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Alternators
Two Reaction Analyses [2, Ch. 16]
A multipolar machine with cylindrical rotor has a uniform air-gap, because of which
its reactance remains the same, irrespective of the spatial position of the rotor. However, a
synchronous machine with salient pole or projecting poles has non-uniform air-gap due to
which its reactance varies with the rotor position.
Derivation of the demagnetizing action of the armature reaction for the general case
will be based on the notations and symbols shown in Fig. 144.
Expressing , , and x in radians, in percent, then
'+
'+ '
A1 = A0 2 sin xdx ; A1 = A[ cos x]0 2
; A1 = A[1 cos( '+ )]
2
This shows that the demagnetizing ATs for a given m/c are proportional to sin.
Accordingly, we may conclude that the armature reaction ATs consists of two parts.
One part is a function of Asin, which is demagnetizing. The second part, which is a
function of Acos, is cross-magnetizing.
A is the crest (or peak) value of the armature reaction ATs per pole. To calculate the
alternator regulation, using Fourier series analysis the value of A is obtained as follows:
ZI
A = NI of armature reaction per pole = 0.9 a k d k p
2P
Hence the average demagnetizing ATs per pole are
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
AD = A sin ' 2 = 0.9 ZI a k k 2 sin ' = ZI a k k ( 0.9 2 ) sin '
d p d p
2P P 2
ZI a
AD = k d k p C sin ' (188)
P
2 sin
0.9 2
where, C =
2
The cross-magnetizing component neither increases nor decreases the field excitation
as a whole, but increases the MMF acting over one half of each pole face and decrease by an
equal amount the MMF acting over the other half of each pole face. This is shown in Fig.
146(a).
The shaded portion shows approximately that part of the cross MMF that is really
effective.
In Fig. 146(b) the MMF of the cross component is shown and a curve of the flux that
it would produce. The greatly increased reluctance of the air path between the salient poles is
taken into consideration.
It is assumed that the cross field is of sinusoidal (neglecting harmonics) distribution in
space. It rotates at synchronous speed and is in a fixed position w.r.t. the poles.
It will therefore generate a voltage Ec in the armature of fundamental frequency. It
would be possible to determined component of the cross-field flux from a Fourier analysis.
This approach will not be used here. Instead, a determination will be made of the average
value of a fundamental MMF space wave which has the same area as the shaded position
between 0 and of Fig. 146(a).
2 2
Ac = A 1 cos cos ' = AK ' cos ' where, K ' = 1 cos
2 2
ZI a
By substituting the value of A = 0.9 kd k p
2P
ZI a 0 .9
Ac = kd k p (1 cos ) cos '
P 2
ZI
Ac = a k d k p C cos ' (193)
P
0 .9
where C = (1 cos )
2
It should be noted that the value of Ac is based on an MMF wave having the same
area as the two shaded sections of Fig. 146(a).
Fig. 147. Complete vector diagram of alternators showing voltages and MMFs.
Angle () calculation between internal induced voltage (E) and NL voltage (E0)
The terminal voltage per phase of a generator is designated V, and the regulation is
desired at a load of I, lagging degrees behind V.
The effective resistance of the armature and leakage reactance are known. V, I, IRa
and IXL can be laid off on the vector diagram, and E can be calculated
'= +
v= volts/AT/pole generated on the lower part of the saturation curve.
Then it is assumed that
ZI
E c = vAc = v k d k p C cos( + ) here let I a = I
P
ZI
But E c = E sin ; hence, E c = E sin = v k d k p C cos( + )
P
ZI
v k d k p C cos( + )
Ec
Or, = sin = P
E E
ZI
v k d k p C cos( + )
But + = + ; sin = P
E
ZI cos( + ) ZI cos cos sin sin
E = v kd k pC = v kd k pC
P sin P sin
ZI cos cos sin sin ZI cos
E = v k d k p C = v k d k p C sin
P sin sin P tan
ZI cos ZI
E = v kd k pC v k d k p C sin
P tan P
ZI ZI cos
E + v k d k p C sin = v k d k p C
P P tan
ZI ZI
[ E + v k d k p C sin ] tan = v k d k p C cos
P P
ZIk d k p C
v cos
tan = P
vZIk d k p C
E+ sin
P
Since, E = V + I ( Ra + jX L )(cos j sin )
The angle (-) can be determined and likewise the angle. Substituting in Eq. (199),
the value of is determined and
'= +
The determination of the angle locates the direction of the voltage Ef w.r.t. I. This
provides the necessary step in the construction of the diagram of Fig. 147.
Fig. 150. Final step in the transition, resulting in the two-reaction diagram built up with direct
axis synchronous reactance ( X d = X d' + X L ) and quadrature axis synchronous reactance
( X q = X q' + X L ). The resistance drop can also be divided into direct and quadrature
components, or in many cases this can be neglected entirely. Its relative size is exaggerated
here.
Now, if Xd and Xq are known the vector diagram can be constructed for the
determination of regulation.
An expression for the OC voltage E0 can be obtained from the following relationship.
By trigonometric considerations
V sin + IX q
tan ' = (generating)
V cos + IRa
V sin IX q
tan ' = (motoring)
V cos IRa
The total power developed would be three times the above power.
The power developed consists of two components, the first term represents power due
to field excitation and the second term gives the reluctance power i.e. power due to saliency.
If Xd=Xq i.e. the machine has a cylindrical rotor, then the second term becomes zero
and the power is given by the first term only.
If, on the other hand, there is no field excitation i.e. E0=0, then the first term in the
above expression becomes zero and the power developed is given by the second term.
The value of is positive (+ve) for a generator and negative (-ve) for a motor.
References
[1] B. L. Theraja, A. K. Theraja, A Textbook of ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY in SI Units
Volume II, AC & DC Machines, S. Chand & Company Ltd., (Multicolour illustrative
Edition).
[2] A. F. Puchstein, T. C. Lloyd, A.G. Conrad, Alternating Current Machines, 1942,
Asia Publishing House, Third Edition (Fully revised and corrected Edition 2006-07).
[3] Jack Rosenblatt, M. Harold Friedman, Direct and Alternating Current Machinery,
Indian Edition (2nd Edition), CBS Publishers & Distributors.
[4] A. E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Jr. Stephen D. Umans, Electric Machinery, 5th
Edition in SI units, 1992 Metric Edition, McGraw Hill Book Company.
[5] Irving L. Kosow, Electrical Machinery and Transformers, Second Edition, Prentice Hall
India Pvt. Limited.