(HU VIEN AL HOC THUY SAM | D 663.94 || T 455 H [ THU ViEN DAI HOU THUY SAN wid ha ff THANH PEGE ¥ a os aDVAN. HANG a [er en | of fea pa HME fe f eo vant «co sO SINH HOA VA Ky THUAT cHE BIEN TRA ? A L2G. . ve NA XUAT BAN “THANH PHO HO cut MINH 1985Y “chd bin tir té hode bip tra. * _ LO GIGE THIEU oe Nirée tray mde dit khéng cung edp_ndng legny eho cu th? npite rhe mét 38 lot nude khdo, song Ahé toi diem ve KAT ning ddp ithg nhu clit vt cde duge chi! nhur ca fein, cathesir, mué! khodag ada nd tré thanh float rarée udng quen thade adi vél-rihdn-ddn ta vd vhiéu dda ide trén th® gidi. -. : we Tay. nhién, hiy Heng dia phiong, ting ddn'tée ind tap gudn adiig thd co. khdenhan. Cac dda ide Nam va Bong Nain A thich wing tra-xanh ed wep Awong, Cde dan igc Trang vd, Tay A thich a@ng ira xanh ép bénh, tang iré {dn niin’ vdi ede loal cita déng vdt, Uhueéng mht ta sita nga. Cde ddan tde ehdn Au, chau Mf thich udng ird den véi duéng, chanh hode sita,,. , , . , Da Abie nhaw ve-hink dang bén ngodi lan ndi chit cing , ctich fhite bao géi, tit ed cdc dang tra sin phim déa dege < Tra ld toai edy céng nghiép du ném, -thich hop. nt véi khi Adu nhiél doi vd @ nhktét doi, Cdy tra chin dage ede - diéu kidn khde nghidt vé thiri Ut va thd nhwong. | . 'Cée ving dat cao, it man md cd th® dank cho cdy- ira, :~ Vi vdy, vide phat trita ngdnh tring va ché bith tré khéng lan - ‘ditt trting cdg ‘brong thye va hoa mdu khdc. - “Tay td. cdy cong nghitp ldu adm, niveng ‘ithéi gian tir Bhi. “dnong dén Khai thée lal agin, te & dé § nim 1d 06 ANB thi. « ‘bp. Néw cham sée cha ddo, tabi khai thde de rong ted cd. th® d&n 30. ndim. .Che bi€n tra cung ep cho aha ela trong nuréc va-autit khita, yéu olla vé dau ter ki thudt cing trang thi€t bi if t6n - kém hen so vél ch® bign cde néng sda klidc. Mal khde, edo phé Wég eila mwéng tra cén dirge ding a2 sdn cna cafein, ede ont maa ding cho ngdah dirge va thire phim. Nude ta cé diy dit diga kign v2 khi hén va thd nhedng a phat tritn agdnh trong trot ud-ch® ‘bidn tra. Mim 1977, Lién Alép ede af aghiép ird Viet Nam ra dit. Ching ta cé mot co ché mbi cho phép quan Wy thing nhl ter ji: khan nguyén ligu déri khdu ché bite, Nhd atréc con yiip ab ede. dia phrong thank tép ede lidn aidp xi nghidp edrg néng’ nghiép trad va khuytn khich cde gid dinh tén dung dé quank nhéd & fring trd, ahdm khai thée hf manh 6 dia phaong, dap ing nhu ea. tide the trong merce vd xudt khaia. + BB gitp ban doe’ “adm: dirve vi agank "cng nghiép cht bign ird, Nhe xudt bdn Thdnh phd HG Chi Minh xuat ban cudn «Co sé sink Ada vd kf that ohd bign trds eda Phd én “st Hoa hee Tong vein Héng hién dang céng ide fai Tratng Bai Hoc Bach khoa Thanh phd Hé CAL Mthh. ‘Nha wutit bda vad tde gid mong. nhén duge anid aw kita -ddng ad cla ban dec. NHA xk BAN THANH PHO HO CHE MINH yee aPHAN I pic TINH Taye vAT tA CAY TRA Trage day, oatg he thng thye. vat hog ete nbd’ khoa hoe di xép cay tra: ‘Thudc nganh ngge lan hat kin (agio “Sperchee) . Thade ep agoc lan hai lamim (Dicatyladoneae) Thude bd Theales. Thudc ho Theaceac. “Thuge gidng Thea (cting nghia voi Catieltia). Thade loai Thea Sinenais- L. Thoat dau trong giéng ‘Thea, ngwdi ta phan biet -ra lam. hai-chiing Thea Bohea L ya Thea Viridis Le Tuy nhién ching bao. du cach phan chia nhw véy bj bac bd vi d-: di tir cde giéng khic nhau, cac nba cong . ‘nghé vin ché bign ra dire cdc sin phim tra cé chit. ' htgng giéng hét nhaa. Ké theo, co ¥ kién ae nghi chia efy tra thanh | hai ching ‘la Thea Sinensis L, tue Mio chong. tra Be * “ :Trung quéc va ching Thea Assamica eva An do, Ching dau thich hep voi digu kign khi hau & nbigi dei va ching sau thich hyp voi ditu. kign khi hau nhiet dgi. Trong ching Thea Sinensis L cé cdo gidng tra Nhat bdn, trA Trung quéc. Trong ching Thea Assamica L cé-cdc giéng Assam Lusay,: Nagakhilt, Manipuri, Burme, Shan, Dién an va Laizri-Lanca. Tuy ahién, cach lam nay, theo ¥ kién ela gido ar tiga si M.K. Dzemukhade, rit bi-han ch& vi nd chi dua vao cdu tgo té bao vé phan bd dia-ly.ma khong diva vao dic tinh cong nghé eting thanh phan: héa hoc ciia cay tra. oo ‘ Ciing theo y ki€n cita.tae gid nay thi cach phan . logi sau day cia cdc nha thuc’ vat Trang quéc kha -df cdn.e6 thé chip nhdn dugc. Theo cach phan loai _ ela reds Khoa hoe gia Trung quée thi loai Thea Sinenais L nén phan thanh 4 gidng sau day : — Gidng Var. bonea, giong nay moc nhidud ving - Ut va thuong dirge goi la tra Trung quée 14 nbd . ‘Ching thiréng moc thank bui thip, phan canh nhidu, ram rap. Lacé mau xanh dam, 6 ring cia & mép, Hoa né.nhibu ya thing dirge tring & ede ving Bong va Bong nam Trung quéc, Nbatbdn vA vai toi khac. —Giong Var. mucrophylla Siel (dong tra ‘Trung quée 4 to), gidng nay'cé hinh dang bén ngoai gin ging voi giong Var bonea than cd thé'cao dén Sin,’ id rong 6—7 cm, dai'14 em va c6 8 ddi fing & mép, _ Giong nay od thé giip & tit ed cde ving’ tra, cha-y6q -eGa Trung quée, 7. , : ma --> Gidng Var. shanJ; giong fay od Id rit to, miu xanh sing wdi)10 doi ring vi cudng rit dai,throng thay 6 tinh Dién an Trang quéc, Mign diga, Viét nam va Lao. — Gidng Var. assamica M: giong. nay cay co thd cao aén 17m, la r&t to va dai dén 35em mong, cé mau xanh dam véi 12 hay 15 ddi rau & meép, it ; hoa. Thay tring nbidu é & ving Maniptr n 6, Mién . diéy, Dién an Trang quéc vA vai noi khac. Nhu-vay cdc chuyén gia Trung quéc da tach hin giong Shan khéi cdée’gidng khac diya vao dc diém cfu tao gidi phiu t@ bao. Tuy nhién, ho vin chia phan biét doc gidng la to Dién an véi- gidpg Var. assamica; mac di 2 giéng nay co dc tinh sink truéng rat khdc biét nhau. Gidng Var. assamica cé. ‘kha ning phat trign han:hep, newge fal gidng Dién an 14 to phat trign rit manh. * Ciing nhw-cdc chuyén gia née nabai, cdc chuyén ‘ sie Vidt nam taj traithi nghiém giéng trd Phu hé . thuéc tinh Vinh pha cfing ¢6 nhitng nhéa dinh chita that c6 co s& chic chin. Tai day 06 cao khu tr8ng cdc cay tra gidng Thea Sinensis vA Thea Assamica va Zgiong dja phirong la « Shan » va «Trang du». Trang cing diéu kién thi nghiém, 2 giong dia phuong phat - trién kha nh&t va cdc chuyén gia cha ta xép 2 gidng dia phuong nay.thuge gidng Thea Assamica,. Sé.di és chia théng nh&t gifta cac khoa hoc gia lic phan chia edy tra, triréc hét cd 12 yi ho chi | ... diva vao cdc.déiu higu'cdu tao. gidi phiu la vi té bao - chia tinh ath. mdi lién hé tin héa ching. dic tinh 4, : hoa, sinh khac. _ Ngoai-ra, mot ngnyén nhan khée ‘din an tinh oe trang my la cdc nghien et ctru trirée day obi ahh vao atd6i-trgng la cdc cay tra dugc tréng trot va chim séc chu déo, ma chia hiréag vao.céc cay dang moc hoang dai & cdo noi khac ahau. Bé kbhéc phuc tinh trang vita néu, gifo sw tién si M.K. Dzenmukhade lam vite tai Vien héa sinh mang’ tén nha bac-hoc ndi ting Bak thudc Vién ban lam khoa hoc Lién x6 da day eéng nghién ciru cdc gidug tra moc hoang dai & phia Bdc ban dio Dong Dirong va Nam lye dia Trang quéc, nei van dug goi 14 qué hong cha eéy tra, dt phat hién ‘mdi lién bd tign hoa gitra ching . var xo, dinh chink xée qué hirong cia cay tra. ‘ Nbr cing ta dA biét, vao nim 1935, tai Nmye- _ len di-t8 chirc mét hoi nghi chuyén Khéo v8 thie vat va. héi nghi nay, cdc aha khoa hot da xép cay Ara thuge gidag Camellia. Theo die tinh cfu tao, gidi phdu té bao gitta Camellia va tra 66 nhidu ditm gidng- nhau.-Cé hai déu cé thé moc, phat-trida thanh byi hoje thanh cdc cay cao. Ching ¢ e6 la, hip, hoa, Aud va hat cing gidng nhau. - oo Tuy ohién, kha ning ting hop’ va _tich Hy eae chat trong thanb phan hod hee, gitra cay tré va'Cam. ellia cing cé nhitng diém gidng-va khac nhau. . Trirée hét, trong hat chy tra va trong cdy Came- Nia. khoug hé phat hién thay cafein. Nhung trong c4c co” quan khac, cia cay tre die bidet la 14, ham lgng ‘chat nay dt din 5% theo’ chit kho. . : . V@ bam lireng.. cathesin — be phan ‘polyplienol cé phan ti lreng nbd, whe cAy trivia Camellia cang dang, lun ye : :Tk nim 1950, Robris va Wood, phat hién thay — trong la Camellia moc & phia Bie Mitn dién (gidng - chira xdc dinh r8) cé mat (—) Ee va (—) ECG. : Mirgi mot ndim sau, tie nam 1964 trong phong thi nghiém cia gido sw tign sT K.M. Dzemukhade, ‘phat hién thay trong 14 cha ty Camellia gidng Sasan- gua co khodng 0,2 — 9,4: % (~-) EC, cof trong la” cia. gidng Japonica 6 khoang 0,8 % (—-) EC vk khodng 0,13. 99 (—) EGC, can (— JEGCG'ehi cé vet. Ban nim 1968, cdc cdng tic vien cha vien si M.N. . Japromets V tim thay trong 14 cay Camellia gfong Japonica chi cé (+)‘C; con ging Sasangua thi hgp chat nay Khong phat hign dirge. : Nhir vay, cic 33 ligu ‘tha phan duge trong gin 20 nim di voi thabb phi Cathesin cia chy Came- Ilia chia digs nhidu vA ‘tloh qui Iudt cing con rit thiip. Nhirng so bé cé thé noi ring, tiy theo su phan bé dia ly ma kha ning téng hop va tich lily (—) EC va (—) EGG git cac giong Camellia co kbdc nhau va nhu vay qua trinh trao d5j chat cha gidng nay don gidn hoa & cay tra. _ VGi cite nhan dinh. nhw vay, chting ta: hy vong ring, trong m6i lién hé tién hoa giita cay Cametlia va cay tra 26 nhitng-dai dién chung cé thanh’ phaa Cathesin gidng nhan.. Cae dai dién nay ean -duge tim kigm -va nghién : eitu & ahirng n noi phat sinh ra: cling. .Trén -co's& nhitng. gia thigt ‘tritéa.day, we qué hong cia. cay tra la -mién Nam luc dia Trung hoa ‘vA ving Bic ban ddo Bong Drong, gido su, tiga si 9 “et ne‘KM. Dzemukhade diruig ain mot -nhém chuyén gia hdn hop gifts hai nuréc Lién x6 va Viét nam da a@n khio sat cic ving lanh thd ndi trén. _ -‘Truée tién, cde mhé khdo- sat dimg lai & ving .sudi Rong thugc Nghia 16. Tai day, ho d& gap ‘cde. khu rirng tré moc hoang so cé tubi tho chimg khodng soo nimtrodai Trén ving dat niimcao so voi mat bid tr 800 . == 1,700m, cdc cdy. tra ving nAy moc va phat trién . . thanh cay cao, diréng kinh cha tan cAy cé khiiréng. dén 10 — 12m, La cha cfc chy tra nay to,cé mau xanh d4m. Poe, - , Céo bip phat tritn hodn thién cé thé nang dén Sgr. Voi ditu kién. dia ly va kbi hau ‘ving nay, cae - eay tyh c6 thd phat trign quanh nim. Nang svat thu bip vdo khodng 200 — 300 kg n&m/ocay. . ‘Bae bidt, tSc dd thng trong cia cy rit lon. Think thodng co thé gap trudng hop tée. do nay dat — ln/nim. . re ". .Vé-dde tinh trao dbi chit, cdc cAy tra ving Sudi- Rong ¢6 kh néng tbng ‘hyp nianh mé prétein,.cafein - va’ cathesin.: & caela! fiir-2, 3 cha-e&e bap phat tridn hoan: thign;.- mong ‘cdc: cathesine co th® .datedtge ky. Tye 2001 hs kha Dida nggd-nhids ra hgang & day chira-cé kha ning thng hop.-dang (4) cathésin. Cac thank phn. (—) epicathesine, (—)epicathesinegallat chiém. d6n 70% tOng lrgng cathesin — tive 1d gin gip Dai ~ tbng lrgng (—) epigallo ‘cathesin ‘va (2) epigalloca: Ahesingallat.: Bo Wa dibachwa bao gig thy khft phan: yo be ae :tich thanb phan cathesin cia cae cay trh dang dige — tring trot hién nay. . Tren ving d&t Suéi Rong & Thy Bac, céc nha - _Kkhdo sat tign sang ving Tiga thong -thudc ‘Lang aqn i 1 nim & phia Dong, bic Viét nam. Dic ditm cia ving nay 14 phia Bae gitp ‘abitink Dién an cia Trung quéc. va nim & ag cao tr 600 —' "800 so voi mat bién, _Trén mét dién lich rong ‘hoang 20 ha, ‘tae chy tra hoang & day cd thé moc thanh céy cao & nhitng chd thoang, trOng va ciing co thé moe thanh bui duvi tan chy cia cic logi cay khdc. V8 trong lirgng 14 va \thanh phiin chit khé, cde cy moc chd thoang, 6 18° " do ditge itu tién hudng ping lrong cha mat troinén virgt han cdo bui tra. Tuy nhién cde cay. nay van . ‘pura e6: kha ning tbng hop va tich Itiy dang (+) cathesin, trong khi dé & cdc bui tra ham s Imgng chat nay khé cao. Bidu trong ding tha vila cting nh cde cay “tra hoang & ving Sudi Rong Nghia £4, cac cay tra ving nay cling téng hyp mét Igong (—) epicathesine va (—) epicathesingallot rat'lén so véi cdc gidng Théa Sinensis va Thea Assamica dang tring hign nay. Nhw-vay, qua 2 yong! tra hoang & phia Bac Viet nam cing di thay dirge ring, kh niing ting hop_va tich, lity. ‘cathesin cha ching khiéc xa cac gidng tra- ‘ éang trong hién nay va tei kha gin gili voi-cay ~ Camellia. “ Ti nhitng nim 60, tién si K.M. Dzmukbade cing . Af 66 dip lam quen vii cdc ‘ving tra hoang ao & phia - Nam lye dia Trung quéc. i oA,\ Kbi khdo sat ving tra Minh khai thuge tinh Dién an cia Trung quéc, cic tac gid nhan xét ring, mic «dit & 4 cao 1.100 'm so vei mat bién, cac cay tra & day vin c6 kha ning phat trifa kha manb, cy cao dén 5,5 va duong kinh than dat 0,35m. La cé hiah ellip, dai Idem, romg 6, gem. , / Khi.phasi tich thanh phin cathesin cia cde cay / tra & ving Minh khai-va Nhan san ihuds tinh nay, "eke tic ab ehan digs cdc sb Heo cho & hing s sau - day: Bang 1. 1 Ving Minh khai ‘| Ving Nhéan san bdp 2 14 non 16 thit.4 va & - Ay @) Thanh phan cathosin (—} Epigallocathe- sine wet 19 9,75) 9,17 (+) Gallocathesine 15,62 7,981 7,50 (-— )Epicathesine 25,49 . 7 19,86 18,70 (—) Epigallocathe- ; ‘ oi sine gallat- | 73,39 . | 33,43 | 31,42 (-) jcathesine « eo . : ! : gallat - _-f 62,22 | 32, 35,33 | 33,21 Tong cong tse [too 106,35 | 100,00: (1) ‘Tink bing mg/gr chi’t kh6, | (2) Tinh, thea -% tina 8 catheain,‘ Qua céc sd lidu nay thi khd ning: Sng hop (-) : Epicathesine (—) epi cathesinegallat'cia cac.cay tra, uhitng noi nay co yéu bon cac cfy tra & Sudi Rong. va Tién thong thude Vi¢t nam. Tuy nhién, ching da c6 dirge kha ning thng hop dang (+) cathesin ma é day la (+) gallocathesine. Vang tra ther ba.ma tac gid tran di khao sat la Hitu Chau. Hitu Chau nim & phia Bac Dién. an c6 toa dé 1a 280 vi Bae vi 100° ~ 110° kinh Bong va eao hon mit bién 1.400m. Bae biét thoi tigt ving. nay 14.Yat nong vé mpa he vA vé moa dong lai rat lanh, Cac cdy tra hoang & day cé sy phat trén kém _thua.cae. cAy tra 6. cdc ving da kkhdo sat qua. Cay chi cao. khodng 3.5m, dirong kink than 18¢m. Qua _ phan tich thanh phin cathesin, cac tac gid nhan , dirge che 36 Tigu sau day : Bang 1.2. | “Tinh bing | Tinh theo 9%: Gatherin mag /gr pbng 0d ‘ chit khé cathesin (—) Epigallo cathesin | - 10,38 9,37 (-) Gallocathesin |, 482 20° 3,98 (—) Epicathesin “Ss gad 4,56 ! (—) Epigallo os! cathesinegallat: / 74,68 — 63;37 (-) Epicathesingallat. | . 14,67 , 33,52 Ting sd 108,46 100,0Nhw vay kh ning thng hyp ecathesin cha cac cAy tra ving nay yéu hon cdc cay tra ving Dién an va Viet nam. Song chung van cé durge kha ning thag hop (-£) gallo cathesin va digu khac biét chi yéu so voi cac cay ira & cdc ving trén la cac edy traé ving nay chit yéu ting hop (—) epigallo cathésin (—) Eta va (—)epigaliocathesine-gallat, Ham lirong cha hai cht nay chiéth dén 80% thng 86 cdc cathesin. - V6i cic tw ligu 48 thu lgm ‘diege khi khdo sdt ede edy ith hoang moe &'nhimng ving co ditu kién khi hau va thd: nbudng rét khdc nhau, cée nha thie vAt di thanh cong trong viéc tim kim cdc dai dién eb xia cha cay tra, c6 kha ning ‘thng hop cathesin gin gidng voi cdy cathellia."B6 chinh la cdc cay tra ' moc ¢ phia Bic Viet nam, ae . s ‘ O°. on, ae - : - , On . . o OM 6 OO aiteette OE . val on One Po “gece. , Sallat ‘hed Ss Gallat hod On _ 1 PO a ¥ ov: . on a . on ok bow . . 4—co—{$ on on: . ’ fo ete’Cang di Ién phia Bae, vei cae didu kin khi hoo’ khé va Janh hon, trong cdy tra di cd phitog ‘they adi-san séc.vé dc tinh trac ddi cht. Kha nang tng hgp ya tich lity cae cathesin don gidn nhwing chi cha kbd niing thng hgp céc cathesin phire tap. Biéu nay od nghia la ging tién v8 phiong Bie, trong cy tra di aly ra qué trinh hydroxyi héa va gallat hda | ‘(—) epicatheaine. = * - ota _. Qua trinh nay, trong didu ki¢n phong thi nghiém eéthé tign hanh dé dang vi nhanh éhéng. Tuy obién trong tir nhién, cay tra phai trai qua mot khodng thoi gien dai méi hinh thanh va $n dink qua rink hay | “pe kétindn phin nay, xin din ra day y kitn cha _ fida si K.M. Dzmukbade Theo ong, tt cde rimg Game- ‘Win eB xia, cach day hang ngan nim, a8 xuat hin cdc chy tri diu: tien, cd kh ning thng hop va tich | iy cathesin rit gidng voi cay camellia. : _* Trong qua (rink phat ‘trign va lan rong, trong - ditu kign ur nhién (ngoai sy can thigp cia con ngedi) ‘ede cy tra nay din din thay ddi die tink cla qua trinh trae d3i chilt, vi cdc tap quan di-truy@n nay _ din theo thé i gian di dugc cing cé.cho dén nghy “ nay, ma loai _ngwéi ¢6th8 thily dege qua cde gidng Thea Sinensis va Thea’ Assamica, = oe ‘Tu két ludn nay, c6.th2-néu ra.day. so.d0 tito . béa’ cia cAy tra oh sau: toe : ' Cay camellia . —» Cay tra Viet nam ——-,~ a : _ Cay trh Dién an ld tov, Cay tra Assamica 4 Cay tra Trung quéela nhd sO _ (Thea Simensis) ABENhu vay, thay vi,xera kia cdc nba thire vat cdn 8p chung 2.viing Minh thd kh§ di ta qué hwong cia cay tra La Nam Trung quéc va Bae Viét nam thi gid day c6 thé ndi, chige néi cia cay tra chink 1A lan thd phia Bic cia TS quéc ciring ta. , Ciing trén co sé cdc két.qud thu dwge nay, tic gid cla gia thiét méi ve sz tin hoa cha cay tra, KM. Dzeinukhade d& dita ra cach phan loai mdi vé thuc vat déi voi cay tra niur sau: : / Cay tra thage nganh: Ngoc lan hat ki Agivo. + : a spermae, thuge lop: Ngge lan hai la mim Dic- z : ctyledoneae. thnée ho: Camelliaceae, thude giéng : Thea. |; thudc ching : Thea Wethamica, . cde giéng la : Thea Jiunnanica, Thea As-— . “ . samica. va Thea Ajnensis. -_ Mie dit la xi sé cha cay tra,-nhung do hai cudc chién tranh kéo dai wA cong tac quan ly hie du con abiéy nhirge diém, ta chia cé nhitng diiu tr thich dang cho céng téc nghién ciru-giéng, nhim khai thac nhitng loi diém v8 kinh té cla cdc cay tra mog hoang so. Theo ¥ kién cita cac-chuyén gia. v8 gidng. niréc ngoai, thi cdc gidng tra dang direc trdng. trot vaché bitn 6 nitée te cling duoc nhaép ti nwdc . ngoai, Do trong thgi gian dau, khdu*nhan ging © ta di tr hat nén di tao nén nhidy Bidng moiva gay - ra ay da dang’ v3 gidng & ‘nitée ta hién nay. ., -Trén nhing: ving trdug trA chinh cia ta hién | dang canh téc vA khai thie’ cic-loai sauday :Lodi Shan: Méc di c6é nguén géc tir nude ngoai, nhtrag do di dug thudn héa tit lau nén y kién cha cdc chuyén gia vé.gidng tri eta ta, thi loai nay di td thinh «dae sdn» cia. Viet nam. Co th nhdn bist loti nay bling dau higu sau day: Loai Shan cd mito la xanh mhat, dai ching 16 — 17 cm, rong 4—-7 em voi 13-15 doi ring. Cay cd _thé-moc cao dén 9— 10 m hodc hon. Lodi nay co kha _ ning dé thich nghi voi cdc didn kién v8 thortiét nén dwge trong nhiéu & ede ving cao. nh Hoang lién son, Ha tuyén, Lam ding. Bay la lodi co nhidu dic tinh qui nhe bip.to, tém ‘dai, ndng canh., Trong didu.kign thi ngbiém, nding sufi. cho bip cha giovg . “Shan e6 th8 dat 19 Minfha va. trong didu kien tring dai tra, riding anit cho bup chi can khodng 6 —7 tan] ha. Didu nay cd, thd néi ring, trong didu kién- dua | ditn tring giéng Shan nbitu lén thi phai chu ¥ nhiéu d€n cdc phirong’ phap canh tic, a8 gift dirge dic tink kinh té che giéng nay Wt kha: aling ‘cho bnip cao, Loai Trung du : SCung voi loai Shan, ‘foai ‘Trang du ciing divge 4rng ahibu’ & ede ving tra chinh & tmaée tas Co dén 709% ec. nurarig tra & cic Ainh phia © . Bae tring logi nay. Cé th phat bign loai Trung du- "Jhling cdc diu biet bén ‘ngodisau day: - “La loai nay eé ‘mitt xanh dém, ‘dai ching lem, rong 7em voi 10 dai ring nhgn &mép la. Loai Trung ducé dd ting tregng rt manh va tinh khang bénh | kha tét. Trong didd kién thi nghiém ning suit. cho bip cia loai Trang ; , trong dai tra, con s@ giggEfo” aig 4-5 tan/ha. erwageg CM neyNgoai hai loai vira ké trén, qua cac ving trong tra & nurés ta, con cd thé gap cdc loai khae it hon nh Manipuri, Kimin, Loai Menipuri cé-ngutn gée thuge giong Thea Assimica. La cha lo&i nay to, dai 15°— 17 cm, ¢é hinh ovan. Day 1a loa cé trién yong ‘thir ba sau lodi-‘Shan va Trung du. Lodi Kimin cé. quan hé véi gidng Thea Sinensis. Trong diéu kién thd nhwong.va théi tet cia nude fa, Lodi nay phat trign kém. Tuy nhién, tra sin phim durge ché bién tir trainguyén lidu.Kimin ‘cd hong ré&t dé hiv, nén, theo ¥ kién cha céc chayén gia vé tra, thi nén co nhitng diu tu nghién ciru v2 loai nay d@ sem thuda héa dirge ching, vira git digs khé nang phat trido t6t cia cay me vira cho sdn m palim cé chat long ¢ éao. ' ‘PHAN . _ THAN PHAN HOA HQC CUA BUP TRA / Ciing nhu cac loai thure vat khdc, cdy tra trong \. ‘quévtrinh s6ng 48 tbng hyp va tich lity hang trim - ~ eh@l' Whde ‘nhau trong thanh phan héa hoe cia minh. ~ Tat nbign cé-rét phiéu trong uhitng chit dé cin cho doi séng cha cay tra, nhirng lai khong git vai trd quyét dinh, howe tham chi Anh hiéng xfu dén chat hygng cia tra sin phim. Thanh phan héa hoc céa létrs, pha thuge vio rét ahi8u yéu té ma thay dbi trong mot gidi han rong. Twu trung ¢é thé phan cdc yéu té nay thank banhém Jon sau day: ede didu kién khi hau vi thd nbufng; giéng va-cudi cling 1A cde bien phdp canh tac diryc dp dyng cho: tng nwong tra va cy tra cu thé, Cae cong trink. nghién cuu vé thank phiin héa hoe cia: la tra df duge titn. hank hang.trim nim nay, obirng thye t@ nhimng bi mat ea céy tra van chia dirge hoap toan kham pha.Né€u. ohitng nghién ‘iru trirge day chi nhim vao‘anh bidng ca thé cha ting chit, | hofe fing nhém chat, dén- chit lrgng cha tra sda 6 a, 749 hy aephim, thi ngay nay cac nha nghién citu 66 hrong eéng tac cia minh trén dign anh bwéng lién tye cia nhigu chat trong thanh phan héa hoc cia ld tra > @én chat hrong efa mot dang. tra sin phim. Tuy cphién, G8 c6 thé khdo sat dirge mdi tac déng lién © hop nay, trudge hét cing cin nim duee ting thaoh phan cu th® cing nhitng qui luat chuyén. héa- cla ching, theo cae diéu kién ngoai canh va cong nghé, | “A NUOG: Voi tu each JA°moi trudng sing, nurge cd mit trong moico thé sinh vat, Nhimng céng trinh nghién eitu v8 méi quan hé giita mréc véi cdc hoat dong ‘séng cha sinh vat ndi chung va thire vat ndi riéng, di bat diu;ti ohitng adm 20 cha thé ky nay. Voi obirng két qué thu.durge, cé thé noi ring, trong toan ee thé thire vat, trong cdc mg va cd trong ting té bao, trang thai va ham lgng niréc hoan toan-khéng | gi8ng nhau. . . , , VGi mdi co thé, nwée gidm din tx la dén than chy ‘va véi ting 14, ham lirong nirée ting dan tir ec t& bao co sh dén ede phin ngoai cha ld. Khi .tubi tho cia céy cang cao, vd tf bho chira nhiéu chat ki muéc-va do vay, & day ham bong’ niréc cling ’ Nhitng qui luat chung vé sy phan bd mide trong; thire vét ciing.tim thiy 6 cay tra. Ham lgng nede sing trang thai diia,né trong la thay. d3i phy thndc vio tubi tho, sx phan bd dia ly cla cay-va cée bién phap canh tae dai voi eAy tra, Néu trit-cdng (canh), tréa_cong mgt bap, ham lueng nude. gidm din tr tom dén cdc ‘1g git, Didu nay c6 thé thay 18. qua’ ban” s8 liéwsau day:Bang 2-1; Sw phan bé nee trong inip tra, Gée bo phn bap tra. | - Ham lirgng née (tien bang °%) Tom * - 76,60 Lal sO { 75,60 La2 . 75,60 las. | 74,26 et Bup-tra, néu dirge thu hoach vao che thoi diém. khaé nhau cia mot ngay hode trong cdc ngay khac nhau.cia mét thang, va trong cac thang khdc nhau cia mét mua sinh troréng, thi bam lweng noc trong ching eting khac hau r5 rét. Loi vay, cae nha “eéng nghé nén. ru y ap dung ché do-hai tra cho .thich hep. . . Bang 2-2: Sy thay ddi ham lweng neée trong bup tra... . duwee the béi é cée thoi ditm khac obav. TRONG NGAY — |: TRONG MOT MUA | sae Giy Faw es Thing’ Ham ligng (56 9 2 rete ere ee ee Bgis | 78,60 | Ging (%)| 63,00 14 gio |°°76,00° | Ba @)) > 623,90" ‘ygie | 7520 | Nam (5)|. 9 TRA? Sy [Bay |, 78,49 | Chin Q@y,. 77,21 Murai mot an| . 73,46‘ . Ngoai ra, thy thugc vao thoi tiét macham lrgng nwo cling trang thai cla né trong la tra cling thay d3i, Vao mia khd, ‘Am d6 cia khong khi va dat gidm, ham lirong uirde. trong 14 -tré cting gidm di, + mot phin dang ké guréc tir trang-thai tu do chuy&n " . aang trang thai lid két, nhit vay lam thay dbi ty~ le cha hai trang thai nay. Trong k¥ thuat trong tra, cdc hha néng nghiép . thong dp dung bign phap dén (chat) cdy-dé tao dang va tang sin lwong bip cho cay tra. Bién pha niy cling la thay dbi ham Iong nirée cia la. & ' nbiing cay tra cd ap dung bién php d&n ning (aon dau) la chita nhi8u mréc hon cay tra dige dén nhe (d6n phot) khodng (1%). . . Ngoai ra, n€u dirge bon nhigu phan dam, cAy tra cing cho bip‘véi ‘ham hrgng mde nhi’n hon . Dip cia cag cay khéng duge bén phan nay _khodng 2%. “ ut ‘ Ti nbitng nim: 600 — 500 trage Cong nguyen, ‘eon ngitéi 43 tim higu vai tro cha mirée Oi vei chy - e6i. Tay nhién, nhitng két qua kbd di durge chip ‘thudn: chi. moi the Iugm dirge ti cudi the ky: 20. Theo cde két. qud nay thi nwéc, trirbe tin 1A moi trirgag hoa tan, cde mudi vd co, ké dén, nrge tham » gia trong thanh phiin ciy tmic.cha cdc co quan khac ‘nhau trong co thd thie vat, va do dé ode & mot vai tro quan trong trong qua trinh:trag adi chat cia co thE thye vate hing thay di v2 trang thai va - -chiéu hudyg trao dBi chit, tue la thay d8i cae qua “ ‘gg es poy ae Tee ge t '~ ham lgng nwéc-s8' din dén nhitng thay abi treng’a trinh sinh ly cha co thé sdng. Bigu nay anh bwéng “© 2G rét dén chiit ligng va sin rong bip cia cay tra, va Wit-nhién chit lwgng tra sin phim efing bi anh | hwdng obiéu, . ve . Bip tra khi ‘duge thu héi khdi cay, ngudn cang cdip nirée tir dat qua ré bi cdt- dat, qua trinh bay boi nue qua bY mit eta 14 van dirge duy tri va do vay bam lugng nie cia la gidm din, hitn trong Béo - xdy va din dén nhitng thay ddi sau she cha qué trinh trao dBi chit cha bup tra. Bang chd y lace » ting hoat Twe cia cae enzym thy phan do qua trinh . héo gay. ta din dén céc qué trinh phan hiy. do b¢ enzym aay xue tac, Do dé cin gidm thiéu qua trinh . « 48n trit bp tra sau khi tho hai d trink: cde chuyén | hiéa.theo biténg khong nhw ede nha cong ngh¢ mong muda, : : . 2 CHAT HOA TAN: . Bay la mot hin bep gém nhiéu chat khac nhac cé kha ning hoa tan vao nwéc 6] va lA mot chi’ ‘tidy chit rong quan trong cia tra -nguyén Jitu va fra'sdn phim. Soe . rong thanh phin eda hdn hyp nay, khoang 50% ‘la. cae ligp chit phenol, éon 1gi 1a gluxit hoa tan, protein, axit, amin, exc alcaloit (chi yéu la cafein), akc t6, vive o ae : Ham lirgng cia:cdc chat hoa fan phy thude vio - _chidu hwéng cla ce qué trinh ‘trao dbichat xity FA . «hid 1é tra gon dinh litm voi cAy'me, efing nbw ede bign "” * phap bdo quan 14 sau tha had, va cudi cing lugng ode t opei chit tan ma ngudi ding tra thu dirge & tach tra thuge vao tai ngh¢ cia nha ché ign, tire fi phu'thude vao cac bién phdp cong nghé do ho dai ra ddi vei ting | dang tra.san phim cy thé, — . Qui lug! phan bé cae chat hoa tan khong direc r6 nét nhu déi véi trréng hop cia nwéc, ‘song thng quat co thé néi ring, trir-céng (cdnh mang la) ld ‘chng non ham lagng’ cde chat hoatan trong chang cang cag. : . cee 1 Bang 2-3 : Ham’trgug chit haa ‘tan troug biip tra ' (% theo LA. Khocholova) Lan khio Sit , Oho b2 phin cha bép |__| Tom va La t 40,65. | La2, |. (39,09 - La 3, sis "36,49 Conges _- 89;66 , T3ng. ebng 33,92 7]. ___ Cling nhw trading hyp a6i voi née, bam hong. | ede ch@t'hoa tan trong bip tra cling chju dab hong | cia cde tab dong do cae di8u kién ngoai cantly gay. nen. Triée hét, cde bap tra durge tha hai &: cde thai diém khac-nhau cha mot mua sinh trvéng chita cdc | chit”hoa tan khong gidng ahaa. Bidu nay co thé - : thay; rS qua bing sO sau:Haug 2-4 ; Ham hrgng chit ba tan cha tra biip va tri sin pham trong. mdt mie sén x0dt ‘ (theo % chat kha) Thang Tra bip, || Tra bin sdn phan ere | st 5 41,28 35,68 : 6 42,32 35,46 ? 43,89 35,88 3 43,70 35,00 9 43,24 35,50 10 39,60. 32,69 Trung ‘bich | 42,42 34,99 Trong qua trinh ch@ biéa, didi. tac dong lién hiép cia cde y&u td vat ly va hoa hoc, cac chit hoa fan cha tra bup xay ra nhitug chuyén béa su sic vA kt qua la nhitng tinh ch&t dae tring cho chit hrong tra sin phim nhw man siic, wif ¥f.dirge tao thanh. Qua trinh nay din toi vide gin lang ham long céc chat khéng hoa tan trong trasén phios. Ba gidm thide — ditu nay, cde wba cdng nghé cin hét sire than trong khi la chon nguyén liu dé ché biéa ting dang tra sin phim. Bang 2-5 Tra aguyén ligu tra adn phim Cbxt hda tan {Chat khéng-tas} Ch&t hoa tau | Chit khéng tan 56,0% ' 43,70% 49,709 Z+1 CBT : : aBang Ine y ta wy thay dbi nay xdy ra khong gidng nhau d8i vei ting thanh phin hop thanh cac - ehdt hoa taretia tra. Cac alcaloit (chi yéu 1a cafein) chat xo, protein ya cde nguyén t6 khodng baa nhir yao gitt dire 86 lugng ban dau trong tra sén phim, + gin 50% cathesin cia tra nguyén liguchuyén héa dé tgo nén mau sdo va mili vi cia tra sdn phim. 3.1. Nhieng hia bi€t co ban va tanin thyre vai: Khong cui thé kj} 18, con ngréi bit dau thyc hién céng viéc phan lap cdc hogt chit ra khéi dung * dich trich ly ti thyre vat ding cho nganh thudc da. Cac dung dich néy, luc dau ngitdi ta got 1a dung dich thude da, sau dé ddi thanh dung dich tanin. Cho dén bay gig tanin duge xem nhw Ia cdc hgp chat phenol da nguyén tik voi nhém chic quan ‘treng nhat {4 nhém fenol hydroxyl va tinh chat thedc da duge xem ni mét tién chu&n co bin 42 xép cdc ' bgp chit khae yao nhom tanin. , Nim'1913, Dekker dinh nghia tanin nb sau ; Tanin ta cdc fenol da nguyén ti cé vj chat, c6 tinh thuge da va hi két tia khdi dung dich bing protein’ hods cdc alcaloit: ~ . Méc di djab nghis nay‘chwa néu bat dingo cfu tao phan tit cia tanin, ‘nhung do, tinh khai quét hoa mind vin dirye ding cho'dén bay git, Thong thang tanin thie vét-bao gbm.r4t nbi8u cht phenol’ khae nhau.ohing e6 ohidu die tink ly, hoa rdt gin. nhau. | Be tién nghién ciru va Khai thic chung, cling nhi da 26 ee >wng dung ching vao cic mye dich ‘cong. nghiép, cac nia khoa hoo 44 ty lau cd ging phan ching thanh eac nhém nhd hon. Cae phan loai nay: ehi yéu dira: trén phan ing mau cia tanin voi cic mudi cha sft va cic sii phim cia sa _thiy phan va nhiét phan tanin, Cach phén loai dau tién do Herxelus dé nghi dia vao phan wng mau cia tanin voi FeCl. Theo mau sic, tac gid phan tanin thanh 2 nhém ; nhém cho mau xanh dirong vA nhém cho mau xanb da trdi. Tuy nhién, phan tng nay cho thay it ¢6 tinh d&c hiéu voi tanin vicd cdée phenol don gidn ting cho man nhir vay voi FeCl, N&m 1894 Procker, dira ‘trén phin tng mau va cdc sin phan nhiét phan cia tanin ¢ 1° yao khodng 180° — 200°C da phan tanin thanh 2 nhém ; Nhom tanin ptrogallon, khi phan hiy cho piro- gallon. Nhém tanin pirocathesol, khi phan bity choca- thesin. ‘Dua vao cach phan Joni cia Procker va cde két qua cia minh, Freudehberg d2 nghj goi nhém 1 1é tanin thiy phan va nhém 2 la tanin ngwng tu. Bén nim 1935 Perkin vA Everest d8 nghj phan tanin thanh 3 nhém: Nhém tanin kiéu depxit goi ta tania gallie, rey Hinh 2a “27Trong tanin cia cay tra moc & Trung quéc, cde nha khoa hoc phat hién thay cé mét axit metagailie cé edu tao phan th gan voi depxit. on . g Rat hed OH ow Ho ee AL cH Re hee 000 ne Ht R . On. : oH ‘oR ; et Hink 2b | Nhom thir hai ma Perkin vA Everest d@enghi la céc din su&t cha Diphenyl metyloit va .duge gol la tanin ellagic sin phim phan hiy pia nhém aay lA axit ellagic, : . ,oc Go : 4 _ 0 - . 0 = 00.7 Hink 2c Axit ellagic phat hien thay cd mit trong tanin cha edy tra va nhidu thie vat khac moc & Thd Nhi Ky: Nhom thit 3 ma ‘ede tac gid nay 48 nghi latanin 3 pirocathesic, sin phim thiy phan cia ching la cathesin. . ot - Gin day obft, hai tac gid ngwai Tip Kh&c ta Blazej va Syty nim 1977 phan tanin’ thye vat thanh 2 nbém : ihém tanin -ngwng tu vA nhom tanin thiy phan. -) . : : oo Thudc nhém thr nhatcé: gallotamin 1a este cia axit gallic véi cdc dudng don. Thuge ahém thir hai ¢é tanin ellagio ld este cia axit ellagic voi cae cht phi dwong. 28 A aNhoém fanin ngéng-ty gdm ede tity nhém 1a cdc dan suat cia flavanol-3, plavandiol-3, 4 vA din sudt cha oxystyben. ‘ ‘8.2. Tanin cha chy tri: Tanin cha cay tra la hdii hop phic tap cha nhiéu hop chit hitn co ty nhién 6 ban cht phenel, Theo edu tao cia khung carbon, chung dirge xép thanh 3 nhom ; Gy-Cy: Gg-C, vA Cy-Cy-Cy vA nhOm sau cing . gm chi yéu 1a cdc calhesin, bé phan quan trong nhét cla tanin tra. Tim quan trong nay khéng chi vi ham lirgng cia ching lon (hon 85%) ma vi cdc chi ~ tidn ch&t hrong cha tra nguyén ligu va tra san phim - phy thuge mire do chnyén hoa cia nhom nay, didi tac dong ctta cac ditu kign cong nghé tgo nén. Ngy theo dung ngit nghia cha tanin, thi tanin cila tra, ngoai trir bo phan hda tan trong mdi trong kiam, con dai bé phan hoa tan trong etylaxetat co phan ti lirgng nhd khong dirge xép vko cac chit tanin. Tuy nbién trong qua trinh ché bign, cathesin bi chuy@n hoa sdu sic va cdc sin phim ciia ching c6 trong long phan ti én din cé tinh thude da, nén gidn tiép chung ciing duge goi la tanin, ‘ Thuat ngit cathesin do Freudenberg 48 nghi @iu ” tién khi tae gid nay trong di&u kién invitro nban duoc cdc tinh thé khéng mau ti ché phim bot lwing tinh cia tanin ngwng tu. BOi vay Ong ta xem eathesin nhw tién chit cia fanin ngung ty. - Cac nghién ciru v8 cathesin cho thily chat nay ¢6 cfu tao phan tir nbir sau: ye, oo 2 :