2141 0.654
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2320 0.709
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2226 0.680
MF 1-C40
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2137 0.653
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2327 0.711
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2285 0.698
Strip Y-Left
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2279 0.697
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2284 0.698
MF 1-C41
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2390 0.730
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2235 0.683
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2358 0.721
Strip Y-Left
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2729 0.834
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2285 0.698
MF 1-C42
Static
Overall Summary
Strip Reinforcement Provided [mm2/m] Area Required Utilization
From Slab Added In Strip Total Area Provided
Strip X-Left H25-150.0-B1 3272 2828 0.864
Strip X-Centre H25-150.0-B1 3272 2630 0.804
Strip X-Right H25-150.0-B1 3272 2508 0.767
Strip Y-Left H25-150.0-B2 3272 2417 0.739
Strip Y-Centre H25-150.0-B2 3272 2651 0.810
Strip Y-Right H25-150.0-B2 3272 2354 0.719
Punching Checks
Base-C23-PC1
Static
Summary
Section Perimeter u0 / un veff vdes,max / vc Ratio Status As / s s
[mm] [N/mm2] [N/mm2] [mm2/m]
Base-C24-PC2
Static
Summary
Section Perimeter u0 / un veff vdes,max / vc Ratio Status As / s s
[mm] [N/mm2] [N/mm2] [mm2/m]
Column 400.0400.0 Loaded 1600.0 3.035 4.000 0.759 Pass
Internal Shear 1 10300.0 0.466 0.418 1.000 Pass 667
Shear 2 14650.0 0.341 0.418 0.815 Pass
Base-C36-PC3
Static
Summary
Section Perimeter u0 / un veff vdes,max / vc Ratio Status As / s s
[mm] [N/mm2] [N/mm2] [mm2/m]
Column 400.0400.0 Loaded 1600.0 3.781 4.000 0.945 Pass
Internal Shear 1 10300.0 0.492 0.418 1.000 Pass 667
Shear 2 14650.0 0.421 0.418 1.000 Pass 667
Shear 3 19000.0 0.327 0.418 0.782 Pass
9.0 DESIGN OF LIFT SHAFT/SHEAR WALL
Shear walls are vertical elements in the lateral force resisting system that transmit lateral forces to the foundation, shear
walls may also acts as bearing walls in the gravity load system. Walls will be designed to withstand all vertical loads and
horizontal forces.
Figure above shows deflection isovalue due to lateral loads (wind load)
Shear walls analysis and design was done by using computer program (TEKLA Structural designer) based on the finite
element method (FEM) and subsequent implementation of stress integration techniques to arrive at generalized forces
(axial, shear, and moments).
Building data
Type of roof; Hipped
Length of building; L = 27165 mm
Width of building; W = 27165 mm
Height to eaves; H = 27000 mm
Pitch of main slope; 0 = 23.0 deg
Pitch of gable slope; 90 = 28.0 deg
Reference height; Hr = 32765 mm
Dynamic classification
Building type factor (Table 1); Kb = 1.0
Dynamic augmentation factor (1.6.1); Cr = [Kb ( Hr / (0.1 m) )0.75] / ( 800 log( Hr / (0.1 m))) = 0.04
Pass
Minimum eccentricity emin = MIN[ 0.05 Depth , 20 mm ] =20.0 mm
Minimum eccentricity moment Memin = N emin = 2.8 kNm
Note : Wall is short hence, additional moment not to be
calculated
Additional moment due to slenderness Madd = 0.0 kNm
Moment at the top Mtop = -29.8 kNm
Top end design moment Mtop,des = MAX[ |Mtop| , |Memin| ] = -29.8 kNm
Moment at the bottom Mbtm = -84.8 kNm
Bottom end design moment Mbtm,des = MAX[|Mbtm| , |Memin| ] = -84.8 kNm
Pass
Minimum eccentricity emin = MIN[ 0.05 h , 20 mm ] = 12.5 mm
Minimum eccentricity moment Memin = N emin = 1.8 kNm
Note : Wall is short hence, additional moment not to be
calculated
Additional moment due to slenderness Madd = 0.0 kNm
Moment at the top Mtop = -10.2 kNm
Top end design moment Mtop,des = MAX[ |Mtop| , |Memin| ] = -10.2 kNm
Moment at the bottom Mbtm = 9.6 kNm
Bottom end design moment Mbtm,des = MAX[|Mbtm| , |Memin| ] = 9.6 kNm
1 Cb1-1.4D+1.6I+1.6RI - Critical
Major Load Direction - Critical
Maximum design shear force in panel V = 85.5 kN
Characteristic strength of concrete fcu = 25.000 N/mm2
Shear area Av = 686939 mm2
Maximum shear resistance Vmax = MIN[ 0.8 (fcu)0.5 , 5 N/ mm2 ] Av = 2747.8 kN
Maximum shear resistance ratio V / Vmax = 0.031
Maximum applied compressive force N = 637.4 kN
Cross-sectional area of section A = 698189 mm2
Longitudinal reinforcement area Asc = 2915 mm2
Concrete area Ac = A - Asc = 695274 mm2
Partial safety factor of concrete mc = 1.250
Tension reinforcement area Asc, tension = 0.5 Asc = 1458 mm2
Shear area Av = 686939 mm2
Effective depth d = 2747.8 mm
Unreinforced concrete shear resistance Vc = ( 0.79 ((100 Asc /(Av))1/3) (400 /d) 0.25 / mc ) (fcu /25 )1/3 A
= 258.9 kN
Moment in this direction M = 128.1 kNm
Section dimension in this direction h = 2792.8 mm
Shear force in this direction V = 85.5 kN
Section dimension in this direction h = 2792.8 mm
Unreinforced concrete shear and axial resistance Vc' = Vc + (0.6 N V h / (Ac M)) Av = 636.8 kN
For wall panel M/N = 200.9 mm
M /N 0.6 h and |V| / |Vc'| 1.0, hence no shear reinforcement
required
|V| / |Vc'| 1.0, Unreinforced shear resistance sufficient
No Shear Reinforcement required
Pass
Pass
10.0 DESIGN RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION(S)
Sides of excavation must be properly supported should the need arise to avoid accidents
Load analysis and design for this project considered the building intended occupancy as office for general use,
this should be respected. In case of any change of use proper consultation to be sought to confirm its suitability
for the proposed change
Construction process must involve all necessary professionals for quality and economic construction.
CONCLUSION
From the summary above the foundation is designed by adopting an bearing capacity value of 200Mpa.
Structural components for the superstructure(Columns, beams) are designed by using loads which takes into
account the use of Building as office for general use as per Bs 6399
Roof structural members are designed by using loads from proposed Architectural cover, building use and effect
of wind.