COURSEFILE

CONTENTS
SUBJECT PAGE NO.
ACADEMIC CALENDAR 03
1. MATHEMATICS-IV 05
2. NETWORK ANALYSIS 40
3. ANALOG ELECTRONICS 105
4. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 161
5. ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY XXX
6. SIGNALS &STOCHASTIC PROCESS XXX

ACADEMIC
CALENDAR
2
VIGNANS INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT CALENDAR
VMTW/ECE/CIR-1/SEM-1/-7-17/2017-18 Date: XX-07-2017
B. Tech - I Semester-2017 18
S.N Date
o Event From Date To
1 Faculty Development Program on Signals and Systems
2 Commencement of Class work
3 Spell for UNIT I Instructions for IV years
4 Spell for UNIT I Instructions for II & III year
5 CRT Classes
6 Spell for UNIT II Instructions for IV years
7 Technical bodies Membership drive for 2015(IETE, IEEE)
8 Spell for UNIT II Instructions for II & III years
9 Spell for UNIT III Instructions for IV years
10 Unit test-1 on I & II Units
11 Spell for UNIT III Instructions for II & III years
12 Workshop on VHDL Programming-III Years
13 Workshop on VHDL Programming-IV Years
14 Submission of results & weak students list to Dept
15 Spell for Unit-IV Instructions for IV years
16 Industrial Visit (ICOM)
17 Lab Internal-1 for II,III & IV Years
18 University I-Mid-Exam- II & IV Year
19 University I-Mid-Exam- III Year
20 Teachers Day
21 Guest Lecture-1
22 Spell for UNIT V Instructions for IV years
3
23 Spell for UNIT IV Instructions for II & III years
24 Spell for UNIT VI Instructions for IV years
25 Spell for UNIT V Instructions for II & III years
26 Guest Lecture-2
27 Traditional Day
28 Spell for Unit VII Instructions for IV years
29 MINI Project Expo by IVth Years
30 Assignment-II / Unit test on V & VI Units
31 Submission of results & weak students list to Dept
32 Remedial Classes
33 Spell for Unit- VIII Instructions for IV years
34 Prefinal exams
35 Lab Internal-2 for II,III & IV Years
36 University II-Mid-Exam- II & IV Year
37 University II-Mid-Exam- III Year
38 Practical Examinations
39 Main Project abstracts submission for IV year
40 End Semester Examination
41 Commencement of next semester
MATHEMATICS -IV
4
COURSEFILE
Department of
COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING
VIGNANS INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND
TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN
KONDAPUR-VILLAGE, GHATKESAR (MANDAL)
RANGA REDDY (DISTRICT) - 501301
Sponsored by
Lavu Educational Society
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNT University, Hyderabad)
5
COURSE
OBJECTIVE
Mathematics IV Course Objective
COURSE OBJECTIVE
Course Objectives: To learn
differentiation and integration of complex valued functions
evaluation of integrals using Cauchys integral formula
Laurents series expansion of complex functions
evaluation of integrals using Residue theorem
express a periodic function by Fourier series and a non-periodic function by Fourier transform
to analyze the displacements of one dimensional wave and distribution of one dimensional heat
equation
VMTW II Year B.Tech. 1stSemester

Page 7
SYLLABUS
Mathematics IV Syllabus
SYLLABUS
UNIT I
Functions of a complex variable: Introduction, Continuity, Differentiability, Analyticity, properties,

Cauchy, Riemann equations in Cartesian and polar coordinates. Harmonic and conjugate harmonic
functions-Milne-Thompson method
UNIT - II
Complex integration: Line integral, Cauchys integral theorem, Cauchys integral formula, and
Generalized Cauchys integral formula, Power series: Taylors series- Laurent series, Singular points,
isolated singular points, pole of order m essential singularity, Residue, Cauchy Residue theorem
(Without proof).
UNIT III
Evaluation of Integrals: Types of real integrals:
Bilinear transformation- fixed point- cross ratio- properties- invariance of circles.

UNIT IV
Fourier series and Transforms: Introduction, Periodic functions, Fourier series of periodic function,
Dirichlets conditions, Even and odd functions, Change of interval, Half range sine and cosine series.
Fourier integral theorem (without proof), Fourier sine and cosine integrals, sine and cosine, transforms,
properties, inverse transforms, Finite Fourier transforms.
UNIT V
Applications of PDE: Classification of second order partial differential equations, method of

separation of variables, Solution of one dimensional wave and heat equations.
TEXT BOOKS:
Page 9
Mathematics IV Syllabus
1. A first course in complex analysis with applications by Dennis G. Zill and Patrick Shanahan,
Johns and Bartlett Publishers.
2. Higher Engineering Mathematics by Dr. B. S. Grewal, Khanna Publishers.
3. Advanced engineering Mathematics with MATLAB by Dean G. Duffy
REFERENCES:
1. Fundamentals of Complex Analysis by Saff, E. B. and A. D. Snider, Pearson.
2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Louis C. Barrett, McGraw Hill.

Page 10
LECTURE PLAN
Network Analysis
LECTURE PLAN
Propose
date No of
S.No NAME OF THE TOPIC Method of Teaching Text books referred
Periods
1. Introduction 1 ---
Unit-I: Functions of a complex variable: 1 1.A first course in complex analysis

Introduction with applications by Dennis G. Zill and
Patrick Shanahan, Johns and Bartlett
Publishers.
Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by

2.
Dr. B. S. Grewal, Khanna Publishers.
3.Advanced engineering Mathematics

with MATLAB by Dean G. Duffy
3. Continuity 1 Black board and Chalk 1.A first course in complex analysis
with applications by Dennis G. Zill and
Publishers.
2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by

VMTW II B.Tech 1st Semester

page 12
Mathematics IV Essay Type Questions
Differentiability 1 1.A first course in complex analysis

Publishers.

4.

Analyticity, properties 1 1.A first course in complex analysis

Publishers.

5.

6. Cauchy Riemann equations in Cartesian coordinates 2 1.A first course in complex analysis
Black board and Chalk with applications by Dennis G. Zill and

Page 13
Publishers.


Cauchy Riemann equations in polar coordinates. 2 1.A first course in complex analysis
Publishers.

7.

8. Harmonic and conjugate harmonic functions 2 1.A first course in complex analysis
Publishers.
Black board and Chalk

Page 14
Milne-Thompson method 2 1.A first course in complex analysis

Publishers.

9.

1.A first course in complex analysis

Publishers.
UNIT - II
1 Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by
10.
Complex integration

11. 1.A first course in complex analysis

Line integral 2 Black board and Chalk with applications by Dennis G. Zill and

Page 15
Publishers.



Publishers.
Cauchys integral theorem 1 Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by
12.


Publishers.
Cauchys integral formula 2 Black board and Chalk

Page 16

Publishers.
Generalized Cauchys integral formula 2 Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by
14.


Publishers.
Power series: Taylors series 2 Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by
15.


Laurent series 2 Black board and Chalk with applications by Dennis G. Zill and

Page 17
Publishers.


1.A first course in complex analysis with

applications by Dennis G. Zill and
Publishers.
Singular points 1 Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by

17.

18. 1.A first course in complex analysis with

Publishers.
isolated singular points 1 Black board and Chalk

Page 18

Publishers.
pole of order m 1 Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by

19.


Publishers.
essential singularity 1 Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by

20.

21. Residues 1.A first course in complex analysis with

1 Black board and Chalk applications by Dennis G. Zill and
Page 19
Publishers.



Publishers.
Cauchy Residue theorem (Without proof).

22.


UNIT III Publishers.
1 Black board and Chalk
Evaluation of Integrals: Types of real integrals 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by

Page 20

Publishers.

24.


Publishers.

25.


Bilinear transformation 2 Black board and Chalk applications by Dennis G. Zill and

Page 21
Publishers.



Publishers.
fixed point 1 Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by

27.


Publishers.
cross ratio- properties 2 Black board and Chalk

Page 22

Publishers.
invariance of circles 1 Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by

29.


Publishers.
UNIT IV
30.
Fourier series and Transforms: Introduction


Periodic functions 1 Black board and Chalk applications by Dennis G. Zill and

Page 23
Publishers.



Publishers.
Fourier series of periodic function 2 Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by
32.


Publishers.
Dirichlets conditions 1 Black board and Chalk

Page 24

Publishers.
Even and odd functions 2 Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by
34.


Publishers.
Change of interval 2 Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by

35.


Half range sine and cosine series 2 Black board and Chalk applications by Dennis G. Zill and

Page 25
Publishers.



Publishers.
Fourier integral theorem (without proof) 2 Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by
37.


Publishers.
Fourier sine and cosine integrals 2 Black board and Chalk

Page 26

Publishers.
sine and cosine transforms, properties 2 Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by
39.


Publishers.
inverse transforms 2 Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by

40.

41. Black board and Chalk 1.A first course in complex analysis with
Finite Fourier transforms 2 applications by Dennis G. Zill and

Page 27
Publishers.


Black board and Chalk 1.A first course in complex analysis with
Publishers.
UNIT V
2 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by
42.
Applications of PDE: Introduction

Classification of second order partial differential Publishers.
2
equations

Page 28
Publishers.
method of separation of variables 2 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by

44.

Publishers.
Solution of one dimensional wave equations 2 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by

45.

Solution of one dimensional heat equations 2 applications by Dennis G. Zill and

Page 29
Publishers.



Page 30
Network Analysis
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
VMTW
II B.Tech 1st Semester
page 31
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES
Unit-I: Functions of a complex variable:
Define Continuity, Differentiability

Discuss Analyticity and properties
Prove the Cauchy Riemann equations in Cartesian coordinates
Prove the Cauchy Riemann equations in Polar coordinates
Define Harmonic and conjugate harmonic functions
Discuss Milne-Thompson method
UNIT - II
Complex integration
Define Line integral

Prove Cauchys integral theorem
Prove Cauchys integral formula
Prove Generalized Cauchys integral formula
Discuss Power series: Taylors series- Laurent series
Define Singular points, isolated singular points
Define pole of order m essential singularity
Discuss Residue, Cauchy Residue theorem (Without proof).
UNIT III
Evaluation of Integrals:
c+ 2 p
Discuss Improper real integrals

f (x)dx (b) f (cos q,sin q)dq
c

Define Bilinear transformation

Define fixed point- cross ratio
Discuss fixed point- cross ratio properties- invariance of circles
Vignans Institute of Management and Technology for Women Page 32

UNIT IV
Fourier series and Transforms:
Define Periodic functions

Define Fourier series of periodic function
Define Dirichlets conditions
Discuss Even and odd functions
Discuss Change of interval
Discuss Half range sine and cosine series
State Fourier integral theorem (without proof)
Discuss Fourier sine and cosine integrals
Define sine and cosine, transforms
Discuss sine and cosine transforms and properties
Define inverse transforms
Define Finite Fourier transforms.
UNIT V
Applications of PDE:
Discuss Classification of second order partial differential equations

Discuss method of separation of variables
Prove Solution of one dimensional wave and heat equations
Discuss Transformation of z-plane to w-plane by a function

ESSAY TYPE
QUESTIONS

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS
Unit-I:
sin(log x) + 1
1. Solve (x2D2-3xD+1)y=logx .
x
2. Solve (x2D2+xD+4)y=logx.cos(2logx).
3. Solve ( x + 1) D 2 y - 3(x + 1)Dy + 4y = x 2 + x + 1 .
2
d2 y
4. Solve in series - xy = 0 about x=0.
dx 2
5. Solve in series y
+ x 2 y = 0 about x=0.
d2 y dy
6. Solve in series the equation 4x 2 + 2 + y = 0 .
dx dx
2
d y dy
7. Solve in series the equation x 2 + + xy = 0 .
dx dx
Unit-II
1. Find general solutions of Legendres Equation.

( )
-1
2. Prove that Pn(x) is the coefficient of tn in the expansion 1 - 2xt + t 2

2
.
3. Prove the orthogonality of Legendres Polynomials.
4. Prove that ( 2n + 1) xPn (x) = (n + 1) Pn +1 (x) + nPn -1 (x) .
p
1
p
5. Show that J n (x) = cos(nq - x sin q)dq, n being a positive Integer.
0
6. Prove that J 0 + 2(J1 + J 2 + ......) = 1 .

2 2 2
7. Prove the orthogonality of Bessels Functions .
Unit-III :
1. Let W=f(z)=z2, "z. .Find the values of W which correspond to (i)z=2+i (ii) z=1+3i.

2. Using the definition of derivative , find the derivative of z2 for all z.

3. Show that f(z)=xy+iy is everywhere continuous but is not analytic .
4. Show that u(x,y)=x3-3xy2 is harmonic and find its harmonic conjugate ad the corresponding
analytic function f(z) in terms of z.
5. Evaluate (2y + x 2 )dx + (3x - y)dy along the parabola x=2t, y=t2+3 joining (0,3) and (2,4).
1+ i
6. Evaluate (x

2
- iy ) dz along the paths (i)y=x (ii) y=x2.
0
7. Integrate f(z)=x2+ixy from A(1,1) to B(2,4) along (i) the straight line AB (ii) the curve c: x=t,
y=t3.
Unit-IV:
1. a)Expand ez as Taylors series about z=1.

b)Find the Taylors series expansion of ez about z=3.
1
2. Find Taylors expansion for the function f (z) = with centre at i.
( z + 1)
2
1
3. Give two Laurents series expansions in powers of z for f (z) = and specify the regions
z ( 1- z)
2
in which these expansions are valid.

1
4. Expand f (z) = 2 in the region (i)0<|z-1|<1 (ii) 1<|z|<2.
z - 3z + 2
z
5. Determine the poles of the function (i) (ii) cotz
cos z
1
6. Find the poles of the function f (z) =
( z + 1) ( z + 3) and resides at these poles.
2p
dq 2p
7. Show that
2 + cos q
0
=
3
Unit-V:
1
1. The transformation w = z + .
z
2. Transformation w = z , where n is positive integer.
n
3. The logarithmic transformation w = log z .

4. Conformal mapping w=cosz.
5. Conformal mapping w=coshz.
1
6. Under the transformation w = find the image of the circle |z-2i|=2.
z
7. Find the bilinear transformation which transforms the points z=2,1,0 into w=1,0,I respectively.

ASSIGNMENT
QUESTIONS

Unit-I:
logx .sin(log x) + 1
1. Solve (x2D2-3xD+1)y= .
x
2. Solve (x2D2-2xD-4)y=x4.
3. Solve ( 2x - 1) D2 y + (2x - 1)Dy - 2y = x
2
4. Solve in series y + xy + y = 0 about x=0.

5. Solve in series y+ (x - 3)y + y = 0 about x=2.
d2y dy
6. Solve in series the equation 9x ( 1 - x ) 2 - 12 + 4y = 0 .
dx dx
7. Solve in series x(1 - x)y
- 3xy - y = 0 .
Unit-II
1. Express x3+2x2-x-3 in terms of Legendre polynomials .

1 dn
( )
n
2. Prove that Pn(x)= n x 2
- 1 .
2 n! dx n
3. Prove the orthogonality of Legendres Polynomials.
4. Prove that ( 1 - x ) Pn(x) = n [ Pn -1 (x) - x Pn (x) ] .
2
5. Show that q n being a positive Integer.

x 1
t-
6. Prove that the coefficient of tn in expansion of e 2
t is Jn(x).
7. Show that sin(xcos q )= J 0 + 2(J1 cos 2q + J 2 cos 4q + ......) .
Unit-III:
1. if W=f(z)=z2+z, Find its real and Imaginary parts . Also find f(z)=1+i.
2. show that the function f(z)=zn, where n is a positive integer is differentiable for all values of z,
where n is positive integer.
2 2
3. Prove that 2 + 2 | Real f(z)|2=2| f (z) |2 where w =f(z).
x y
4. Find k such that f(x,y)=x++3kxy2 may be harmonic and find its conjugate.
1+ i
5. Evaluate (x

2
+ iy ) dz along the paths (i)y=x (ii) y=x2
0
6. Evaluate ( x - 2y ) dx + (y

2
- x 2 ) dy where C is the boundary of the first quadrant of the circle
C
2 2
x +y =4.
7. Evaluate (y

2
+ z 2 ) dx + (z 2 + x 2 ) dy + (x 2 + y 2 ) dz from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) where c is the curve
C
x=t,y=t2,z=t3 in the parametric form.

Unit-IV:
z -1
1. Expand f (z) = in Taylors series about the point, (i) z=0 and (ii) z=1.
z +1

z2 - 1
2. Obtain the Taylors series to represent the function f (z) = , in the region |z|<2.
( z + 2 ) ( z + 3)
e 2z
3. Expand f (z) = about z=1 as Laurents series. Also find the region of convergence.
( z - 1)
2
7z - 1
4. Find the Laurents series f (z) =
( z + 1) ( z - 2 ) in the annulus 1<|z+1|<3.
z2
5. Find the poles of the function f (z) = .
( z - 1) ( z + 2 )
2
ze z
6. Find the resides of f (z) = at its poles.
( z - 1)
3
2p
dq 2ap
7. Show that
1+ a
0
2
=
- 2a cos q 1 - a 2
, 0,a<1.
Unit- V:
1. The transformation w = z 2 .
2. The transformation w = e z .
3. Conformal mapping w=sinz.
4. Conformal mapping w=tanz.
5. Conformal mapping w=sinhz.
1 1
6. Find the image of the infinite strip 0<y< under the transformation w = .
2 z
7. Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points(2,I,-2) into the points (1,i,-1).
****THE END****

NETWORK
ANALYSIS
COURSEFILE
Department of
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
VIGNAN HILLS, DESHMUKHI VILLAGE, POCHAMPALLY (MANDAL)

NALGONDA (DISTRICT) - 508284
Sponsored by

Network Analysis
COURSE
OBJECTIVE
VMTW
page 42
Electrical Circuits Course Objective
COURSE OBJECTIVE
The overall of teaching this semester course on Network Analysis is to give the Under
Graduate Engineer a through grounding of the fundamentals of networks irrespective of the
stream he belongs to. At the end of the semester, the student would develop an in depth
knowledge of circuit elements (active and passive), their characteristics and their functioning
when networked. Equipped with this knowledge the student would be able to analyze many
engineering problems by tracing the various elements in the set processes in terms of the
electrical equivalents.
The subject of Network Analysis would constitute a basic building block for all
engineers irrespective of the disciplines, in the understanding of electric power and its transient
steady state characteristics. Such understanding would also help the engineer to design his
system after analyzing the circuit under all conditions.
This course introduces the basic concepts of circuit analysis, which is the foundation for
all subjects of the Electrical Engineering discipline. The emphasis of this course is laid on the
basic analysis of circuits that includes Single-phase circuits, magnetic circuits, theorems and
network topology.

Network Analysis
SYLLABUS
VMTW
page 44
Network Analysis
SYLLABUS
UNIT I
Review of R,L,C,RC,RL,RLC Circuits, Network Topology, Terminology, Basic cutest and tie set
matrices for planar networks, illustrative problems, Magnetic circuits, self and mutual
inductances, dot convention, impedance, reactance concept, impedance transformation and
couped circuits, co-efficient of coupling, equivalent T for magnetically coupled circuits, ideal
transformer
UNIT II
Steady state and transient analysis of RL, RC, RLC circuits, circuits with switches, step response, 2nd
order series and parallel RLC circuits, root locus, damping factor, overdamped, under damped,
critically damped cases, quality factor and bandwidth for series nad parallel resonance, resonance
curves.
UNIT III
Network analysis using Laplace transform techniques, step, impulse and exponential excitation,
response due to periodic excitation, RMS and average value of periodic waveforms.
UNIT IV
Two-port network parameters, Z,Y,ABCD,h and g parameters, characteristic impedance, image transfer
constant, image and iterative impedance, network function, driving point and transfer functions-
using transformed(S) variables, poles and zeros.
UNIT V
Standard T, , L Sections, Characteristic impedance, image transfer constants, Design of
Attenuators, impedance matching network, T and Conversion, LC Networks and Filters:
Properties of LC Networks, Fosters Reactance theorem, design of constant K, LP, HP and
BP Filters, Composite filter design.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Network Analysis ME Van Valkenburg, Prentice Hall of India, 3rd Edition, 2000.
VMTW
page 45
Network Analysis Learning Objectives
2. Networks, Lines and Fields - JD Ryder, PHI, 2nd Edition, 1999.
REFERENCES
1. Engineering Circuit Analysis William Hayt and Jack E Kemmerly, MGH, 5th
Edition, 1993.
2. Electric Circuits J. Edminister and M.Nahvi Schaums Outlines, MCGRAW HILL
EDUCATION, 1999.
3. Network Theory Sudarshan and Shyam Mohan, Mc Graw Hill Education

LECTURE
PLAN

LECTURE PLAN
S.N No of Mode of teaching

Name of the topic Text books
periods
UNIT-I Introduction to Electrical Circuits

1 Introduction 1 Chalk & Board
2 R-L-C Parameters 1 Chalk & Board T2: 1.5 1.7
3 Review of R,L,C,RC,RL,RLC Circuits 1 Chalk & Board T2: 1.8 1.9
4 Independent sources, Dependent sources 1 Chalk & Board T2: 1.8
Chalk &
5 Network Topology, Terminology 1 T2: 1.8
Board
Basic cutest and tie set matrices for planar Chalk &
6 1 T2: 1.9
networks Board
7 illustrative problems 1 Chalk & Board T2: 1.6
Chalk & Board T2: 1.7

8 Magnetic circuits, self and mutual inductances 1
9 dot convention, impedance, reactance concept 1
10 impedance transformation and couped circuits 1
co-efficient of coupling, equivalent T for

11 1
magnetically coupled circuits
12 ideal transformer
13 TEST IN UNIT-1 1
14 Steady state analysis of RC,RL,RLC circuits 2
15 transient analysis of RL, RC, RLC circuits 2
Chalk &
17 Circuits with switches 1 T2:2.9
Board
18 Step response 1 Chalk & Board T2:2.11,2.14
19 2nd order series and parallel RLC circuits 1
20 root locus, 1

damping factor, overdamped, under damped,

21 1
critically damped cases,
quality factor and bandwidth for series Chalk &

22 1 T2: 4.1
resonance, Board
quality factor and bandwidth for parallel Chalk & Board

23 1 T2: 4.4
resonance,.
Chalk & Board T2:4.5

24 resonance curves. 1
T4: 3.15
5 TEST IN UNIT-II 1 Chalk & Board T2: 4.6
26 Network analysis using Laplace transform 2 T2:4.7

techniques, Chalk & Board
27 step, impulse and exponential excitation 2 Chalk & Board T2:5.1 5.3
28 response due to periodic excitation, 1 T2: 5.4

Chalk & Board
Chalk &
29 RMS value of periodic waveforms. 1 T2: 3.19.3
Board
30 average value of periodic waveforms. 1 Chalk & T4: 3.3 3.4

Board
Chalk &
31 TEST IN UNIT-III 1 T2: 4.2
Board
Chalk &
33 Two-port network parameters, Z 1 T4: 3.5 3.6
Board
34 Y,ABCD, parameters 1
35 h and g parameters, 1
36 characteristic impedance, 1
image transfer constant, Chalk &

37 1 T2:8.3
Board
Chalk &
38 image and iterative impedance, 1 T2:8.5
Board

39 network function, 1 Chalk & Board T2:8.5
driving point and transfer functions- using Chalk & Board

40 2 T2:8.5
transformed(S) variables,
41 poles and zeros. 2 Chalk & Board T2:8.5
42 TEST IN UNIT-IV 1 Chalk & Board T2:8.5
Chalk &
44 Standard T, , L Sections, Characteristic 1 T3:4.1
impedance Board
Chalk &
45 image transfer constants 1 T3:4.2
Board
Chalk &
46 Design of 1 T3:4.3
Attenuators Board
47 impedance matching network 1 Chalk & Board T3:4.2,4.3
48 T and Conversion, 1
49 LC Networks and Filters: 1

Properties of LC Networks
50 Fosters Reactance theorem 1 Chalk & Board T4: 2.1 2.2
design of constant K Chalk

51 2 T4: 2.3 2.5
Filters & Board
design of constant LP Chalk & Board

52 1 T4: 2.6
Filters
53 design of constant HP Filters 2 Chalk & Board T4: 2.2
design of constant Chalk

54 1 T4: 2.1
BP Filters & Board
Composite filter design. Chalk & Board

55 1 T4: 2.2
56 TEST IN UNIT-V 1 Chalk & Board T4: 2.1

LEARNING
OBJECTIVES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNIT I
Review of R,L,C,RC,RL,RLC Circuits, Network Topology, Terminology, Basic cutest and tie set
matrices for planar networks, illustrative problems, Magnetic circuits, self and mutual
inductances, dot convention, impedance, reactance concept, impedance transformation and
couped circuits, co-efficient of coupling, equivalent T for magnetically coupled circuits, ideal
transformer
Learning objectives
After studying this unit the students are able .
To know the electrical quantities like charge, current, voltage, potential
difference and their specifications
To understand the concept of modern electron theory and its usefulness
To become familiar with circuit, network and difference between them
To learn the specifications and definitions of circuit elements like resistor,
capacitor, inductor etc.
To know the properties and specifications of circuit elements
To represent different circuit elements like sources along with resistors,
capacitors and inductors
To represent and construct a circuit with circuit elements
To know the concept of self inductance, mutual inductance of an element
To know the properties and representation of self and mutual inductances.
UNIT II
Steady state and transient analysis of RL, RC, RLC circuits, circuits with switches, step response, 2nd
order series and parallel RLC circuits, root locus, damping factor, overdamped, under damped,
critically damped cases, quality factor and bandwidth for series nad parallel resonance, resonance
curves.
Learning objectives
To know the concept of ohms law
To obtain the relation between voltage and current in different circuit
elements resistors, capacitors and inductors
To know the types of resistors, capacitors and inductors
To analyze the steady state performance of series RL, RC & RLC circuits
for sinusoidal excitation
To analyze the steady state performance of parallel RL, RC & RLC
circuits for sinusoidal excitation
To analyze the steady state performance or series parallel R, L & C
To understand the concept of phase and phase difference between various
periodic and alternating waveforms
To understand the concept of power in an AC circuit
To understand apparent power, real power and reactive power

To understand the concept of power factora circuit.
To understand the transformation of star delta and delta star
configurations in a circuit
UNIT - III
Network analysis using Laplace transform techniques, step, impulse and exponential excitation,
response due to periodic excitation, RMS and average value of periodic waveforms.
Learning objectives
To understand the concept of alternating current(AC) and direct current
(DC) and their differences
To know the fundamentals of AC quantities.
To know the generation of AC supply
To define the terms average value, rms value, peak value, peak factor,
form factor for different alternating and periodic signals or waveforms
To handle the different signals or waveforms and their representations
To understand the concept of phase and phase difference
To know the concept of reactance, impedance, susceptance and
admittance definitions and their representations
To know what is sinusoidal excitation
To analyze the steady state performance of series RL, RC & RLC circuits
for sinusoidal excitation
To analyze the steady state performance of parallel RL, RC & RLC
To analyze the steady state performance or series parallel R, L & C
To understand the concept of phase and phase difference between various
periodic and alternating waveforms
To understand the concept of power in an AC circuit
To understand apparent power, real power and reactive power
To understand the concept of power factor
To represent AC quantities in different notations complex form, polar
form and vector forms
To know the significance of j notation in representing an AC quantity
To handle different types of AC circuits and their analysis
UNIT - IV
Two-port network parameters, Z,Y,ABCD,h and g parameters, characteristic impedance, image transfer
constant, image and iterative impedance, network function, driving point and transfer functions-
using transformed(S) variables, poles and zeros.
Learning objectives
To know and understand the concept of locus diagrams and its usefulness

To obtain the locus diagrams for series RL, RC & RLC circuits
To obtain the locus diagrams for parallel RL, RC & RLC circuits
To understand the concept of resonance in R, L & C combination circuits
To know the application of resonance concept in different areas
To know and define the terms like resonant frequency, lower cut-off and
upper cut-off frequencies for a given resonant circuit
To define certain terms like bandwidth, Q-factor for resonance circuits
and obtain the relation between them
To analyze the series resonant circuits, parallel resonant circuits and series
parallel resonant circuits
UNIT - V
Standard T, , L Sections, Characteristic impedance, image transfer constants, Design of
Attenuators, impedance matching network, T and Conversion, LC Networks and Filters:
Properties of LC Networks, Fosters Reactance theorem, design of constant K, LP, HP and
BP Filters, Composite filter design.
.
Learning objectives
To understand the Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction and its
relation with magnetic circuits
To understand the concept of Lenzs law and its usefulness.
To know what is a planar network and non planar network
To know what is linear and non linear networks
To know the concept of network topology representation of a network
To define the terms like graph, tree, branch, co- tree, connected graph,
node etc.
To define the basic cut-set, basic tie-set matrices for planar networks
To represent the basic cut-set, basic tie-set matrices for a given planar
networks
To represent dependent and independent sources
To apply loop analysis for solving the circuits consisting of both
dependent and independent sources
To apply nodal analysis for solving the circuits consisting of both
dependent and independent sources
To understand the concept of duality and its usefulness
To obtain a dual for a given circuit

Network Analysis
OBJECTIVE
TYPE
QUESTIONS
VMTW
page 55
Network Analysis Essay Questions
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
UNIT I
1) .A unit step voltage is applied across an inductor. The current through the inductor will
be a) zero for all time b) a step function c) a ramp function d) a delta (impulse) function
2) A ramp current flowing through an initially relaxed capacitor will result in a voltage across it that
a) Varies inversely with time b) remains constant c) varies directly with time d) varies as the square of
time.
3) The voltage v(t) = t u (t) volts is connected across a 1 H inductor having an initial current of -1 A.
The net current will be zero at time t equal to
a) 0 b)1/ 2 second c) 2 sec d) 1 sec.
4) A voltage waveform v (t) = 12 t is applied across 1H Inductor for t 0, with initial current through it
2
being zero. The current through the inductor for t0 is given by

a) 12t b) 24t c) 12 t d) 4 t
3 3
5) It is desired to have a constant direct current i (t) through the ideal inductor L. The nature of the
voltage source v (t) must
a) Constant voltage b) Linearly increasing voltage c) an ideal impulse
d) Exponentially increasing voltage.
6) When a resistor R is connected to a current source, it consumes a power of 18W. When the same R is
connected to a voltage source having same magnitude as the current source, the power absorbed by R is
4.5W. The magnitude of the current source & value of R are
a) 18 A & 1 b) 3,2 c) 1,18 d) 6, 0.5
7) If v, w, q stand for voltage, energy & charge, the v can be expressed as
a) v = dq / dw b) v = dw/ dq c) dv = dw/ dq d) dv= dq / dw.
8) For the current and voltage waveforms, identify the element & its value.
a) L, 25 b) C, 25 c) L, 2 d) C, 2
9) .What is the ic wave form when the wave form v is given

c

10) If V = 40t V for t > 0 and i (0) = 5A, what is the value of i(t) at t = 2sec
s L
a) 24A b) 34A c) 29A d) 39A

11) When a periodic triangular voltage of peak to peak amplitude 1V and frequency 0.5 HZ is applied to
a parallel combination of 1 ohms resistance and 1F capacitance, the current through the voltage source
has the wave form
12) Current waveform as shown is passing through inductor. Find voltage across L.
13) .When a unit impulse voltage is applied to the inductor of 1H, the energy supplied by
the Source is
a) Infinite b) 1 J c) J d) 0J
14) .An ideal constant voltage source is connected in series with an ideal constant current
source.Considered together, the combination will be a
a) Constant voltage source b) constant current source c) constant voltage source and
constant current source or a constant power source

15). A network contains only independent current sources and resistors. If the values of all
the resistors are doubled, the values of the node voltage
a) will become half b) will remain unchanged c) will become double d) cannot be
determined unless the circuit configuration and the values of the resistors are known
16) .A network N is a dual of network N if
a) both of them have same mesh equations b) both of them have same node equations c) mesh
equations of one are the node equations of the other d) KCL and KVL equations are the same
17) .A certain network consists of two ideal voltage sources and a large number of ideal resistors. The
power consumed in one of the resistor is 4W when either of the two sources is active and the other is
replaced by a short circuit. The power consumed by the same resistor when both the sources are
simultaneously active would be
a) zero or 16 W b) 4W or 8 W c) zero or 8W d) 8 W or 16 W
KEY: 1.c 2.d 3.c 4.d 5.c 6.b 7.b 8.b 9.a 10.c 11. 12. c 13.c 14.c 15.c 16.c 17.b
1.Identify the graph
a) Planner b) Non planner c) Spanning sub graph d) None Ans: (a)

2. What is the relation between edges e, chords c, and vertices v
a) c=e-(v-1) b) c=e-v-1 c) v=e-c+1 d) none Ans:( a)
3. Tie set is a dual of
a) KVL b) Cut set c) Spanning sub graph d) None Ans:( b)
4.Identity which of the following is not a tree of the graph shown
a) begh b) defg c) abfg d) aegh Ans:(c)

5. The total no.of f-cuts in a graph is, where v is no. of vertices

a) v 1 b) v c) v+1 d) none Ans: (a)
6. For a connected graph of e, edges and v vertices a set of --------------- f- circuit with respect toa tree
constitutes a complete set of independent circuits of the graph.
a) e-v+1 b)e-v-1 c)e+v-1 d) none Ans:(a)
7. The rank of incident matrix(Aa
a) v b) v-1 c) v-2 d) v+1 Ans: (b)
8. Edge of co-tree is
a) chord b) Twig c) branch d) none. Ans: (a)
9. Another name of tree
a) Complete graph b) spanning sub graph c) twig d) none. Ans; (b)
10. The relationship between total no of vertices (N), total no of edges (E) and total no of chords (C)
11. The number of chords in a graph with b number of branches and n number of nodes is
a) b-n+1 b) b+n-1 c) b+n d) b-n Ans:(a)
12. The number of edges in a complete graph of n vertices is
a) n(n 1) b) n(n-1) / 2 c) n d) n-1 Ans:(b)
13. In the fig: number of fundamental cut sets
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5 Ans: (d)
14. Rank of incident matrix is, where v is vertex

a) v b) v-1 c) v+1 d) none Ans: (b)

15. Fig given below shows a d c resistive network and its graph is drawn aside. A proper tree chosen for
analyzing the network will contain the edges
a) ab, bc, ad b) ab, bc, ca c) ab, bd, cd d) ac,bd,ad Ans: (a)
16. Which one of the following is a cutest of the graph shown in the fig
a) 1,2,3,4 3
b) 2,3,4,6 Ans: (d)
c) 1,4,5,6
d) 1,3,4,5
UNIT II
Objective questions
1) A network has 7 nodes and 5 independent loops. The number of branches in the network is
a) 13 b) 12 c) 11 d) 10 Ans: ( c )
2) The nodal method of circuit analysis is based on
a) KVL & s law b) KCL & s law c) KCL & KVL d) KCL,KVL & s law Ans: (b)
3) For a network of seven branches and four nodes, the number of independent loops will be
a) 11 b) 8 c) 7 d) 4 Ans:(d)
4) A network has b branches and nodes. For this mesh analysis will be simpler then node
Analysis if n is greater then

a) b b) b +1 c) (b / 2 ) + 1 d) b / 2 Ans:(c)
5) The number of independent loops for a network with n nodes and b branches is
a) n-1 b) b-n c) b-n + 1 d) independent no. of nodes Ans: (c)
6) K.Laws fails in the case of
a) Linear networks b) non linear networks
c) dual networks d) distributed parameter networks. Ans: (d)
7) Ohms law, KVL &KCL will fail at
a) Low frequency b) high frequency c) high power d) none Ans: (b)
8) Total no, of mesh equations required is equal to
a) no of links b) no. of tree branches c) no. of nodes d)none Ans; (a)
9)What is the Rab in the circuit when all resistors values are R
a) 2R b) R c) R/2 d) 3R Ans; (a)
11) Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit in this figure

a)1R b)2R c)3R d)4R Ans:

12).In the circuit of fig. The value of the voltage source E is
a) 16V b) 4V c) 6V d) 16V Ans: (a)
13).what is the current supplied by 1V source when each resistance is 1 ohm?
a) 8/15 b)15/4 c)4/15 d) none Ans: ( a)
14).Find the value of R for which the power supplied by the voltage source is zero?

a) 0 b) 1.5 c) 6 d) 0.667 Ans:(b)
15).Each branch resistance is 1 ohm. Find equivalent resistance in each path out of 3 paths
a) 15/6 ohms b) 5/6 ohms c) 6/5 ohms d) none Ans:(a)
16) If each branch of a delta circuit has impedance 3 Z, then each branch of the equivalent Wye
Circuit has impedance
a) Z/3 b) 3Z c) 33 Z d) Z/3 Ans: (a)
17.)What is the capacitor value in star connection?
a) C/3 b) 3C c) C d) none Ans: (b)

18.) The effective resistance between the terminals A and B in the circuit shown in the fig. is ( all
resistors are equal to R)
a) R b) R-1 c) R / 2 d) ( 6 / 11) R Ans:(c)

19).What is the equivalent reactance after converting in to star ?
a)-2j/3 b)-6j c)-4j d) none Ans: (a)
20). what is the equivalent resistance between AB when each branch resistance is 2 ohms?
UNIT III
Objective questions

1. I1 = 120 Cos (100t +30) and I2 = -0.1 Cos (100t +100), I2 leads I1by: -----------------
a) -110 deg b) 60 deg c) 60 deg d) 110 deg Ans:(a)
2. V1 leads V2 by if V1= sin ( wt + 300), V2 = -5 sin (wt 150 )
a) 2250 b) 300 c) 450d) none. Ans: (a)
3.The RMS value of a rectangular wave of period T, having a value of + V for a duration, T 1 (< T ) and
V for the duration T- T1 = T2 equals.
a) V b) (T 1 - T2) / T * V c)V / 2 d) (T1 / T2)* V Ans: (a)
4. Sin 5 t + cos 5t = f(t) What is f(t)rms

a) 1 b) 0.707 c) 1.414 d) None Ans:(a)
5. f(t) = Sin 10t + Sin 20t ; What is the rms value of f(t)
a)1 b) 1/2 c) 1/ 2 d) 2 Ans : (a)
6. f(t) = 2 + cos(wt+), the ratio of Vrms / V
a) 3/22 b)3/2 c) d) /2 Ans:(a)
7. Which of the following waveforms can satisfy property that RMS of the full cycle is same as RMS of
the half of the cycle
8. Inductor acts like for a ac signal in the steady state

a) Open b) closed c) Neither open nor closed d) none Ans: (c)
9. The final value theorem is used to find the
a) steady state value of the system output b)initial value of the system output c) transient behavior
of the system output d) none of these. Ans:(a)
10. A unit step current is impressed across a parallel 3 , 2F circuit. Under steady state, the capacitor
voltage will be
a) 3V b) 2V c) 1V d) 0 Ans:(a)
11. H (S) = (S+2) / (S2 + S + 4) x(t) = cos 2t ; y(t) = cos (2t + ), what is ?
a) 45 0 b) 00 c) 450 d) -900 Ans: (c )
12. In a linear system, an input of 5cos wt produces an output of 10 cos wt. The output
Corresponding to input 10 cos wt will be equal to

a) 20coswt b) 5 sin wt c) 20 sin wt d) 20 sin wt Ans: (a)

13. Currents I1, I2 & I3 meet at a Junction in a circuit. All currents are marked as entering the node. If I1 =
-6 Sin wt mA & I2 = 8cos wt mA, then I3will be Ans:(a)
a)10 cos (wt + 36.87 ) mA b) 14 cos ( wt + 36.87) mA c) 14 sin (wt + 36.87 )mA d) 14 sin(wt +
36.87 ) mA
14. An alternating current source having voltage E= 110 sin (t + (/3) ) is connected in an a.c. circuit .
If the current drawn from the circuit varies as I = 5 sin (t ( / 3) ). Impedance of the circuit will be
a) 22 b)16 c) 30.8 d) None of the above Ans:(a)
15. In a highly inductive circuit, a small capacitance is added in series. The angle between the applied
voltage and resultant current will
a) Increase b) decrease c) remain constant d) None Ans:(b)
16. A water boiler at home is switched on to the ac mains supplying power at 230V/50hz. The frequency
of instantaneous power consumed by the boiler is
a) 0 hz b) 50hz c) 100hz d) 150hz Ans:(c)
17. The instantaneous power wave from for the pure inductor is when Vin = Vm sin 10t.
Ans : (b)
18. A Voltage source of 20 300 is supplying current of 5 -300. What is the complex power absorbed
by the source
a) 100 - 120 0 b) 100 60 c) 100 0 d) 100 1800Ans; (a)
19. The current of 10 30 0is passing through a capacitor, whose capacitive reactance is - j4.The
complex power absorbed will be.
a) 0 b) 25 j va c) - 25 j va d) none. Ans :(d)
20. Power dissipated in a pure capacitor in watts is
a) 0 b) VI c) I2| x | d)none. Ans: (a)
21. Voltage of 1030 is applied across a capacitor, whose reactance is j4. The complex power
absorbed will be
a) 0 b) 25jva c) 25jva d) none Ans: (c)
22. The voltage phasor of a circuit is 10150 V and the current phasor is 2-450A. The active and
reactive powers in the circuit are

a) 10W and 17.32 var b) 5W and 8.66 var c) 20W and 60 var Ans:(a)
23. The average power supplied to an impedance when the current through it is 7 j4 A and the voltage
across it is 2 + j3 V will be
a) 2W b) 7W c) 14W d) 26W Ans:(a)
24. The rms value of the current shown in fig is
a) 2 b) 4 c) 5 d) 8 Ans:(b)
25. Find the average power delivered to a 10 resistor with a voltage across it as shown in the figure.
a) 75mV b)7.5W c)100mW d)75W Ans:(c)

26. A load with a lagging power of 100kW and an apparent power of 120kVA.if the source supplies
100A rms, determine the inductance or capacitance of the load at 60 Hz.
a)40H b)147H c)48mH d)17.6mH Ans:(d)
27. f(t) = sin t + sin2 t is passing through R = 1ohm, what is the power dissipated in 1ohm resistor?
a) 1W b) 2W c) since f(t) in non periodic, not possible to find power d) none. Ans :( a)
28. The current i( t ) through a 10 ohms resistor in series with an inductance is given by
i(t) = 3+ 4 sin ( 100t + 450 ) + 4 sin ( 300t + 600 ). The RMS value of the current and the power
dissipated in the circuit are
a) 41 A, 410W b) 35, 350 c) 5, 250 d) 11, 1210 Ans: (c)
UNIT IV

Objective questions:
1. In RLC circuits, the current at resonance is [ ]
A) Maximum in series circuit and minimum in parallel circuit.
B) Maximum in parallel circuit and minimum in series circuit.
C) Maximum in both the circuits. D) Minimum in both the circuits.
2. A series resonant circuit is capacitive at f=100Hz. The circuit will be inductive somewhere at
[ ] A) f < 100 Hz B) f >100 Hz C) f =100 Hz by increasing the value of the resistance D) f =100 Hz
by decreasing the value of the resistance
3. In series resonant circuits, the power factor at resonance is [ ]
A) zero B) 1 C) 0.5 D) 0.707
4. In series LCR circuit, at resonance, [ ]
A) Current is maximum, power factor is zero B) Current is maximum, power factor is unity C)
Current is minimum, power factor is unity D) Current is minimum, power factor is zero
5. The value of R in the circuit shown in Figure is _______
6. The active and Reactive powers of an inductive circuit are 60w and 80 VAR respectively. The p.f of
the circuit is ______
7. In an RC series circuit, Xc=R. The phase angle between applied voltage and circuit current is
_________
8. In R-L-C series circuit, R=3, XL=10 and Xc=11 . The applied voltage is 10 volts. The
impedance of the circuit is _______
9. The frequency at which maximum voltage occurs, the inductance in an RLC series circuit is
[ ]
A) 1/2LC B) 1/2(LC-R2) C) 1/2(LC-C2R2/2) D) 1/2RC

10. Admittance is the reciprocal of _________

11.Draw the locus diagram of a series RC circuit.
12. The Q-factor of a seriesRLC circuit is given by _______________
13. What is sensitivity?
14. Condition for resonance is ______
15. At resonance in a parallel circuit , current is [ ]
a) maximun b) minimum c) halved d) 0
UNIT V
Objective questions
1.Units of relative permeability is [d]

a) A/m b) H/m c) Wb/m2 d) no units
2. Magnetic lines of force [c]
a) intersect at infinity b) intersect wihin the magnet c) cannot intersect at all d) none
3. The SI unit of reluctance is [a]
a)AT/Wb b) AT/m c) AT d) N/Wb
4. The basic requirement for inducing e.m.f in a coil is [b]
a) flux should link the coil b) there should be change of flux
c) coil should form a loop d) all the above
5. The emf induced in a coil is given by e= -Nd/dt
6.The mutual inductance between two coils is ___ proportional to reluctance of magnetic path [b]
a) directly b) inversely c) independent d) none
7. The mutual lnductance between two coils is zero when fluxes produced by them [c]
a) aid each other b) oppose each other c) at right angles to each other d) none
8. If the number of turns of a coil is increased, its inductance____ [b]
a) remains same b) is increased c) is decreased d) none
9. The inductance of a coil is ___ proportional to reluctance of magnetic path [b]
a) directly b) inversely c) independent d) none
10. The maximum mutual inductance between coils is given by [c]
a) La Lb b) La/Lb c) sq root of (LaLb ) d) square of(LaLb)

11. Two series opposing inductors have values of 1H, 1.7H. The total inductance if mutual inductance is
300mH is [d]
a) 1H b) 2H c) 2.1 H d) 0.5H
12. If L1=9H L2-4H M=3h the coefficient of coupling is [d]
a) 0.33 b) 0.75 c) 0.6 d) 0.5
13. The mutual inductance between two coils is decreased by [c]
a) increasing the num of turns of either coil c) moving the coils apart
b) moving the coils closer d) none
14. An air cored choke is used for ____ frequency applications [a]
a) radio b) power c) audio d) all the above
15.If a 10 turn coil has a second layer of 10 turns wound over the first the total iductancee will be about
___ times the original inductance [b]
a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d)10
16. A coil of 10 turns has reluctance of 100AT/Wb. The inductance of the coil is 20H
17.Inductance in a circuit delays the change in current
18. Permeance of a magnetic circuit is directly proportional to cross sectional area of the circuit.
19. The reluctance of a magnetic circuit varies as [b]
a) length*area b) length/area c) area*length d) (length)2 + area.
20. Magnetic flux passes more readily through [c]

a) air b) wood c) iron d) vaccum

ESSAY
QUESTIONS

UNIT-1 Essay Questions
1. (a) Distinguish between passive and active elements with suitable examples.
(b) Find the voltage and current source equivalent representation of the following network across
AB, as shown in figure 1b.
2. Voltage of 60V d.c. is applied across two capacitors of 100 F. Find the voltage sharing
between them if they are connected in series. What is the energy stored in each of the
capacitors.
3 (a) Find the value of current Ii in figure 1a.
(b) Find the value of E in the network shown in figure 1c
(c) Write short notes on dependent source.

Figure 1c
4 Find the voltage to be applied across AB in order to drive a current of 5A into the circuit by using star-
delta transformation. Refer figure 1.
5 Reduce the network shown in figure, to a single loop network by successive source
transformation, to obtain the current in the 12. resistor.
6. For the circuit shown in figure 1. find the current through 20. resistor?

7. A 20V battery with an internal resistance of 5 ohms is connected to a resistor of x ohms. If an

additional resistance of 6. is connected across the battery, find the value of x, so that the external
power supplied by the battery remain the same.
8. Explain resistances in series and parallel with an example.
9. Determine the voltage that must be applied at x - y terminals such that the voltage across 4 W resistors is 5 V
10. What is the magnitude of current drained from the 10 V source in the figure given below.
11.In the following fig. If voltage meter read 60V, find reading of ammeter.
12. A circuit consisting of three resistances 12 , 18 and 36 respectively joined in
Parallel is connected in series with a fourth resistance. The whole circuit is applied
with 60V and it is found that the power dissipated in the 12 resistor is 36 W.

Determine the value of the fourth resistance and the total power dissipated in the
circuit. [16]
13. A circuit consists of three resistors 3 ohms, 4 ohms and 6 ohms in parallel and
a fourth resistor 4 ohms in series. A battery of emf 12 V and internal resistance
6 ohms is connected across the circuit. Find the total current in the circuit and
Terminal voltage across the battery. [16]
14.Describe the source transformation technique.

b) The current waveform for the pure inductance of 3m H is shown in below figure 1. Draw the
voltage and power wave forms.
15.Calculate the value of R in the circuit shown in below figure 1, if the power supplied by both the
sources is equal.
16. A 25 ohms resistor is connected across a voltage source V (t) = 150 Sin t. Find the current I (t) and the
instantaneous power P(t) and also the average power. Draw the relevant waveforms.
17. A pure inductance of 3 mH carries a current of the wave form shown in figure.
Sketch the waveform of V(t) and P(t). Determine the average value of power.

18. A pure inductance of 5 mH carries a current of the wave form shown in figure.
Sketch the waveform of V(t) and P(t). Determine the average value of power.
(a) Explain the procedure for obtaining fundamental tie-set matrix of a given network.
(b) Draw the oriented graph of the network shown in figure 5 and write the incidence matrix.
2. (a) Draw the oriented graph of the network shown in figure5a.

1.
Figure 5a
Figure 5b
(b) Obtain the fundamental loop and fundamental cut-set matrices for the graph
shown in figure5b.
3. For the circuit shown in figure 3, draw the graph and indicate tree.
i. Branch
ii. Node
iii. Degree of a node
iv. Links.
4. Using Nodal method, find the current through 5W resistor, in the following circuit.

Figure3
5. Define the following and explain by taking an example.
i. Node
ii. Tree
iii. Sub graph
iv. Loop
v. Links
vi. Directed graph.
6. Find the fundamental tie-set and cut-set matrix for the graph and for the tree shown in the figure
7. Draw the oriented graph of the network shown in figure and write the cut set matrix.

8. Define (I) loop; (ii) Tree; (iii) cut-set of graph of network.
Obtain the fundamental circuit matrix for the graph shown below. Choose the tree consisting of
branches 6, 7, 8 and 9. Write the KVL and KC: equations for the graph. (GATE
2000)
9 Draw the dual of the following network.
10. Obtain tree branch voltages and hence all the branch and current for the network shown below.
Consider a tree with branches 4, 5 and 6.

11. Formulate and solve the equations for the networks shown based on a) node voltage method b)
loop current method
12. Find the networks shown, calculate the values of element a in single delta - connected
equivalent network.
13. For the network shown in figure 4 draw oriented graph and draw all possible
trees.

14.For the network shown in figure 4 find the tie-set matrix loop current.
15.Write the matrix loop equation for the network shown in figure below and determine the loop currents.
16. For the graph in the figure 4, write the cut set schedule and obtain the relation between tree branch
voltages and branch voltages.

17.a) Explain the following terms with respect to graph theory

i) Node ii) tree iii) link iv) sub-graph
b) Find the branch currents as shown in following figure 3 by using the concept of tie-set matrix.
18.a) Illustrate the super mode analysis with an example.

b) For the network shown in figure 3 determine all branch currents and the voltage across the 6-
resistor by loop current analysis.
19.a) Explain the super mesh Analysis with an example.

b) For the resistive network as shown in below figure 4, write a cut set schedule and equilibrium
equations on voltage basis. Hence obtain value of branch voltage and branch currents.

20. For the below network, draw
i) Graph ii) Tree iii) Dual network
21. For the below network draw the graph and write down the procedure to obtain cut set matrix.

22. For the above network draw the graph, Select a tree and write tie set schedule for selected tree, solve
circuit.
UNIT-2 Essay Questions
1.(a) A bridge network ABCD is arranged as follows: Resistance between terminals AB, BC, CD, DA
and BD are 10 ohms, 30 ohms, 15 ohms, 20 ohms and 40 ohms respectively. A 4V battery is
connected with negligible internal resistance between terminals A and C. Determine the
current through each element in the network using network reduction techniques.
(b) Three equal resistances are available. Find
i. Two ratios of the equivalent resistances when they are connected in parallel.
ii. The ratio of the current through each elements when they are connected in parallel.
2.a) What is the difference between an ideal source and a practical source? Draw the relevant characteristics of
the above sources.
(b) Explain the difference between active elements and passive elements with suitable examples.
(c) Determine the current through 6 resistors and the power supplied by the current source for the
circuit shown in figure 1.

Figure 1
3. Using Kirchhoffs current law, find the values of the currents i1 and i2 in the circuit shown in figure 2.
4. For the circuit shown in figure 1,find the current through 20. resistor?
5.Explain
i. KCL
ii. KVL
iii. Practical current source
iv. Practical voltage source.
6. Find the equivalent resistance across the terminals A & B of the networks shown below using star-
delta transformation. All values are in ohms.

7. Determine the voltages and currents of the resistance's using source transformations.
8. Two resistors R1 = 2500 and R2 = 4000 are joined in series and connected to
a 100 V supply. The voltage drop across R1 and R2 are measured successively by
a volt meter having a resistance of 50000 . Find the sum of the readings.
9.For the figure 1 shown, calculate the equivalent resistance of the following combi-
nation of resistors and also calculate the source current, total power dissipated.
10. Three resistors 8 ohms, 6 ohms and 10 ohms are connected in series to a battery of
terminal voltage 24 volts. Find the current in the circuit, P.D. across each resistor
and power dissipated in each resistor. [16]
11. The resistor R in series with capacitance C is connected to a 50Hz, 240 V supply.
Find the value of C so that R absorbs 300 watts at 100 volts. Find also the

maximum charge and the maximum stored energy in C.
12.Find the voltage to be applied across A-B in order to drive a current of 10 A into the circuit as
shown in below figure 1 using star-delta transformation.
13. a).Obtain the expressions for star-delta equivalence of resistive network.

b). Calculate the current in the 5 resistor using Kirchhoffs laws for the network shown in below
figure 2.
14.a). State and explain kirchoffs laws.

b). Determine the current in the 5 resistor for the circuit shown in below figure 2.
15.Determine the resistance between the terminals A-B in the network shown in below figure 1.

16.Find the current supplied by 10 V battery by using Star Delta transformation for the following network.
17. Three resistances Rab , Rbc and Rca are connected in delta connection, Derive the expressions for equivalent
star connection.
b) By using nodal analysis find the current flowing through 3 ohms resistor.
UNIT-3Essay Questions

1. Obtain the rms value, average value, form factor and peak factor for a voltage of symmetrical
square shape whose amplitude is 10V and time period is 40secs.
2. Define form factor and peak factor of an alternating quantity. Calculate the average and rms
value, the form factor and peak factor of a periodic current having the following values for equal
time intervals, changing suddenly from one value to next: 0,40,60,80,100,80,60,40,0,-40,-60,-80
A.
3. (a) Derive an expression for the current, impedance, average power for a series RC circuit
excited by a sinusoidally alternating voltage and also find the power factor of the circuit.
Draw the phasor diagram.
(b) A series R-L series circuit having a resistance of 4 and 3 ohms inductive reactance is fed by
100V, 50Hz, 1- supply. Find current, power drawn bythe circuit and power factor.
4. Why the rms values of an alternating quantity is more important than its averagevalue. Find the rms value of
the resultant current in a conductor which carries simultaneously sinusoidal alternating current with a
maximum value of 15A anddirect current of 15A, by deriving necessary expressions.
5. (a) The voltage of a circuit is = 200 sin (wt + 30o) and the current is i = 50 sin(wt + 60o). Calculate
i. The average power, reactive volt-amperes and apparent power.
ii. Find the circuit elements if w =100 rad /sec.
(b) Find the form factor of the following waveform shown in figure 3
6. Explain the concept of
i. Susceptance and
ii. Admittance
7. An inductive coil takes 10A and dissipates 1000 watts when connected to a supply of 250v,
25Hz. Calculate.
i. the impedance
ii. the effective resistance
iii. reactance
iv. the inductance
v. power factor. Also, Draw the vector diagram.

8 Draw the current, impedance and admittance loci for an R L series circuit having fixed resistance
but variable reactance.
9 Figure shows a series parallel circuit. Find
i. admittance of each branch
ii. admittance between points b and g.
iii. impedance between points b and g.
iv. total circuit impedance
v. total current and power factor
vi. currents in each branch.
10. Derive the expression for power in a1- A.c circuits
11. In the circuit shown in figure Calculate.

i. The total impedance
ii. The total current
iii. Power factor
iv. The total S,P and Q
v. The total admittance. Also, draw vector diagram.

12.a).Define the following terms:

i) RMS value ii) Average value iii) Form factor iv) Peak factor
b).Determine the average and effective values of saw-tooth waveform as shown in
below figure
13.a).Define the RMS value and obtain an expression for the RMS value of sinusoidal
current.
b) .Determine the circuit current and p.f for the following network shown in figure 3
15.a) Explain the significance of j-operator. What are the different forms of expressing the sinusoidal
quantity in complex form?
b) Compute the RMS and average values of square wave form shown in below figure

16. a) Derive the expression for RMS value of alternating current wave I = I m Sin t.
b) A coil takes a current of 1 A at 0.6 lagging power factor from a 220 V, 60 Hz single phase source. If the coil is
modeled by a series RL circuit find
i) The complex power in the coil and
ii) The values of R and L.
17. Show that power dissipated by a pure capacitor exited by a sinusoidal voltage source V = Vm Sin t is zero.
b) A circuit consisting of three branches, Z 2 is in parallel with Z3 the combination is in series with Z 1 having the
values Z1=10+j30, Z2 = 5+j10and Z3 = 4-j16 connected across single phase, 100 V, 50 Hz supply. Find i) I 1, I2 and I3 ii)
V1 and V2
18..a) Find form factor of triangular waveform shown in the figure.
c) A series circuit consisting of a 10 ohms resistor, a 100 F capacitance and 10 mH inductance is driven by
a 50 Hz AC voltage source of maximum value 100 V. Calculate the equivalent impedance, current in the
circuit, the power factor and power dissipated in the circuit.
19. a) Find form factor of a non alternating periodic waveform shown in figure.
b) A parallel circuit having two branches, first branch consisting of 3 ohms resistor is in series with 12.7 mH
inductor, second branch consisting of 1 ohm resistor in series with 3.18 mH is connected across 200 V,
single phase, 50 Hz supply.

Calculate:
a) Conductance and susceptance of each branch
b) The resultant admittance
c) The current in each branch
d) Total current input
1. (a) Explain the phenomenon of Acceptor resonance in electrical circuits.
(b) Proceeding analytically, sketches the resonance curves for a series resonant circuit with variable
frequency and constant R, L and C.
(c) A series circuit comprising R, L and C is supplied at 220v, 50Hz. At resonance, the voltage across the
capacitor is 550v. The current at resonance is 1A. Determine the circuit parameters R, L and C.
2Bring out the differences between series and parallel resonance?

3. A series RLC circuit consists of resistance R = 20 inductance, L=0.01H and capacitance C= 0.04 F.
Calculate the frequency at resonance. If a 10 Volts of frequency equal to the frequency of resonance is
applied to this circuit, calculate the values of V C and VL across C and L respectively. Find the frequencies
at which these voltages VC and VL are maximum?
4 With respect to`a series resonant circuit, prove that bandwidth is inversely proportional to the Q-factor
at resonance?
5. A coil of 20 ohms resistance and an inductance of 0.2H is connected in parallel with a capacitor of 100
micro farad capacitance. Determine resonant frequency and the input impedance at resonance?
6. a) Derive the expression for band width of RLC series circuit.

b) A series circuit consisting of R = 500, L = 0.5 H and C = 15 F is connected to a variable

frequency supply of 120V. If the frequency is varied through 40 to 80 Hz, draw the locus
diagram of current. Determine the current and p.f at 40 and 80 Hz frequency.
7.a) Explain the procedure to draw the locus diagram of R-L series circuit when L is varying.
b) A series RLC circuit has to be designed so that it has a band width of 320 Hz and inductance of the
coil is 0.2H. It is has to resonate at 350Hz, determine the resistance of coil and capacitance of
condenser. If the applied voltage is 150V, determine the voltage across capacitor and coil.
8 .a) Explain the procedure to draw the locus diagram of R-C series circuit when C is varying.
b) An impedance coil having R = 20 and a 50Hz inductive reactance of 22 is connected to 110V,
60Hz source. A series circuit consisting of resistor, R = 10 and variable capacitor is then
connected in parallel with coil
i) For what value of C will the circuit be in resonance?
ii) Calculate two line currents at resonance.
9.a) Explain the procedure to draw the lows diagram of R-L-C series circuit when varying XL and XC.
b) A series resonant circuit has the following parameters:
Resonance frequency = 3106 Hz,
Band width = 105Hz and R = 4.
Calculate L and C of the network, half power frequency and power quality.
10. a) Show that the resonant frequency 0 of an RLC series circuit is the geometric mean of 1 and 2, the lower
and upper half power frequencies respectively.
b) A voltage V = 5000 V is applied to a series circuit consisting of fixed inductive reactance X L = 5 ohms and a
variable resistance R. Sketch the admittance and current locus diagrams.
11.a) Obtain the current locus of a series circuit having a fixed resistance and a variable inductance.
b) Given a series RLC circuit with R = 100 ohms, L = 0.5 H and C = 40 F, Calculate the resonant, lower and
upper half power frequencies.
12. a) Show that Q0 = 0L/R = f0 / BW for a series RLC circuit.
b) A voltage of V = 5000 V is applied to a series circuit of fixed resistance R = 5 ohms and a variable
capacitance C. Sketch the admittance and current locus diagrams.
13. 4.a) Obtain the current locus of a fixed resistance and a variable capacitance.
b) Given a series RLC circuit with R = 10 ohms, L = 1 mH and C = 1 F is connected across a sinusoidal source of
20 V with variable frequency. Find
i) The resonant frequency
ii) Q factor of the circuit at resonant frequency
iii) Half power frequencies.

1. (a) Derive an expression for the energy stored in an inductor and a capacitor.
(b) Obtain an expression for Co-efficient of coupling.
2. A non-magnetic ring having a mean diameter of 30cm and a cross-sectional area of 4cm2 is
uniformly wound with two coils A and B one over the other. A has 100 turns and B has 250 turns.
Calculate the mutual inductance between the coils. Also, calculate the emf induced in B when a
current of 6A in A is reversed in 0.02secs. Derive the formulae used.
3. The mean diameter of a steel ring is 40cm and flux density of 0.9 wb/m2 is producedby 3500
ampere turns per metre. If the cross-section of the ring be 15 cm2 and the number of turns 440,
calculate
(a) The exciting current,
(b) The self inductance
(c) The exciting current and the inductance when an air gap of 2cm is cut in the ring, the flux density being
the same. Ignore leakage and fringing.
4 (a) What is magnetic coupling? What is its effect? How can you arrange two coils so that they do not
have magnetic coupling?
(b) Two coils having 30 and 600 turns are wound side by side on a closed iron circuit of 100 cm2 cross
section and mean length 150cm. Calculate
i. The self inductance of the two coils and mutual inductance if relative permeability of iron is 2000.
Assume no magnetic leakage.
ii. Calculate from 0 to 10A steadily in 0.01sec.
(a) Define reluctance? Give its units.
5 (a) Solve for the currents I1 and I2 in the circuit shown in figure 2a. Also, find the ratio of V
(b) What is magnetic circuit? Compare magnetic circuit with electric circuit in any four aspects.

6. Define the following:

i. Self inductance
ii. Mutual Inductance
iii. Static Induced e.m.f
iv. Dynamically induced e.m.f.
7 Derive the relationship between the self, mutual inductances and coefficient of coupling.
8. Two similar coils connected in series gave a total inductance of 600 mH and when one of the coil is
reversed, the total inductance is 300mH. Determine the mutual inductance between the coils and
coefficient of coupling?
9. Write short notes on dot convention used in magnetically coupled coils.
10 In the network shown in figure L1=1H, L2=2H, M=1.2H. Assuming the inductance coils to be ideal, find
the amount of energy stored after 0.1 see of the circuit connected to a d.c. source of 10V.
JNTU May / June 2006
11. The combined inductance of two coils connected in series is 0.6H or 0.1H, depending upon the relative
directions of the currents in the coils. If one of the coils when isolated has a self-inductance of 0.2H,
Calculate
i. Mutual inductance, and
ii. The Coefficient of coupling.
12. Explain the terms
i. MMF

ii. Reluctance.
13 A cast steel structure is made of a rod of square section 2.5cm 2.5cm as shown in figure. What
is the current that should be passed in a 500 turn coil on the left limb, so that a flux of
2.5mwb is made to pass in the right limb. Assume permeability as 750 and neglect leakage.
14.A 15 mH coil is connected in series with another coil. The total inductance is 70mH. When one of the coils is
reversed, the total inductance is 30 mH. Find theinductance of second coil, mutual inductance and coefficient of
coupling. Derive
the expression used.
15.a) Compare and contrast electric and magnetic circuit.

b) Two coils having 500 and 1000 turns, respectively, are wound side by side on a closed iron
circuit of area of cross-section 100 cm2 and mean length 800 cm. Calculate the coefficients of
self induction of the two coils and the mutual induction between the two. Neglect leakage. Take
r as 2000. If a current steadily grows from 0 to 1 A in 0.1 sec, in the first coil, find emf induced
in the other coil.
16.a) State and explain Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction.
b) Self-inductance of two coupled coils are L 1 = 1010-3 H and L2 = 2010-3H. The coefficient of
coupling (K) being 0.75 in the air, find voltage in the second coil, and the flux of first coil,
provided the second coil has 500 turns and the circuit current is I1 = 2 sin 314t A.
17.a) Explain the importance of dot convention in coupled circuits.
b) A mild steel ring has a mean circumference of 1000 mm and a uniform area of cross-section of
600 mm2. Calculate the MMF required producing a flux of 500 nWb, assuming permeability of
mild steel as 1200. An air gap of 2 mm in length is now cut in the ring. Determine the flux
produced, if the MMF remains constant.
18.a) Derive the relation between self inductance, mutual inductance and coefficient of coupling.
b) A mild steel ring has a mean circumference of 600mm and a uniform cross-sectional area of 350
mm2. Calculate the MMF required producing a flux of 600Wb when an air gap of 1mm length
is now cut in ring. Also determine the flux produced if MMF remains constant. Given relative
permeability of mild steel is 1200.
19. a) Obtain the expression for co - efficient of coupling.
b) A cast steel electromagnet has an air gap length of 3 mm and an iron path of length
40 cm. Find the number of amphere turns necessary to produce a flux density of 0.7
Wb/m2 in the gap. Neglect the leakage and fringing.

Network Analysis
ASSIGNMENT
QUESTIONS
VMTW
page 99
UNIT-1 Assignment Questions
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
1. Explain Network and Network Analysis.
2. Explain R, L and C in detailed.
3. Explain Sources and source transformation.
4.Why independent sources are called so? Explain.
5.A step voltage of 10V is applied at t=0 across a circuit of R=10ohms and L=0.5H in series determine
the current drawn by the circuit for all t 0. Assume the elements are initially relaxed.
6. Find the voltage to be applied across AB in order to drive a current of 5A into the circuit by using
star-delta transformation. Refer figure 1. JNTU May / June 2006
7. Reduce the network shown in figure, to a single loop network by successive source transformation, to
obtain the current in the 12. resistor
VMTW
page 100
8. For the circuit shown in figure 1. find the current through 20. resistor?
1.Give the complete procedure to obtain TIE-SET matrix of any network with suitable example?
2.Give the complete procedure to obtain CUT-SET matrix of any network with suitable example?
3.Give the complete procedure to obtain dual of any network with suitable example?
4. Determine the basic tie set matrix for the given oriented graph, taking edges 1, 2, 3 and 4 as links.
5. Explain the procedure for obtaining fundamental tie-set matrix of a given network.
6.Draw the oriented graph of the network shown in figure 5 and write the incidence matrix.
1. Explain Star- Delta and Delta- Star transformation for network reduction techniques.
2. What is the difference between an ideal source and a practical source? Draw the relevant
characteristics of the above sources.
3. Explain the difference between active elements and passive elements with suitable examples.
4. Explaini. KCL ii. KVLiii. Practical current sourceiv. Practical voltage source.
5. Find the equivalent resistance across the terminals A & B of the networks shown below using
star-delta transformation. All values are in ohms.

6.
7. Determine the voltages and currents of the resistance's using source transformations.
Assignment Questions
1. Determine the voltage V (t) for all t >0 across a series circuit of R=3W, AND L=1H when a ramp
current of 5r(t-3) amperes flows through it
2. A step voltage of 10V is applied at t=0 across a circuit of R=10ohms and L=0.5H in series
determine the current drawn by the circuit for all t 0. Assume the elements are initially relaxed.
3. A 250 V, 50Hz voltage is applied to a coil of inductance 5H and resistance of 2W in series with a
capacitance C. what value must C have in order that the voltage across the coil shall be 280V.
draw the phasor diagram
6. Determine the R.M.S value of a half-wave rectified sinusoidal voltage of peak value V.
Assignment questions:
1.A 250 V, 50Hz voltage is applied to a coil of inductance 5H and resistance of 2 in series
with a capacitance C. what value must C have in order that the voltage across the coil shall
be 280V. draw the phasor diagram
2.With respect to R-L-C series circuit ,prove that the resonant frequency is geometric mean of
the half power frequencies
3.Define the terms Q-factor bandwidth and resonant frequency. Derive the relationship for these
quantities?

4.Determine the R.M.S value of a half-wave rectified sinusoidal voltage of peak value V.
5.With respect to a series resonant circuit ,prove that bandwidth is inversely proportional to the
Q-factor at resonance?
6.A coil of 20 ohms resistance and an inductance of 0.2H is connected in parallel with a
capacitor of 100 micro farad capacitance. Determine resonant frequency and the input
impedance at resonance?
1. Derive the relationship between the self-inductances L1 and L2and mutual inductance M of two
coupled coils.
2. Determine the voltage V(t) for all t 0 across a series circuit of R=3, AND L=1H when a ramp
current of 5r(t-3) amperes flows through it
3. A cast-steel electromagnet has an air gap of length 2mm and an iron path of length 30Cm. find the
mmf needed to produce a fluxdensity of 0.8T in the air gap. The relative permeability of the
steelcore at this flux density is 1000.Neglect leakage and fringing
4. An iron ring of mean length 50Cm has an airgap of 1mm and a winding of 200turns.If the relative
permeability of iron is 400 when a current of 1A flows in the winding, determine the fluxdensity
neglect leakage and fringing.
5. Distinguish between self and mutual inductances. A coil of inductance value 300mH is connected
inseries with another coil. The total inductance is 800mH when one of the coil is reversed, the total
inductance is 400mH.find the coefficient of coupling between the coils
6. A cast-steel electromagnet has an air gap of length 2mm and an iron path of length 30Cm. find the
mmf needed to produce a flux density of 0.8T in the air gap. The relative permeability of the steel
core at this flux density is 1000.Neglect leakage and fringing
7. An iron ring of mean length 50Cm has an air gap of 1mm and a winding of 200turns.If the relative
permeability of iron is 400 when a current of 1A flows in the winding, determine the flux density
neglect leakage and fringing.
8. Derive the relationship between the self-inductances L1 and L2and mutual inductance M of two
coupled coils
9. Distinguish between self and mutual inductances. A coil of inductance value 300mH is connected in
series with another coil. The total inductance is 800mH when one of the coil is reversed, the total
inductance is 400mH.find the coefficient of coupling between the coils

10. A rectangular has a cross-sectional area of 20cm. It has middle from two materials cast steel 50cm
long and shut steel 30 cm long. It is designed to create a flux of 2 milliwebers in the core. The
relate permeability for cast steel is 1000 and that of sheet steel is 4000. The coil has 200 turns. Find
MMF and current in the coil.
11. Two coupled coils with respective self-inductances L1 =0.5H L2 = 0.2 H have a coupling
coefficient k=0.5. Coil 2 has 1000 trunks. if the current in coil 1 is i1 =5 Sin 4Wi A determine the
voltage at coil 2 and maximum flu, setup by coil 1.
*** THE END***

ANALOG ELECTRONICS
COURSEFILE
Department of
VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND
KONDAPUR VILLAGE, GHATKESAR MANDAL R.R. DIST-501301
Sponsored by

COURSE
OBJECTIVE
VMTW
page 107
ANALOG ELECTRONICS Course Objective
COURSE OBJECTIVE
The course provides a comprehensive understanding of the basic theory of Some practical
knowledge about the design and analysis of basic analog Circuits. Find out how bipolar transistors
really work in circuits. Learn how to design, analyze, and test basic amplifiers. Learn about differential
pairs, current sources and multi-stage amplifier design. Learn how to design, analyze and test multi-
stage amplifiers. Learn about feedback as it applies to amplifiers.
Learn about BJT operation BJT DC Analysis and DC Load Lines, BJT small-signal model - hybrid pi
looking in each terminal.
Overview of Single-Stage, double stage BJT Amplifiers. To begin estimating frequency responses of BJT
amplifiers by learning about the junction capacitances of BJTs and their effects on frequency response. The
diffusion capacitance of BJTs and its effect on frequency response. A frequency dependent and more complete
Hybrid-p model.
The basics current source circuits. The limitations of common current sources. Design and use of current
sources in multi-stage amplifiers. The basics of feedback. The properties of negative feedback. The basic
feedback topologies. An example of the ideal feedback case. Some realistic circuit examples and how to
analyze them.
II Year B.Tech. 2nd Semester

Page 108
SYLLABUS
VMTW
page 109
ANALOG ELECTRONICS Syllabus
SYLLABUS
UNIT-I Analysis And Design of Small Signal Low Frequency BJT Amplifiers: Review of transistor
biasing, Classification of Amplifiers Distortion in amplifiers, Analysis of CE, CC, and CB Amplifiers
and CE Amplifier with emitter resistance, low frequency response of BJT Amplifiers, effect of coupling
and bypass capacitors, Design of single stage RC coupled amplifier Different coupling schemes used in
amplifiers, Analysis of Cascaded RC Coupled amplifiers, Cascode amplifier, Darlington pair,
UNIT II Transistor At High Frequency:
The Hybrid- pi Common Emitter transistor model, CE short circuit current gain, current gain with
resistive load, single stage CE transistor amplifier response, Gain-bandwidth product.
UNIT III FET Amplifiers: Analysis of JFET Amplifiers, Analysis of CS, CD, CG JFET Amplifiers,
comparison of performance with BJT Amplifiers, Basic Concepts of MOS Amplifiers, MOSFET
MOSFET Characteristics in Enhancement and Depletion mode MOS Small signal model, Common
source amplifier with resistive, Diode connected and Current source loads, Source follower, Common
Gate Stage, Cascode and Folded Cascode Amplifier frequency response.
UNIT III Positive & Negative Feedback In Amplifiers: Classification of amplifiers, Concepts of
feedback Classification of feedback amplifiers General characteristics of negative feedback
amplifiers Effect of Feedback on Amplifier characteristics Voltage series, Voltage shunt, Current
series and Current shunt Feedback configurations Simple problems. Condition for oscillations. RC
and LC type Oscillators Frequency and amplitude stability of oscillators Generalized analysis of LC
oscillators, Quartz, Hartley, and Colpitts Oscillators RC-phase shift and Wien-bridge oscillators.
UNIT IV Large Signal Amplifiers: Class A Power Amplifier, Maximum Value of Efficiency of Class
A Amplifier, Transformer Coupled Amplifier, Push Pull and Complimentary Symmetry Class B and
Class AB Power Amplifiers Principle of operation of class C Amplifier, Transistor Power
Dissipation, Heat Sinks. Tuned Amplifiers: Introduction, Q-Factor, Small Signal Tuned Amplifiers,
frequency response of tuned amplifiers
TEXT BOOKS
1. Integrated Electronics J.Millman and C.C.Halkias, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Electronic Devices and Circuits S.Salivahanan.N.Suresh kumar,A.Vallavaraj.2ed.,2009,TMH
3. Design of analog CMOS integrated circuits-Behzad Razavi,2008,TMH
REFERENCES:

Page 110
ANALOG ELECTRONICS Syllabus
1. Electronic Devices and Circuits Theory Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky,
Pearson/Prentice Hall,9th Edition,2006.
2. Micro Electronic Circuits Sedra A.S. and K.C. Smith, Oxford University Press, 5th ed.
Micro Electronic Circuits: Analysis and Design M.H. Rashid, Thomson PWS Publ., 1999.
3. Electronic circuit analysis-K.Lal kishore,2004,BSP
4. Electronic Devices and Circuits,David A.Bell-5ed,oxford university press.
JOURNALS
1. IEEE Transaction on Electronic Devices (ISSN: 0018-9383)
2. Journal of Active and Passive Electronic Devices (ISSN: 1555-0281)
3. International Journal of Micro and Nano Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ISSN: 0975-4768)
4. Active and Passive Electronic Components (ISSN: 0882-7516)
5. Journal of Electronic Testing (ISSN: 0923-8174)

Page 111
STUDENT'S
SEMINAR
TOPICS
VMTW
page 112
ANALOG ELECTRONICS Seminar Topics
STUDENTS SEMINAR TOPICS
1. Analysis of CE, CC and CB Configurations with simplified Hybrid Model

2. Analysis of Cascaded RC Coupled BJT amplifiers Need for biasing
3. Darlington pair
4. Analysis at Low and High frequencies, Effect of coupling and bypass Capacitors
5. Diode connected Load and Current Source Load
6. General characteristics of Negative Feedback Amplifiers
7. Current series and Current shunt feedback configurations
8. RC Phase shift Oscillators
9. Complementary symmetry class B Push- Pull Amplifier
10. Efficiency of Class A Amplifier, Class B Amplifier
11. Effect of Cascading Single Turned amplifiers on bandwidth
12. Effect of Cascading Double Tuned amplifiers on bandwidth

Page 113
LECTURE PLAN
ANALOG ELECTRONICS Lecture Plan
LECTURE PLAN
No of Method of
S.No NAME OF THE TOPIC Text books referred
Periods Teaching
UNIT-I Analysis And Design of Small Signal Low Frequency BJT Amplifiers
---
1 Review of transistor biasing, 1
Black board
2 Review of transistor biasing, 1 ---
and Chalk
Classification of Amplifiers Distortion in Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and

3 1
amplifiers and Chalk C.C.Halkias, Tata McGraw Hill.
Black board,
Analysis of CE, CC, and CB Amplifiers and CE Chalk and Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
4 2
Amplifier with emitter resistance LCD C.C.Halkias, Tata McGraw Hill.
Projector
Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and

5 low frequency response of BJT Amplifiers 2
and Chalk C.C.Halkias, Tata McGraw Hill.

6 effect of coupling and bypass capacitors 2
7 Design of single stage RC coupled amplifier 1 Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
II B.Tech 2nd Semester

Page 115

8 Different coupling schemes used in amplifiers 1

9 Analysis of Cascaded RC Coupled amplifiers 1

10 Analysis of Cascode amplifier, Darlington pair 1
Black board,
Chalk and Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
11 Analysis of Darlington pair 1
LCD C.C.Halkias, Tata McGraw Hill.
Projector
Integrated Electronics J.Millman and

Black board
12 1 C.C.Halkias, Tata Integrated Electronics
Problems on CE amplifier and Chalk
J.Millman and C.C.Halkias, Tata McGraw Hill.

13 1
Problems on CE with emitter resistance amplifier and Chalk C.C.Halkias, Tata McGraw Hill.

14 1
Problems on CB amplifier and Chalk C.C.Halkias, Tata McGraw Hill.

15 SLIPTEST 1
16 Revision class on Unit-1 1
UNIT II Transistor At High Frequency
17 The Hybrid- pi Common Emitter transistor 1 Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
model and Chalk C.C.Halkias, Tata McGraw Hill.
Frequency response of BJT Amplifier Relation Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
18 1
between hybrid PI parameters and H parameters. and Chalk C.C.Halkias, Tata McGraw Hill.

19 Analysis at Low and High frequencies 1
Hybrid PI parameter variation with Ic and Vce and Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
Black board
20 Temperature Effect of coupling and bypass 1 C.C.Halkias
and Chalk
Capacitors
CE amplifier high frequency analysis using hybrid Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
21 1
PI model. and Chalk C.C.Halkias
CE Short circuit Gain, Current Gain with resistive Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
22 1
Load and Chalk C.C.Halkias

23 Single stage CE Transistor Amplifier Response. 1
and Chalk C.C.Halkias

24 Gain-Bandwidth Product 1

25 Revision class on Unit -2 1
UNIT III FET Amplifiers

Black board, Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
Chalk and C.C.Halkias
26 Analysis of JFET Amplifiers, Analysis of CS 1
LCD
Projector
Integrated Electronics J.Millman and

27 Analysis of JFET Amplifiers, Analysis of CD 1
C.C.Halkias

28 Analysis of JFET Amplifiers, Analysis of CG 1
LCD
projector

Comparison of performance with BJT Amplifiers, Chalk and C.C.Halkias
29 1
Basic Concepts of MOS Amplifiers, LCD
Projector

MOSFET Characteristics in Enhancement and Chalk and C.C.Halkias
30 1
Depletion mode LCD
Projector

MOS Small signal model, Common source Chalk and C.C.Halkias
31 1
amplifier with resistive LCD
Projector

32 Diode connected and Current source loads, 1
LCD
Projector

33 Source follower, Common Gate Stage 1
LCD
Projector
34 Cascode and Folded Cascode Amplifier frequency 1 Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
response. C.C.Halkias
and Chalk
UNIT III Positive & Negative Feedback In Amplifiers
The basic concepts of feedback, classification of Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
35 1
feedback amplifiers and Chalk C.C.Halkias
General characteristics of Negative Feedback Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
36 1
Amplifiers. and Chalk C.C.Halkias

37 Effect of Feedback an amplifier characteristics 1

38 Voltage series feedback amplifiers 1
Voltage shunt feedback amplifiers and with Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
39 1
transistor. and Chalk C.C.Halkias
Current series feedback amplifiers and with Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
40 1
transistor and Chalk C.C.Halkias

41 Current shunt feedback amplifiers. 1

42 Illustrative problems 1
Difference between positive FB and negative FB Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
43 1
amplifiers. and Chalk C.C.Halkias
OSCILLATORS
44 Classification of Oscillators and Condition for 1 Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
Oscillations. and Chalk C.C.Halkias

45 RC Phase shift Oscillators. 1

46 Wien-Bridge. 1

47 Hartley oscillator 1

48 Colpitts oscillator 1

49 Crystal Oscillators. 1

50 Stability of Oscillators. 1
LCD
Projector

51 Revision class on Unit -3 1
UNIT-4:LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

52 1
Difference between ordinary bjt and power amp and Chalk C.C.Halkias

53 Classification power amplifiers and their operations 1
LCD
Projector
54 Analysis of Class A Series fed and transformer 1 Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
coupled power amplifier. and Chalk C.C.Halkias

55 1
Analysis of Inductive coupled Class A power and Chalk C.C.Halkias
amplifier.
56 1
Analysis of Class B Power amplifiers. and Chalk C.C.Halkias

57 Heat sink and its design. 1

58 Revision class for Unit 7. 1
UNIT-5: TUNED AMPLIFIERS

59 1
Introduction about tuned amplifiers, resonant and Chalk C.C.Halkias
frequency
60 1
Q-Factor and problems. and Chalk C.C.Halkias

61 1
Small Signal Tuned amplifiers. and Chalk C.C.Halkias
Effect of Cascading Single Turned amplifiers on Black board Integrated Electronics J.Millman and
62 1
bandwidth. and Chalk C.C.Halkias

63 1
Problems. and Chalk C.C.Halkias, Tata McGraw Hill.
Black board
64 Revision on I and II Units 1 Notes
and Chalk
65 Revision on III and IV Units 1 Black board Notes

and Chalk
Black board
66 Revision on V 1 Notes
and Chalk
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
ANALOG ELECTRONICS Learning Objective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNIT-I Analysis And Design of Small Signal Low Frequency BJT Amplifiers:
At the conclusion of this unit student will
1. Define small signal operation of BJT

2. Define low frequency operation of BJT
3. Draw the small signal low frequency models of BJT
4. Derive equations for voltage gain, current gain, input and output impedance for small signal
low frequency BJT amplifiers
5. Derive equations for voltage gain, input and output impedance for small signal low
frequency
6. Explain the 3db band width of an amplifier
7. Derive equations for 3db band width BJT amplifiers
8. Explain Millers Theorem and its significance in amplifier circuit analysis
MULTI STAGE AMPLIFIERS

At the conclusion of this unit student will Explain the need for multi stage amplifiers.
1 Explain different types of coupling methods used in multi stage amplifiers.

2 Explain the procedure to make analysis of BJT multi stage amplifiers CC-CC,CE-CC
and two stage RC coupled amplifier.
3 Explain the procedure to make analysis of JFET multi stage amplifiers CD-CS, CD-CG and two
stage RC coupled amplifier.
4 Explain the procedure to make analysis of BJT difference amplifier

the conclusion of this unit student will
1. Define Logarithms, Decibels.
2. Define high frequency and low frequency response of BJT amplifiers.
3. Explain the effect of coupling and bypass Capacitors.
4. Draw the BJT CE high frequency hybrid PI model and explain about the model parameters.
5. Explain the variation of hybrid PI parameters with Ic and Vce and Temperature.
6. Derive an equation for CE short circuit current gain.
7. Derive equations for relation between hybrid PI parameters and H parameters.
8. Derive an equation for CE current gain with load.
9. Explain Single stage CE Transistor Amplifier Response.
10. Derive equations for relation between Gain-Bandwidth Product.
11. Explain Emitter follower at higher frequencies.

Page 124

1. Explain Basic concepts and MOS Small Signal model.

2. Explain common source amplifier with Resistive load.
3. Explain Source follower
4. Explain Common Gate stage.
5. Explain Cascode amplifier.
6. Explain Folded Cascode amplifier.
7. Explain their frequency response.
UNIT III: UNIT III Positive & Negative Feedback In Amplifiers

1. Explain the basic concepts of feedback, classification of feedback amplifiers.
2. Explain General characteristics of Negative Feedback Amplifiers.
3. Explain effect of Feedback an amplifier characteristics.
4. Explain Voltage series feedback amplifiers.
5. Explain Voltage shunt feedback amplifiers.
6. Explain Current series feedback amplifiers.
7. Explain Current shunt feedback amplifiers.
OSCILLATORS
1. Explain the difference between positive FB and negative FB amplifiers.

2. Explain the Classification of Oscillators.
3. Derive the Condition for Oscillations.
4. Condition for Bharkhausen criterion for Oscillation.
5. Derive the frequency of Oscillation for RC phase shift oscillator.
6. Explain Wien bridge oscillator.
7. Derive the frequency of Oscillation for Hartley oscillator.
8. Derive the frequency of Oscillation for colpitts oscillator.
9. Explain Crystal Oscillators.
10. Explain the Stability of Oscillators.
UNIT- IV: LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

1. Define DC and AC load lines of the amplifiers.

2. Distinguish among Class A, B and C amplifiers.

Page 125
3. Explain the operation of Class A and Class B amplifiers.
4. Derive an equation for maximum efficiency of series fed Class A power amplifier.
5. Derive an equation for maximum efficiency of transformer coupled Class A power amplifier.
6. Derive an equation for maximum efficiency of transformer coupled Class A power amplifier.
7. Explain the operation of Class B Push pull and complimentary Symmetry circuits.
8. Derive an equation for maximum efficiency of Class B power amplifier.
9. Explain the operation of Class D and Class S power amplifiers.
10. Explain the need for Heat sinks in power amplifiers. And give the design procedure for Heat
sink design.
UNIT-V: Tuned Amplifiers

1. Explain the frequency response characteristics of Tuned amplifiers.

2. Explain the need for Tuned amplifiers.
3. Explain the need and operation of single and double tuned amplifiers.
4. Explain the applications of Tuned amplifiers.
5. Explain the need for Stagger tuning in Tuned amplifier.

Page 126
OBJECTIVE
TYPE
QUESTIONS
ANALOG ELECTRONICS Objectives Questions
UNIT-I Analysis And Design of Small Signal Low Frequency BJT Amplifiers
1 the h parameters are called hybrid because they [ ]
a) Are mixed with other parameters.
b) Are obtained from different characteristics
c) Are defined by using open and short circuit terminations
d) Apply to circuit contained in a black box
2 the smallest of the four h-parameters of a tristor is, [ ]
a) h11 b)h12 C) h21 d) h22
3 Typical value of hie is [ ]

a) 1K b) 10K c) 25K d) 50K
4 The voltage gain of tristor amplifier is lowest in [ ]

a) CE configuration g b) CB configuration
c) CC configuration d) Same in all configurations
5 Tristor amplifier has Lowest input Impedance in [ ]

a) CB configuration b) CE configuration
c) CC configuration r d) Same in all configurations
6 Parameter hfe of a typical tristor is of the order of [ ]

a) 5 b) 50 c) 500 d) 2000
7 Parameter hie of a typical tristor is et the order of [ ]

a) 1OOK b) 1000 c) 1O000K d) 10OK
8 Parameter h of typical tristor is of the order of [ ]

a)2.5*10-6 b) 2.5*10-2 c) 2.5*10-4 d) 2.5*10-3
9.
Parameter hoe of a typical tristor is of the order of [ ]
9 a) 2.5 S b) 25 S c) 250 S d) 2.5 mS

Page 128
10 With load impedance of 4, the current gain of a typical CE amplifier stage has
magnitude of the order of [ ]
a) 0.98 b) 5 c) 50 d) 400
11 With load impedance of 4, the current gain of atypical CE amplifier stage has
Magnitude of the order of, [ ]
a)0.98 b) 5 c) 50 d) 400
12 with load impedance of 4 , the input resistance of a typical CE amplifier stage

has magnitude of the order of [ ]
a) 10 b) 100 c) 1000 d) None
13 With source resistance Rs of 1000 , the output impedance of a typical CE amplifier Stage is
ofthe order of [ ]
a) 5OOK b) 5K c) 50K d) 50OK
14 With typical load impedance of 4K, the current gain of a typical CB amplifier stage Is of the
order of [ ]
a) 0.98 b) 5 c) 50 d) 500
15 With typical load resistance of 4K the voltage gain of a typical CC amplifier stage is of the
order [ ]
a) 0.99 V b) 5 V c) 20 V d) 200 V
16 In a CE amplifier stage on introducing a resistor R E in the emitter circuit, the input Resistance
RI [ ]
a) Remain unaltered b) Reduces
c) Increase normally d) Increase very much
17 The current gain of tristor amplifier is lowest in [ ]

c) V CC configuration d) same in all configurations
18 The voltage gain of tristor amplifier stage is lowest fn [ ]


Page 129
c) CC configuration d)4 Same in all configurations
19 Tristor amplifier stage which has lowest output impedance in [ ]

20 Tristor amplifier stage has highest input impedance in [ ]

Answers:
1.c 2.d 3.a 4. C 5.a 6.b 7.b 8. C 9. B 10. C
11 d 12 d 13 d 14 a 15a 16d 17a 18 c 19 c 20 c
Multi stage amplifiers
1) In an R.C coupled amplifier, the reduction In voltage gain in the low frequency Range results due to,
a) Coupling capacitor Cb [ ]
b) Shunt capacitance in the input circuit
c) Shunt capacitances in the output circuit
d) Input impedance of the next stage.
2) In an R.C coupled amplifier, the low 3-dB frequency may be reduced by, [ ]
a) Reducing the value of coupling capacitor Cb
b) Increasing the value of coupling capacitor Cb
c) Reducing the total effective shunt capacitance
d) Increasing the total effective shunt capacitances.
3) In an R.C coupling amplifier, the high 3-dB frequency may be increased by, [ ]

Page 130
a) Reducing the value of coupling Cb
b) Increasing the value of coupling capacitor Cb
c) Reducing the total effective shunt capacitance in the output circuit
d) Reducing the total effective shunt capacitance in the input circuit of hybrid- model
4) in single stage R.C coupled amplifier stage, the phase shift introduced in the middle frequency ls,
a) Zero b) 180 c) 270 d) 90 [ ]
5) In single stage R.C coupled amplifier stage, the phase shift introduced at high 3-dB frequency ls,
a) Zero b) 180 c) 135 d) 225 [ ]
6) In an R.C coupled amplifier stage as the value of coupling capacitor Cb is increased the low 3 dB
frequency [ ]
a) Remains unaltered b) Increases c) Decreases d) May increase or decrease
7) In an C.E. R.C coupled amplifier stage as the value of total effective shunt capacitance Increases, the
high 3-all frequency fh. [ ]
a) Remains unaltered b) Increases
c) Decreases d) May increase or decrease
8) The 3dB frequency of an amplifier is one at which gain reduces to, [ ]
a) Unity b) Zero c) 1/2 of its midband value d) Half of its midband value
9). One advantages of transformer coupling in transistor amplifiers is that, [ ]
a) It is simple and less expensive than other coupling methods
b) It provides excellent response
c) Low power supply may be used
d) High efficiency and high power output is obtained
10) An advantage of RC coupled amplifier is it's [ ]
a) High efficiency b) Economy
c) Excellent frequency response d) Good impedance matching.

Page 131
11) in an RC coupled tristor amplifier, typical value of coupling capacitor is, [ ]
a) 1000 pF b) 0.1 F c) 0.01 F d) 10 F
1 2) Transformer coupling provides high efficiency because the [ ]
a) Collector voltage is stepped up
b) D.C resistance in the collector circuit is low
c) Collector voltage is stepped down
d) Flux linkages are incomplete
13) ln cascade amplifier the coupling method capable of providing highest gain is [ ]
a) RC coupling b) D.C coupling
c) Trformer coupling d) Inductor coupling
14) Transistor amplifier stage has highest input Impedance in [ ]
c) CC configuration d) same in all configurations
15) In a RC coupled amplifier by pass capacitor (Cc) is used for [ ]
a) Decrease the load value b) Increase the load value
c) Attain proper stability d). Decrease VCE
16) In a RC coupled amplifier, coupling capacitor (CC) is used [ ]
a)To Match the next stage b) To limit the bandwidth
c) To isolate the D.C component d) To control the output voltage
17) The effective load for 1st stage in multistage amplifier having identical stages [ ]
a) Less than last stage b) Equal to the last stage
c) Greater than last stage d) None of the above
18) An amplifier having a gain of 100 gives an output of 2v then input signal [ ]
a) 200V b) 20 mV c) 50 V d) 2 mV
Page 132
Answers:
1.a 2.b 3.d 4. b 5.c 6.c 7.c 8. c 9. d
10.b 11 d 12 b 13 c 14 c 15.c 16.c 17.b 18 b
1) -cut off frequency of BJT. [ ]
a) Increases with increase in base width b) Increase with increase in emitter width
c) Increase with increase in collector width d) Increase with decrease in base width
2) The CE short-circuit gain of a tristor [ ]
a) is a monotonically increasing function of IC
b) is a monotonically decreasing function of IC
c) increases with IC for low values of IC , reaches a minimum and then decreases with further
increase of IC
d) is not a function of IC
3) A npn transistor has f = 1MHz and o = 200. Its ft, and f are respectively. [ ]
a) 200MHz ;l 201MHZ A b) 2000MHz ; 199MHz
c) 199MHz ; 200MHz A d) 201MHz ; 220MHz
4) The ft of BJT ls related to Gm , C, and C as as fT = -------------------
5) An npn transistor (with C = 0.3 pF) has { ft of 400 MH at a die bias of ic = 1 mA [ ]
The value of C is
a) 15 b) 30 c) 50 d) 96
6) The hybrid-pi model can be used at [ ]
a) Low frequencies only b) High frequencies only
c) At both low and high frequencies d) In the mid frequency region only

Page 133
7). Hybrid-: model is valud [ ]
a) up to fT/3 b) up to fT c) up to 3fT d) upto fT/2
8) fT is the frequency at which the short-circuit gain becomes [ ]
a) 1/2 b)2 c) 1/2 d) 1
9) gbe = [ ]
a) hfegm b) hfe/gm c) gm/ hfe d) none
10) CE = gm/P' P [ ]
a) fT b) ft,. c) 2fT d) fT/2
11) According to Giacolletto, the hybrid- parameters are independent of frequency only
when 2f*w2 /6Db [ ]
a) = 1 b) > 1 c) C< 1 d) << 1
12) gm of a tristor [ ]
a) A varies directly with VCE b) varies inversely with VCE
c) Varies directly as (VCE)2 d) is independent of | VCE |
13) gm of a tristor is proportional to [ ]
a)1/t b)1/t2 c)1/t d)1/c
14) The base-emitter resistance rbe [ ]
a) is independent of T
b) is independent of Ic
c) is directly proportional to T and inversely proportion to IC
d) is directly proportional to IC and inversely, y proportional to T
1 5) The emitter capacitance CE ls proportional to [ ]
a) Ic b)1/ Ic c) Ic d)1/ Ic
1 6) As vce increases [ ]
Page 134
a) the effective base width increases
b) the. Effective base width. decreases
c) because of (a) CE decreases with increasing VCE
d) because of (b) CC decreases with increasing VCE
17) The collector capacitance [ ]
a) depends on VCE b) is proportional to (VCE) n
c) Decreases with increase in VCE d) all the above
18) With increase ln VCE [ ]
a) CC decreases b) CE decreases
c) gm decreases d) a + b ;
19) The parameters that are independent of VCE [ ]
a) gm b) CE C)CC d) all
20) With increasing temperature [ ]
a) rbe increases b) rbe decreases
c) rbe does not change d) CC increases
Answers:
4.Gm/2(
1. d 2. c 3. d 5.a 6.c 7.a 8.d 9.c 10.c
C+ C)
11.d 12.d 13. a 14.c 15.a 16.d 17. d 18.d 19. a 20. a

Page 135
1) The transconductance (gm) of a MOSFET is of the order of [ ]
a) 100 mhos b) 50 mhos c) 0.01 mhos d) 0.1 mhos
2) Interelectrode capacitances in a MOSFET are of the order of [ ]
a) 1 pF b) 0.1 pF c) 100 pF d) 1 pF
3 The dynamic drain resistance of MOSFET is of the order of [ ]
a) 1OK b) 100M c) 500k d) 5M
4 A MOS tristor itself can be used as a current if it operates in [ ]
a) Triode region b) cut-off region
c) Saturation region d) None of the above.
5 An important property of the cascade structure is its [ ]
a) Low input impendence b) Highoutput impedance
c) Low output impedance d) High output impedance
6. ------------------- is commonly used as a voltage buffer
7. In a common gate amplifier ,input is applied at a ------------ terminal of MOSFET
8. Common gate amplifier has----------------------- input impedance
Answers:
1. D 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. SOURCE FOLLOWER 7. SOURCE 8. LOW

Page 136
UNIT III Positive & Negative Feedback In Amplifiers
1 The negative feedback in an amplifier [ ]
a) Reduces the voltage gain
b) Increases the voltage gain
c) Does not affect the voltage gain
d) Can convert it in to an oscillator if the amount of feedback is enough
2 Negative feedback in amplifiers [ ]
a) Lowers its lower cut-off frequency b) Raises its upper actoff frequency A
c) Increases the band-width d) Current-shunt type
3 Emitter follower Is [ ]
a) Voltage-shunt type. b) Voltageseries type
c) Current-series type d)Currentshunt type
4 Positive feedback is used in [ ]

a) Amplifiers b) Transistor c) oscillators d) None
5 When the feedback energy (voltage or current) is out of phase with the input signal [ ]
and thus opposes it, it is called,
a) Direct feedback b) Positive feedback
c) Regenerative feedback d) Degenerative feedback
6 The advantages of negative feedback is [ ]
a) Reduction is distortion b) Stability in gain
c) Increased bandwidth d) All
7 In voltage series feedback [ ]
a) Increases the input impedance b) Decreases the gain

Page 137
c) Decreases the output impedance d) All the above
8 In current-shunt feedback, the output impedance [ ]
a) Decreases b) Increases c) Remains same d) None All
9 The voltage shunt feedback [ ]
a) Increases both the input and output impedances
b) Increases input impedance and decreases output impedances
c) Decreases both the input and output impedances
d) None
10 The current series feedback [ ]
a) Increases both the input and output impedances
b) Decreases both the input and output impedances
c) Increases input impedance and decreases output impedance
d) None
11 In a negative feedback amplifier, shunt-mixing [ ]
a) Does not alter the output resistance b) Tends to increase the input resistance
C) tends to decrease the input resistance d) Produces the same effect on input resistance as
series mixing
12) In a negative feedback amplifier; series mixing [ ]
a) Does not alter the input resistance, b) tends to increase the, input resistance
c) Tends to decrease the input resistance d) Produces the same effect on input resistance as
shunt mixing
13 In negative feedback amplifier, current sampling [ ]

a) Does not alter the output resistance b) Tends to increase the output resistance
c) Tends to decrease the output resistance d) Produces the same effect on input resistance as
voltage sampling

Page 138
I4 In a negative feedback amplifier, voltage sampling [ ]
a) Does not alter.-the output resistance b) tends to increase the output resistance
c) Tends to decrease the output resistance a d) Produces the same effect on input resistance as
current sampling
15 In a feedback amplifier, loop gain is [ ]
a) 1/A b) A c) A d) -1/ A
16 in a feedback amplifier, sensitivity D equals [ ]
a) 1+ A b) 1- A c) A d) 1/( A+1)
1 7 It is desired to reduce total harmonic distortion of an amplifier from 85 to 20% by [ ]
use of 5% feedback. What is the gain of the amplifier with original distortion and
With reduced distortion?
a) 6, 1.5 b) 60, 15 c) 15, 90 d) 1.5, 6
18 Transmission gain in negative feedback amplifier [ ]
a) A/(1+/ A ) b) A C) 1/ A d) A/(1- A)
19 Negative feedback [ ]
a) Decreases lower cut off and increase higher cut off frequencies
b) Decreases higher and lower cut off frequencies
c) Increases higher and lower cut off frequencies
d) None
20 An amplifier with resistive negative feedback has two left half plane poles in its [ ]
Open-loop transfer function, the amplifier
a) May be unstable, depending on the feedback factor
b) Will always be unstable at high frequencies ,
c) Will be stable for all frequencies,

Page 139
d) Will oscillate at low frequencies
Answers:
1A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.B 9. C 10.C
11. C 12.B 13.B 14.C 15.C 16.A 17.B 18 B 19.A 20.C
Oscillators
1 An electronic oscillator is, [ ]
a) An amplifier b) An amplifier with feedback
c) Converter of a.c. to d.c. d) Just like an alternator
2 For sustaining oscillations in an oscillator [ ]
a) Feedback factor should be unity b) Phase shift should be zero
c) F Feedback should be zero d) Both (a) and (b)
3 For generating 1KHz frequency, the most suitable circuit is, [ ]
a) Tuned collector oscillator b) Hartley oscillator
c) Collpitts oscillator d) Wein bridge oscillator
4 The phase difference between input and output voltage of an oscillator is, [ ]
a) 180 b) 360 c) 90 d) 270
5 Barkhausen criteria says [ ]
a) AB = 1 b) AB = 1/29 c) AB = 29 d) AB = 3
6 An electronic oscillator contains [ ]
a) Amplifier without feedback b) Amplifier with positive feedback
c) Amplifier with negative feedback d) ac to dc converter

Page 140
7 The maximum phase shift produce by an ideal section of the RC circuit Is [ ]

a) 45 b) 90 c) 30 d) 60 A
8 The phase shift introduced by RC network section is [ ]
a) Greater than introduced by the amplifier b) Less than introduced by the amplifier
c) Equal to that introduced by the amplifier d) None of these
9 The number of RC sections required in phase shift oscillator is at least [ ]
a) One b) Two c) Three d Four
10 The phase shift oscillator can produce [ ]
a) Rectangular wave shapes b) Sine waves
c) Irregular wave shapes d) DC voltages
11 The weinbridge oscillator uses [ ]
a) Negative and positive feedback both b) Negative feedback only
c) Positive feedback only d) None of the above
12 In oscillator circuit the energy feedback to its input terminal from the [ ]
a) 90 out of phase with the input signal b) 180 out of phase with input signal
c) In phase with the input signal d) None
13 To generate a 1 MHZ signal, the most suitable circuit is [ ]
a) Colpitts oscillator b) Phase shift oscillator
c) Wein bridge oscillator d) None of the above
14 lf Barkhausen criterion is not fulfilled by an oscillator circuit, it will [ ]
a) Produces high frequency whistles b) Stop oscillating
c) Produce damped waves continuously d) Become an amplifier
15 .Wein bridge oscillator is most often use whenever [ ]
a) Square output waves are required b) High feedback ratio is needed A

Page 141
c) Extremely high resonant frequencies are required .d) Wide range of high purity sine waves is to be
generated
16 Electronic oscillator is better than mechanical one because [ ]
a) It can produce 20Hz to 20OHz b) It has better frequency stability
c) It has higher efficiency d) none
17 The current amplification factor in radian square of Colpitts oscillator is [ ]
a) C1 C2 b) C1 C2 c) C1/C2 d) C1 +C2
18 The feedback factor B at frequency of oscillation of Wein bridge oscillator is [ ]
a) -1/29 b) 3 c) 1/29 d) 1/3
19) In tuned collector oscillator, frequency w of oscillation is where wo, is frequency of resonance
a) >wo b) w/hfe C) <wo d) =wo [ ]
Answers:
1.C 2.D 3.D 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.D 8.C 9.C 10.B
11.A 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.B 16.B 17. C 18.D 19. A
UNIT-I V: Large Signal Amplifiers
1 ln class-A large signal amplifiers, Q-point is located [ ]
a) Below cut-off b) At cut-off
c) On center of load line d) below midpoint of load line
2 In class-A power- amplifiers, conduction angle is [ ]
a) 360 b) 180 c) 180-360' d) < 180
3 In series-fed class-A power amplifier maximum theoretical efficiency is [ ]
a) 28.5 b) 50%. c) 78.5% d) 25%

Page 142
4 In transformer coupled power- amplifier, maximum theoretical efficiency is [ ]

a) 78.5% b) 50% c) 25% d) 28.5%
5 Of the following power-amplifiers, which has maximum theoretical efficiency [ ]

a)Class-A b) Class-B c) Class-AB d)Class-C
6 For a class-B amplifier, Q-point is located [ ]
a) Below cut off b) on cut-off
c) Below midpoint of load line d) none of the above
7 Maximum theoretical conversion efficiency of class A series fed amplifier is, [ ]
a) 15% b) 25% c) 50% d) 78.5%
8 Maximum theoretical conversion efficiency of class A transformer coupled amplifier is
a) 15% b) 25% C) 50% d) 78.5% [ ]
9 Maximum theoretical collector circuit efficiency of class B amplifier is [ ]
a) 15% b) 25% c) 50% d) 78.5%
10 In the output of a push pull amplifier, the most disturbing harmonic distortion is the [ ]
a) Second harmonic b) Third harmonic c) Fourth harmonic d) Fifth harmonic
11 in c class B push pull amplifier, the ratio of the maximum. Collector dissipation to maximum
ac power output is about [ ]
a) 0.25 b) 0.4 c) 0.5 d) 0.75
12 ln a large signal amplifier, total harmonic distortion is given by [ ]
a) D=D2+D3+D4+ ...... b) D=D22+D32+D42+...
C) D=B0+D22+D32+D42+... d) D= D2+D3+D4+ ....../ (D22+D32+D42+...)
13 in a class B amplifier, then maximum output power Pmax equals [ ]
a) Vcc2/RL b)VCC/2RL c)Vcc2/2RL d)Vcc2/2RL
14 Class B push pull amplifier suffers from [ ]

Page 143
a) Crossover distortion b) Inter modulation distortion
c) Excessive harmonic distortion d) Phase distortion
15 A push pull amplifier [ ]
a) Eliminates add harmonics b) Eliminate even harmonics
c) Is a 1st stage of an audio amplifier d) Uses single transistor.
16 The main purpose of using transformer coupling in a class A amplifier is to make it more
a) Efficient b) Less costly c) Less bulky d) Distortion free [ ]
Answers:
1.c 2.a 3. d 4.a 5.d 6.b 7.b 8.c
9.d 10.b 11.b 12.b 13.d 14.a 15.b 16.a
UNIT-V: Tuned Amplifiers
1 Following is the expression for frequency (Hz) of a parallel tuned circuit formed by capacitor C
(lossless) and inductor L (with series. resistance R), [ ]
a)1/2LC b) 1/LC c) 1/2LC*1-CR2/ L d) 1/2LC*1-CR/ L2
2 At resonance the impedance of a parallel tuned circuit formed by capacitor C (lossless) and inductor
L (with series resistance R) approximately equals [ ]
a)L/CR b)LC/R c)LR/C d)1/LCR
3 3-dB bandwidth in Hz of a parallel tuned circuit equals, [ ]
a) 2 f0/Q0 b)2 f0/Q0 c) Q0 f0/ 2 d) f0/Q0
Where f0 is the frequency of resonance and Qo is the effective Q at resonance.
4 In a Single tuned capacitance coupled amplifier, the frequency response depends on,
a) Only the input circuit b) Only the output circuit [ ]
c) Both input and output circuits d) Neither input circuit nor output circuit 1

Page 144
5 In a capacitance coupled single tuned amplifier, the effective Q of the output circuit at resonance
depends, [ ]
a) Only on inductance L b) Only on capacitance C
c) Only on effective shunt resistor Ri d) on suscuptance of L (or C) and shunt resistance Ri
6 In a capacitance coupled single tuned amplifier, phase angle of the relative voltage gain A/Am
equals, [ ]
a) arc tan (2Qe) b) -arc tan (2Qe) c) arc tan (Qe) d) -arc tan (Qe)
7 The 3-dB bandwidth (radians/sec) of a single tune capacitance coupled amplifier is,
a) Req C b) C/ Req c)1/ Req C d) Req/C [ ]
8 ln a single tuned tapped capacitance coupled amplifier, tapping on the coil is used to,
a) Permit use of smaller coiled b) Permit use of smaller tuning capacitor [ ]
c) Permit maximum transfer of power d) Permit adjustment of 3-dB bandwidth
9) ln a double tuned amplifier with coupling greater than critical, maximum transfer of power takes
place, [ ]
a) Only at the frequency of resonance fo b) at one more frequency other than fo
c) at two more frequencies other than f0 d) at 4 more frequencies other than f0
Answers:
1.c 2.a 3. d 4. b 5. d 6. b 7. c 8. c 9. b

Page 145
ESSAY TYPE
QUESTIONS
UNIT-I Analysis And Design of Small Signal Low Frequency BJT

Amplifiers:
Draw the AC equivalent of a CE amplifier with fixed bias using h-parameter
model and
1 Derive the expression for Ri, Av, Ro,AI and Avs for CE amplifiers
2 Draw the equivalent circuit of a CE amplifier with un bypassed emitter resistor using
3 h- Parameter model and derive the equations for Zin, Zout, Av & Ai of CB configuration
4 Draw ac equivalent circuit for a CE Amplifier
(i) with bypassed emitter resistor and find AVS & AIS
(ii) with an un bypass emitter resistor and find RI & RO
5 A transistor with hie=1.2k,hfe=75,hre=200*10 -4,hoe=20microA/V is connected in
CE configuration given below. Calculate AI, AIS, AV, AVS, RI, RI1, RO, and RO by
using below figure.
VCC
12kOhm
3.5kOhm
Vo
1uF
1uF
37kOhm Q1
2.5kOhm
1.2kOhm BC107BP
1uF
V1
37kOhm 320 Ohm 1uF
Ri1
Ri
7. (a) For the circuit shown in figure1, estimate A i, Av, Ri & Ro using resonable
approximations. The h parameters for the transistor are given as h fe = 100, hie =
2k, hre is negligible & hoe = 10-5 mhos
(b) Draw the ciruit diagram of Emitter follower and derive the equation for
voltage
& current gains.
8. (a) Prove that the following two networks (a) & (b) shown in figure 6 have the
same currents if excited by same voltages.

(b) Draw the simplified hybrid model for the CC circuit and derive expressions
for input Resistance, output resistance voltage gain and current gain.
9. (a) When n-identical stages of amplifier are cascaded. Derive the expression for
lower and upper cutoff frequencies.
(b) Explain the effect of coupling capacitor in a CE amplifier on low frequency
response of amplifier.
10. (a) Obtain CC 'h' parameters interms of CE parameters.
(b) For a CE amplifier, calculate the voltage gain, input impedance, and output
Impedance, current gain. If R L = 10k, hie = 1.1k, hre = 2.510-4, hfe = 50, hoe =
24A/V.

1. What are the different types of distortion in amplifiers and explain in detail.
2. Explain cascade amplifier and derive AI,Av,A&Ais Darlington pair and derivation.
3. Explain the effect of emitter bypass capacitor CE on low frequency response.
4. Calculate Darlington pair Ri,Ai,Av & Ro using hie=50, hre=2.510 -4 , hoe=25A/v,
Rs=3k &
RE=3k.
5. Explain the different types of coupling schemes
6. Compare emitter follower and Darlington emitter follower configurations in respect of.
(i) Current gain. (ii) input impedance. (iii) voltage gain.
(iv) Output impedance
7. (a) How the bandwidth is efected in multistage amplifier?
(b) What are the advantages of direct coupled amplifiers?
(c) What is the use of transformer coupling in the output stage of multi-stage amplifier?
8. (a) Write the equation for overall gain of a n - stage cascaded Amplifier.
(b) How does the frequency response an amplifier change with cascading of
amplifier stages?
(c) Explain the choice of configuration in a cascade of amplifiers.
BJT AMPLIFIERS- FREQUENCY RESPONSE

1. (i) Discuss the effect of emitter bypass capacitor on low frequency response of BJT amplifiers.
(ii) For the CE amplifier, calculate the mid frequency voltage gain and lower 3-dB point. The
transistor has h-parameter of hfe=400 and hie=10k. The circuit details are Rs=600, RL=5k
RE=1k ,Vcc=12v,R1=15k , R2=2.2k, and CE=50f.
2. Derive the expression for the CE short-circuits current gain A i with resistive load.
3. Derive the expression for fT and f of CE amplifier using high frequency model.
4. Derive the gain bandwidth product for voltage and gain bandwidth product of current.
5. A high frequency amplifier uses a transistor which is driven from a source with R s=0.
Calculate value of fH, if RL=1k. Assume typical values of hybrid parameters
6. (a) Prove that hfe=gm rbe

(b) How does gm vary withIC ,VCE &T ?
(c) Draw the small-signal high frequency CE model of a transistor.
7. a) Define fb and fT and also establish the relationship between ff and fT . bb

(b) Derive the expression for the CE short -circuit current gain as a function of
frequency.
8. (a) Explain why the upper 3-dB frequency for current gain is not the same as f H
for voltage gain.
(b) A Silicon PNP transistor has an f fT = 400MHz. What is the base thickness?
(c) In terms of what parameters is the high frequency response of a CE stage obtained?

1. Derive the expression for voltage gain for CS amplifier with resistive load.
2. Draw and explain the CS stage with diode connected load.
3. Draw and explain the source follower circuit.
4. Draw and explain the CG amplifier.
5. State the advantages and disadvantages of source follower circuit.
6. Explain the cascode amplifier with current source load
7. Draw and explain the folded cascade amplifier.
8. (a) Derive the equation for voltage gain of a Common Source FET amplifier.
(b) The amplifier shown in figure 2 uses an n - channel FET having I DSS = 2mA,
VP = -2V. If the quiscent drain to ground voltage is 10V, find R 1 and
the efective input impedance.
9. (a) Sketch the circuit of a CS amplifier. Derive the expression for the voltage gain
at low frequencies. What is the maximum value of voltage gain?
(b) The FET shown in figure 5 has the following parameters:
IDSS = 5.6mA & VP = -4V. If Vi = 10V find VO.
10.(a) Derive an expression for voltage gain of a common source FET amplifier with
and without source resistance included in the circuit
(b) Calculate the voltage gain of the FET amplifier shown in the figure 7, assuming
blocking capacitor to be large and4dgm= = 4mA/V and rd =5K[8

11. (a) Why a FET cannot be explained with h-parameters?
(b) Derive an expression for Trans - conductance using FET model.
(c) Draw and explain the FET high frequency model.
UNIT III: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
1. A) Classify the amplifiers based on feedback topology and give their block
diagrams. How input and output impedance are affected in each case?
B) What are the advantages and disadvantages of negative feedback?
2. A) Explain the concept of FB as applied to electronic amplifier circuits .what are
the advantages &disadvantages of positive and negative FB?
B) Calculate transistance gain, Rif, R0f of the shunt-shunt feedback
amplifier .the basic amplifier trans resistance Rmf=50k, hie=1.1k,
R0=40k,RL=4k,=0.1
3. Draw the circuit diagram of current shunt feedback and derive the
expressions for input and output resistance
4. A) Draw the circuit of a voltage shunt forward bias using BJT and derive
expression for all the parameters. B) An amplifier has voltage gain with feedback
of 100.if the gain without feedback changes by 20%, determine the values of open
loop gain A and feedback ratio .
5. (a) Derive an expression for frequency of oscillation of a RC phase-shift
oscillator
using a FET.
(b) In a Hartley oscillator L 2 = 0.04 mH and C = 0.004 F . If the frequency of

oscillation is 150 KHz, find L1 . Neglect mutual inductance.
1
6. Derive an expression for the transfer gain of a feedback amplifier.
7. (a) What are the characteristics of an amplifier that are modified by negative
feedback?
(b) Draw the four types of feedback amplifiers naming them.
(c) Define sensitivity & Desensitivity factors in feedback Amplifiers.
OSCILLATORS
1. Draw the circuit diagram of a RC phase shift oscillator using BJT .derive the expression for
frequency of oscillations.
2. What are the factors that affect the frequency stability of an Oscillator?
How frequency can be improved in oscillators?
3. A) Explain necessary condition for oscillators.

B) A FET phase shift oscillator has gm=5mhos and rd=50k. The
Feedback resistance is 100k and the capacitor value is
64.79PF.calculate the frequency of the oscillator and the value of Rd.
4. (i) Classify various oscillators based on output waveforms, circuit
Components, operating frequencies and feedback used. ii) A FET phase
shift oscillator has gm=5mhos and rd=50k. The feedback resistance is 100k and
the
Capacitor value is 64.79PF.calculate the frequency of the oscillator and the value of
Rd.
UNIT IV: LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS
1. Explain about class-A, class-B, class-C and class-AB operation of power amplifiers? B)
A single transistor operates as an ideal class-B amplifier .if D.C current drawn from the
supply is 2.5 mA; calculate the A.C power delivered to load for load resistance of 2k.
2. Explain how the overall distortion is reduced in a push-pull configuration through
relevant mathematicalexpressionsandcircuit diagrams. B) A transistors supplies
0.85w to a 4 k load, the zero signal D.C collector current is 3 mA and the D.C
collector current is 31 mA and the D.C collector current with small signal is
34mA. Determine the second harmonic distortion.
3. Derive the expression for maximum collector power dissipation Pd max in the case
of class b power amplifiers .what is its maximum efficiency?
4. Explain thermal stability and heat sinks. B) A silicon power transistors is
operated with a heat sink having thermal resistance sA=1.5 0 C/W the transistors
rated at150w (250) has Jc=0.50C/W and the mounting insulation has Jc=0.60C/W
Calculate the maximum power that can be dissipated if the ambient temperature is
400c and Tjmax=2000c?
5. (a) What is push-pull configuration and how does this circuit reduce the
harmonic
distortion?
(b) For a class B amplifier providing a 20V peak signal to a 16 load operates on a power
supply of Vcc = 30V. Determine the input power, output power and circuit
efficiency.
6. a) What is a class B amplifier? Where is it employed? Give its circuits, design
equations, characteristics & limitations.
(b) A transformer coupled class A large signal amplifier has maximum and min-
imum values of collector to emitter voltage of 25V and 2.5V. Determine its
collector efciency.
7. (a) A transistor supplies 0.8W to a 5K load. The zero signal dc collector current
is 30mA, and the dc collector current with signal is 36mA. Determine the percent
second - harmonic distortion.
(b) Define conversion efciency. Determine the maximum value of conversion
efciency for a series - fed class A power amplifier.
UNIT-V: TUNED AMPLIFIERS
1. (i)Derive an expression for tuning frequency of a single tuned amplifier in terms of

quality factor and bandwidth of the amplifier. (ii) What is the need for stagger tuning
in amplifiers? Compare the frequency response characteristics of the single tuned and
double tuned amplifier with stagger tuned amplifier.
2. A) Explain the operation of a stagger tuned amplifier what is the effect of cascade in the tuned
amplifiers. B) Discuss elaborately in the stability of tuned amplifiers.
3. A) Explain in detail the effect of cascading single tuned amplifiers and hence derive
the expression for band width of n-stage amplifier.
B) The band width for single tuned amplifier is 20khz.calculate the bandwidth of such
three stages are cascaded .also calculate the bandwidth for 4 stages.
4. A) Draw the ideal and actual frequency response curves of a single tuned amplifier.
B) Derive the expression for Q-factor of a capacitor.
5. A) draw and explain the circuit diagram and equivalent circuit using high frequency
hybrid model of a single tuned capacitance coupled BJT amplifier
B) Also draw and explain the obtained modified high frequency equivalent circuit
after applying millers theorem
ASSIGNMENT
QUESTIONS
Switching Theory & Logic Design Assignment Questions
1. UNIT-I Analysis And Design of Small Signal Low Frequency BJT Amplifiers:
2. Write short notes on transistor as amplifiers.
3. Explain the single stage CE amplifiers.
4. Explain the need of C1 and C2 in CE amplifiers.
5. Comment on h-parameters with operating point and list the benefits of h-parameters
6. Draw the small signal low frequency equivalent circuit of BJT and explain each parameter of
this circuit.
7. Draw ac equivalent circuit for a CE Amplifier
(i) with bypassed emitter resistor
(ii) with an un bypass emitter resistor
8. Using the approximate h-parameters mode .derive expressions for current gain, input resistance,
voltage gain and output admittance of a CE Amplifier with a resistor in emitter circuit.
9. (a) Draw a typical CE amplifier and explain the functions of each component in it.
(b) For a CE amplifier ,what is the maximum values of Rs for which Ro differ by not more
than 10% of its value Rs=0; Given hie=1.1k, hfe=50, hre=2.5*104, hoe=25A/v
10. For the emitter follower with Rs=0.5k and RL=5K, calculate AI ,Ri, AV, AVs, and Ro assume
hfe=50,hie=1k,hoe=25A/v.
11. Calculate Ai,Ri,Av and Ro for the above CB Amplifier with RL=5K,Rs=500
ohms, hfe=50,hie=1k,hoe=50k,Re=10k and Rc=10k.
12. (a) Discuss the classification of amplifiers based on frequency range, type of coupling, power
delivered and signal handled.
(b) For the common gate Amplifier, derive expression for voltage gain, input impedance, out
impedance.
13. Give the significance of Millers Theorem and Dual of Millers Theorem in the amplifier circuit
analysis.
1. Explain the need for multi stage amplifiers.

2. Draw and explain the block diagram of two stage cascaded amplifier.
3. Explain the procedure to find out the 3db band width of the multi stage amplifier.
4. Explain the procedure to find out the overall voltage gain, current gain, input and output
impedances of the multi stage amplifier.
5. Three identical non interacting amplifier stages in cascade have an overall gain of 1db down at
30Hz compared to midband. Calculate the lower cut off frequency of the individual stages.
6. Draw the circuit of single stage RC coupled BJT amplifier. Discuss the effect of an emitter
bypass capacitor on low frequency response.
7. Compare emitter follower and Darlington emitter follower configurations in respect of . i)

current gain ii) input impedance iii)voltage gain. Iv) Output impedance.
8. Compare the three types of coupling methods used in multistage amplifiers.
9. Discuss about different types of distortions that occur in amplifier circuits.
10. For the circuit shown in below figure, the transistors are identical with hfe=76, hie=1.5k and
hre=0. Calculate Avs and Ais.
VCC
-12V
R1
10kOhm Q2
2N3702
Q1
R3
1kOhm R2
2N3702 5kOhm
Draw the circuit diagram of single stage RC coupled BJT amplifier. Discuss the effect of an emitter
bypass capacitor on low frequency response.
1. Distinguish between the high frequency and the low frequency operation of BJT amplifiers and
give their analysis techniques.
2. In hybrid model of a transistor at high frequencies, show that gm is proportional to the
collector current.
3. Explain how the hybrid parameter varies with temperature.
4. What is the order of magnitude of each resistance in the hybrid- model?
5. Draw the small signal equivalent circuit for an emitter follower stage at high frequencies and
explain the working of it.
1. Explain linear and non-linear systems.

2. Draw and explain the small signal model of MOS.
3. Draw and explain the common source stage of MOSFET amplifier.
4. Derive the expression for voltage gain for CS amplifier with resistive load.
5. Draw and explain the CS stage with diode connected load.
6. Draw and explain the source follower circuit.
7. Draw and explain the CG amplifier.
8. State the advantages and disadvantages of source follower circuit.
9. Explain the cascode amplifier with current source load
10. .Draw and explain the folded cascade amplifier.
UNIT III: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
1. With the help of general block diagram explain the term feedback.
2. What are the different types of feedback amplifiers? Give their equivalent circuits.
3. Draw the circuit diagram of voltage series feedback and derive expression for input resistance
and output resistance.
4. Draw the circuit diagram of voltage shunt feedback and derive expression for input resistance
5. Draw the circuit diagram of current series feedback and derive expression for input resistance
6. Draw the circuit diagram of current shunt feedback and derive expression for input resistance
7. State the transfer gain of each configuration and define feedback factor.
8. Draw the frequency response of an amplifier with and without feedback and show the
bandwidth for each case and how curves are related to gain bandwidth product.
9. Draw the practical circuit for current series feedback and find the voltage gain, input and output
impedance.
10. An amplifier has voltage gain with feedback is 100. If the gain without feedback changes by
20% and the gain with feedback should not vary by more than 2% , determine the values of
open loop gain and feedback ration .
11. An amplifier has a mid band gain of 125 and bandwidth of 250KHZ. I) if 4% negative feedback is
introduced, find the new bandwidth and gain. II) if the bandwidth is to be restricted to 1MHZ.
find the feedback ratio.
OSCILLATORS
1. Explain the concepts of feedback as applied to electronic amplifier circuits. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of positive and negative feedback amplifiers?
2. Classifies various oscillators based on output waveforms, circuit components, operating
frequencies and feedback used.
3. State and explain the barkhausen criterion.
4. Draw the circuit diagram of RC phase shift oscillator and explain its operation.
5. Explain the principal operation of a wien bridge oscillator?
6. Discuss and explain the basic tank circuit of LC oscillator and derive the condition for the
oscillatons.
7. Explain the operation of Hartley oscillator. Derive the formula for the frequency.
8. Explain the operation of Colpitts oscillator. State the formula for the frequency.
9. What is piezoelectric effect? Draw and explain a.c. equivalent circuit of a crystal.
10. What are the advantages of crystal oscillators?
11. What is frequency stability of Oscillator? What are the factor effecting the frequency stability.
UNIT-I V: LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS
1. Mention the difference between Voltage amplifiers and power amplifiers.

2. Give the different analysis techniques to make the analysis of power amplifier.
3. Compare the various classes of operation of power amplifiers based on a) operating cycle b)
position of Q point c) efficiency.
4. Give the expression for the d.c. power input, a.c. power output and efficiency of a series fed,
directly coupled class A amplifiers.
5. With the help of a neat circuit diagram, explain the operation of a complementary Symmetry
configured class B power amplifier.
6. With the help of a neat circuit diagram, explain the operation of a push-pull configured class B
power amplifier.
7. Compare and contrast push-pull and complementary symmetry configurations for class B
power amplifiers.
8. What do you mean by harmonic distortion? How this distortion can be minimized in power
amplifier.
9. What is thermal resistance? What is the unit of thermal resistance?
10. Write short notes on requirement and types of heat sinks for power dissipation in large signal
amplifiers.
11. In transformer coupled class A power amplifier, show that conversion efficiency is 50%..
12. Discuss in detail the cross over distortion. How do you avoid the cross over distortion in power
amplifier circuit? Discuss in detail.
13. Draw a simple series fed class A amplifier circuit and derive the relationship for output power
in terms of load resistance RL?
14. Sketch the output waveforms for class A, class B and class C with respect to conduction angle.
UNIT-V: TUNED AMPLIFIERS
1. What do you mean by tuned amplifier?

2. What do you mean by unloaded Q and loaded Q?
3. Distinguish between the power amplifiers and the tuned amplifiers.
4. What are the requirements of tuned amplifier? Classify tuned amplifiers.
5. Draw the ideal and actual frequency response curves of a single tuned amplifier.
6. Derive an expression for tuning frequency of a single tuned amplifier in terms of quality factor
and bandwidth of the amplifier.
7. Derive the equation for the 3dB bandwidth capacitance coupled single tuned amplifier.
8. What is the effect of cascading single tuned amplifers on bandwidth? Derive expression for it.
*** THE END***
ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
COURSEFILE
Department of
Environmental Studies Course Objective

VIGNANS INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND
GHATKESAR, HYDERABAD, RANGA REDDY DISTISTRICT - 501 301.
Sponsored by
[Vignan Institute of Technology & Science] Page 164

COURSE OBJECTIVE
Environmental Studies Lecture Plan
COURSE OBJECTIVE
The subject of environmental science involves the study of nature and its surroundings with respect to its components i.e. both biotic and abiotic
components and their interdependency & relationship with each other.
Environmental Science is being given importance mainly due to its wide scope with respect to the natural resources (Forests, Water, Minerals, Food, Soil
and Land resources) for their sustainable utilization by human beings and conservation of natural ecosystems and biodiversity.
The study of environment also deals with creating public awareness on certain issues and concerns about the present day environment on issues like
Climate change, Global Warming, Ozone depletion, different types of pollution, solid waste management, mitigation of natural disasters and population growth.
The subject also emphasizes the need for preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment Report before the start of any developmental project to
reduce its impacts on environment and its components. It also suggests the need for sustainable growth and development, conservation of faster depleting
resources, prevention of extinction of biological species and degradation of ecosystems.
Vignans Institute of Management & Technology for Women II B.Tech 1st Semester
Page 166
SYLLABUS
Page 167
SYLLABUS
Unit I: Ecosystems
Definition, scope and importance of ecosystem. Concept of ecosystem. Classification of ecosystems. Structure and structural components of an ecosystem.
Functions of Ecosystem. Food chains, Food Webs and ecological pyramids. Energy Flow in the ecosystem. Biogeochemical Cycles. Homeostasis/Cybernetics.
Food chain concentration. Biomagnification. Ecosystem value, services and carrying capacity.
Unit II: Natural Resources
Classification of Resources. Living and Non living resources, Renewable and Non renewable resources. Water Resources: Use and over utilization of surface
and ground water. Floods and Droughts. Dams: Benefits and Problems. Mineral Resources: Use and exploitation. Environmental effects of extracting and using
mineral resources. Case Studies. Energy resources: Growing energy needs. Renewable and Non renewable energy resources. Use of Alternate Energy Sources.
Case Studies. Soil Resources. Soil Degradation . Land Resources: Land as a resource, Land degradation. Man induced landslides and Landuse/Landcover
Mapping. Case Studies
Unit III: Biodiversity and Biotic Resources
Introduction. Definition. Genetic, Species and Ecosystem diversity. Values of Biodiversity. Consumptive
use, Productive use, Social, ethical, aesthetic and intrinsic values. India as a mega diversity nation. Hot spots of Biodiversity. Threats to Biodiversity. Habitat
Loss, Poaching of Wildlife, Man-Wildlife conflicts. Endemic and Endangered species. Conservation of biodiversity. (In-situ and Ex-situ conservation). Food and
fodder resources. Timber and non-timber forest products.
Unit IV: Environmental Pollution and Control and Global Environmental Problems
Page 168
Classification of Pollution and Pollutants. Causes, effects and control technologies. Air Pollution: Primary and Secondary pollutants, Automobile and Industrial
pollution. Ambient air quality standards. Water Pollution: Point and Non point sources of pollution. Major pollutants of water and their sources. Drinking water
quality standards. Waste water treatment methods: effluent treatment plants (ETP) Sewage treatment plants (ETP), common and combined effluent treatment
plants (CETP) Soil Pollution. Soil as sink for pollutants. Impact of modern agriculture on soils. Degradation of soil. Marine pollution: Misuse of international
water for dumping of hazardous waste, coastal pollution due to sewage and marine disposal of industrial effluents. Noise Pollution. Sources. Industrial noise,
Occupational health hazard standards, Methods of control of noise. Thermal Pollution. Thermal comforts. Heat Island effects, radiation effects. Nuclear
Pollution. Nuclear power plants, nuclear radiations, disasters and impacts, genetical disorders. Solid Waste: types, collection, processing and disposal of
industrial and municipal solid wastes. Composition and characteristics of e-waste and its management.
Green House effect. Green house Gases (GHG), Global Warming. Sea level rise, Climate change and their impacts on human environment. Ozone depletion and
ozone depleting substances (ODS). Deforestation and Desertification. International Conventions/Protocols: Earth Summit, Kyoto protocol and Montreal
protocol.
Unit V: Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Management Plan (EMP)
Definition of Impact, Classification of impacts, Positive and Negative, Reversible and Irreversible, Light, Moderate and Severe. Methods of baseline data
acquisition. Impacts on different Components: Human health resources, air, water, flora, fauna and society. Prediction of impacts and impact assessment
methodologies. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Technological Solutions, Preventive methods and control
technologies. Treatment technologies: Green Belt Development, Rain Water Harvesting. Remote Sensing and GIS methods.
National Environmental Policy. Environmental Protection Acts. Legal Aspects: Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act-1981. Legal Aspects: Water
(Prevention and Control of pollution) Act-1974. Legal Aspects: Water Pollution Cess Act-1977. Legal Aspects: Forest Conservation Act. Municipal Solid Waste
management and handling rules, Biomedical Waste management and handling rules. Hazardous Waste management and handling rules.
Concept of Sustainable Development. Threats to sustainability. Population and its Explosion. Crazy Consumerism and exploitation of resources. Strategies for
achieving sustainable development. Environmental Education, Conservation of resources. Urban Sprawl, Sustainable Cities and sustainable Communities.
Human Health. Role of IT in environment. Environmental Ethics. Environmental Economics. Concept of Green Building. Clean development.
Page 169
TEXT BOOKS
T1: Text Book of Environmental Science for Undergraduate courses by Erach Bharucha (U.G.C)
T2: Text Book of Environmental Science by R.Rajagopalan (Oxford Univ Press)
REFERENCE BOOKS
R1: Text Book of Environmental Science by Dr. M.Anji Reddy
R2: Text Book of Environmental Science by Dr. Anubha Kaushik, 4 th edition, (new age international publishers)
WEBSITES
1. http://apps.exploratorium.edu/10cool/index.php?category=6&cmd=browse
2. http://environmentalresearchweb.org/
3. http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php?id=221
4. http://www.enn.com/
5. http://www.livescience.com/
6. http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/family/articles/2009/03/27/surfing_the_net_with_kids/
JOURNALS
Page 170
1. International Journal of Environmental Engineering (ISSN: 1756-8463)

2. Journal of Environmental Science and Health (ISSN: 1093-4529)
3. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering (0367-827X)
4. International Journal of Environmental Sciences (ISSN 0976 4402)
5. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering (1934-8932)
6. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering (1735-1979)
7. Environmental Engineering Science (ISSN: 1092-8758)
Page 171
STUDENT'S
SEMINAR TOPICS
Page 172
STUDENTS SEMINAR TOPICS
A Ecosystem value, services and carrying capacity.
B Use of Alternate Energy Sources. Case Studies. Soil Resources.
C Threats to Biodiversity. Habitat Loss
D Marine Pollution: Misuse of international water for dumping of hazardous wastes
E Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
F Urban Sprawl, Sustainable Cities and sustainable Communities
G Role of IT in environment. Environmental Ethics.
Page 173
LECTURE PLAN
Page 174
LECTURE PLAN
S.No Name of the Topic No of Teaching Resourc
periods Methodology es
UNIT- I: Ecosystems
1 Introduction to Environmental Science. Scope and Importance 1 Chalk & Talk T1
2 Definition, Scope and Importance of Ecosystem 1 Chalk & Talk T1
3 Concept of Ecosystem. Classification of Ecosystems. Structure and structural components of an 1 Chalk & Talk T1
Ecosystem PPT Slides
4 Functions of Ecosystem. Food chains, Food webs and ecological pyramids 1 PPT Slides T1
5 Energy Flow in the Ecosystem. Biogeochemical Cycles 1 PPT Slides T1
6 Forest Ecosystem 1 Chalk & Talk T1
7 Grassland Ecosystem 1 Chalk & Talk T1
8 Desert Ecosystem and Acquatic Ecosystems 1 Chalk & Talk T1
9 Homeostasis/Cybernetics Foodchain concentration. Biomagnifications 1 Chalk & Talk T3
10 Ecosystem value, services and carrying capacity 1 Chalk & Talk T3
Total 10
UNIT- II: Natural Resources
11 Introduction to Natural Resources. Classification of Resources 1 Chalk & Talk T1
12 Forest Resources, Functions of Forests 1 Chalk & Talk T1
Page 175
13 Deforestation: Causes, Effects and Prevention 1 Chalk & Talk T1
14 Water Resources: Use and over utilization of surface and ground water. Floods and Droughts. 1 Chalk & Talk T1
15 Dams: Benefits and Problems. Mineral Resources: Use and exploitation 1 Chalk & Talk T1
PPT Slides
16 Environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources. Case Studies 1 Chalk & Talk T4
17 Food Resources. Problems due to unsustainable agricultural practices 1 Chalk & Talk T1
18 Energy Resources: Growing energy needs 1 Chalk & Talk T1
19 Use of Alternate Energy Sources. Case Studies 1 PPT Slides T4
20 Soil Resources: Soil degradation 1 Chalk & Talk T1
21 Land Resources: Land degradation. LULC Mapping 1 Chalk & Talk T3
Total 11
UNIT III : Biodiversity and Biotic Resources
22 Introduction. Definition. Genetic, Species and Ecosystem diversity. 1 Chalk & Talk T1
23 India as a Mega Diversity Nation 1 Chalk & Talk T1
24 Values of Biodiversity 1 Chalk & Talk T1
25 Hot spots of Biodiversity. Threats to Biodiversity 1 Chalk & Talk T1
26 Endemic and Endangered Species. Poaching of Wildlife. Man-Wildlife Conflicts 1 Chalk & Talk T1
27 In situ Conservation of Biodiversity 1 Chalk & Talk T1
28 Ex situ Conservation of Biodiversity 1 Chalk & Talk
29 Food and fodder resources. Timber and non-timber forest products 1 Chalk & Talk T3
Page 176
Total 8
UNIT IV : Environmental Pollution and Control and Global Environmental Problems
30 Classification of Pollution and Pollutants 1 Chalk & Talk T1
31 Air Pollution. Causes, Effects and control measures 1 Chalk & Talk T1
PPT Slides
32 Water Pollution. Causes, Effects and control measures 1 Chalk & Talk T1
PPT Slides
33 Marine Pollution. Causes, Effects and control measures 1 Chalk & Talk T1
PPT Slides
34 Noise Pollution. Causes, Effects and control measures 1 Chalk & Talk T1
PPT Slides
35 Soil Pollution. Causes, Effects and control measures 1 Chalk & Talk T1
36 Thermal Pollution. Causes, Effects and control measures 1 Chalk & Talk T3
37 Waste water treatment methods. (STP, ETP & CETP) 1 Chalk & Talk T3
PPT Slides
38 Nuclear Hazards 1 Chalk & Talk T3
39 Methods of disposal of solid waste. 1 Chalk & Talk T1
40 Misuse of international waters for dumping of wastes 1 Chalk & Talk T1
41 Green House effect. Green house Gases (GHG), Global Warming 1 Chalk & Talk T3
Page 177
PPT Slides
42 Sea level rise, Climate change and their impacts on human environment 1 Chalk & Talk T3
PPT Slides
43 Ozone depletion and ozone depleting substances (ODS) 1 Chalk & Talk T3
44 International Conventions/Protocols (Earth Summit) 1 Chalk & Talk T3
45 Kyoto Protocol and Montreal Protocol 1 Chalk & Talk T3
Total 16
UNIT V :Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Management Plan (EMP)
46 Definition of Impact, Classification of impacts 1 Chalk & Talk T3
47 Methods of baseline data acquisition 1 Chalk & Talk T3
48 Impacts on different environmental components 1 Chalk & Talk T3
49 Prediction of impacts and impact assessment methodologies 1 Chalk & Talk T3
50 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) 1 Chalk & Talk T3
51 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 1 Chalk & Talk T3
52 Technological Solutions. Treatment technologies 1 Chalk & Talk T3
53 Green Belt Development, Rain Water Harvesting 1 Chalk & Talk T3
54 Remote Sensing and GIS methods in EIA 1 Chalk & Talk T3
55 National Environmental Policy. Environmental Protection Acts 1 Chalk & Talk T3
56 Legal Aspects: Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act-1981 1 Chalk & Talk T3
57 Legal Aspects: Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act-1974 1 Chalk & Talk T3
Page 178
58 Legal Aspects: Water Pollution Cess Act-1977, Forest conservation and Wildlife Protection Acts 1 Chalk & Talk T3
59 Municipal solid Waste management and Handling Rules 1 Chalk & Talk T3
60 Hazardous Waste management and Handling Rules 1 Chalk & Talk T3
61 Biomedical Waste management and Handling Rules 1 Chalk & Talk T3
62 Electronic Waste management and Handling Rules 1 Chalk & Talk T3
63 Concept of Sustainable Development. Threats to sustainability 1 Chalk & Talk T1
64 Strategies for achieving sustainable development 1 Chalk & Talk T1
65 Population and its Explosion. Variation among nations 1 Chalk & Talk T1
66 Crazy Consumerism and exploitation of resources 1 Chalk & Talk T1
67 Environmental Education, Conservation of resources 1 Chalk & Talk T1
68 Urban Sprawl. Urban Poverty Vs Rural Poverty 1 Chalk & Talk T1
69 Human Health. Role of IT in environment 1 Chalk & Talk T1
70 Environmental Ethics. Environmental Economics 1 Chalk & Talk T1
71 Concept of Green Building. Clean Development Mechanism 1 Chalk & Talk T3

PPT Slides
Total 26
Page 179
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Environmental Studies Learning Objective
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Unit I: Ecosystems
After completion of this unit the student would be able to:
1 Understand an ecosystem
2 Know about the types of ecosystems and their structural components
1. Know about the functions of an ecosystem and terms associated
2. Understand the concept of the flow of energy in the form of food within an
3. Ecosystem and associated cycles.
4. Know about the concentrations of pollutants within an ecosystem
5. Understand the values and services provided by an ecosystem.
Unit II: Natural Resources
1. Study the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere and Biosphere.

2. To study about the resources, which can be recycled back for further use and those, which cannot
be recycled, back and the problems associated with the non-uniform distribution and utilization by the
developed and developing countries.
1. To know about the importance of water resources, its exploitation and factors responsible for its
pollution.
2. To know about the importance of mineral resources and the use of Coal, Oil & Natural Gas in
particular.
3. To know about the various sources of energy, its security and alternate sources of energy
4. To know about the various causes for degradation of Land and its Effects on environment and
basics of Land use/Land cover mapping
Unit III: Biodiversity and Biotic Resources
Page 181
1. Study the Genetic, Species and Ecosystem Biodiversity.

2. To study about the biogeographical divisions of India based on geography, climate and pattern
of vegetation
3. To know about the social, ethical. aesthetic and optional values of biodiversity.
4. To know about the distribution of plant and animal species at different levels of biodiversity.
5. To know about the status and ranking of the different species of plants and animals of India
with respect to the world.
6. To study about the richness of species in the major ecoregions of the world.
7. To know about the various activities responsible for the destruction of biodiversity
8. To know about the various threatened and unique species of plants and animals.
9. To know about the various methods of conservation of biodiversity.
Unit IV: Environmental Pollution and Control and Global Environmental Problems
1. To know about the persistent and degradable pollutants along with effects and control methods.
2. To know about the primary and secondary pollutants along with effects and control methods
3. To know about the direct and indirect sources of water pollutants along with effects and control
methods.
4. To know about the methods for treatment of waste water with the help of effluent treatment
plants.
5. To know about the methods for treatment of waste water with the help of sewage treatment
plants.
6. To know about the causes for Soil Pollution and Soil Erosion and preventive measures
7. To know about the causes for pollution of marine water in coastal areas and measures for its
prevention.
8. To know about the causes for noise Pollution, its effects and preventive measures
9. To know about the causes for thermal Pollution, its effects and preventive measures
10. To know about the causes for nuclear Pollution, its effects and preventive measures
11. To know about the different classes of Solid wastes, process of generation, methods of disposal
and their effects on environment
12. To know about the composition of e- wastes, process of generation, methods of disposal and
their effects on environment.
13. To know about the Green House effect and Green house Gases (GHG)
14. To know about the Global Warming. Sea level rise, Climate change and their impacts on human
environment.
15. To know about the Ozone depletion and ozone depleting substances (ODS).
16. To know about the Deforestation and Desertification which are causes for Climate change
17. To know about the International Conventions/Protocols: Earth Summit, Kyoto protocol and
Montreal protocol.
Unit V: Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Management Plan (EMP)
Page 182
1. To understand the Definition of Impact and Classification of impacts.

2. To know about the Positive and Negative, Reversible and Irreversible, Light, Moderate and
Severe.
3. To know about the methods of baseline data acquisition.
4. To know about the impacts on different components: Human health resources, air, water, flora,
fauna and society
5. To know about the Prediction of impacts and impact assessment methodologies
6. To know what is meant by Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Environmental Management
Plan (EMP)
7. To know about the Technological Solutions, Preventive methods and control technologies.
Treatment technologies
8. To understand Green Belt Development, Rain Water Harvesting. Remote Sensing and GIS
methods.
9. To understand the National Environmental Policy and Environmental Protection Acts.
10. To know about the Legal Aspects: Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act-1981.
11. To know about the Legal Aspects: Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act-1974.
12. To know about the Legal Aspects: Water Pollution Cess Act-1977
13. To know about the Legal Aspects: Forest Conservation Act.
14. To know about the Municipal Solid Waste management and handling rules
15. To know about the Biomedical Waste management and handling rules
16. To know about the Hazardous Waste management and handling rules.
17. To understand the concept of sustainable development and threats to sustainability.
18. To know about the strategies for achieving sustainable development.
19. To know about Population and its Explosion.
20. To understand Crazy Consumerism and exploitation of resources
21. To know about the Environmental Education, Conservation of resources
22. To know about the Urban Sprawl, Sustainable Cities and sustainable Communities
23. To know about the Environmental Ethics. Environmental Economics
24. To know about the Human Health and diseases
25. Understand the role of IT in environment, Concept of Green Building and Clean development
Page 183
OBJECTIVE
TYPE
QUESTIONS
Environmental Studies Objective Questions
Unit-I: Ecosystems
1. The term ecology was coined by ___________________(Earnst Haeckel)
2. The topmost function of an ecosystem is _____________(Energy Flow)
3. In an acquatic ecosystem, the third tropic level comprises of ________(Decomposers)
4. In a grassland ecosystem, the second tropic level is occupied by ___( Consumers)
5. The gas released by Producers is _________________(Oxygen)
6. Nitrogen fixation is done by the bacteria known as _______(Azetobacter)
7. The most stable ecosystem is ___________(Ocean)
8. The concept of ecological pyramids was introduced by _______(Charles Elton)
9. The food chain in which microorganisms breakdown dead matter is called ____(Detritus)
10. The most common upright pyramid is _________(Pyramid of energy)
11. The term ecosystem was coined by ____________(Tansley)
12. The progressive accumulation of non biodegradable chemicals through the food chain
is known as a) ecological balance b) biological magnification c) biodegradation
13. Gross primary productivity is highest in a)open oceans b) grasslands c) wetforests

14. The type of succession occurring on a base rock is called a) Halosere b) Lithosere
c) Hydrosere
15. Which ecological pyramid is always upright a) Pyramid of biomass b) Pyramid of
Energy c) Pyramid of numbers
16. Most stable ecosystem is a) Forest b) Desert c) Ocean d) Mountain
17 Which of the following is an abiotic component of the ecosystem a) Bacteria
b) Plants c) Humus
18. Tropical rain forests occur in India in a) J&K b) Rajasthan c) Kerala&Assam
19. Increase in fauna and decrease in flora would be harmful due to increase in
a) Diseases b) CO2 c) O2 d) Radioactive pollution
20. The darker zone in lakes where light penetration is negligible is called a) Littoral zone
b) Limnetic zone c) Profundal zone d) Euphotic zone
Page 185
Unit-II: Natural Resources
1. Deforestation in mountainous region takes place due to _________(Shifting Cultivation)

2. A forest is a complex community with _________(Trees, Herbs and Shrubs)
3. The most severe impact of deforestation is _________(Climate Change)
4. The % of earths surface covered by water is __________(70.8%)
5. Chipco movement was headed by ______ (Sunderlal Bahuguna)
6. Environmental impact is greatest in case of mining and processing of ____(coal)
7. Extensive planting of trees to increase green cover is called ______ (A forestation)
8. Soil erosion can be prevented by _______________ (A forestation)
9. Energy and manure are generated by _________________plants (biogas)
10. Fossil fuels are ________resources (Non renewable)
11. Wood Pulp is used for making a) Lumber b) Chipboard c) Paper d) Plywood
12. Overgrazing results in a) Productive soils b) Soil erosion c) Retention of species
13. Which of the following is responsible for desertification a) Deforestation b) mining
c) Overgrazing d) All the above
14. Biomass energy can be obtained from a) Energy plantations b) Petro crops
c) agriculture and urban waste biomass d) All the above
15. During photosynthesis plants produce a) CO b) CO c) O2
16. Most biotic resources are _________(Renewable)
17. Chipco movement was started to conserve ________ (Forests)
18. Common energy source in Indian villages is __________(Wood & animal dung)
19. The best soil for healthy growth of plants is __________ (Loam)
20. Harnessing of nuclear energy causes _________pollution (Thermal)
Unit-III: Biodiversity and Biotic Resources
1. The Great Indian Bustard has become endangered species due to ______(Hunting)
2. The largest bird sanctuary in India is called ___________(Bharatpur)
3. The biosphere reserve where nilgai is found __________(Bir moti bagh)
4. The diversity within a community is called _________(alpha diversity)
5. The core area in a biosphere is surrounded by ____________(buffer zone)
6. Largest national park in India is _____________(Great Himalayan Park)
7. The highest number of endangered species belongs to____group of vertebrates(mammals)
8. Biodiversity refers to the totality of ________ and _________of a region(genes, species)
9. Sultanpur sanctuary is famous for _______species (bird)
10. National park famous for rhinoceros species is _____ (Kaziranga National Park)
11. The animal which has become extinct is a) Dodo b) Dudong c) Great Indian Bustard
12. The area reserved for welfare of wildlife is called a) National Park b) Botanical Garden
Page 186
c) Sanctuary
13. Kaziranga National Park is famous for a) Tiger b) Musk Deer c) Elephant d) Rhinoceros
14. Indian Bustard has become endangered species due to
a) Deforestation in Rajasthan b) spread of desert
c) Hunting d) Change in Climate
15. Which group of vertebrates comprises the highest number of endangered species a) Birds
b) Mammals c) Fishes d) Reptiles
16. _______ are traditional protected areas (sacred forests and lakes)
17. Exotic species have large impact in ________ ecosystems (island)
18. As of September 2002, India had _______ protected areas (581)
19. Biodiversity increases from _________ to the equator (poles)
20. Animals and Plants are best protected in________(National Park)
Unit-IV: Environmental Pollution and Control and Global Environmental Problems
1. Acid rain is caused by increase in the atm.concentrations of ___(sulfur & nitrogen oxides)
2. Electrostatic precipitators are used to remove __________(particulate pollutants)
3. Fluoride pollution mainly affects _________(Teeth)
4. B.O.D stands for ____________(Biological Oxygen Demand)
5. The main cause of soil pollution is due to ________(unsustainable agriculture)
6. Permissible noise level during daytime on a residential zone is _______(55db)
7. Increase in the concentration of soluble salts in soils is called________(Salinisation)
8. Increasing skin cancer and high mutation rate are the result of ________(ozone depletion)
9. Dysentry is caused due to ________pollution (Water)
10. Ozone layer in upper atmosphere is being destroyed by _________(CFC)
11. Taj Mahal at Agra may be damaged by _________(SO2)
12. Air pollutants mixing up with rain can cause a) High acidity b) Low acidity c) Neutral
conditions
13. Industrial wastes may contain toxic a) Phenols b) Acids c) Chemicals
14. Thermal pollution is controlled by
a) Cooling Ponds b) Spray Ponds c) Cooling Towers d) All
15. The ultraviolet radiations in the stratosphere is absorbed by ________(Ozone)
16. Ozone depletion on the stratosphere will cause _____(Increase in incidence of skin cancer)
17. Gas leaked in Bhopal gas tragedy was ________(Methyl Isocyanate)
18. Attack of asthma in certain persons is due to ______(inhalation of air borne pollen)
19. Sound becomes hazardous noise pollution at decibels _______(above 80)
Page 187
20. Maximum deposition of DDT will occur in _______(Sea gull)
21. Ozone Day is observed on _____________(16th September)
22. The gas which contributes maximum to the Greenhouse effect is _______( CO2)
23. Greenhouse effect is related to __________(Global Warming)
24. Kyoto Protocol is related to __________(reducing greenhouse gas emissions)
25. Montreal Protocol is related to _______(Ozone depletion)
26. The thinning of ozone layer during spring time is called ________(Ozone hole)
27. The radiatively active gases are also called as ______________( greenhouse gases)
28. The most common ozone depleting substances are __________(CFCs)
29. The rise in sea level is mainly due to _________(Global Warming)
30. The response of plants to elevated concentrations of CO2 is known as __(Fertilisation effect)
31. Which of the following gases contributes maximum to Greenhouse effect a) CO2 b) CH4
c) NO2 d) CFC
32 Trapping of heat by earths atmosphere due to greenhouse gases is called _(Greenhouse effect)
33. Cattle, Sheep and Termites are responsible for the release of a) CO 2 b) CH4
c) NO2 d) CFC
34 CFCs releases a chemical harmful to ozone known as _______(Chlorine)
35 IPCC stands for _______(International panel on climate change)
Unit-V: Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Management Plan (EMP)
1. The term EIA stands for _____(Environmental Impact Assessment)
2. An exercise carried out before the start of any major project is called ____(EIA)
3. The term IEE stands for _______(Initial environmental examination)
4. The term EMP stands for ________(Environmental protection plan)
5. The term EIS stands for_________(Environmental impact statement)
6. The term SEZ stands for ________(Special economic zone)
7. The common structure used in rain water harvesting is called____(Farm pond)
8. Collection and storage of rainwater for future use is called__( rain water harvesting)
9. The common devices for Air Pollution Control are ______(ESP, Scrubbers)
10. The common devices for Noise Pollution Control are ______(Noise absorbers)
11. The management of rainfall and resultant runoff is called _______(Watershed management)
12. A systematic analysis of the effects of a major developmental project is called _(EIA)
13. The practice of increasing the green cover within and surrounding the industries is known as
(Green belt development)
14. Remote sensing and GIS studies are very useful in the assessment of________(Impacts on
environment)
15. Baseline data acquisition is very essential for _______(Initial environmental examination)
16. Environment Protection Act was passed in the year________(Nov. 19,1986)
17. The first ever environmental legislation was established in_______(1986)
Page 188
18. The Indian Forest Act was established in ________(1980)

19. The Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act was established in___(1981)
20. The Water Pollution Cess Act was established in___________(1977)
21. The Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act was established in____(1974)
22. The Wildlife Protection Act was established in________(1972)
23. Environment Protection Act was amended in _________(1994)
24. World environment day is celebrated every year on_____(5th June)
25. E-waste stands for _______(electronic waste)
26. Example of Municipal solid waste is_________(Domestic sewage)
27. Example of Biomedical Waste is_________(Hospital waste)
28. Example of Hazardous Waste is_________(Toxic compounds)
29. Example of electronic waste is_________(parts of electronic goods)

30. The term sustainable development was coined by ________(G.H.Brundtland)
31. Study of human population growth and prediction of future growth is_(Demography)
32. Vasectomy is the method of sterilization in_________(Man)
33. The World AIDS Day is recalled on ________(December 1st )
34. ELISA test is used to detect _________(AIDS)
35. ICDS is a welfare scheme for __________(Children)
36. The Zero population growth is called _________(Demographic transition)
37. ENVIS stands for ____________(Environmental Information Software)
38. AIDS stands for ________(Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome)
39. The number of babies produced per thousand individuals is called ___(Natality)
Page 189
ESSAY
TYPE
QUESTIONS
UNIT-I: Ecosystems
1. Define ecosystem and what are different types of ecosystems (2Mks)

2. What are structural and functional ecosystems (3Mks)
3. Name the bio-geo-chemical cycles of nature and carbon cycle (2Mks)
4. Explain in the energy flow in a fresh water ecosystem (10Mks)
5. Define food chain, food web and ecological pyramids (2Mks)
6. Explain the pyramid of energy of grassland ecosystem (3Mks)
7. Explain Forest ecosystem (10Mks)
8. What are the biotic components of aquatic ecosystem explain (2Mks)
9. What are various components of desert ecosystem (2Mks)
10. Discuss the difference between natural and artificial ecosystem (2Mks)
11. Give a note on detritus food chain (3Mks)
12. What is meant by ecological succession (2Mks)
13. Explain the steps involved in nitrogen cycle (3Mks)
14. Define producers, consumers and decomposers (2Mks)
15. Give a generalised model of a ecosystem (3Mks)
16. What are the various tropic components of an estuarine ecosystem (2Mks)
17. Give the importance of bio-geo chemical cycles in ecological balance (2Mks)
18. How is the universal model of energy flow useful in ecosystem (3Mks)
19. Explain with the help of a diagram-food web in a pond and grazing food chain (3Mks)
20. What are the bio tech components of stream ecosystem (2Mks)
21. Write a brief note on Marine Ecosystem (10Mks)
22. What is the importance of oxygen cycle in earth ecosystems (3Mks)
UNIT-II: Natural Resources
1. What is meant by natural resources and list out the problems associated with natural
resources exploitation (3Mks)
2. What is the Importance of forest resources in ecological balance (2Mks)
3. Describe the reasons of deforestation and its effect on Environment (10Mks)
4. Explain the Environmental effects of dams and mining on forest resources (3Mks)
5. Describe the effect of over exploitation of forest resources on ecosystem (2Mks)
6. Define hydrological cycle. Explain (3Mks)
7. What are Environmental impacts of large dams? (10Mks)
8. Define water pollution and differentiate surface and ground water pollution sources (3Mks)
9. Describe the environmental effects of mineral exploration. (2Mks)
10. What are the types of agricultural systems for food production (2Mks)
11. What are the fertilizer-pesticide related problems of food resources (3Mks)
12. Explain the impact of water logging condition on environment. (2Mks)
13. What is meant by salinity and over grazing (2Mks)
14. Write a note on the growing energy needs and its demand in India (2Mks)
15. Describe the non-conventional energy resources (3Mks)
16. Give a note on the wind and geothermal energy resources of India (3Mks)
17. How can we exploit the solar energy to the fullest utility (3Mks)
18. Give the advantages of biomass as a source of energy (2Mks)
19. What are the different types of Indian soils and explain the soil profile (3Mks)
Basic Simulation Lab Viva Questions
20. Explain the factors responsible for land degradation (3Mks)

21. Briefly describe the soil conservation methods (3Mks0
22. What is soil erosion and explain the causes of soil erosion (10Mks)
UNIT III: Biodiversity and Biotic Resources

1. Define Biodiversity, Genetic Diversity and Species Diversity (2Mks)
2. Give the Bio-Geographical Classification of India (2Mks)
3. What are wetlands and define ecosystem diversity (3Mks)
4. What is the Environmental importance of Biodiversity (3Mks)
5. Explain the value of biodiversity with special reference to India. (10Mks)
6. Define and explain the hotspots of biodiversity (3Mks)
7. Define poaching and what are the measures for wildlife conservation from the threat of
poaching (10Mks)
8. Differentiate between endangered and endemic species and name few endangered and
endemic species of India (3Mks)
9. Explain insitu and exsitu conservation of biodiversity (10Mks)
10. Explain the different methods for conservation of biodiversity (10Mks)
11. Explain the reasons of loss of biodiversity in India (3Mks)
12. Describe India as a mega diversity nation (10Mks)
13. What are responsibilities of man in ecoplanning and conservation (3Mks)
14. Give the global biodiversity hotspots (3Mks)
15. How does the Indian marine environment effect the biodiversity (2Mks)
16. What are the threats to Indian biodiversity (2Mks)
17. Describe the effect of management of germplasm and patenting help conservation of
biodiversity (10Mks)
18. Biological diversity is an index of nation wealth explain? (10Mks)
19. Explain the need of public awareness in the conservation of biodiversity in India
(3Mks)
20. What are the various programmes organized by the Government of India towards
conservation of biodiversity (3Mks)
UNIT- IV: Environmental Pollution and Control and Global Environmental Problems
1. Classify the different types of Pollutants.

2. What are Primary and Secondary Pollutants? Give Examples
3. Describe the Causes, Effects and Control measures of Air Pollution
4. Define PAN. Write in brief about Photochemical Smog and Acid Rain.
5. Define Point and Non Point Sources of Water Pollution with examples.
6. Describe the Causes, Effects and Control measures of Water Pollution
7. Explain Eutrophication, Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification.
8. What is meant by Arsenicosis and Fluorosis? Give examples from India.
9. Explain the reasons for Soil Degradation.
10. Describe the Causes, Effects and Control measures of Marine Pollution.
11. Describe the Causes, Effects and Control measures of Noise Pollution.
12. Explain Nuclear Hazards with suitable Examples.
13. What is meant by Solid Waste Management? Describe the methods of disposal of
Solid Waste.
14. Explain about the role of an individual in prevention of Pollution
15. Describe methods of Soil Conservation
16. What is the meant by Climate Change, Global Warming and Greenhouse Effect?
17. Write short notes on Ozone layer depletion and Acid Rains.
18. Describe in detail the various International Conventions/Protocols (Earth Summit,
Kyoto Protocol and Montreal Protocol) held for finding solutions to Global Warming
and Ozone layer depletion
19. Mention the major causes for Climate Change, Global Warming and Ozone layer
depletion and control measures
20. Mention the role of Deforestation and Desertification in global climate changes.
UNIT- V: Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Management Plan (EMP)
1. Discuss the methods of baseline data acquisition.

2. Describe in detail the impacts of any developmental project on different components: Human
health resources, air, water, flora, fauna and society.
3. Discuss briefly about Prediction of impacts and impact assessment methodologies
4. What is the meant by Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and Environmental
Management Plan (EMP)
5. Describe in detail the technological solutions, preventive methods and control technologies
and treatment technologies
6. Write short notes on Green Belt Development, Rain Water Harvesting and Remote Sensing
and GIS methods.
7. Discuss National Environmental Policy and Environmental Protection Acts
8. Describe in detail the Legal Aspects: Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act-1981.
9. Describe in detail the Legal Aspects: Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act-1974.
10. Describe in detail the Legal Aspects: Water Pollution Cess Act-1977
11. Describe in detail Legal Aspects: Forest Conservation Act.
12. Describe in detail the Municipal Solid Waste management and handling rules
13. Describe in detail Biomedical Waste management and handling rules
14. Describe in detail Hazardous Waste management and handling rules.
15. What do you understand by the Concept of Sustainable Development? What are the threats to
sustainability?
16. Describe in detail the Strategies for achieving sustainable development.
17. Discuss in detail the Population and its Explosion
18. Discuss in detail Crazy Consumerism and exploitation of resources.
19. Describe in detail the Urban Sprawl, Sustainable Cities and sustainable Communities.
20. Describe in detail Role of IT in environment
21. What do you understand by Concept of Green Building and Clean development
22. Describe the various Water borne and Infectious Diseases mentioning about
their symptoms, causes, effects and prevention.
****THE END****

COURSEFILE

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

COURSEFILE

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

CONTENTS

SUBJECT PAGE NO.

3. ANALOG ELECTRONICS 105

4. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 161

5. ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY XXX

6. SIGNALS &STOCHASTIC PROCESS XXX

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VMTW/ECE/CIR-1/SEM-1/-7-17/2017-18 Date: XX-07-2017

1 Faculty Development Program on Signals and Systems

2 Commencement of Class work

3 Spell for UNIT I Instructions for IV years

4 Spell for UNIT I Instructions for II & III year

6 Spell for UNIT II Instructions for IV years

7 Technical bodies Membership drive for 2015(IETE, IEEE)

8 Spell for UNIT II Instructions for II & III years

9 Spell for UNIT III Instructions for IV years

10 Unit test-1 on I & II Units

11 Spell for UNIT III Instructions for II & III years

12 Workshop on VHDL Programming-III Years

13 Workshop on VHDL Programming-IV Years

14 Submission of results & weak students list to Dept

15 Spell for Unit-IV Instructions for IV years

16 Industrial Visit (ICOM)

17 Lab Internal-1 for II,III & IV Years

18 University I-Mid-Exam- II & IV Year

19 University I-Mid-Exam- III Year

22 Spell for UNIT V Instructions for IV years

24 Spell for UNIT VI Instructions for IV years

25 Spell for UNIT V Instructions for II & III years

28 Spell for Unit VII Instructions for IV years

29 MINI Project Expo by IVth Years

30 Assignment-II / Unit test on V & VI Units

31 Submission of results & weak students list to Dept

33 Spell for Unit- VIII Instructions for IV years

35 Lab Internal-2 for II,III & IV Years

36 University II-Mid-Exam- II & IV Year

37 University II-Mid-Exam- III Year

39 Main Project abstracts submission for IV year

40 End Semester Examination

41 Commencement of next semester

Course Objectives: To learn

differentiation and integration of complex valued functions

evaluation of integrals using Cauchys integral formula

Laurents series expansion of complex functions

evaluation of integrals using Residue theorem

VMTW II Year B.Tech. 1stSemester

Functions of a complex variable: Introduction, Continuity, Differentiability, Analyticity, properties,

Evaluation of Integrals: Types of real integrals:

Bilinear transformation- fixed point- cross ratio- properties- invariance of circles.

Applications of PDE: Classification of second order partial differential equations, method of

2. Higher Engineering Mathematics by Dr. B. S. Grewal, Khanna Publishers.

3. Advanced engineering Mathematics with MATLAB by Dean G. Duffy

1. Fundamentals of Complex Analysis by Saff, E. B. and A. D. Snider, Pearson.

2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Louis C. Barrett, McGraw Hill.

VMTW II Year B.Tech. 1stSemester

Unit-I: Functions of a complex variable: 1 1.A first course in complex analysis

Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by

3.Advanced engineering Mathematics

2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by

3.Advanced engineering Mathematics

VMTW II B.Tech 1st Semester

Differentiability 1 1.A first course in complex analysis

Black board and Chalk 2.Higher Engineering Mathematics by