T 211 HEAT TRANSFER

1 a) Illustrate the importance of heat transfer in various fields of engineering (4+4+7

b) Explain the various factors which affect the thermal conductivity of a material )
c) A large window glass 0.5 cm thick is exposed to warm air at 25 0C over its inner
surface, with convection coefficient of 15 W/m 2 K. The outside air is at -150C with
convection coefficient of 50 W/m 2 K. Determine the heat transfer rate and
temperature at the inner and outer surfaces of the glass.
OR
d) Define overall heat transfer coefficient. Obtain the expression for composite wall
with three layers with convection conditions over the wall.
e) Derive an expression for three dimensional heat conduction equations for
cylindrical coordinate system. (6+9)

2 a) Differentiate between conductivity and conductance. What are their units? (4+3+8
b) What is the conduction heat transfer? How does it differ from convection heat )
transfer?
c) Derive general and 3-dimensional heat conduction equation in Cartesian
coordinate system.
OR
d) Write the general Fourier heat conduction in Cartesian coordinates and explain the
terms Involved in it.
e) What is thermal capacity and thermal diffusivity of a material?
f) A composite slab consists of 250mm fire clay brick (k = 1.09 W/mk) inside, 100
mm fired earth brick (k = 0.26 W/mK) and the outer layer of common brick (k = 0.6
W/mK) of thickness 50 mm. If the inside surface is at 1200 0C and outside surface is
at 100 0C find (i) heat flux (ii) the temperature of the interfaces and (iii) the (3+3+9
temperature at 200 mm from the outer surface of the wall. )

3 a) What do you mean by overall heat transfer coefficient? (4+4+7)

b) Define conduction resistance and convective resistance.
c) Derive the expression for temperature distribution within solid slab with heat
generation qo. Both surface temperatures of the slab are T w K and at the centre is To
K.
OR
d) How many thermal resistances are involved when a fluid is flowing in a hollow (3+4+8)
tube covered with two layers of insulation? List those resistances.
e) What are the initial and boundary conditions
f) Calculate the rate of heat loss for a red brick wall of length 5m, height 4m,
and thickness 0.25m. The temperature of the inner surface is 110C and that of the
outer surface is 40C. The thermal conductivity of red brick, K=0.70 W/mk,
Calculate also the temperature at an interior point of the wall, 20cm distant from the
inner wall.

4 a) Define critical radius of insulation. Give the expressions for critical radius of insulation (4+4+7)
Cylinders b)
What is insulation? Why insulation is provided
c) A pipe carrying steam at 2300 C has an internal diameter of 12 cm and the pipe
thickness is 15 mm. the conductivity of the pipe material is 49 W/mK. The
convective heat transfer coefficient on the inside is 85 W/m 2 K. The pipe is
insulated by two layers of insulation one of 5cm thickness of conductivity 0.15
W/mK and over it another 5cm thickness of conductivity 0.48 W/mK. The outside is
exposed to air at 35 0C with a convective coefficient of 18 W/m 2 K. Determine heat
loss for 5 m length. Also determine the interface temperatures and the overall heat
transfer coefficient based on inside and outside temperatures

OR (3+3+9)
d) Define the terms conduction, convection and radiation.
e) Write the generalized three dimensional heat conduction equation in spherical
coordinates?
f) A wire of 6.5 mm diameter at a temperature of 60 0C is to be insulated by a
 material having k = 0.174 W/mC. Convection heat transfer coefficient (h 0) = 8.722
W/m2C. The ambient temperature is 20 0C. For maximum heat loss, what is the
minimum thickness of insulation and heat loss per metre length? Also find the
percentage increase in the heat dissipation too?

5 a) What is the significance of heat transfer (4+4+7)

b) Explain why thermal conductivity decreases with temperature for liquids and
increases for gases.
c) The wall of a steam boiler furnace is constructed with 120mm foamed fire clay
and 490 mm of red brick. The wall temperature inside boiler furnace is 1050 0C and
the wall outside temperature is 45 0C. The thermal conductivities of wall materials
are k (fire clay) = 0.3(1+0.008t) W/mK, k(red brick) = 0.7 W/mK. Find the heat loss
per unit area of the furnace wall and temperature at the layer interface

OR
d)Define and explain Physical asignificance of Thermal conductivity, convection (5+4+6
heat transfer Coefficient, thermal diffusivity, thermal resistance, thermal )
conductance e) Discuss the mechanism of thermal conduction in gases and solids.

f)A steam pipe ( = 9.0) of 0.4 diameter has a surface temperature of 500 K. The
pipe is located in a room at 27 0C, and the convection heat transfer coefficient is 25
W/m2 K. Calculate the combined heat transfer coefficient and the rate if heat loss per
unit length of pipe.

6 a) What is the criterion followed to justify the use of fins? Define Fin efficiency & (5+5+5)
effectiveness?
b) Derive expression for temperature distribution during steady state heat conduction in
a plane wall with uniform internal heat generation.
c) Determine the time required to heat a steel plate of 24 mm thick from the initial
temperature of 25 0C to final temperature of 450 0C by placing the plate into a furnace at
600 0C. Take the following properties of steel k = 45.4 W/mC, C p = 0.5 kJ/kg C, = 7800
kg/m3, h(heat transfer coefficient between the plate and surroundings in the furnace) =
2303 W/m2 C
OR

d)What is the order of magnitude of thermal conductivity for metals, solid insulating
materials, liquids and gases.

e) A plate 20 mm thick and 100 mm wide is used to heat a fluid at 30 0C. The heat (6+9)
generation rate inside the plate is 7 x 10 6 W/m3. Determine the heat transfer coefficient to
maintain the temperature of the plate below1800 C. Given K = 26 W/m0C.

7 a) A40x40cmcopperslab5mmthickatauniformtemperatureof250 0C. (7+8)

Suddenlyhasitssurfacetemperatureloweredto30 0C. Findthetimeat
which the slab temperature becomes 900C, = 9000 kg/m3, C p = 0.38
kJ/kg.k,K=370W/mkandh=90W/m2k.
b)Derivethetemperaturedistributionandthe heat dissipated from an infinitely
long fin
OR

c) Define fin effectiveness and show that for an infinitely long fin. The effectiveness is
given by f = f ( Af/ Ac)
d) An aluminum cube 6cm on a side is originally at a temperature of 500 0C. It is (7+8)
suddenly immersed in a liquid at 100 0C for which h = 120 W/m 2 K. Estimate the time
required for the cube to reach a temperature of 250 0C. For aluminum C p = 900 J/kg K,
= 2700 kg/m3 k = 204 W/mK
8 a) A plane wall 10 cm thick generates heat at the rate of 4x10 4 W/m3 when an (7+8)
electric current is passed through it. The convective heat transfer coefficient between each
face of the wall and the ambient air is 50 W/m 2K. Determine a) The Surface Temperature
b) The maximum temperature in the wall.
b) Derive expression for temperature and heat dissipation in a straight fin of rectangular
profile for the fin insulated at the tip.
OR

c) What is lumped capacity? What are the assumptions for lumped capacity analysis?
d) For a transient heat conduction with negligible internal resistance, Prove that (/ i)
= exp (-Bi F0) (4+5+6)
e) A Carbon steel rod (k = 55 W/m deg) has been attached to a plane wall which is
maintained at a temperature of 350 0C. The rod is 8cm long has the cross section of
an equilateral triangle which each side is 5mm. Determine the heat dissipation from
the rod if it is exposed to a convection environment if it is exposed to a convection
environment at 25 0C with unit surface conductance 100 W/m 2deg. Consider end
surface loss to be negligible

9 a) Explain in detail what is meant by unsteady state heat transfer and list practical (6+9)
examples of transient heat conduction problem.
b) A large slab of aluminum at a uniform temperature of 200 C is suddenly exposed to
a convective surface environment of 70 C with a heat transfer coefficient of 525
W/m2k.Estimate time required for a point 4cm from the surface to come up to a
temperature level of 120C. (Take k = 215 W/mk, = 8.4 x10-5 m2/s).
OR

c) Explain why Heisler charts cannot be used for the case of Biot number (8+7)
approaching zero. What is the alternative for solving this typical case and what are
the uses of Heisler charts
d) A fin of 30cm long and 10mm diameter is made of steel alloy of thermal
conductivity 43 W/mK. The fin is attached to a plane wall 200C extends into the
surrounding at 25 C and film coefficient of 120 W/m 2C. Work out the heat flow rate
from the fin assuming the tip of the fin is to be insulated.

10 a) Derive the equation for Temperature distribution and heat dissipated by a fin with an (9+6)
insulated tip.

b) A plate 20 mm thick and 100 mm wide is used to heat a fluid at 30 0C. The heat
generation rate inside the plate is 7 x 10 6 W/m3. Determine the heat transfer coefficient to
maintain the temperature of the plate below1800 C. Given K = 26 W/m0C.

OR

d) What are Biot and Fourier numbers? Explain their physical significance
e) Define efficiency and effectiveness of fin and discuss the advantage of putting the fins with (4+5+6)
the consideration of Biot number.

f) A steel rod (K = 32 W/mk), 12mm in diameter and 60mm long, with an insu lated is to be
used as a spine. It is exposed to surroundings with a temperature of 60C and a heat transfer
coefficient of 55 W/mk. The temperature at the base of fin is 95C. Determine

i. Efficiency of fin

ii. Heat dissipation of the fin.

11 . a) What is basic difference between forced and free convection. (4+4+7)

b) Write any four factors on which heat transfer coefficient is dependent.
c) An air stream at 0C is flowing along a heated plate at 90C at a speed of 75m/s.
The plate is 45cm long and 60cm width. Assume the transition of boundary layer to
take place at Re= 5X105. Calculate the average values of friction coefficient and heat
transfer coefficient for the full length of the plate. Hence calculate the rate of energy
 dissipation from the plate.
OR
d) State Buckinghams theorem. (4+5+6)
e) What are the non dimensional numbers influences the heat transfer rates in forced
and natural convection? Explain.
f) A 40cm long glass plate is hung vertically in the air at 30 o C while its temperature
is maintained at 80oC. Calculate the boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of
the plate. If a similar plate is placed in a wind tunnel and air is blown over it at a
velocity of 4m/s, estimate the boundary layer thickness at its trailing edge.

12 a) Define Grashoff number and explain its significance in free convection heat transfer. (3+5+7)
b) Explain characteristics of boundary layer?
c) Air at 2 bar pressure and 200C temperature gets heated as it flows through 2.5cm
dia tube with a velocity of 10 m/s. A constant heat flux condition is maintained at the
wall and the wall temperature is 20C above the air temperature all along the length
of the tube. Make calculation for the heat transfer per unit length of the tube. Also
determine the increase in bulk temperature over a 3m length of the tube. The
appropriate correlation for the convection coefficient is N u = 0.023Re0.8 Pr0.4
where =2.59 x10-5 Ns/m2, k=0.03931W/mK, Cp=1026 J/kgK. Pr=0.680 =0.746
kg/m3
OR
d) Using dimensional analysis establish a relation between Nusselt, Reynolds and
(9+6)
Prandtl
Numbers?
e) Air at 20C flows over both sides of a surface measuring 0.2mX0.2m. The drag
surface was 0.075N. Determine the velocity gradient at the surface. Kinematic velocity
has a value of 15.06 x 106 m2/s. density = 1.205 kg/m3. Also determine drag
coefficient if the free stream velocity has a value of 40m/s.

13 . a) What is the physical significance of correlations used in free convection? (4+5+6)

b) Explain the mechanism of heat flow by natural convection
c) Air at 100 kPa and 270 C is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 1m/s. if the plate is
1m long. Calculate the hydrodynamic layer thickness at a distance of 50 cm from the
leading edge of the plate. Also calculate the local friction coefficient and average friction
coefficient for x = 50 cm for air at 100 kPa and 27 0C. Cp= 1.014 kJ/kgK = 1.092 kg/m 3,
k = 0.0265 W/mK, = 17.6 x 10-6 m2/s and Pr= 0.71

OR
d) Explain Reynolds Colburn analogy. (8+7)
e) A hot plate of 100cm height and 25cm wide is exposed to atmosphere air at 25C. The
surface temperature of the plate is 95C. Find the heat loss from both the surfaces of the
plate. If the height of the plate is reduced to 50cm and width is increased to 40cm.Find the
change in heat loss. Take suitable properties of air.

14 a) Define the velocity and thermal boundary layer thickness. (5+4+6)

b) Explain the physical significance of Prandtl number.
c) A straight tube having a diameter of 40mm carries water with a velocity of 10m/s. The
temp of the tube surface is 50 C and the flowing water is heated from the inlet temperature
ti=15 C to an outlet temperature t o = 25 C. Determine the coefficient of heat transfer from
the tube surface to water and the length of the tube. Take the physical properties of water at
its mean bulk temperature.
OR
d) What is meant by hydrodynamically well developed flow in a pipe line? (4+4+7)
e) Define hydrodynamic and thermal entry length.
f) Calculate the rate of heat loss from a human body which may be considered as a vertical
cylinder 30cm in diameter and 175cm high while standing in a 30km/hr wind at 15 0C .The
surface temperature of the human body is 350C.

15 a) What is order of boundary layer thicknesses (hydrodynamic and thermal) for Pr<<1, Pr=1 (3+3+9)
and Pr >>1
b) Why are the heat transfer coefficients for natural convection much less than those in
forced
Convection?
 c) Castor oil at 300C flows at a velocity of 0.08m/sec past a flat plate in a certain process.
If the plate is 5m long and is maintained at a temperature of 90 0C, find:

i. The local heat transfer coefficient at the trailing edge and

ii. Heat transfer rate.

The thermo physical properties of oil at mean film temperature of (30+90)/2 = 60 0C are;
= 957 kg /m3; = 7.2 x10-8m2/sec -k; K = 0.213 W/mK = 0.65 x 10-4 m2/sec.

OR
d) What is meant by entry length? What is the entry length for laminar and turbulent flows
(5+4+6)
in hydrodynamic boundary layer in the pipes?
e) What is a laminar sub layer? Where this layer is generally formed?
f) A plate of size 20 cm x 30 cm is used as a water heater in a process plant.
The temperature of water is 20 oC while the heater plate is maintained at a
temperature of 120oC. Determine the heat transfer rate by free convection
when 20 cm side of the heater is kept vertical.

16 . a) Explain the heat exchange between non black bodies and also derive the inter change for (8+7)
radiant heat exchange between infinite parallel planes.
b) Water at saturation temperature and atmospheric pressure is boiled in the
stable film boiling regime with an electrically heated, horizontal platinum wire of diameter
1.27 mm. Calculate the surface temperature necessary to produce a heat flux of 150 kW/m 2
OR
c) Explain the regimes of pool boiling with neat diagram (7+8)
d) Two large parallel planes having emissivities 0.3 and 0.5 are maintained at temperatures of
800 K and 400 K respectively. A radiation shield having an emissivity of 0.5 on both sides
is placed between the two plates. Calculate
(i) The heat transfer arte per unit area if the shield were not present.
(ii) The heat transfer rate per unit area with the shield present.
(iii) The temperature of the shield.

17 . a) Define the terms: (i) Absorptivity (ii) Reflectivity (iii) Transmissivity (3+5+7)
b) State and explain Plancks law of radiation

c) Saturated steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on a horizontal copper tube of 25

mm inner diameter and 29 mm outer diameter through water flows at the rate of 25 kg/min
entering at 30oC and leaving at 70oC. Making necessary assumptions, Calculate

i) The condensing heat transfer coefficient

ii) The inside heat transfer coefficient
iii) The length of the tube. (4+5+6)
OR
d) What is radiation shield? Where is it used?
e) What is meant by boiling and condensation process?
f) The energy received from the sun at the earths atmosphere has been measured as 1353
W/m2. The diameter of the earth = 1.29 x 10 7 m. Diameter of the sun = 1.39 x 10 9 m, mean
distance = 1.5 x 1011m. Estimate the emissive power of the sun and the surface temperature
assuming it to be black. Assuming that the source of energy for the earth is from the sun
and earth to be black. Estimate the temperature of earth.

18 a) What do you mean by geometrical or shape factor in case of radiation exchange between (9+6)
two surfaces? Derive an expression for this.
b) Two parallel plates each of emissivity 0.8 are maintained at temperature of 400 K and
600 K in an evacuated space. A screen of emissivity 0.05 is now introduced between these
plates. Determine the temperature of the screen and also the heat flux per unit area of the
screen.
OR
(5+10)
 (c) How does radiation play an important role in boiling heat transfer?

(d) A heated brass plate at 150 oC is submerged horizontally in water at a pressure

corresponding to a saturation temperature of 125 oC. What is the heat transfer per unit area?
Calculate also the heat transfer coefficient in boiling.

19 a) Distinguish between Black body and Grey body. (4+4+7)

b) Differentiate emissivity and reflectivity.

c) Saturated air free steam at 75oC condenses on a 0.5m x 0.5m vertical plate maintained at
a uniform temperature of 45oC. Calculate

i) The average heat transfer coefficient over the entire length of the plate

ii) The total rate of condensation

iii) The thickness of the condensate at the bottom of the plate.
(5+5+5)
OR
d) Explain i) Kirchhoffs law of radiation. ii) Wiens displacement law iii) Plancks law of
radiation.
e) State and explain the reciprocity theorem.
f) Derive the expression for radiation emissivity exchange between large parallel gray surfaces.

20 . a) What is intensity of radiation? Prove that total emissive power times the intensity of (8+7)
radiation.
b) Aheatedbrassplateat150oCissubmergedhorizontallyinwateratapressure
correspondingtoasaturationtemperatureof125oC.Whatistheheattransferper
unitarea?Calculatealsotheheattransfercoefficientinboiling.
OR c)
Explain the regimes of Boiling Processes.
d) Two large parallel planes with emissivities 0.4 are maintained at different temperatures
exchange heat only by radiation. What percentage change in net radiation heat transfer would (7+8)
occur if two equally large radiation shields with surface emissivities 0.04 are introduced in
parallel to the plates?

21 . a) Discuss the advantages of NTU method over LMTD method of heat exchangers (5+10)
b) A shell and tube type of heat exchangers is designed to cool 1.512 kg/s of oil (C p =2093
J/kg k) from 65.56 C to 42.22 C by using 1.008 kg/s of water at an inlet temperature of
26.67 C. Assuming an overall heat transfer coefficient of 681.6 W/m 2k and a single shell - 2-
tube pass type of heat exchanger. Determine the required heat transfer area. Use the
effectiveness method.
OR

c) Compare NTU and LMTD methods and discuss relative advantages and disadvantages.
d) In a shell and tube heat exchanger with 8 tubes passes through the shell, hot engine oil (5+10)
available at 1600C flow through the shell and water through the tubes. Water at the rate of
2.5 kg/s is heated from 150 0C to 800C and there are ten tubes per pass. The diameter of
each tube is 2.5cm and the average convection coefficient h o = 400 W/m2 K. Determine
the flow rate of oil if its exit temperature is to be 100 0C. Also compute the length of the
tubes.

22 a) Derive an expression for effectiveness of a parallel flow heat exchanger using NTU method. (6+9)
b) An oil cooler consists of a straight tube 20 mm OD and 16mm ID enclosed within a pipe
and concentric with it. The external pipe is well insulated. Oil flows through a tube at
0.05 kg/s (Cp= 2000 J/kgK) and cooling liquid flows in the annulus in the opposite
direction at a rate of 0.1 kg/s(C p= 4000 J/kgK). The oil enters the cooler at 180 0C and
leaves at 800C while the cooling liquid enters at 30 0C. Calculate the length of the tube
required if heat exchanger coefficient from oil to tube surface is 2000 J/s m 2 K and from
the surface to water is 4000 J/s m2 K. Neglect the resistance of the tube wall and fouling.
23 a) Give the classification of heat exchangers and explain it briefly (5+10)
b) Hot oil with a capacity rate of 2500 W/K flows through a double pipe heat exchanger. It
enters at 360 C and leaves at 300 C. Cold fluid enters at 30 C and leaves at 200 C. If the
overall heat transfer coefficient is 800 W/m 2K, determine the heat exchanger area required
for (i) parallel flow and (ii) counter flow.

OR
c) Prove that for a counter flow heat exchanger, when Cmin/Cmax= 1, =NTU/ (1+ NTU)
(8+7)
d) A hot fluid at 2000C enters a heat exchanger at a mass flow rate of 10 4 kg/hr. Its specific
heat is 2000 J/kg K. It is to be cooled by another fluid entering at 25 0C with a mass flow
rate 2500 kg/hr and specific heat 400 J/kg K. The overall heat transfer coefficient based on
outside area of 20m2 is 250 W/m2 K. Find the exit temperature of the hot fluid when the
fluids are in parallel flow.

24 . (a). Define heat exchanger effectiveness and explain its significance. (4+4+7)
(b). Explain the significance of mean temperature difference.
(c) In a tubular counter flow heat exchanger water is heated from 40 C to 80 C by hot flue
gases (Cpg= 1.0 kJ/kg K). The hot gas enters at 200 C and leaves at 100 C. The overall
heat transfer coefficient of the exchanger is 200 W/m 2 K. Find the area of the heat
exchanger by (a) LMTD method (b) NTU method. Assume that the water enters the heat
exchanger at 1060 kg/h.
OR
d) Give some applications of heat exchangers. (4+5+6)
e) Draw the temperature profiles in a concentric tube heat exchanger when operated under
parallel and counter flow conditions.
f) The flow rates of hot and cold water streams running through a parallel flow heat
exchanger are 0.2 kg/s and 0.5 kg/s respectively. The inlet temperatures on the hot and
cold side are 750C and 200C respectively. The exit temperature of hot water is 45 0C. If the
individual heat transfer coefficients on both sides are 650 W/m 2C, calculate the area of the
heat exchanger.

25 a) What is a heat exchanger? Explain various types of heat exchangers. (5+4+6)

b) What is meant by correction factor and when it is used?
c) It is desired to heat 450 kg/hr of water from 10 0C to 750C utilizing the heat of flue gases
(Cp=2.9 kJ/kg C). The gases are available with a flow rate of 1,800 kg/hr at a temperature
of 1650C. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 125 W/m 2C, determine the length of 3
cm tubing required for parallel flow and counter flow heat exchanger.

OR
(4+5+6)
c) Draw the sketch for temperature variation of two fluids in a condenser and evaporator
d) Explain the reasons for using multiple passes on tube side and shell side of multi tube
heat exchangers.
e) A hot gas at the rate of 16.2 kg/s at 648 0C (Cp= 3.52 kJ/Kg K) is used to heat 20.2 kg/sec
of the incoming fluid at 1000 C(Cp= 4.2 kJ/kg K) in a heat exchanger. If the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 0.92 kW/m2K for an effective area of 43.8 m2, find the fluid outlet
temperatures for counter flow and parallel flow arrangements.