Physical Constants and Useful Combinations:

Speed of light c 3.00 108 m/s

Plancks constant h 6.63 1034 J s; hc = 1240 eV nm
~ = h/2 1.05 1034 J s; ~c = 197 eV nm
2
Coulomb force constant ke = 1/40 8.99 10 Nm /C; ke e2 = 1.44 eVnm
9

Elementary charge e 1.602 1019 C; 1 eV = 1.602 1019 J

2
Fine structure constant = ke e /~c 0.0730 1/137
Permeability of vacuum 0 4 107 N/A2 = 4 mm G/A; 1 T = 104 G
Gravitational constant G 6.67 1011 N m2 /kg2
Avogadros number NA 6.02 1023 /mol
Boltzmans constant kB 1.38 1023 J/K = 25 meV/293 K
Gas constant R = NA kB 8.31 J/mol K
Compton wavelength c = h/me c 0.00243 nm
Bohr radius a0 = ~2 /me ke e2 0.529 A
Ionization energy of H E0 = me ke2 e2 /2~2 13.6 eV
Bohr magneton B = e~/2me 9.27 1024 J/T
Unified mass unit u 1.66 1027 kg = 931 MeV/c2
Mass of electron me 9.11 1031 kg = 0.511 MeV/c2
proton mp 1.67 1027 kg = 938 MeV/c2
-particle m 6.64 1027 kg = 3727 MeV/c2
Formulas:
Stefan-Boltzmann law R = T 4 = 5.67 108 W/m2 K4
Weins displacement law m T = 2.898 103 m K
Rayleigh-Jeans formula u() = 8kB T 4
2
Plancks radiation law u() = 8 h
c3 eh/kB T 1
; En = n h = n hc/
Photoelectric effect eV0 = hf
Bragg diffraction n = 2d sin
Compton effect 2 1 = mhe c (1 cos
)
1 1 1
Rydberg-Ritz formula mn = R m2 n2 , n > m
Impact parameter b = kme qvQ
2 cot 2

Scattered fraction f f = b2 nt

 Zk e2 2 1
Number of scattered4s6s2s s observed N = I0 Arsc 2
nt e
2Ek sin4
2
ke q Q
Size of nucleus rd = 1
m v2
2
Bohrs postulates L = n~ for integer n; hf = En Em
2 2
Z 2 E0
atomic energy levels En = n2 where E0 = me2~ke2e = 13.6 eV
2 2
atomic orbital radii rn = n Za0 where a0 = me~ke e2 = 0.529 A
mM
reduced mass = m+M
Moseley equation f 1/2 = An (Z b)
De Broglie relations = E/h and = h/p
Davisson and Germer diffraction n = D sin